^ 


PERKINS  LIBRARY 

Uuke  University 


Kare  Dooks 


I 


A 


y^^  •       UNIVERSAL    /f;^//^/t7fy 

5>     V     /     r^y*       '  CONTAINING  P^       "^  ^jCt/V 

THE  LIVES  OF  THE  MOST  CELEBRATED  CHARACTERS  OF       ' 
EVERY  AGE  AND  NATION,  ^ 

KMBRAaNO  WARRIOR",  HEROE?,  POFTS,  PHIIOOOrHFRS,  HISTORIAN'S,  POLITICIANS,  STATESMtfl, 

LAWVERS,  PHYSICIANS,  DIVINE?,  DI?COVERrB?,  INVENTORS,  AND  GENEKaLLV,  ALL  St'CH 

INDIVIDUALS,  A?  FROM  TIU.  EAHLIEST  PtRIOD!'  OF  HISTORY   TO  THf  PRL9FJ(T 

TIME,  HAVE  BEEN  OISTLNOl'lSHED  AMONO  MANIIND;. 

TO  WHICH  19  ADDED, 


PXiZNCXPAI.  DIVINITIES  ANZf  BER0S8 


GRECIAN  AND  ROMAN  MYTHOLOGY; 


A    BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY 


EMINENT  LIVING  CHARACTERS. 


rUHLISIIED    BT    NORMAND    WHITE, 

RICHMOND,  VIR. 


^  .\t^ 


I^BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  Tliat  on  the  serond  dnv  of  June,  A.  D.  18£5,  in  tit* 

(■■nTorty-iiinth  yearot"  the  independence  of  tlic  United  Statesnif  America,  Cha.  Ics 

N'.  Baldwin,  of  ilie  said  District,  hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of"  a  book. 


,  a  book, 

the  riglit  whereof  he  claun&  as  proprietor,  in  the  words  following»to  wit : 

"A  Universal  Biographical  Dictionarj',  containing  the  lives  of  the  most  cele- 
braicd  characters  ol  every  age  and  nation,  embracing  Warriors,  Heroes,  Poets, 
Philoso.iheis,  Historians,  Politicians,  Statesmen,  Lawyers,  Physicians,  Divines,  Discoverers, 
Iiivenioi  and  generally,  all  such  Individuals,  as  from  the  earliest  periods  of  history  to  the  pre 
«eut  time  lave  been  distinguished  among  mankind ;  to  which  is  added,  a  Dictionary  of  the 
Principal  i.  initles  and  Heroes  of  Grecian  and  Roman  Mytliology ;  and  a  Biographical  Diction- 
ary of  emine  it  Living  Characters." 

In  confoimi'yto  the  Act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled,  "An  Act  for  the  En- 
couragement oi"  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and 
proprietors  of  su'^"  copies,  during  the  time  therein  mentioned."  And  also  to  an  Act  entitled, 
*'  An  Act,  Suppleme'itary  to  an  Act,  entitled,  "  An  Act  ^or  the  Encouragement  of  Learning,  by 
•ecuring  tlie  copies  c*"  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  S  .thors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies, 
during  the  times  Uiereii.  mentioned.'  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing, 
engraving,  cad  etching  hi«orical  and  other  prints." 

JAMES  DILL, 
Clerk  of  the  Southern  Oistrift  ofMtc-Tork. 


ASVSRTZSEMENT. 


This  work  embraces  every  article  in  Lempriere,  generally  in  an  abriaged 
form ;  it  also  contains  many  of  the  articles  found  in  the  Biographical  works 
of  Jones,  Watkius,  Allen,  &c.  not  included  in  Lempriere ;  besides  a  few 
original  notices,  prepared  for  this  work,  and  to  be  found  in  no  other.  The 
number  of  articles  are,  therefore,  believed  to  be  greater  than  in  any  other 
Biographical  Dictionary,  and  though  in  most  instances  they  are  necessarily 
very  concise,  yet  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  compilers  to  give  ample  details 
when  the  characters  are  particularly  conspicuous,  and  in  other  cases,  to 
embrace  in  few  words  the  leading  points  of  interest. 

It  is  acknowledged  with  pleasure,  that  great  assistance  has  been  derived, 
in  the  compilation,  from  Mr.  E.  Lord's  correct  and  enlarged  edition  of  Lem- 
priere, lately  published  in  New- York — a  work  which  has  laid  the  public  un- 
der many  obligations ;  particularly  for  the  new  matter  which  it  brings  for- 
ward. The  excellent  work  of  Allen  has  also  been  of  great  use  in  forming 
the  wesen!:  a  »<idgmeat. 


THE  f: 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AA 


A  I! 


4  A,  Peter  V.iuder,  aliuolcsclkTOlLryden,  wlio;|k'rt  behind  liiiii  very  acciirair  and  judicious  nic- 
■'■■  pu'ilistiid  a  worli  in  titi  vnls.  iVilio,  ciititledllrnoirs  of  all  the  eniba.'*>iL3  in  vvliicli  )u  was  em- 
(Jalerie  di;  Monde,  Jtc.  was  livin:;iii  IVJl'.  jiioyed. 

AAGAUl),  Nicholas  and  Ohriatiau,  brothers,!      AARPKN.S,  or  AERSENS,  Peter,  called  by 
liorn  at  VVibur^',  in  Denmark,  the  eldest,  distm-l'the  Italians  I'iniro  l/iii'j:o.  ironi  his  tailncss.a 


fruished  lor  tlie  aruteness  of  his  philosojiliical 
writings,  died  Iii57 ;  the  other  known  for  his 
poetical  talents,  diuc!  16(>4. 

AALA.M,  an  astrologer  of  the  ninth  century, 
at  the  court  of  Adudu  Ilaiila. 

AALST,  Everard,  a  dutch  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  highly  valued,  was  born  at  Delft, 
ii;0'2,  and  died  in  1S58. 

AARON,  elder  brother  of  Moses,  of  ,;  ?•  tribe 
of  Levi,  born  A.  M.  2434  ;  he  was  the  fi  id  and 
the  assistant  of  Moses,  was  happily  gift  J  with 
the  powers  of  eloqui'iice.  and  bcraine  tile  first 
hillh-priesi  imong  the  Hebrews.  He  died  in  liis 
1  midyear. 

A.VRi  )\,  Haschid,  a  caliph  of  the  Abassidea 
di^.inguished  by  his  conquests  and  ihecccentri 
ciiy  of  his  cliafactcr,  died  A.  D.  8U'J,  in  the  23d 
year  of  his  rrign. 

AARON,  Schascou,  a  rabbi  ot  Thessalonica, 
celibrated  for  hiswritinss. 

AAUt)N,  a  Hrilish  saint,  put  to  death  with  his 
brother  Julius,  during  Dioclescian's  persecution 
of  the  (Christians. 

.^.VRON,  a  pri'sbytor  and  pliysician  of  Alex- 
andria, in  tlie  eighth  century  ;  lie  wrote  30  books 
on  medicine  in  the  Syriac  language,  and  is  the 
tirst  author  who  makes  mention  of  the  small  pox 
ami  measles,  diseases  wliiol:  were  introduced 
iiii'i  Kgypt  fvnni  Arabia,  about  G40. 

A.VKf).N,  Hariscon,  a  Caraite  rabbi  who  was 
known  as  physician  at  Constantinople  in  12i'4 
and  wrote  a  learned  commentary  on  tJie  penta 
U'lich,  Hebrew  grammar,  Sec. 

.•\.\RON,  Hacliaroii  or  Posterior,  another 
)earni-d  Rabbi,  born  in  13it! ;  he  wrote  on  the 
l:iw  of  Moses,  the  ccisioms  of  his  nation,  atid  a 
tieatisp  entilled  the  Garden  of  Kden. 

.•\.\RON',  Isaac,  an  inferpretor  of  language; 
at  ConslantiiiMple  undi  r  the  Comeni. 

AARON,  Hen  Chaim,  the  chief  of  the  .Jewish 
Synagogue,  at  Fez,  and  Morocco,  in  the  begin- 
ning; of  the  ITth  century;  he  wrote  commenta 
ricH  on  Joshua,  the  Law,  tiie  Prophets,  &c. 

AARON,  Ben-aser,  a  learned  rabbi  in  the  5th 
century,  to  whom  the  invention  of  the  Hebrew 
points  and  accents  is  attributed  ;  he  wrote  a 
llebrew  grammar,  printed  1515. 

AARON,  a  Levit.;  of  Rarcelona,  wrote  613 
precepts  on  Moses,  printed  at  Venice,  1523 ;  lie 
died  12'J-> 

AARPENS,  Francis,  lord  of  Someldyck  and 
Spyck,  one  of  the  greatest  ministers  for  iiegotia- 
tion  that  the  United  Provinces  of  Holland  have 
at  any  time  po.ssessed.  He  was  the  first  person 
ever  recoenisrd  as  Dutch  ambassador  by  Iho 
French  court:  the  first  of  three  extraordinary 
amba-ssadors  sent  to  Kngland  in  ](i20 :  and  the 
fecond  in  V'Al,  who  were  to  treat  about  the  mar- 
riage of  prince  William,  son  to  thf  prince  ot 
Orange.    Aar<eii.';ditd  at  .in  ;i>lvaiicu(l  age;  h« 


celebrated  painter,  born  at  .\mslerdain  in  l.'il(» 
He  excelled  very  f)articul;trly  in  paiiiliiie  a 
kitchen;  but  an altarpiece ol  his,  viz.  acrucilix. 
representing  an  e.xecutiomr  breaking  with  au 
iron  bar  the  legs  of  the  thieves,  &.c.  was  prodi- 
ciously  admin  d.  This  noble  piece  wasdesiro>ed 
by  the'  rabble  in  the  time  of  the  iiisiirrcciiiHi, 
1  j(j(j.  He  al'terwards  complained  of  this  to  the 
I>opulace  in  terms  of  such  severity,  that  more 
than  once  they  were  going  to  murder  him.  He 
died  in  I5B5. 

AARTG1:N,  or  AERIV.EN,  a  painter  of 
merit,  born  at  Leyden  in  1408.  It  was  acustoin 
with  this  painter  never  to  work  on  Mondays, 
but  to  devote  that  day  with  his  disciple.-^  to  the 
bottle.  He  used  to  stroll  about  the  streets  in  tbo 
night,  playing  on  the  German  flute  ;  and  ill  one 
of  these  iVoiics  was  drowned  in  ISfil. 

ABA,  brother-in-law  to  Stephen,  the  first 
•  'hristian  kinc  of  Hungary;  disgraci  d  himself 
by  his  cruellies  :  was  connuered  in  battle  by  the 
Kmperor  Henry  HI. :  and  was  Micrlficed  to  the 
resentment  of  his  offend"  d  subjects.  J044. 

AHAFFI,  Michael,sonof  amasieitrateof  Her- 
manstad,  rose  by  liis  abilitiej'  and  irtrigiies,  to 
the  sovereisniy  of  Transylvania,  in  UiOJ. 

ABAt'A,  or  .MSAKA,a  king  of  Tartary,  con- 
quered Persia,  .and  proved  a  |«.werl'ul  and  formi- 
dable neighbour  to  the  Christians  at  Jerusalem, 
died  12f^i. 

AB.\NO,vid.  Apono. 

ARARIS,  a  !*cythian  philosopher,  the  history 
of  whose  adventures,  mentioned  by  Herodotus 
and  others,  appears  more  fabulous  than  au- 
thentic. 

ABAS,  Schah,  seventh  king  of  Persia,  was 
brave  and  active ;  he  took  conjointly  with  the 
Knglish  forces,  Wii,  the  Island  of  Onnus,  which 
h.ul  been  in  the  poasession  of  the  Portiipu(!:2  1-J2 
years  ;  he  died  1629  in  the  44tli  year  of  liis  ri  ign. 

ABAS,  Schah,  the  groat  graiid.eon  of  the  pre- 
ceding, Biicrertied  his'f;ithef  in  11)42,  in  Iuk  liJih 
year;  he  patronised  the  christians,  and  wasdis- 
iiiisuishcd  tor  his  benevolence  and  liberality ;  he 
dicdSept.'Z".,  ]ti66. 

AB.ASSA,  an  officer  « ho  revollt"d  against 
Mustapha  I.  emperor  of  the  Turks,  and  after- 
wards warJ  employed  against  the  Poles,  lfi34.  at 
the  head  of  «J0,t(0O  men.  The  cowardice  of  jii» 
troops  robbed  bun  of  a  victory,  and  he  wai 
straneli'd  by  order  of  the  Sultan. 

AB.AS.S.\,  a  sister  of  Aaron  Ratrhid,  whose 
hand  was  bestowed  by  her  brother  on  Giafer; 
her  husband  was  sacriliied  by  the  tyrant,  and 
he  wa,-!  reduced  to  poveviy. 

.■Vl'i.VS.sijN,  nil  impontor,  who,  under  the 
char,icter  of  the  praiidson  of  Abat;  the  areai,  ob- 
tained the  patroiKige  of  Ihi;  court  of  France  a:id 
of  tlie  grand  seijnior,  by  whoKi;  order  he  was  ac 
act  bclicadkd, 

3 


AB 

Ali.M'S,  Andrew,  a  painter  of  fruit  and  htill 
'.ife,  born  at  Mapl(»,  was  employed  by  the  king 
of  Snaiii,  and  difd  in  1732. 

ABAUZIT,  Fimiin,  liorn  at  Uzes,  11th  Nov. 
1079,  fled  from  the  persecution  wliirh  utiendtd 
hii?  parents  on  account  of  tlieir  profession  of 
prolesianlism,  and  retired  to  Geneva,  became 
distinuuished  for  his  superior  progress  in  every 
branch  of  polite  iearninp,  but  particularly 
mathematics  and  natural  history ;  was  flattered 
bv  Voltaire,  and  complimented  by  Rousseau; 
he  died  .March  20,  17f.7. 

ABBADIE,  James,  an  eminent  Protestant  di- 
vine, and  dean  of  Riialoe,  born  at  Nay,  in  Berne, 
in  the  year  1654  (or,  according  to  sonic  accounts, 
in  1658,)  died  in  the  parish  of  Mary-la-boiine, 
in  London,  1727.  The  chief  of  this  author't 
works  was,  "  Traito  de  la  Verile  de  la  Religion 
C'hrctienne  ;  Rotterdam,  1084."  This  has  gone 
tlirou^h  several  editions,  and  is  perhaps  the  best 
book  ever  published  on  that  subject. 

AB.AS,  Halli,  a  physician,  and  one  of  the 
Persian  magi,  who  followed  the  doctrines  of 
Zoroaster;  he  wrote  A.  D.  980,  a  book  called 
a  ro)  al  work,  which  was  translated  into  Latin 
by  ritephen  of  Antioch,  11-27,  and  is  now  extaiit. 

ABBAS,  the  uncle  of  IMahoinet,  opposed  the 
ambitious  views  of  the  impostor ;  but  when  de- 
feated in  the  battle  of  Bedr,  was  recoiiciled  lo 
bis  nephew,  embraced  his  religion,  and  thanked 
heaven  for  the  prosperity  and  the  gtoce  he  en- 
joyed as  a  inussulman.  He  died  in  the  -d  year 
of  the  heirira. 

ABBAS&;A,v)d.  Abassa. 

ABBATEGIO,  Marian  d',3n  ecclesiastic  of 
the  14lh  century,  who  rose  by  his  abilities  to  be 
jI0\erMorof  Aquila. 

ABBATISSA,  Paul,  a  famous  Sicilian  poet, 
born  at  Messina,  1570.  He  translated  into  Italian 
verse  Homer's  Hiad  and  Odyssey,  and  Ovid's 
MetamorphoseF. 

ABBI.VTI,  Philip,  a  historical  painter,  born 
at  Milan  1G40,  died  1715. 

ABBON,  a  monk  of  St.  Germain  des  Pres, 
who  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the 
Normans,  at  the  close  of  the  9th  century ;  he 
wrote  an  account  of  this  event  in  1200  verses, 
in  execrable  Latin,  which  was  edited  by  Du- 
plessis,  17.53. 

ABBON,  de  Fleury,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Or- 
leans, who  became  abbot  of  Fleury,  supported 
the  rights  of  the  monastic  order  against  the  in- 
trusions of  the  bishops.  He  was  killed  in  a 
quarrel  between  the  French  and  (iascons,  1004. 

ABBOT,  Hull,  a  respectable  minister  of 
Cliarlestowii,  Massachusetts,  published  several 
Sermons,  died  1782,  aged  SO.  ^ 

ABBOT,  George,  aiclibishop  of  Canterbury, 
born  1562,  at  Guildford,  in  Surry,  in  1604  that 
translation  of  the  Bible  now  in  use  was  hejun  by 
the  direction  of  king  James,  and  Dr.  Abbot  was 
tl'.e  second  of  eight  divines  of  O.xford,  to  whon 
the  care  of  translating  the  whole  New  Testa 
ment  (excepting  the  Epistles)  was  committed 
Hn  April  5,  1619,  Sir  Nicholas  Kempe  laid  the 
first  stone  of  the  hospital  at  Guildford.  The 
archbishop,  who  was  gresent,  afterwards  en- 
dowed it  with  lands  to  tlie  value  of  300/.  per 
ann.  The  archtishop,  being  in  adeclinin?  state 
of  health,  used  in  the  summer  to  go  to  Hamp- 
shire for  the  sake  of  recreation  ;  and  being  in- 
vited by  lord  Zouch  to  hunt  in  his  park  at  Bran- 
ziU,  he  met  there  with  the  greatest  misfortune 
that  ever  befell  him  ;  for  he  accidentally  killed 
his  lordsliip's  keeper,  by  an  arrow  from  a  cross- 
bow, which  he  siiot  at  a  deer.     Thui  accident 


|threw  him  into  a  deep  melancholy  ;  lie  over  af- 
lenvards  kept  a  monthly  fast  on  Tuesday,  the 
day  on  which  this  fatal  mischance  happened, 
and  settled  an  annuity  of  20/.  on  the  widow. 
Worn  out,  however,  with  cares  and  intirmitica, 
Ue  died  at  Croydon,  Aug.  5,  ifi33. 

ABBOT,  Maurice,  yoT*gest  brother  of  the 
archbishop,  acquired  consequence  in  conmiei- 
cial  allairs,  was  employed  in  1624  in  establi.~l>- 
ing  the  settleiiitnt  of  Virginia,  and  was  tlie  rirst 
person  on  whom  Charles  I.  conferred  the  ho- 
nour of  knighthood.  He  was  elected  represen- 
tative for  London,  and  in  lC3o  was  raisi  d  to  the 
mayoralty  of  the  city,  and  died  Jan.  10th,  lf»40. 

ABBOT,  Robert,  D.  D.  eldest  brother  of  the 
two  preceding  ;  he  was^rn  at  Guildford,  wa-S 
educated  at  Baliol  college,  and  elected  mastii 
thereof,  1009.  His  eloquence  as  a  jireachir  re- 
commended him  to  further  patronage  ;  he  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  regius  pro- 
fe.'isor  of  divinity  at  Oxford.  He  was  c<«ise- 
crated  bishop  of  Salisbury,  1615,  and  died  War. 
2,  1617,  in  his  58th  year.  His  vvrithigs  were 
principally  conlrovrsial. 

ABBT,  Thomas,  the  German  translator  of 
Sallust,  and  the  admired  author  of  a  treatise 
"  On  merit,"  and  of  another,  "  Of  dying  for  one's 
country,"  was  born  atUhii,and  diedat  Bucke- 
lieru,  1706,  aged  28. 

ABDALCADER,  a  Persian  who  was  sreatly 
revered  by  the  mussulmans  for  his  learning,  hif 
piety,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  manners. 

ABDALLAH,  father  of  Mahomet,  was  a 
slave,  and  a  driver  of  camels. 

ABDALLAH,  son  of  Zobair,  was  proclaimed 
caliph  of  Mecca  and  Medina,  after  the  expulsion 
of  Vcsid.  After  enjoying  the  sovereignty  for 
four  years,  he  was  besiegedin  Mtcca,  by  the 
successor  of  Yesid  in  Syria,  and  sacrificed  to 
the  ambition  of  his  rival,  733. 

ABDALLAH,  son  of  Yrsid,  cclebr^Qd  as  a. 
mussnlman  lawyer  in  the  7th  century.  ' 

ABDALLAH,  son  of  Abbas,  endeavoured 
to  raise  his  family  on  the  ruins  nf  the  Onmiiades, 
he  was  defeated  by  his  rivals,  who,  afterwards, 
nrctcndiiig  to  be  reconciled,  perfidiously  mur- 
dered him,  754. . 

ABDALMALEK,  son  of  Marvan,  was  5th 
caliph  of  tile  Onimiades,  and  began  to  reign,  fiM. 
He  was  called  Abulzebab,  because  bis  breath 
was  so  offensive  that  it  killed  the  very  flies  that 
settled  on  his  lips ;  he  reigned  21  years,  and  was 
succf  eded  by  Valid,  the  eldest  of  his  10  sons. 

ABDALMALEK,  the  last  of  tlic  calii>hs  of 
the  race  of  the  SamanidcR,  w  as  dethroned  and 
murdered  by  Mahrnoud,  900. 

ABDALRAHMAN,  or  ABDERAMES,  vid. 
\bdpramc8. 

ABDAS,  a  bishop  in  Pei.«ia,  who,  by  incon- 
siderately abolishing  a  Pagan  tcniple  ol  (he 
sun,  excited  the  public  indignation  against  him- 
self and  his  religion. 

ABDEMKLEK,  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco,  wa« 
dethroned  by  his  nephew,  Mahomet ;  hut  by  the 
as.sislance  of  troops,  sent  him  by  the  sultan 
Selim,  defeated  Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal, 
who  had  landed  in  Africa  to  support  the  usurper. 
The  two  African  monaichs  and  Sebastian  fell 
on  the  field,  1578. 

ABDERAMES,  a  caliph  of  the  race  of  Or»i- 
miades,  was  invited  into  Spain  by  the  Saracens, 
lie  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Corduba,  and 
the  surname  of  just ;  he  died,  790,  after  reigning 
32  years. 

ABDERAMES,  a  Saracen  general  of  the  ca- 
liph Hfeschajn,  who,  after  conquering  Spain 


penetrated  into  Aquiiuin  and  Poilou,an(l\vas  atj|infamoi!s  treatment  fori  cil  Abi  lard  to  a  cloister, 
last  dcleated  by  Ctiarles  Martel,  near  Poiiitrg,'  to  conceal  hia  confusion,  and  he  put  on  the  habit 
730  '  in  the  aliljfy  of  St.  Ucnis.     He  afterwards  re- 

ABDERAMES.apetty  prince,  in  the  kingdom  I  jtired  to  a  solitude  in  the  diocese  of  Troyes,  and 
of  Morocco,  lie  murdered  Aniailin,  his  prede-|'there  built  an  oraior>',  which  he  named  the 
cessor  and  nophew,  and  was  liimself  assiassi-j  Taracletc,  where  ctcat  numbers  of  pupils  re- 


natcd  by  achiuflain,  15(1") 


sorted  to  him.    Ilefu  aipain  his  success  eitcitcd 


ABOiAS,  a  native  of  Babylon,  who  pretend- 1  that  envy  by  wliich  he  had  tlirough  life  been 


cd  10  be  one  of  the  7"2  disciples  of  our  t?a\  iour, 
wrote  a  legendary  treatise,  called  llistoria  ceria- 
int:ni8  Apostolici,  which  wai  edited  and  trans 
la'ed  into  Latin,  by  Wollgang  Lazius,  Basil, 
1571. 

,\BnfSSI,  a  patriarch  of  .\issyria,  who  paid 
llouiaje  tq  Pope  Pius  IV.  156'2,  and  extended  the 
p<j\ver  of  the  Romish  church  in  the  Kast. 

ABDOI.ONYMUS,  a  Sidonian  of  the  royal 
family,  placed  on  the  tiirone  by  Alexander  the 
Great. 

ABDON,  a  Persian,  who  snflerrd  martyrdom 
under  the  persecution  of  Decius,  'iVl. 

.'VBDl/'L.Ml'MEN,  a  mair*of  ohi^cure  origin, 
seizid  t!ie  crown  of  Morocco,  his  death  put  a 
sto]!  to  1h.<  nicditated'invasion  of  Spain,  1156. 

ABKILLE,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Riez,  in 
Provence,  born  IMis,  died  at  Paris,  1718. 

ABKlIiIiE,  Scipio,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
surgeon  in  the  rcginicntof  Picardy,  died  ]i;y7. 

ABEL,  second  son  of  Adam,  was  cruelly 
murder-  n  by  his  brother  Cain. 

ABEL,  kins  of  Ueumark,  son  of  Vnldlmar, 
II.  u.'iurpe.d  the  throne  1^50,  and  was  killed  in 
bat'ie  twoyjtirs  after. 

ABIJL,  Frederick  (ioltfricd,  a  native  of  Hal- 
brrsiadif  abandoned  divinity  for  the  pursuit  of 
niedicine  ;  he  rin  d  17;)-»,  acid  tiO. 

.ABEL,  rha:ies  Frederic,  whose  great  musical 
ability,  both  as  cmnposer  and  performer,  was 
an  honour  to  the  aize  in  which  he  lived.  His 
instrumental  performance,  particularly  on  the 
Viol  di  Gamba,  was  much  disiintuishcd  for  its 
elegance  and  tine  feeling.  He  iln'd,  at  London, 
after  three  days'  sleep,  onthc'JOthof  June,  1787. 

ABEL.\,  .lohn  Francis,  a  coramander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  known  by  an  excellent  work 
called  "  Malta  illusuata,"  in  fol.  lf>47. 

ABEIiARn,  Peier,  one  of  thciwust  celebrated 
doctors  of  the  12th  century,  was  lirn  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Palai:-,  in  Brittany.  That  Be  might  enjoy 
all  the  sweets  of  life,  he  thought  it  necessary  to 
have  a  mistress,  and  accordingly  fixed  his  atiec- 
tions  on  Heloise,  a  niece  of  a  canon  at  Paris. 
He  boarded  in  this  canon's  house,  whose  name 
was  Fulbert ;  where,  pretending  to  teach  the 
young  lady  the  sciences,  he  soon  made  love  to 
his  scholar.  Abelard  now  performed  liis  public 
functions  very  coldly,  and  wrote  nothing  but 
amorous  verso-i.  Heloise,  at  length,  being  likely 
to  become  a  mother,  Abelard  sent  her  to  a  sister 
of  his  in  Brittany,  where  she  was  delivered  of  a 
gnn.  'lo  soften  the  canon's  anger,  he  ort'erc  d  to 
marry  Heloise  privately  ;  Fulbert,  however,  was 
bener  pleased  with  this  proposal  than  his  niece, 
who,  from  a  strange  singularity  in  her  passion, 
those  rather  to  be  the  mistress  than  the  wile  of 
Abelard.  .\t  length,  however,  slie  consented  to 
a  private  marriage;  but,  even  after  this,  would 
on  some  occasions  atfirm  with  an  oath,  that  she 
was  still  unmarried.  Her  hu.shaiid  thereupon 
sent  her  to  the  monastery  of  .Argenteuil ;  where. 


a  second  piece  of  treachery  in  Abelard,  were 
transported  to  such  a  degree  of  resentment,  that 
tlicy  hired  ruffians,  who  loriing  into  his  cham- 
b'r  by  night,  deprived  liiiu  of  tusmanhtod.  Tbii 
1* 


persecuted  ;  and  having  been  several  liiiics  in 
danger  of  his  life,  by  pofion  and  other  artitices, 
he  was  at  length  received  by  Peter  the  Venerable 
his  abbey  of  Clueiii,  in  which  sanctuary 
Abelard  wa^  treated  with  the  utmost  humanity 
and  tenderness.  .Vt  length,  having  become  inlirin 
from  the  prevalence  of  the  scurvy  and  other 
disorders,  he  was  removed  to  the  priory  of  t>l. 
.Marcellus,  on  the  Saon,  near  Chalons,  where 
he  died,  April  -21,  114:2,  in  the  63<l  year  of  his 
age.  Hi8  corpse  was  sent  to  Heloise,  who  de- 
posited it  in  the  Paraclete. 

ABELL,  Johu.  an  English  musician  in  the 
chapel  royal  of  Charles  H.  cflebraied  for  a  fine 
counter-tenor  voice,  and  for  his  skill  on  the  lute. 
He  continued  in  the  chapel  till  the  Ilivolu- 
tioM,  when  he  was  discharged  as  being  a  i'.ipist. 
I 'pun  this  he  went  abroad,  and  at  \\  arsaw  met 
with  a  Very  extraordinary  adventure.     He  wan 

nt  for  to  court;  but  evadhig  to  go  oy  some 
Slight  excuse,  was  commanded  to  attcrid.  At 
the  palace,  he  was  aca:ed  in  a  chair  in  tlie  mid- 
dle of  a  spacious  h.ilt.  and  suddenly  drawn  up  10 
a  giea^iwji^t,  when  the  king,  with  his  attend- 
anis.  afip.  *red  in  a  gallery  opposite  to  him.  At 
the  same  instant  a  number  of  wild  bi'ars  were 
turned  in,  when  the  king  bid  him  choose, 
whother  lie  would  sing,  or  be  let  down  among 
the  bears.  Abi  11  chose  the  former,  and  declared 
afterwards,  thit  he  never  sung  so  well  in  his  lilt 

ABEL!,. A,  a  female  writer  born  at  Salcrne,  in 
the  reicn  of  Charles  of  Anjou. 

ABELLI,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Vexin  Francois, 
who  was  made  Bi.shop  of  Rhodes,  died  at  Paris 
ItJOl,  in  his  r<f>ih  year. 

.\BF;.\DANA',  Jacob,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who 
died  11)8.1,  jncfcct  of  the  Synagogue  in  London, 

ABE.N'EZR  A,  Abraham,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  sur- 
iianied  the  wise,  great,  and  admirable,  died  1174, 
aged  about  75.  His  coinnientaries  arc  highly 
valued. 

ABE.VGXEFIL,  an  .Arabian  physician,  of 
the  12ih  century. 

.ABENMELEK,  a  learned  rabbi,  who  wrote, 
in  Hebrew,  a  commentary  on  the  Bible  ;  it  was 
published  at  Anistirdam,'l661,  in  folio. 

.ABERCROMBIE.  James,  a  major  general  in 
the  British  army  in  Canada,  in  17oC  :  he  display- 
ed a  want  of  talents,  and  was  superseded  by 
eneral  Amherst. 

ARERCROMBIE,  John,  a  horticultural  writer 
of  much  note.  His  first  work  was  published  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Mawe's  (hardener's  Calcnd.ir ;" 
the  flattering  reception  of  which  led  him  to 
pursue  his  literary  labours  on  profe.-^ional  sub- 
jects, to  which  he  prcfixid  his  own  name.  He 
lied  at  Somcrs'  Town,  in  IcXW,  in  tJie  80tli  year 
of  his  age. 

ABERCROMBY,  Sir  Ralph,  a  brave  British 
eencral,  bom  in  Scotland  1743,  received  his 
death-wound  (like  Wolfe)  in  tlie  moment  of  a 
great  victory  over  the  French,  within  four  miles 


at  his  desire,  she  pi:t  on  a  religious  habit,  but  not  of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  Alarcli  21,  1801,  and 
the  veil.  Heloise's  relatiims,  looking  upon  this  as  died  on  the  iWth  of  the  s.^ine  month. 


ABERCROMBY,  Thomas,  M.  D.  a  native  of 
Forfar,  became  physician  to  James  IL  by  re- 
nouncing ih«  prolestant  religion;  he  died  1726^ 
aged  70. 

A 


AB_ AC 

ABERiS'ETHY,  John,  an  eminent  dissenting I'bellion  against  his  lather,  and  was  slain  by  Joab 
minister,  born  at  Coleraine,  in  Ireland,  16S0; 'about  10:i0,  B.  C. 
died  at  Dublin  IT-W).     His  best  esteemed  worksjl    AUSAI.OM,  archbishop  of  Lunden,  in  Den- 


are  a  set  of  sermons  on  the  "  Divine  and  Moral 
Attributes." 

ABGARUS,  a  king  of  Edessa,  famous  for  the 
letter  which  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to  our 
Sa\iour,  and  for  the  answer  he  received. 

ABGII.LUS,  son  of  the  king  of  the  Frisii, 
surnamed  Prestcr  John,  was  in  tJie  Holy  land 
with  Charlemagne. 

AlUATHAR,son  of  Abimelcch,  was  the  high 
pricpt  of  the  Jews,  and  the  friend  and  fellow 
saffurer  of  David. 

.M'.IG.'VIL,  wife  of  Nabal,  married  to  David 
after  Nabal's  dtath,  1057,  B.  C. 

ABI.IAH,  son  of  Rehoboain,  was  king  of  Ju- 
dah  alier  his  father,  958,  B.  C. 

ABIOSI,  John,  an  Italian  physician  and  as- 
tronnrner,  in  the  beginning  of  tlie  16lh  centurv. 
AKLANCOURT,  vid.  Perrot. 
/^HliE,  or  ABEL,  Thomas,  a  chaplain  at  the 
court  of  Henry  VIII.,  wasexeiutedJuly30, 1540. 
AiJNER,  son  of  Ner,  was  Saul's  uiicln,  and 
his  faithful  general,  and  was  perfidiously  slain 
by  Joab,  1048.  B.  C. 
AliOUBEKER,  vid.  Abubeker. 
AROUGEHEL,  one  of  the  enemies  of  M^ 
hornet  and  bis  religion.  , 

ABOUHANIFATI,  surnamed  Alnooman,  a 
Celebrated  doctor  an.ong  the  mussulmans,  horn 
ill  the  ?Oth  year  of  the  hegira. 

ABOU-JOSEPH,a  ItariK'U  mussulman,  ap- 
pointed supreme  judge  ol  Bagdat  by  the  caliphs 
Had!  and  Aaron  Raschid. 

AP.OULAINA,  a  mussulman  doctor,  cele- 
brated for  his  wit. 

ABOU-IjOLA,  an  Arabian  poet,  born  at  Ma 
ora  in  073,  became  a  brahmin,  and  died  10r)7. 

ABOU-NAVAS,  an  Arabian  poet,  whose 
merit  was  protected  and  encouraged  at  the  court 
of  Aaron  Raschid 

ABOU-RIHAN,  a  geographer  and  astronomer, 
who  employed  40  years  of  his  life  in  travelling 
throush  India. 

ABRABANEIj,  Isaac,  a  Jew  of  Lisbon,  em- 
ployed ui  offices  of  importance,  by  Aphotiso  V. 
of  Portugal,  fled  into  Spain,  and  from  thence 
to  Naples,  then  to  Corfu,  and  at  last  to  Venice, 
where  he  died,  1506,  in  his  71at  year. 

ABRAHAM,  the  patriarch,  was  bom  at  tJr, 
in  Chaldea,  A.  M.  2004 ;  he  died  in  his  175tli 
year. 

ABRAIL-VM,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit  in 
Lorraine,  was  17  years  divinity  professor  at  Pont 
a  Mousson,  where  he  died,  Sept.  7,  1G55,  in  his 
t56th  year. 

ABRAHAM,  Ben-choila,  a  Spanish  rabbi, 
skilled  in  astrology,  prophesied  that  the  coming 
of  the  M.  ssiah  would  be  in  i:«8.  Died,  1303. 
ABKAH,'\M,  T'sque,  a  Jew  of  Portugal.  He 
iindertook.  with  Tobias  Athias,  to  translate  the 
bible  into  Spanish,  in  the  16th  century. 

ABRAHAM,  an  emperor  of  the  Moors  of  Afri- 
ca, in  the  12th  centnry,  was  dethroned  by  his 
sulijecfs,and  his  crown  usurped  by  Abdulmumen. 
ABROSI,  John,  an  Italian  [diysician.  He 
wrote  a  dialogue  on  astrology,  4to.  Venice,  1494. 
ABRUZZO,  Balthasar,  a  Sicilian,  known  for 
his  abilities  as  a  philosopher  and  a  civilian, 
died.  lG(i5,  aged  04. 

ABRUZZO,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan  architect  in 
the  17th  century. 

ABSALOM, "son  of  king  David,  distinguished 
for  hi.o  personal  acquirements,  his  popularity, 
snd  his  vices,  murdered  his  brother,  headed  a  re- 


[mark,  minister  and  friend  of  W'aldiniir,  dis- 
iplayed  his  abilitits  in  lilt  cabinet,  in  the  fio  d, 
and  in  the  tleel,  was  humane  and  bcuuvolcnt ; 
he  died  nnivcisally  retjretted,  liJOi. 

ABSTEMIOUS,  Lauicntius,  an  Italian  wri- 
ter, born  at  Maceraia,  in  La  Marca  de  Anrona, 
who  devoted  liiiiiself  early  to  the  study  of  jiu- 
liie  literiuiiie.  He  published,  under  the  poniili- 
rate  of  Ale.xandcr  VI.  a  treause,  entiihd  "  Hc- 
alomythium,"  fnini  fts  nintajning  llK)  fables, 
which  have  been  often  primed  with  those  of 
Ksnp,  J'hiidrus,  (>ab.ius,  Avienus,  tts. 

ABUBEKER,  father-in-law  of  Mahomet,  was 
lUcied  his  suciesror.  After  a  reign  of  2  years 
and  6  months,  he  expired  in  the  bad  year  of  his 
age. 

.'\Blir.'\R,\,  Theodore,  the  nietrojiolitan  of 
('aria,  obtained  a  scat  in  the  sj  i:od  h»  Id  at  Con- 
.'fiaiitinopie,  fC)'.);  he  wrote  treatises  against  ilic 
Jews  and  Slahoinetans,  whicli  have  been  pub- 
lished. 

ABUDIIAHER,  the  f;;thei-  of  the  Carmalians, 
in  Arabia,  opposed  the  religion  of  Mahomet, 
plundered  the  lemr.k  of  Mecca,  and  died  in  pos- 
f.sion  of  his  e.\!i  :isive  don.iiiions,  953. 
ABULFARAGILS,  Gregory,  son  of  Aaron, 
a  phys'.cian,  bom  in  1206.  iii  the  city  of  Maiatia, 
near  the  source  of  the  I.uphra'ijs  in  .'\rnienia. 
le  wrote  in  Arabic,  a  intioiy  which  does  ho- 
nour to  his  memory ;  it  is  divided  into  dynasties, 
consists  of  teu  parts,  and  i^  an  epitome  of  uni 
vt:sal  history,  from  t!ie  creation  of  the  world  tj^ 
'ua  own  tiniL-.  ^* 

ABULFED.^,  Ismael,  prince  of  Hamah,  in 
yria,  but  bett(r  k.iown  as  author  ol  Tiiblcg 
of  Geography  of  the  regioiss  beyond  the  ri\ei 
< J.vus.  He  began  his  n  i(;n  in  the  74:Ui  year  of 
the  hegira,  and  ended  it  three  years  aUctwaids, 
ngt'd  72. 

ABULGASI-BAYATIT^,  khan  of  the  Tar- 
inr.-;,  reigned  20  years,  respected  at  home  and 
ibroad,  resigned  tlu-  sovereignty  to  his  sou, 
u  tote  the  only  Tartar  liistory  ka  ^  n  in  Europe ; 
he  died  lti63. 

ABULOLA,  vid.  Aboulf.la. 
ABU-WES  I.EM,  a  mussulman  governor  of 
Khorasan,  who,  in  740,  transferred  the  dignity 
of  caliph  from  the  family  of  the  Ommiaihs  to 
tliat  of  the  Abhassides,  by  which  he  occa>ioii«'d 
the  death  of  600,000  men.  He  was  throw  n  into 
the  Tiuris,  754. 

ABUNDIUS,  a  bishop  of  Come,  in  Italy,  who 
a,ssisted  at  the  council  of  Constantinople,  as  the 
representative  of  Leo,  and  died,  469. 

ABUNOWAS,  ati  Arabian  poet,  deservedly 
paronized  by  Aaron  Raschid,  died  810. 

ABU-OBEIDAH,  a  friend  and  associate  of 
JSIahomet,  extended  hi^  conquests  over  Palestine 
and  Syria,  and  died  639. 

ABU-SAID-l'.BN-ALJAPTU,  a  sultan,  the 
ast  of  the  family  of  Zingis-klian,  died  1335. 

ABUSAID-MIRZA,  a  manof  enterprise,who 
placed  himself  at  the  liead  of  an  army,  and  de- 
clared himself  indejicndent ;  he  was  killed  in  an 
ambush,  1468,  aged  42 

ABUTEMAN,  a  ]ioet  in  high  repute  among 
the  .Arabians,  born  a  Vasem,  between  Damas- 
cus and  Tiberia.",  about  846. 

ABYDENE,  wrote  a  history  of  Chaldea  and 

Assyria,  of  which  valuable  composition  only  a 

few  fragments  have  been  preserved  byEusebiut. 

ACACIUS,  surnamed  Luscus,  founder  of  the 

Ucct  of  the  Acaciani,  died,  305. 


ACj 

ACACIITS,  patriarch  of  Const aiuinople,  es- 
tablished the  iJiijiuriority  of  his  see  over  the  cast 
era  bishops,  vvulj  oppostal'by  Felix,  ami  died  498 
ACACIL'S,  a  bishop  of  Berea,  in  Syria,  per 
sficuied  Clirvsoatom  and  Cyril,of  Alexandria;  hi 
died  432. 

ACAClUa,  a  bishop  of  Amida,  on  the  Tigris 
sold  ttie  sacred  vessels  of  liis  churches  to  ran 
som  7000  I'ersiau  slaves  ;  he  lived  in  the  reign 
of  Thoodosius  the  younger. 

ACfJA-LAirRENTl.V,  wife  of  Faustulu 
and  nurse  of  Romulus  iii.d  Remus. 

ACUA,  bishop  of  Hexham,  author  of  treatises 
on  the  sulferings  of  the  saints,  died  1710. 

ACCARISI,  James,  a  professor  of  rlietoric  ai 
Mantua,  died  1654. 

ACCKTTO,  Reginald,  author  of  a  thesaru 
of  the  Italian  tongue,  died  15(30. 

ACt'IAIOLl,  Donatus,  of  Florence,  distin 
euish^'d  hy  his  learning  and  political  services  to 
hisciiuury,  died  1473. 

ACCl.AIOLI,  Renatus,  a  Florentine,  conquer- 
ed Athens,  Corinth,  and  Bceotia,  in  the  begin- 
ning  of  the  llth  century. 

ACCIAIOLl,Zenobio,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 

of  Florence,  and  librarian  to  Leo  X.,  died  153~ 

ACCIAIOLI,  or  ACCIAUOLI,  Angelo,  s 

learned  cardinal,  archl.ishop  of  Florence,  who 

wrote  in  favour  of  Urban  VI.,  died  1407. 

ACOIAIOl.I,  Magdalen,  a  Florentine,  cele 
bratcd  for  her  beaut>-,  hui  more  for  the  powers 
«f  her  mind,  died  ItilO. 
ACCIUS,  Lucius,  a  Latin  tragic  poet,  the  son 
a  frcedman,  was  born  in  the  year  of  Rome 
m3  ;   he  did  not,  however,  confine  himself  to 
dramatic  writing ;  for  he  left  other  productions 
particularly  his  "  Annals,"  :.lientioned  by  Ma 
crohius,  Priscian,  Festus,  and  Nonius  Marcellu 
Accius  wa.s  so  much  esteemed  by  the  publie 
liiat  a  comedian  was  punished  for  only  men- 
tioning his  name  on  the  stage. 

ACCUIS,  /nchus,  an  Italian  poet  of  the  16th 
century,  paraphrased  some  of  the  fables  of 
jEsop. 

ACCOLTI^Jnedict,  a  lawyer  of  Florence, 
«ccretary  to^wirepublic,  died  1466. 

ACIXiL^^jprrancis,  brother  lo  Benedict,  re 
pu'ed  for  his  judgment,  eloquence  and  know 
ledge  of  jurisorudence,  sometimes  called  Aretin, 
iied,  1470;  vid.  Aretin. 

ACCOLTl,  Peter,  son  of  Benedict,  raised  to 
.he  dignity  of  cardinal ;  died  at  Florence  1549, 
riis  brother  Benedict,  duke  of  A'epi,  distinguished 
.limself  as  a  poet. 

ACt'QLTI,  Benedict,  conspired  with  five 
Others  to  murder  Pius  IV.,  and  suffered  capital 
punishment,  15t>J. 

ACCORDS,  Stephen  Tabourot,  Seigneurdes 
tdvocatc  in  the  parliament  of  Dijon,  died  l.VJl. 
ACt'URSE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Florence, 
and  professor  of  law  at  Bologna,  died  12i!9.  His 
son  also  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer  at 
Toulouse. 

ACCURSE,  Marius  Angelo,  a  native  of  A- 
guila,  in  the  Ifith  century,  eminent  for  his  critical 
and  literary  abilitica 

ACERBO,  Francis,  a  native  of  Nocera,  pub- 
lished some  poems  at  Naples,  1666. 

ACESIUS,  Bishop  of  Constantinople,  in  the 
age  of  Constantine,  maintained,  that  those  who 
committed  any  sin  after  being  baptised,  ought 
not  to  be  again  admitted  into  the  church,  though 
Ihey  might  repent. 

ACIIALKN,  a  British  sovereign  in  the  6t!i 
eentury,  was  driven  from  bis  dominions,  and 
took  refuge  in  Waive. 


AC 

ACHARD,  Claude  Francis,  a  physician  w  i- 
secretary  to  the  acaderav,  and  librarian  of  Uii: 
cily  of  Marseilles;  he  died  1809. 

ACHARDS,  Eleazer  Francis  des,  distin  'uish- 
ed  by  his  learning,  piety,  and  humanity,  wae 
nominated  bishop  of  Hahcarnassus,  and  after- 
wards sent  apostolic  vicar  to  China ;  h  died  at 
Cochin,  1741. 

ACHERY,  Dom  I.ticd',  a  native  of  St.  Quin- 
tin  in  Picardy,  displayed  his  learning  as  an  cc- 
clesia-slic  and  antiquary  b\  several  publications ; 
he  died  ar  Paris,  lf)85. 

ACHILLIM,  Alexander,  a  Bologncsc  physi- 
cian, known  by  his  publications,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  tlic  follower  of  Averroes, 
died  1512. 

ACHILLIXI,  Philotheus,  wrote  a  poem  to 
honour  the  memory  of  Italian  genius  and  re- 
commend morality  ;  he  died  15:W. 

ACHILLINI,  Claude,  disringhished  for  his 
knowledge  of  medicine,  theology  and  jurispra- 
dence,  died,  at  Bologna,  KAO. 

ACHMET  I.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  son  and 
successor  of  Mahomet  III.,  made  war  against 
the  Hungaries,  died  1617. 

VCHMET  II.  succeeded  his  brother  Solyman 
UT.  on  tJ»c  throne  of  Constantinople ;  he  was  un- 
lurtiinatc  in  his  wars  against  the  Venetians  and 
AuHtrians,  and  died  1605. 

ACHMET  III,,  son  of  Mahomet  IV.,  was 
crowned  by  a  faction  who  deposed  his  brother 
Miistapha  II. ;  he  granted  an  asylum  to  Charles 
XII.,  made  war  against  the  Russians  and  Per- 
sians, and  was  hurled  from  his  throne  by  an  in- 
surrection :  he  died  1736. 

ACHMET  GEUUC,orACOMET,  a  celebrated 
general,  he  assisted  Bajazet  II.  in  obtaining  tho 
throne,  1432,  and  was  afterwards  inhumanly  as- 
sassinated. 

ACHMET  Bacha,  a  general  f  Solyinan, 
revolted  from  his  sovereign,  1524,  and  was  soon 
alter  dcieated  and  beheaded. 

ACHMET,  an  Arabian  who  wrote  on  the  in- 
terpretation of  dreams  ;  the  work  was  published 
in  Greek  and  Latin,  by  Rigault,  1C03. 

ACH-VAN,  or  ACHExN,  John,  a  historical 
painter,  born  at  Cologne,  died  1621. 

ACIDALIUS,  Valens,  a  native  of  Wistock 
in  Brandebourc,  distinguished  by  his  extensive 
eruditi(m,  died  1.595. 

ACKERMAN,  John  Christian,  Gottlieb,  pro- 
feasor  of  medicine  at  Altdorf,  in  Frauconia, 
died  1801. 

ACOLUTHUS,  Andrew,  a  learned  professor 
of  languages  at  Breslaw,  published  a  Latin 
translation  of  the  Armenian  version  of  Obadiah, 
at  Leipsic,  died  1704. 

.\CONTIUS,  James,  a  famous  philosopher, 
civilian,  and  divine,  born  at  Trent,  in  the  ICth 
century.  He  embraced  the  protestant  religion  ; 
and,  going  over  to  England  in  the  reign  of  E5- 
zabeth,  met  with  a  very  friendly  reception  from 
that  princess,  as  he  himself  has  testified  in  a 
work  dedicated  to  her.  This  work  is  his  cele- 
brated "Collection  of  the  Stratagems  of  Satan," 
which  has  been  often  transl.ved,  and  gone 
through  many  different  impressions. 

ACOSTA,  Gabriel,  professor  of  divinity  at  Co- 
imbra,  wrote  a  Latin  commentary  on  tJie  Old 
Testament,  he  died  1616. 

ACOSTA,  Joseph,  a  provincial  of  the  Jesuits, 
in  Peru,  was  born  at  Medina  del  Campo,  and 
died  at  Salamanca,  1600. 

ACOSTA,  Uriel,  a  native  of  Oporto,  educated 
in  the  Romish  religion;  he  fled  to  Judaism, and 
shot  himself  1640. 


AD 

ACtiUAVIVA,  vid.  AUt  AVIVA. 

AC"KO.\',a  physician  ol"  fiiily,  who  relieved 
Athens  during  a  plague,  liy  burning  perfumes  : 
lived  about  440  B.  C. 

ACnONlUS,  John,  a  Mathematician  of  Fries- 
land,  who  wrote  on  the  motion  of  the  earth, 
died  at  Hasic,  loiXi. 

AfROMIS,  Juhn,  a  Dutch  writer  of  the  17th 
Century,  wiio  wrof i;  against  the  Konii^h  religion. 

ACkoi'tJlJTA,  George,  one  of  the  writer!- 
of  the  Hyzaiiliiie  history,  born  at  CouFtaiiiina- 
ple,  12"^0.  In  liii)  21st  year,  he  maintained  a 
learned  di.^putc  with  Nicholas,  the  physician, 
concerning  the  eclipse  of  the  sun,  belbre  tlie  em- 
peror John.  Gregory  Cyprian,  a  patriarch  of 
•^'onstantinople,  in  his  encomium  upon  him,  pre- 
fixed to  Acropoliia's  history,  is  perhaps  some- 
what extravagant  in  his  praise,  when  he  says, 
that  he  was  equal  to  Aristotle  in  philosophy, 
and  to  Plato  in  the  knowledge  of  divhie  things 
and  Attic  eloquence. 

ACTirs,  or  AZZO,  Visconti,  sovereign  of 
Milan,  distinguished  by  his  valour,  and  the  in- 
tegrity of  his  government,  died  1355 

A(!TU.\R1US,  a  Jew  physician,  practised  at 
Constantinople  in  the  13th  century. 

ACUA'.A,  Christopher,  Jesuit  of  Burgos,  em- 
ployed as  missionary  in  America,  published  an 
account  of  the  Amazon  river,  at  Madrid,  1611. 

ADALR,  James,  an  J^nglish  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, member  of  parliament,  died  1708. 

AD.MR,  JaniM,  author  of  some  law  tracts, 
and  .some  time  recorder  of  Lomlon,  died  July 
21, 1708. 

AD.\1R,  James  Mackitbriek,  a  physician  and 
presiding  judge  of  the  courts  of  the  island  of 
Antigua,  W.  I.,  died  1082. 

ADALARD,or  ADELAKD,son  of  count  Ber- 
nard, and  grandson  of  Charles  Martel,  was 
made  prune  minister  of  Pepin,  king  of  Italy, 
and  died  Jan.  2,  826. 

ADALBEROiV,  archbisliop  of  Rhcinis,  and 
chancellor  of  France,  an  ecclesiastic  and  min- 
ister of  Lothaire,  died  088. 

ADALBERON,  AsceUn,  bishop  of  Leon  ; 
published  a  satirical  poem,  in  430  verses,  and 
died  1030. 

ADALBERT.archbishopof  Prague,  preached 
tlie  gospel  among  the  Bohemians,  and  after- 
wards to  the  Poles,  by  whom  he  was  murdered, 
April  29,  997. 

ADALGISE,  son  of  Didier,  king  of  Lorahar- 
dy,  opposed  the  power  of  Charlemagne,  was 
put  to  death  788. 

ADALOALD,  a  king  of  Lombardy,  was  de- 
posed by  his  subjects,  and  succeeded  by  Ario- 
vald  ;  he  died  G29,  in  a  private  station. 

ADAM,  the  father  of  the  human  race,  lived 
930  years  after  his  expulsion  from  paradise. 

ADAM,  Lambert  Sigisbert,  an  ingenious 
gculptor,  born  at  Nanci,  died  1759,  aged  59. 

ADAM,  Nicholas,  brother  of  Lambert,  imita 
ted  and  equalled  him  ;  he  executed  the  Man 
soleiim  of  the  queen  of  Poland,  and  died  778. 

AD.VM,  Francis  Gaspard,  younger  brother  of 
the  two  preccding,excelled  also  as  an  artist ;  he 
died  at  Paris,  17.'>7,  aged  49. 

ADAM,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  bom  at 
Leeds.obtained  the  living  of  Wintiingham,  Lin 
colnshire  ;  he  died  1784,  aged  83. 

ADAM,  Bfllaut,  a  joiner  of  Nevers,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Master  Adam,  wrote  po 
etry  while  employed  at  his  tools ;  he  died  lOf.2. 

ADAM.Alexander.L.L.D., an  eminent  school- 
master, and  a  useful  writer,  in  Scotland,  born 
at  Coats  of  Burgie,  cbuntv  of  Moray,  June 
8 


AD 


11.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Roman  Anti- 
quities," "  Clas-'-ical  Biography,"  ami  "  Lexi- 
con Liiigur"  l.aiina'."  He  died  o{  aponlcxv 
Dec.  1ft,  K-IK". 

.•\D.\JI.  -Melchior,  rector  of  a  college  at  Hcid- 
ibi-rg,  where  he  jmh.ished  "  Livo  of  Tlliistii- 
us  Men."  in  four  vols.,  and  died  about  1035. 

AD.\M,  Koberl.  arrliitcrt,  wa.s  born  in  172?, 
at  Kirkcaldy,  in  Fitrshirf.and  received  his  idu- 
calion  at  the  university  of  Fdinburgh.  After 
(lis  return  from  a  visit  to  Italy,  Mr.  Adam  was 
appointed  architect  to  his  majestv  in  the  year 
17(12,  and  produced  a  total  change  in  tlie  airhi- 

cture  of  that  country.  His  fertile  genius  in 
elegant  ornament  was  not  conlined  to  the  deco- 
ration of  buildings,  hut  has  been  ciiflused  im 
iilniost  every  branch  of  manutacture.  At  llic 
time  of  hie  death,  March  3,  1792,  the  new  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  other  great  public 
works,  both  in  that  city  and  in  (.'lasgow,  were 
erecting  from  his  designs,  and  under  his  direc- 
ion  His  death  was  occasioned  by  the  breaking 
of  a  blood-vessel  in  the  stomach,  and  his  remains 
were  interred  in  the  south  side  of  Westminster 
A bbey. 

ADAM,  James,  arcliitect,  brother  to  the  fore 
going,  died  Oct.  20,  1794.  The  Adclphi  build- 
ings and  Portland-place  are  moniimeiits  of  his 
taste  and  abilities  in  his  jrofession. 

ADAM,  a  canon  of  Bremen,  in  the  17th  cen 
tury,  published  an  ecclesiastical  histoiy  of  Bre- 
men and  Hamburgh,  edited,  1670. 

AD.AM,  St.  Victor,  an  ecclesiastic  at  Paris, 
died  1177. 

ADAM,  Scotus,  a  monkish  writer,  bom  in 
.Scotland,  and  taught  divinity  at  Paris,died  1180. 

ADAM,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Bordeaux,  wrote 
several  treatises  against  the  disciples  of  Austin 
died  1C84. 

ADAM,  d'Orleton,  of  Hereford,  became  bi- 
hop  of  VVincliester;  he  was  intriguing  and  tur- 
bulent. 

ADAM,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Limosin,  professor 
of  philosophy,  died  at  Bordeaux,  1C84. 

ADAMS,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wem,  in 
Shropshire,  became  a  draper  in  London,  ajid 
rose  to  the  high  honour  of  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don, 1645;  lie  died  1667. 

ADAMS,  Thomas,  distmguished  for  his  learn- 
ing, and  tutor  to  persons  of  rank,  in  tlie  time  of 
Cromwell ;  he  died  Dec.  11,  1670. 

ADAMS,  Richard,  minister  of  St.  Mildred, 
is  ejected,  166  ;  he  assisted  in  the  completion  of 
Poole's  Atmotations,  and  died  1698. 

•VDAMS,William,  D.  D.,  master  of  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  urbanity,  &c.,  died  1789. 

ADAMS,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  London,  au 
thor  of  several  medical  works,  died  1818. 

ADAMS,  Andrew,  L.  L.  D.,  chief  justice  o. 
Connecticut,  was  born  at  Stratford,  "Ct.,  cdu 
cated  at  Yale  College,  afterwards  elected 
member  of  the  council,  and  a  representative  in 
congress ;  he  died  1799. 

ADAMS,  John,  a  clergyman  and  poet,  born 
in  Nova  Scotia,  and  settled  at  Newport,  11.  I.; 
he  died  1740,  much  lamented,  aged  36. 

ADAMS,  Eliphalct,  an  eminent  minister  of 
New  London,  Ct.,  died  1753,  aged  77.  lie  pub- 
lished several  occasional  discourses. 

ADAM.S,  Amos,  minister  of  Roxbury,  Mass., 
distinguished  for  his  learning  and  piety;  died 
at  Dorchester,  1775,  aged  48. 

ADAMS,  Joseph,  a  minister,  settled  at  New- 
ington,  N.  H. ;  he  died  1783,  aged  93. 

ADAMS.  Zabdiel,  minjsiei  of  Lunenburehi 


AD 


ADAMS,  Hamuel, eovcn.ororRIassachusott.Jl  ho  dKco of  ..m.m/!^''''  "'"^  ^' •''* «'« ardcd 

teintluoncf  in  forwarding  tla-  Amtricau  rcvo-IlallL;  and  tire  vc^uraftri^n*'^^  "** 

lutum;    oi   ...-r..  n.lcf-rity,  dipi.ifi,.d  n.annersjL.xrotar;  of  state       AA  )V^      it   M.^^ 

and  cr-at  suavity  of  Iciiiptr;  diud  1H)H,  aictd  82  'l\Vhar7mi  «'is^  inn;,i....  .        .  .         Alarquis   of 

AI>AMyo\,  Patrick,  ArchWsJioi,  of  t^t  An^ijand     Xlirnn  a  f'  d^^i  '"'  'f^" 

drcw's,  l)..rn  at  Porlli,  ],>»;(.    In  the  vear  IsJl    '; «  w  ,...i^,.oT  •"''"""' '  ""  ■'*■  '"^  ^'■-cn.iary.  and 
ho  set  out  f„r  Paris,  as  n.or  to  a  y.  un'  -^'n:!  Im  u-rTowof  ^^^^^^^  "'^"""P- 

tleman,  wh«.e  he  stayed  son.e  »io,nllVand  uCn  )l  vas^  Ic".  1^^^^^^  f  *?'•  ■■•  V'" 
then  retired  to  HonrL'.s.  Ho  was  in  iliis  citvlUVir  -  Vi.Xf  ,  "  """^*' '";  '"=")'■  a  law  to  liii,  - 
during  the  massacre  al  Pa  is    am   livid  con-' "rrlmHr ^  '""'  '"  "'"'"  '"' 

ceal4  , or  seven  n.oml.s,mT,;,d^;:^u^X'Mdt)h-^"!tl^^ 

master  of  which,  upwards  of  70  years  of  a^-c,  ibe  ,„"  '  „  m^^  •   l"^^^^^^^^^  "'"'  '^"'>  '-•^- 

ADDISON    JoseplK        m  ViVv   ?    liV       ;,      '        "'V  ^'-'S*^' "•'>^  ""^  «'"•"!  climacl.iir  of 

::^sr'^i!rj^^-S '^  ?;  r 

l...ry,und,r  the  care  of  M ^ Ta Xr    a    r<    m    m^l^.^^  "'?' ""'  '^""^^  «" 

after  to  Ui..  Oharter-hoiise,  where  he   t,die.run"n^^ 

der  Dr.  Kllis,  and  contracted  that  in'h  a  v    vi   J|   v  ^t^! !  r  'o  I vmcl    \,hM^  ""'  '""'"•^^''" 

«r  Richard  .Ste.Ie.  wlmh  their  joint  laho,  rs^^o  I'-j"  "'";'' :;''i':,'^  trnve  great  ass.st- 
havesn  efllrluallv  recorded  hi  Iti-^T  1...  ,.n  .i  c  f'"- I'^P*"^  •>'  AddiMm  are  marked  in 
entered  of  (iween's  O  '"e  Oubrd  vh  re  f.Xf 'f  Mf'''"'?'  ''•';  'T  ""^'.'"^  '''"'^"^  *"  "«'  '"""« 
1M9,  ,he  accidental  peruX^lof  smne  Lati^vVr  l°i.Si'"'..""l'".".'S!.=  "»^'«"V  l-V  »  "a-'d-  It  was 
scs,  gamed  limi  the  patronasre  of  Dr.  Lancas- 
ter, by  whose  reconnneiidation  he  was  elected 

inlo  iMagdalen  Collciic  as  Demy.    Here  he  tonk 

tlie  degree  of  U.  A.  Feb.  14,  l(i93,  continued  t,. 

cultivate  poetry  and  criticism,  and   grew  lir-l 

emment  by  his  Latin  compositions,  which  are' 

entitled  to  particular  praise.    In  1095  be  wrote! 

npoem  to  king  William,  with  a  kind  of  rhvinin" 

introduction  addressed  to  lord  Somcrs.     In  l(i<r' 

he  wrote  his  poem  on  the  peace  of  Ryswick 


not  known  that  Addison  had  tried  a  comedy  for 
the  stage,  till  Steele,  alter  his  death,  declared 
him  ilie  author  of  "  The  Drummer."  This  play 
-Meele  earned  to  the  tlieaire,  and  after\\  ards  lo 
I  he  press,  and  sold  the  copy  for  fifty  guhieas.  In 
the  midst  ol  the.-^e  agreeable  empfovments  Mr. 
Addison  was  not  an  indili'ereni  spcciaior  of  pub- 
lic artairs.  He  wrote,  as  dillerenl  e.Ticeilcie.'j 
required,  in  1T(I7,  "The  present  state  of  the 
}\l">  .*'^'  "  ''"'"'  ^''"'K  1-^aniiner  ;"  and  ihc 


^neid.  Having  yet  no  public  employment 
ne  obtained,  in  KifliI,  a  pension  of  300/.  a  vear 
that  he  micht  be  enabled  to  travel.  While  he 
was  travclliuL'  at  loisuie  in  Italy,  he  wa-^  far 


reasonable  to  e.\pect  that  the  zeal  of  Addison 
would  be  suitably  rewarded.  Uefore  the  arrival 
ol  king  George,  he  was  made  secretary  to  the 
regency,  and  was  required  by  his  office  to  send 

tii\ttfn    lit    Ilmi^.i-n..  .1..-.    .1.  -  .  _  ^^ 


from  being  idle;  for  he  no    o  Iv'coTlected  his ',Z^n    '  V,'''''  "■''"".'^'^  by  his  office  to  send 
observations  on  he  Cfliin  rv  &.und  t  iti  e    0^  ''"         the  .pieen  was  dead,  and 

write  his  Dialogues  on  Med.;is     Her     al'  ,  1  e  '  \X%n\T^    «  '■"""'•      ^  "  ''"  "">'  ^^ ""'''  ""» 
wrote  the  letter  to  Lord  iVS  which  k  in'si    '!    .«  '""^f "  '  '°?"^"  ""*" ''""  -^'I'lison.who 

considered  as  the  nTost  e  e  'a  il  if  i.ortl  e^mo^^  overwhelmed  will,  the  preatnefs  of  the 

sublime,  of  his  poetical  productio'nr'Arhi""^'  t^;^t^'}5['"^  »'>•  .«■."-"  of.  expre 


sublime,  ol  his  poetical  productions.  At  his  re- 
turn he  published  his  Travels,  with  a  dedica- 
tioii  to  Lord  .Soiners.  Thig  book,  though  a 
Willie  neglected,  is  said  in  time  to  have  become 
so  much  the  favourite  of  the  public,  that  be- 
fore It  was  reprinted  it  rose  to  five  times  in  price 
The  victory  at  lilenheim  in  ]704,spread  iriumpii 
and  confidence  over  the  nation:  and  lord  Go- 
dolphin,  lamenting  to  lord  Halifai  that  it  had 
not  been  cilehrated  in  a  manner  equal  to  the 
subject,  desired  him  to  propose  it  to  some  better 
poet.    Halifax  named  Addison;  who,  having 


sions,  that  the  lords,  who  could  not  wait  for  the 
niceties  of  criticism,  called  Mr.  Southwell  a 
clerk  in  the  house,  and  ordered  him  lo  despatch 
the  message.  Southwell  readily  told  what  was 
necessary,  m  the  common  style  of  biisincs>:  and 
valued  himself  upon  having  done  what  was  too 
hard  lor  Addison.  He  was  better  qualified  for 
the  Freeholder,  a  paper  which  he  published 
twice  a  week,  from  D<  c.  ■23.  MU.  to  the  middle 
01  the  next  year.  Tliis  was  undertaken  in  de- 
lenee  of  theestablis^hed  government,  sometimes 
with  argument,  sometimes  with  mil th.    In  ar- 


AD AD 

was  singular  and  inaltlilf.ss.  On  the  2d  oflj  ADELMAN,  a  bishoji  of  Biesci  in  tiie  lllh 
August,  l"lii,  lie  married  the  countess  Dowa-'  century,  wrote  a  letter  on  the  Uucharisi  lo  He- 
ger  of  Warwick,  whom  he  is  s;iid  to  have  lirstji  rengerj  printed  at  Louvaine,  1501.  He  di"d  l(i02. 


Known  by  betoining  tuior  lo  her  son.  This  mar 
riage,  hnwevtr,  made  no  addition  to  his  happl-i 
ncss  ;  it  neitner  tbund  them  nor  made  theni| 
equal.  She  always  rcinnuibered  her  own  rank,  j 
and  thouglit  hersill'  eiititled  to  treat  with  very] 
little  ceroiiiouy  ilie  tutor  oC  her  .smi.  The  >i.'ar| 
alter,  1717,  lie  rn.^e  to  his  higliest  elevation,  be-! 
ing  made  secretary  of  stale;  but  it  is  uiiiver- 
rally  confessed  ihat  lie  was  unequal  to  the  du-| 
tus  of  his  pla';e.  In  the  house  of  commons  he 
could  not  speak,  and  therefore  was  iisele.'*s  to 
the  defence  of  tlie  government.  In  the  ofticej 
he  could  not  issue  an  order  without  losing  lii:» 
time  in  quest  of  fine  e.\presf!ioiis.  What  he] 
gaineil  in  rank  he  lost  in  credit ;  and,  hiiding  l)y| 
experience  his  own  inability,  was  forced  I 
licit  his  dismission,  with  a  pension  of  15001.  a 
year.  Hit:  friends  palliated  this  relinquishineiit, 
of  which  both  friends  and  enemies  knev/  the 
true  reason,  with  an  accountof  declining  health, 
and  the  necessity  of  recess  and  (luict.  He  now 
engaged  in  a  laudable  and  excellent  work,  viz. 
a  defence  of  the  Christian  Religion;  of  whicli, 
part  was  publislicd  after  his  death.  Addison 
had  for  some  time  been  oppressed  by  shortness 
of  breath,  which  was  now  airgravated  by  a  drop- 
sy ;  and,  finding  liis  danger  pressing,  he  prepared 
to  die  conformably  to  his  own  p:ecepts  and 
professions.  Lord' Warwick  was  a  yon  "Miian 
of  very  irrrpnlar  life,  and  perhaps  of  looc  opiii 
ions.  Addison,  for  whom  he  did  not  want  re 
epect,  had  very  diligently  endeavoured  to  re 
claim  him  ;  but  his  arguments  aud  expoBtula- 
tioiis  had  no  effect :  one  experiiacul,  however, 
remained  lo  be  tried.  When  lie  found  his  life 
near  its  end,  he  directed  the  young  lord  to  be 
called,  and,  when  he  desired  with  great  tender 
ne.?s  to  hear  his  last  injunctions,  told  him,  "  I 
have  sent  for  you  to  see  how  a  Christian  can 
die."  What  effect  this  awful  scene  had  on  the 
carl's  behaviour  is  not  known  ;  he  died  liimself 
in  a  short  time.  Having  given  directions  to  Mr. 
Tickell  for  the  publicalion  of  his  works,  and 
dedicated  them,  on  his  death  bed,  to  liis  friend 
Mr.  Craggs,  Addison  died  June  17, 17 lit,  at  Ilol 
land  House,  leaving  no  child  but  a  clauijhter, 
who  died  at  IJitton,  in  Warwickshire,  Feb.  1797. 

ADELAIDE,  daughter  of  Rodolphus,  king  of 
Burgundy,  married  Lotharius  II.,  king  of  Italy, 
and  after  his  deatli  the  emperor  Olho  I. ;  she 
died  099,  aged  09. 

ADELAIDE,  wife  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Saxo 
ny,  conspired  with  Lewis  against  her  husband's 
life,  and  inarrird  the  murderer,  10.55. 

ADEL.\1DF,  daughter  of  Humbert,  count  of 
Maurienne,  was  queen  of  Lewis  VI.  of  France ; 
she  died  1154. 

ADELAIDE,  wife  of  Lewis  II.  of  France, 
was  mother  of  Charles  III.,  suniamed  the  sim- 
ple, who  was  king  898. 

ADELARD,  an  English  monk,  who,  in  the 
12th  century,  visited  Egypt  and  Arabia,  and 
translated  in  Latin  Euclid's  Elements. 

ADELBOLD,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  and  author 
of  the  life  of  the  emperor  Henry  II.,  died  1207. 

ADELER,  Curtius,  a  native  of  Norway, 
served  in  the  Dutch  navy,  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  admiral,  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
at  Copenhaeen,  where  he  died  1675,  aged  r>3. 

ADELGREIFF,  John  Albretcht,  natural  son 
of  a  priest  near  Elbing,  pretended  to  be  the  vice- 
gerent of  God  on  earth,  was  condemned  to  death 
at  Kunigsbergh  for  blaspliemy,  1636.  I 

10 


ADELI'Hl'.S,  a  philosopher  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, who  iningieci  the  doctrines  of  Plato  with 
the  tenets  of  the  Cnostics. 

ADELUNti,  John  Christopher,  a  German 
professor  at  Erfurt,  and  author  ol  a  giHiiiuiati- 
cal  and  critical  dii-tionary  of  the  German  tan- 
guagp,  and  other  works  ;  he  dieil  l.-'(H>. 

AUEOlJ.\TU!*,  or  Godsgift,  a  Koinan  priest 
elcvaied  to  the  papal  throne  67-2,  died  four  years 
atterwards. 

AIJKR,  William,  a  learned  physician  of  Tou- 
louse in  the  17th  centur\'. 

ADHAB-EDDOULAT,  an  emperor  of  Tcrsia, 
after  liis  uncle  Aniad-Eddoulat,  was  warlike, 
humane,  and  a  patron  of  letters;  he  died  96'.^ 
aged  47. 

ADHRLME,  William,  nephew  to  Ina,  king 
of  the  West  Saxons,  first  bishop  of  Sherborne, 
and  said  to  be  the  iirst  Englishman  who  wrolo 
LaUn,  died  709. 

ADIIEM.\K,  William,  a  native  of  Provence, 
wrote  a  book  on  illustrious  ladies,  died  about 
1190. 

ADIMANTUS,  a  Maniclia-an  sectary  at  the 
close  of  the  Kith  century,  denied  the  autiienti- 
city  of  the  Old  Testament. 

ADIJfAUl,  Raphael,  an  Italian  historian, 
born  at  Rimini  in  the  16th  ce  -tury. 

ADIMARl,  Alexander,  a  t'lorennnc,  admired 
for  his  poeiical  genius  ;  die41049. 

ADLKRFELDr,Guslavus,  a  learned  Swcile. 
historian  of  the  battles  of  Charles  XII.,  killed, 
1709. 

ADLZREITTER,  John,  chancellor  of  Ba- 
varia, in  the  17th  century,  wrote  annals  of  hi« 
country. 

ADO,  vid.  ADON. 

ADOLPIIUS,  count  of  Nassau,  crowiipd  king 
and  enipevor  of  the  Romans,  died  ]2;}8. 

ADOLPIIUS,  count  of  Cleves,  instituted  an 
order  of  chivaliy,  13«0,  since  abolished. 

ADOLl'HUS,  bishop  of  Mcrsburg,  opposed, 
and  afterwards  favoured  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
tlujr,  died  152(;. 

ADOLPflUS,  Frederic  II.,  king  of  Sweden, 
founded  the  academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles 
letters  at  Torneo.  eind  died  1771. 

ADOLPW  S,  duke  of  Sleswick,  refnscd  the 
crown  of  Deni'iaTk,  afler  the  death  of  Christo- 
pher III.,  and  crowned  Christieml.  he  died  1459. 

ADON,  archbishop  of  Vienne,  in  Daiiphine, 
who  wrote  a  useful  chronicle,  died  875. 
^  ADORNE,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  a  Genoese 
family,  who  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  discipline, 
died  1,570. 

ADORNE,  Antony,  a  Genoese,  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  Doge,  138:1. 

ADORNE,  Gabriel,  a  Genoese,  became  Doge, 
1330;  he  was  afterwards  driven  from  power  by 
a  more  successful  rival. 

ADORNE,  Prosper,  a  Genoese,  made  Doge, 
1400,  and  died  1486. 

ADORNIO,  Jerome,  a  Genoese,  opposed  the 
party  of  the  Fregoses,  in  the  age  of  Charles  V. 

ADORNI,  Catharine  Fieschi,  a  Genoese  lady, 
after  the  death  of  her  husband,  devoted  herself 
to  acts  of  piety,  and  benevolence ;  she  died  1510. 

ADRETS,  Francis  Beaumont  des,  descen- 
dant of  an  ancient  family  in  Dauphin'>,  em- 
braced the  cause  of  the  Huguenots;  he  died  1587. 

ADRIA,  John  James,  a  physician  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Charles  V.,  died  15(>0. 

ADRIAN,  or  HADRIAN,  Publius  iElius,  th« 


M 

Roman  eniporor,  born  at  Rome,  Jan  24,  in  the 
year  of  Clirif^t  7li.  He  was  a  renownod  ^<mu  lul 
and  a  great  traveller  ;  am!  iit  a  visit  lo  JJiitain, 
huilt  a  famous  wall,  or  rampart,  c.Yti'ndinj»  from 
Ihi:  nioutli  of  thu  Tyiie  tn  tlic  Solway  F'ritli,  )^0 
tiiilis  in  Ipngtll,  to  prevent  tlic  iiii-iirsloiis  of  the 
Ualedoniiuis  into  llic  northern  ronnties  of  Kng 
land,  then  under  thi'  Roman  (fovcrimirnt.  Adri 
an  rt  icnod  'il  ycar^,  au>l  died  at  liaise,  in  the  G3<l 
Vear  of  liis  ai;o. 

ADRIAN,  aGrcckauthor,  in  theSlh  century, 
wrote  an  introduction  to  the  Scriptures. 

ADRIAN,  a  lcariie(l  Carthusian,  autiior  of  a 
treatise  culled  "  de  rtmediisutriiisqiif  I'ortnniR.'' 
ADRIAN'  I.  a  Roman  patri^an,  raised  tu  the 
pontificate  in  17T-2.  dii^d  TyS. 

ADRIAM  II..  rai.sed  to  the  popedom  in  867, 
he  was  artful  and  intriguin<!,  and  died  ST2. 
ADRIAN  Itl., elected  pope  8(^4.  and  died,  885. 
ADIU  A  N  IV.,  Pope,  the  only  EiiiJlislmian  thai 
ever  had  the  honour  of  sitting  in  tin  papal  chair. 
Hi.s  name  was  Nicolas  BrektsixMC  ;  lie  was  borii 
at  Lan;;ley,  near  St.  Albans,  in  Hertfordshire, 
and,  after  many  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  suc- 
ceeded lo  the  popedom  in  11.54.  He  died  Sept. 
1,  1  l.V.),  leaving  some  letters  and  homilies  which 
are  still  extant. 

ADRI.V.'V  v.,  a  native  of  Genoa,  made  pope 
127ti,  and  died  38  day^  after. 

ADRIAN  VI.,  a  native  of  Ulrcrlit,  was  pre- 
ceptor to  eniperorCharles  V.,  elected  po|)e  150-2, 
and  died  VrS.i. 

ADRIAN  DR  CSTEI.LO,  born  at  Co.netto 
in  Tuscany,  employed  as  paj.al  lesate  in  f<co;- 
laiid  and  England,  and  made  bishop  of  Ilei 
ford,  then  of  Bath  and  Wells,  ami,  conspiring 
against  Popt^  Leo  X.,  was  stripi  of  his  ecclesias- 
tical honours,  1518. 

ATRI  \NI,  .loanni  Batista,  bom  of  a  patrician 
family,  .;■.  Tlorence,  in  l.'ill.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  his  'iwii  Times,  in  continuation  of  Guicciar- 
dini,  Di-ninning  at  the  year  l.>3t>,  (a  work  e.ve- 
cutcd  with  gir:it  judgment,  candour,  and  accu- 
racy,) and  died  at  Florence  15>t. 

ADRIAN'I,  Marrellus,  a  native  of  Florence, 
left  a  written  translation  of  Plutarch,  &c. ;  he 
died  l(i04. 

ADRICIFIOMIA,  Cornelia,  a  nun  in  Holland 
of  the  Aucustine  order,  publi^ahed  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  thel'.^alms  in  the  Itith  century. 

ADRICHO.Miat!,  Christian,  a  nR;'veof  Delft, 
director  of  the  nuns  of  Barbara,  .died  at  Cologne 
1,58.5. 

AD90N,  an  abbot  of  Luxcuil  in  960,  author 
of  the  miracles  of  St.  Vandalbert. 

jEDESIUS  succeeded  Jamblichus,  as  teacher 
of  Platonic  pkilosophy  in  Cappadocia,  in  tlie  4iii 
century. 

^(iE.\TES,  John,  a  priest  of  the  Nestorian 
sect,  who  flourished  483,  and  wrote  a  treatise 
against  the  council  of  Clialcedon. 

/EGIDIUS,  Peter  .\lbiensis,  a  writer  sent  by 
Francis  I.  to  give  an  account  of  the  celebrated 
places  of  .-Vsia,  Greece,  and  .Africa, died  1.5;>.5. 

^•EGIDIUS,  .\tlieniensis,  a  Grecian  physician 
in  the  8th  century,  became  a  Benedictine  monk, 
and  ptiblishcd  several  treatises. 

jEGIDUIS  de  Colonna,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Paris,  general  of  the  .Vugustines,  died  1316. 

iEGINET.V,  Paulus,  a  native  of  the  island 
yEgina,  whence  he  has  liis  name.  Accordinc 
to  Abulfaragius,  he  flourished  in  the  7tli  cen- 
tury. His  surgical  works  are  deservedly  fa- 
mous, and  his  knowledge  of  surgery  was  very 
great.  In  short,  the  surgery  of  Paulus  h.is  been 
the  subject  matter  of  most  gf  the  trtatise*  of 


JE  

that  art  down  to  this  time.   His  book  treats  pro- 
lessedly  of  disorders  incident  to  women. 

.i;GINHARn,  a  German,  secretary  toCharle- 
inaL'ne,  died  840. 

/lU.rRED,  or  ALFRED,  the  Great,  youngest 
ion  of  .(I^theJ  wolf,  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  was 
l)orn  in  the  year  84".i,  at  Wannating,  or  \\ana- 
ling,  which  i.i  supposed  to  be  \\'antagc,  in 
U.rkshire.  j^'.lfred  succeeded  to  the  crown  on 
the  death  of  his  brother  il^thelred,  in  the  year 
S71  ;  but  had  scarcely  time  to  attend  the  funeral 
I  his  brother,  before  he  was  obliged  to  light  hir 
(lie  crown  he  had  so  lately  received.  A  con- 
siderable army  of  Danes,  having  landed  in  Dor- 
setshire, marched  as  far  as  Wareham ;  here 
.■Eifred  met  them  with  all  tlie  forces  he  coul<l 
jraise  ;  but,  not  finding  himself  strong  enougli  to 
igage  them,  he  concluded  a  peace,  and  tlie 
Danes  swore  never  again  to  invade  his  domi- 
nions. In  877,  however,  having  obtained  new 
aids,  they  came  in  such  numbers  into  Wilushire, 
liat  the  Saxons,  giving  tliemsclves  up  to  de- 
spair, would  not  make  head  against  them  ; 
many  tied  out  of  the  kingdom,  not  a  few  sub- 
mitted, and  the  rest  retired,  every  m.in  to  the 
place  wiiere  he  could  be  best  concealed.  In  this 
distress,  A'ACrcil,  conceiving  himself  no  longer 
a  king,  laid  aside  all  maiks  of  royalty,  and  took 
shelter  in  the  liou.se  of  one  who  kept  his  cattle. 
He  retired  afterwards  to  the  isle  of  /Ethelingcy, 
in  Somersetshire,  where  he  built  a  fort  for  the 
secur^^y  of  himself,  his  family,  .and  tlic  few 
I'ailhf-j*  servants  who  repaired  thither  to  hun. 
When  he  had  been  about  a  year  in  this  retreat, 
having  been  informed  tlial  some  of  his  subjects 
had  routed  a  great  army  of  the  Danes,  killed 
fln^ir  chiefs,  and  taken  their  magical  standard, 
he  issued  his  letters,  giving  notice  were  he  was, 
and  inviting  his  nobility  to  come  and  consult 
with  hira.  Before  they  came  to  a  final  deter- 
mination, /Eifred,  putting  on  the  habit  of  a 
harper,  went  into  the  enemy's  camp ;  where, 
wiilioui  suspicion,  he  was  every  where  ad- 
iiitted,  and  had  the  honour  to  play  before  tlieir 
princes.  Having  thus  acquired  an  exact  know- 
lodge  of  their  situation,  he  returned  in  great 
secrecy  to  hts  nobility,  whom  he  ordered  to  their 
respective  homes,  there  to  draw  together  encit 
man  as  great  a  I'orce  as  he  could  ;  and  upon  a 
day  appointed  there  was  to  be  a  general  rendez- 
vous at  the  great  wood  called  Selwood,  in  Wilt- 
shin;.  This  atfair  was  transacted  so  secretly 
ind  expiditiously,  that  in  a  little  time  the  king, 
It  the  head  of  an  army,  approached  the  Danes 
before  they  had  the  least  intelligence  of  his  de 
sign,  j^^lfred,  taking  advantage  of  the  surprise 
and  tenor  they  were  in,  fell  upon  tliein,  and  to- 
tally defeated  iheniat  iEthcndune,  nowEdding- 
ton,  in  Wiltshire.  .^Eifred  enjoyed  a  protoiind 
peace  during  the  last  three  years  of  his  reign, 
which  he  chiefly  employed  in  establishing  and 
reeulating  his  govermnent  for  the  security  of 
himself  and  his' successors,  as  well  as  for  the 
ase  and  benefit  of  his  subjects  in  general.  .Al- 
though there  remain  but  few  laws  which  ran  be 
positively  ascribed  to  .Alfred,  yet  to  hirn  we  owe 
many  of  those  advantages  wliicli  render  our 
constitution  so  dear  and  valuable;  particularly 
the  institution  of  the  trial  by  jury.  He  is  said  by 
some  to  have  founded  the  liniversity  of  Oxford  ; 
thus  much,  however,  is  certain,  that  il'llVed  re- 
dtorcd  and  settled  that  university,  eiidi>ncd  it 
witii  revenues,  and  placed  there  the  most  I'amous 
professors.  When  ^Eifred  came  to  the  crown, 
l.arnins  was  .at  a  very  low  ebb  in  this  kingdom  : 
but,  by  bis  example  and  encouragement,  ha  nssii 
11 


JG 

!ns  iiiiiiosi cncUavours  to e.xoitc ;i lo^ e for  Iftltrs 
amon;;  his  subjects,  lie  hinisclf  was  a  scliolar 
aiuJ  had  he  not  been  illiistrioiii^  ns  a  kin^',  would 
li;ive  been  famous  as  an  author  Wlien  we 
roiirider  the  qiiaUficatioiis  of  this  prince,  ;ii«l 
the  many  virtues  lie  possessed,  we  need  not 
w  (imlcr  that  he  died  universally  lamented,  after 
a  reifin  of  .ibove  08  years,  on  the  'Jt'th  <>f  Octo 
ber,  A.  D.  UOO.  He  was  buried  ia  the  cathedral 
of  Winchester. 

AJilAN,  t'laudius,  born  at  rrtencste,  in  Italy 
He  'aufrht  rhetoric  at  Rome,  under  the  emperor 
Alexander  tfeverus,  and  was  surnamed  Honey- 
niouih  on  account  of  the  sweetness  of  his  style 
ills  most  celebrated  works  are,  his  "  Various" 
History,"  and  that  "  Of  Animals." 

AIMANL'S,  Meccius,  a  phy.sician  before  Ga- 
Ui),  lirst  used  treacle  apainst  the  plague. 

j'KL^T,  a  Dutch  painter,  vid.  AALST. 

/i;MlI.iANI,  Jerome,  a  Venetian,  one  of  the 
ref-'iilnr  clirks  of  St.  Maicul,  in  the  Itlih  century. 

.K.MlM.NNUfJ,  C.  Julius,  a  Moor,  from  the 
lowest  station,  rose  to  the  imperial  dignity,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Valerian. 

yK.MII/irt-,  Paulus,  a  Roman  general,  ccle- 
bralcil  for  his  victory  over  Perseus,  k'  ig  pf  Ma- 
c.d.iniii.  died  li.  C.  164. 

y];:\IlLIL'S,  Paulus,  a  native  of  V  i,  wlio 
w  rote  (or  rather  began  to  write)  a  Lai.  .  history 
of  the  kings  of  France ;  but  though  he  spent 
many  years  at  it,  he  was  not  able  to  finish  the 
tenth  book,  which  was  to  include  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Charles  VUI.  He  died  15i9,  and 
vra>f  buried  in  the  cathedral  at  Paris. 

.(lilXKAS,  a  Trojan  prince,  memoralile  for  liis 
cratiful  care  of  his  aged  father  Aiichiscs,  whom 
fie  bore  through  the  flames  of  Tmy  upon  his 
shoulders  at  the  hazard  of  his  own  life,  and  thai 
of  his  son,  a  child,  who  was  obliged  to  cling  to 
his  garments  to  escape  with  them.  He  died 
1197  B.  C.    Virgil  has  immortalized  his  name. 

ylCNEAS,  Gazeus,  or  yt;NK.\S  of  Gaza,  a 
sophist  by  profession,  was  originally  a  Platonic 
philosopher,  b>it  afterwards  became  a  Christian, 
and  flourished  about  llic  year  487.  He  wrote  a 
dialocue,  cnlitled  "  Theophrasdis,"  concerning 
the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  the  resurrection 
of  the  lindv. 

yENKAS,  Sylvius,  or  Pius  II.,  born  140,''),  at 
Corsigny,  in  Sicana,  where  his  father  lived  in 
exile.  This  pope  w^as  famous  for  his  wise  and 
"t\itty  sayings,  some  of  which  are.  as  follow 
That  common  men  should  esteem  learning  as 
eilver,  noblemen  prize  it  as  gold,  and  princes  as 
jewels :  A  citizen  should  look  tipon  hi.«  laniily 
SIS  subject  to  thocitv,  the  city  to  his  country,  the 
lountry  to  the  w-o"rId,  and  the  world  to  tlod 
Tbattiic  chief  place  with  kings  was  slippery; 
Tliiil  the  tongue  of  a  sycophant  was  a  king's 
gr'^atest  plaauc  -.  That  a  pnncc  who  would  trusi 
nobody  w"is  good  for  nothing;  and  he  who  be- 
lieved every  body,  no  better:  That  those  wlin 
went  to  law  were  the  birds,  the  court  the  fuUI, 
lite  judge  the  net.  and  the  lawyers  the  fowlers  : 
That  men  ought  to  be  presented  to  dignities,  nni 
dignities  to  men:  That  a  covetous  man  ncvii 
pleases  any  body  hut  by  liis  death  :  Tliat  it  w  :is 
a  slavish  vice  to  tell  lies.  That  hist  sullies  ;ii..i| 
stains  every  age  of  man,  but  quite  e.xtinguisiies 
old  aee. 

i1:",N  r..\i>.  TacticuP,  author  of  a  Greek  treatise 
on  the  art  of  war.  flourished  3110  I!.  (". 

,1:PINU!?,  Francis  Marie  lllric  Theodore,  a 
German  physician,  distinguished  by  his  Clectri 
cal  experiments  and  obscrvatlong  on  natural 
jhilosophv,  died  lcQ». 
12 


AAVV/A.>i,  vid.  AUSIC.NS. 

yliRIL't?,  a  presbyter  of  .Sebastia,  who  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  founder  of  the  presby- 
•eriaiis,  flourished  about  385. 

/Kf'L'UlNES,  a  Socratic  ))hilosopher,  the  son 
of  t'liarinus,  a  sausage-maker.  I'hrynicus,  in 
Pholius,  ranks  him  anioni;  the  best  orators,  and 
mentions  bis  orations  as  the  standard  of  tlic 
|)ure  Attic  style. 

yESCIHNKS,  a  celebrale<l  orator,  cotemjio- 
rary  with  Demosthenes,  and  but  just  his  infe- 
rior, lieing  otercome  by  Demosthenes,  he 
went  to  Rhodes,  and  opened  a  scliool  there,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Samos,  where  he  ditil 
at  the  age  of  75.  There  are  only  three  of  liis 
orations  e.xtant ;  which,  however,  are  so  veiy 
beautiful,  that  Fabricius  compares  them  to  tho 
three  Graces. 

./ESOIIYLl'S,  a  tragic  poet,  born  at  Athena 
in  the  63d  Olympiad.  He  was  the  son  of  Jlu 
phorion,  and  brother  to  Cynegirus  and  Aminias, 
who  distinguished  themselves  in  the  battle  of 
Marallion,  and  the  sealight  of  Balaniin,  ut 
which  engagement  iTSschylus  was  likewise  pre- 
ent.  To  Aminias  our  poet  was,  upon  a  par- 
ticular occasion,  obliged  for  saving  his  life: 
.^lian  relates,  that  jEschylus,  being  charged  by 
the  Athenians  with  certain  blasphemous  ix- 
pre  sions  in  some  of  his  pieces,  was  accused  of 
impiety,  and  condemned  to  be  stoned  to  ileafh  ; 
they  were  just  going  to  put  the  sentence  in  exe- 
cution, when  Aminias,  with  a  happy  presence 
of  mind,  throwing  aside  his  cloak,  showed  hi* 
arm  without  a  hand,  whicli  he  had  lost  at  the 
battle  of  Salamin,  in  defence  of  his  country. 
This  sight  made  such  an  impression  on  th» 
judges,  that,  touched  with  the  remembrance  of 
his  valour,  and  the  friendship  be  showed  for  hi» 
brother,  they  pardoned  jEschylus.  He  \\  lole  t 
great  number  of  tragedies,  of  wjiich  there  ar» 
but  seven  remaining ;  and,  notwithstanding  th« 
sharp  censures  of  some  critics,  he  must  be  al 
lowed  to  have  been  the  father  of  the  tragic  art. 
Tho  names  of  his  pieces  i\ow  extant  are,  Pro- 
metheus Bound  :  Si'ven  Chiefs  against  Thebes ; 
The  Persians;  Agamynnon ;  the  Infernal  Re- 
gions ;  the  Furies ;  and  the  Suppliants.  After 
having  lived  some  years  at  Gela,  we  are  told 
that  he  died  of  a  fracture  of  his  skull,  caused  by 
an  eagle's  letting  fall  a  tortoise  on  his  head,  in 
the  Giith  year  of  his  age 

/ESOP,  the  Phrygian,  lived  in  the  time  of  So- 
lon, about  the  50th  Olympiad,  under  the  reign 
of  Croesus,  the  last  king  of  Lydia.  St.  Jerome, 
peaking  of  him,  says,  he  was  unfortunate  in 
his  birth,  condition,  and  death  ;  hinting  thereby 
at  his  deformity,  servile  state,  and  tragical  end. 
His  great  genius,  however,  enabled  him  to  sup- 
port his  misfortunes  ;  and,  in  order  to  alleviate 
the  hardships  of  servitude,  he  composed  tho.^e 
ntertainiiig  and  instructive  fnbles  which  have 
.iciptired  him  so  much  reputation ;  and  he  is 
eiicrally  supposed  to  have  been  the  inventor  (>f 
tliitt  Itind  of  writing.  Having  had  srveral  mas- 
ters, lor  he  w  as  born  a  slave,  .iKsop  at  lenclh 
janie  under  a  piiilosopiier  jianied  Xantluis;  and 
it  was  in  his  service  that  iie  lirst  displaytnl 
his  genius  for  t'ablinc  and  moralizing.  lie  was 
tiflerwards  sold  to  idiiion,  or  ladmon,  the  phi- 
losopher, who  enfranchised  him.  After  he  had 
received  his  liberty,  he  soon  ace,uired  a  great 
reputation  anuuig  the  Greeks;  sothat,  according 
to  Meziriack,  the  report  of  his  wi.-dom  having 
reached  Cra'sus,  this  king  sent  to  iiuiuire  after 
him,  and  engaged  him  in  his  .service.  He  tra- 
iV'.lIed  thioucU  Greece,  according  to  the  sajiie 


AG 

author;  hut  wIioiIht  for  his  own  pleasure,  or 
U(H)ii  the  ait'airs  ol'Cra-sus,  is  uncertain.  Pass- 
iii!.'  hy  Athens  soon  after  I'isistralus  had  iisiir|Hd 
the  s<ivoreigii  power,  and  liudiii^  that  tlio  Atlie- 
iiJHMS  bore  the  yoke  very  inipalienlly,  he  tohl 
lhe;ii  the  fable  of  the  frogs  wiio  peiiliuiiLd  Jupi- 
ter fur  a  king.  Some  relate,  that,  in  order  to 
show  that  tlie  life  of  man  is  full  of  miseries, 
yKsop  usL-d  to  say,  that  when  Prometheus  look 
the  clay  to  form  man,  he  tempered  it  with  tears, 
.,'Ksop  was  put  to  death  at  Delplios.  Phitarch 
tells  US,  that  became  there  with  aureat  ipiaiitity 
of  iiold  and  silver,  bcini;  entered  by  Cra-sus  to 
olfer  a  sacrifice  to  Apollo,  and  to  {;ivc  a  eon 
siilerable  sum  to  each  inhabitant :  but  a  quarrel 
arising  between  him  and  the  Delphians,  he  sent 
back  the  saerilice  and  the  money  to  Cravus ; 
for  he  thouiXlit  that  those  for  whom  the  prince 
designed  it  had  rendered  themselves  unworthy 
of  it.  The  inhabitants  of  Delplios  comrived  an 
aecnsation  of  sacrilege  against  him,  and,  pre- 
tending that  they  had  convicted  itim,  threw  him 
hcadliing  from  a  rock.  They  afterwards  en- 
deavoured to  make  an  atonement  by  raising  a 
pyramid  to  his  honour. 

"yKSOP,  C'lodius,  a  celebrated  actor,  who 
flourishecl  about  the  fiTOtli  year  of  Konie.  Me 
nnd  Roscins  were  cotemporarii'^,  and  the  best 
perfilrmers  that  ever  appeared  upon  the  lioman 
Bla'jo  :  the  former  excelling  in  tragedy,  the  latter 
in  come<ly.  Cicero  put  himself  undi'r  their  di- 
rection to  perfect  liis  action.  iEsop  lived  in  a 
most  ex|H:nsive  manner ;  and  at  one  entertain- 
ment is  said  to  have  had  a  dish  which  cost  above 
fiMl.  This  dish,  we  are  told,  was  filled  wi'.h 
singiiis  and  speaking  birds ;  somcof  which  cost 
near  50/.  /Esop's  son  was  no  less  luvurious 
llian  his  father,  for  he  dissolved  pearls  for  hi.s 
guests  to  swallow. — Xotwitlistanding  his  ex- 
penses, however,  this  actor  ia  said  to  have  died 
worth  above  lOOjOOO/. 

.T/i'murp,  an  architect  in  the  6th  century, 
laisfd  to  the  confidence  of  Anastasius  I. 
.-r.  I'M  >.\,  a  Grecian  painter  of  celebrity. 
/IVriL'."',  an  able  general  under  Valentinian 
III.,  killed -t-'il. 

/KTlL's^,  a  Syrian  servant,  made  bishop  by 
Kudoxus,  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and 
founder  of  the  sect  of  yEtians,  nourished  :t36, 

^/rilJS,  an  ancient  physician,  and  the  first 
Cliristian  medical  writer,  horn  at  .Amida,  a 
town  of  Mesopotamia,  about  45.).  His  '•  Tetra- 
biblos,"  as  it  is  called,  is  a  collection  from  ti.e 
writings  of  those  physicians  who  went  before 
him,  chiefly  from  Galen  ;  but  contains,  nevcr- 
ijieless,  some  new  things,  for  which  we  are  en- 
tirely indebted  to  thisaiithor. 

ATKU.  Pomitius,  an  orator,  born  at  Nismes, 
afterwards  raised  to  the  consulship:  died  .W. 

AI'FMTTO,  M:itthew,  an  able  civilian,  born 
at  Xaples,  riieil  1553. 

AFKANIUS,  a  Roman  comic  poet,  flourisli(-d 
100  B.<;. 

AFRIC.XNIJS,  .Tuliiis,  wrote  a  chronicle,  be- 
sides a  letter  to  Origcn,  &c. 

AGAPETirS  I.  w.-is  m.ide  pope  335,  and  died 
at  Constaiititioplc  5:«>.  The  second  of  that  name 
was  elected  pope'.MCi.  and  died  %5. 

AfJAPETI'S,  a  deacon  of  Constantinopla, 
who  wrote  av.iliiable  letter  to  the  emperor  Jus- 
tinian, on  the  ditties  of  a  Christian  prince. 

Ati.APIIJS,  a  Greek  monk  of  Mount  yVthos, 

in  the  17th  century,  wrote  a  treatise  in  favour 

pf  transubstantiation,  called  the  salvation  of 

sinners. 

A(j  AHD,  Artlnir,  a  learned  English  anti<iuar}', 


_^ AG 

horn  at  Tosfm,  in  1  Icrbyshire,  1510,  and  died  :.'JJ 
.Viiirust,  l(il5. 

AG.VTH.VKCIDAS,  aCnidi.in.lHO  P.,  C.,au 
thor  of  a  Greek  llistoi-y  of  Alexander's  wars. 

AG.VTH.'VRCr."*,  a  Sumian,  engaged  by  /Es- 
chyhis  as  a  siaue  p.-iinter, 

AtJATIIEMlR,  t)rih.>nisi  wrote ,-, Greek  con. 
pi/ndium  of  (;i;<igra)iliy,  edited  1703. 

.\G.VTIII.\S,  a  Greek  historian,  wlio  lived  in 
thi'  till)  century,  and  wrote  a  history  of  Jus- 
lijiian's  reign,  in  five  books. 

VtJATlIUCLES,  a  .Sicilian,  rose  from  ihe  ob 
scurity  of  a  potter  to  the  sovereign  power  of  ull 
Sicily,  died  if^tt  P..  C, 

A(JATIIO\,  a  tragic  poet,  crowned  at  the 
Olympic  u'Muies  419  U.  C. 

At;  ATIKJ.V,  a  native  of  Palermo,  elected  to 
the  papal  chair  h,!t,  died  (k^v!. 

AGEI.IAS,  .Vnthony,  bishop  of  .Acerno,  in 
Italy,  published  coiiini'enturies  on  the  Psahlb;, 
&c.,  dieil  ir.i)-. 

AGELiNOTII,  archbishop  of  ranterbury,  re 
fused  to  crown  Harold  kiii'j,  died  KKH. 

AGESIL.M'S,  king  of  .>>parta,  rrdehraled  .'""•r 
his  victaries  a::ainst  tlie  Persians,  died  'M'fi  0.  C. 
[  AGGJg,  Robert,  called  .Angus,  a  landscape 
painter  Ikd  in  I^ondon,  167ft. 

At^C^^kinc  of  the  Visig<itlis  in  Ppaiii,  inur 
dered  I.     ,T  5tii  year  of  his  reign,  5,"i4. 

AtJILiLF,  dukeof  Turin,  appointi'd  king  on 
the  death  of  Autharir,  king  of  Lombardy,  died 
tili! ;  lie  was  succeeded  by  his  son  .Adalnald. 

AGIS,  the  name  of  some  Spartan  kincs.  The 
most  famous  is  the  second  of  th.it  name,  en- 
gaged in  the  Pelcii)onnesian  war,  and  <Ueil  4?r 
II.  C. ;  and  tlie  fmiriii,  in  conseqence  of  his  at- 
tempts to  restore  I,aci'da;mon  to  her  ancient  dis- 
cipline and  indip.iidonce,  put  to  death  241  li.  C. 
AGMU.XnV,  ,lohn,  D,  I).,  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, known  liir  his  gnr.at  learning,  was  chap- 
lain to  James  I.,  and  died  KilO.  His  son,  of  the 
s.inic  name,  w.is  dean  of  CanterbMrv,  dir'd  Ifvl.3. 
AGNELEUH,  an  abbot  ofRaveniia  in  Iheillh 
century,  often  contViunded  with  a  bishop  of  tlic 
same  name  in  the  tith  century. 

.AGXESI,  .Alaria  G.aetana,"a  learned  11.111.10 
i.idy,  born  at  Mil.in,  made,  on  account  of  her 
great  merit,  mathem.nical  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Bologn.i,  died  1770. 

.AGOB.ARD,  .irchbishop  of  Lj'oiis,  supported 
the  revolt  of  liOthairc  against  Lewis  the  de- 
bonnaire;  hediedti40. 

AGOSTIXO,  P.iolo,  a  intisic.il  composer, 
master  of  the  Papal  chapel  at  Romfi,  died  l(i-j;». 
AGOL'LT,  Guillaume  d',  a  poet  oi  Provence 
in  IIW. 

AGRRD.A,  Maryd',  superior  of  a  convent  at 
.Agreda,  in  Spain,  wrote  a  lil'c  of  the  Virgin 
-Mary;   he  died  IOCS. 

AGRESTI,  Licio.  a  historical  paintT,  em- 
ployed by  Gregory  XIH.  in  adorning  the  Vati- 
can, died  1.>*(I. 

AGRESTIS.  Julius,  a  Roman  general  under 
Vespasian,  destroj  cd  himself. 

AGRICOL.A,  a  celebrated  Roman  general, 
born  37,  died  93. 

AGRICtJLA,  Hfcdolphus,  a  native  of  Gronin- 
gen,  travelled  into  France  and  It.ily;  he  first 
introduced  the  study  of  the  Greek  inGcrmany, 
and  died  14r'5. 

AGRICOL.A,  George,  a  physician  of  Glaucen, 
in  Misnia,  known  for  his  learning,  and  works 
on  minerals,  died  1555. 

AGRICOL.A,  Michael,  a  minister  of  Abo,  in 
Finl.md,  first  tran-litcd  the  Xcw  Testament 
into  Iho  language  uf  liic  country.  ^^ 


AI  

AGKIl'OLA,  a  learned  bUhop  of  Chalonseur- 

Saout',  dJHiI  aitO. 

A(;Ul(_OLA,  John,  a  German  divine,  I>om  ai 
Imi'U,  was  the  I'riend  and  disciple  of  LuUicr, 
and  afitrwards  opposed  hiin  ;  lie  died  ISfiO. 

AGHil'J'A,  Sleiicnius,  a  Konian  patrician, 
known  lor  appiU'^iug  a  sedition  by  llie  fable  of 
tiio  belly  and  llic  Innbs,  died  ¥m  U.  C. 

/VGltirpA,  .Marcus  Vipsatiins,  aRoman  pene- 
rni.  c!?l(?brate(l  for  his  exploits  and  his  intimacy 
Willi  An-jiislus,  died  12  B.  C. 

AURIPPA,  Hcroil,  grandson  of  Herod  the 
Cr-ja;,  iii!i»  of  a>l  Judea,  mentioned  iii  Scrip- 
tun-,  died  44. 

AGUIPPA  II.,  son  of  the  above,  and  his  siic- 
cess-or,  was  the  monarch  before  whom  Paul  w  as 
arraigned,  died  'J4. 

A'iKll'P.'V,  [ienry  Cornelius,  a  man  of  con 
siderable  learnini.',  and  a  great  nia;;ician,  ac- 
Cordir;gto  report,  in  the  IHih  century,  was  born 
at  Cologne,  M8i>,  of  a  noble  famff\''.  Me  was  a 
man  of  an  exten.«ive  genius,  well  skilled  in  many 
parts  of  knowledge  and  a  variety  ot  lan^iuages 

.•\GUiPPI.N".'\,  the  virtuous  wife  of  Gennani- 
cus  Carsar,  banished  by  Tiberius,  died  33. 

AGRIPPI.V  A,  dauiihter  of  the  preceding,  mar 
ricd  the  emperor  ('laudius,  and  poisoned  him  ti 
raise  her  son  Nero  to  the  throne,  who  afterwards 
caused  her  to  be  killed. 

AGUESSE.\U,  Henry  Francis  d',  born  at 
Limoges,  was  first  advoca'.e-f.'eneral  of  Paris, 
then  procurer-general,  and  afterwards  chancel- 
lor ;  died  17.51. 

AGUI,  kin?  of  Bantane  in  Java,  at  the  end 
of  the  17lh  century,  extended  his  power  by 
means  of  the  Dutch. 

AGUILLO.V,  Francis,  a  mathematician  of 
Brussels,  published  a  treatise  on  optics,  and 
died  KilT. 

AGUIRRE,  Joseph,  a  benedictine  of  Spain, 
was  made  cardinal  by  Innocent  XL,  wrote  on 
theoloffiral  .subjects,  and  died  1099. 

ARG  VLAUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Boislc-Duc, 
made  an  inelegant  translation  of  Monocanon, 
and  died  1595. 

AHAB,  son  and  successor  of  Onire,  kinp  of 
I;:rnel,  remarkable  for  his  impieticf,  died  S'JS. 

AHAZ,  son  and  succersor  of  Jothani,  king 
of  Judah,  became  tributary  to  Tiglath-Pileser, 
king  of  Assyria. 

AlIAZIAH  succeeds  his  father,  Ahab,  king 
of  Israel.  Another  Ahaziah,  son  of  Jehoram, 
was  king  of  Judah,  and  killed  by  Jehu,  dS\). 

AHLWARDT,  Peter,  a  German,  the  s-on  of 
a  shoemaker,  became  an  eminent  professor  of 
loeic  and  metaphvsics  ;  he  died  1791. 

AHMED  KHAxV,  the  fir»*  emperor  of  tlie 
Moguls  v/ho  embraced  maaometlaiiism,  died 
li2?4. 

AJ.ATy A,  Martin  Perez  d',  a  Carthaeinian,  of 
Dbscure  birth,  but  distinguished  by  his  abilities, 
len'cd  Charles  V.  at  the  council  of  Trent 

AIDAN,  a  mild  and  benevolent  prelate  in 
Northumberland,  who  converted  many  of  the 
northern  heathens  of  Britain  to  Christiauitv 
died  fiSl. 

AIKMAN,  William,  air  eminent  Scottish 
painter,  bom  at  Cairney,  1C82,  died  1731.  The 
celebrated  poets,  Thom|)son  Mallet,  and  Allan 
Ramsay,  were  his  iiiiimate  friends,  and  wrote 
verses  to  his  memory- 

AII.1H  AUD,  John,  a  French  surgeon,  acquired 
eelehrity  and  fortune  by  selling  a  powder  which 
he  declared  would  ctire  ail  diseases;  lie  died 
1756. 

AILLY,  Peter  d',  of  au  obBCure  family,  rose 
14 


by  his  merit  to  the  hiphe>t  honours  ill  Uie  >er- 
vice  01  Charli*  VI. of  Fiance. 

AILKEI),orFTHLLRia)^«iihorof  a  pcne- 
alogv ol  English  kiiigs, .Lcillouribhed ab.iui iti« 
miih^le  of  the  I'Jth  ct  iiTui'/V' 

AIMOIN,  a  beiKiiiciine  of  Aquitaine,  author 
of  an  uimieriiorious  history  of  France,  died 
about  the  brgiiining  of  t)ie  Ilth  ceniiiry. 

AINSWORTH,  Henry,  known  lor  luslcarij 
ing  and  the  commentaries  which  he  wrote  on 
the  Scriptures,  was  poisoned  in  Uie  beginniiij; 
of  the  I7ili  century.  ■  •* 

AINSVVORTII,' Robert,  born  at  Woodyale, 
four  miles  from  Manchester,  MiliO,  was  theroni- 
jiili-r  01  a  com|>endious  English  and  l^atiii  Dic- 
tionary, upon  iheplaii  of  Faber's  Iheisaurus, 
which  he  tinishcd  and  published  in  i~M,  in  4tu., 
and  died  1743. 

AIR.XUl/r,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  Paris,  a 
man  of  lirmness  and  integrity,  died  If 01. 

AIR.W,  Henry,  a  native  of  Westniorelaiiri, 
a  strict  Caivinist,  autliur  of  some  theological 
piec's,  ditid^ynO. 

AlRAy?Cfiristoplipr,  vicar  of  Milford,  author 
of  aloeical  tn-atise,  &c.,di<'d  1070. 

AISTULFE,  a  king  of  the  Lombards,  laid 
siege  to  Rome,  but  was  defeated ;  he  di.  ^  75(). 

AITON,  William,  author  of  "Hortus  Kew- 
ensis,"  being  a  (.'atalogue  of  the  Plants  in  the 
Royal  Gardens  at  Kew,  \uis  born  near  Hamilton, 
in  Lanarkshire,  1731,  ana  died  at  Kew,  Feb.  J, 
1793.       ~    - 

AITZE.MA,  Leovan,  representative  of  the 
Hansiatic  towns  at  the  Hague,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  the  United  Provinces,  &c.,  died  11)09. 

AKAKIA,  Slartin,  profes.-3or  of  medicine  at 
Paris,  published  translations  of  Galen's  works; 
hi-  died  1551.  His  son  of  tlie  same  name  was 
physician  to  Henry  HI. 

.'VKB.^U,  sultan  of  the  Mosuls,  increased  hia 
dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Bengal,  &.c. ;  he 
died  ir.05. 

A  KENSIDE,  5Iaftk,  a  physician,  but  far  better 
known  as  a  poet,  was  born  at  .N'ewcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  17-21,  and  died  in  the  office  of  physician 
to  the  tiueen,  June  23,  1770.  "  The  Pleasures 
of  Imagination,"  his  p''l:cipal  work,  was  first 
published  in  1774  ;  and  a^*'r\'  extraordinary  pio- 
duciion  it  was,  from  a  man  who  had  not  reached 
his  2nd  year.  He  had  very  uncommon  pans 
and  learning;  a  strong  and  enlarged  way  of 
thinking  :  and  was  one  of  innumerable  instan- 
ces to  prove,  that  very  sublime  qualities  may 
spring  from  very  low  situations  in  life  ;  for  he 
had  this  in  common  with  the  most  high  and 
mighty  cardinal  Wolsey,  that  he  was  indeed 
the  son  of  a  butcher. 

AKIBA,  a  learned  rabbi,  wlfo,  at  the  age  of 
forty,  quitted  the  life  of  a  shepherd  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  died  135. 

ALABAPTEK,  William,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Ha<ll<'y,  in  Siifl'olk,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Wood  says,  ha 
was  tlie  rarest  port  and  Grecian  that  any  one 
age  or  nation  produced.  His  principal  work 
was,  "Lexicon  Pentaglotton,  Hebraicum,  Chal- 
daicum,  Syriacum,"  &c.  fol.  ir>37.  As  a  poet, 
he  has  been  hiffhly  applauded.  He  wrote  the 
Latin  tragedy  of"  Roxana,"  12mo.  1632,  which 
was  acted  in  Trinity  CoUeee  Hall,  Cambridge 
Dr.  Alabaster  died,  prebendary  of  St.  F.-iul's, 
and  rector  of  Tharfield,  Hertfordshire,  April 
1C40. 

ALAGON,  Claude,  a  native  of  Provence,  at 
tempted  to  introduce  Spaniards  into  MarseiHcs, 
Ifor  which  he  was  jmtto  death.  1705. 


AL 

ALAIN,  De  Lisle,  a  divitit;  of  Paris,  sur- 
r.niiied  tlu-  uiiivei-pal  doctor,  died  1294. 

ALAIN,  Jolin,  a  Daiin,  author  of  a  Irralise 
on  tlie  origin  of  ll     C'iinbre,  &c.,  diod  1G30. 

ALAIN,  Cliartitr,  sftretary  to  riiarlts  VII. 
kiiif!  of  Franco,  born  in  ilic  year  IS^ii.  He  was 
ainjiorof  several  works  in  prose  and  vrrst ;  bnt 
liisinost  famous  perl'oiniaBce  was  liis  Chronicle 
ol  king  Charles  Vli. 

ALAIN,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  cobbler  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  18ih  century,  writer  of  sonic  co- 
nn dies. 

ALALEONA,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Macf  rr.ia, 
professor  of  civil  law  in  llie  university  of  Padua, 
died  April,  174i),  aged  79. 

ALAM ANNI,  Lewis,  born  at  Florence,  1495, 
died  at  .Xinboise,  in  France,  1556,  leaving  many 
beautiful  poems  and  other  valuable  perfornian 
cesin  the  Italian  language. 

ALAMOS,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  writer  in  the 
ser\ice  of  Anthony  Perez,  was  inipriisoned  11 
years,  and  published  a  translatiorL  of  Tacitus, 
1614;   he  died  in  his  88th  vear.  * 

ALAMUNDUJ,  a  king  of  the  Saracens,  .509 
the  bishops  of  his  age  vainly  endeavoured  to 
conv^j  him  to  chrisiianilv. 

A1.AN,  ALLEN,  ALLYN,  William,  a  native 
of  Ilossal,  in  Lanca.^hire,  was  a  defender  of  the 
Tope,  and  died  at  Rome,  1594. 

ALAN,  of  Lyim,  in  Norfolk,  a  divine,  known 
as  the  author  of  useful  indexes  to  the  books  he 
read,  flourished  in  the  l,')thcenturj\ 

ALAND,  Sir  John  Fortesnie,  an  eminent 
English  judge,  born  1670,  died  1746. 

ALANKAV.\,daughterofGeoubire,  married 
her  cousin  Doujoun,  king  of  the  Monguels,  in 
the  north  of  Asia. 

ALARO,  a  priest  of  Amsterdam,  author  of 
fame  learned  works  published  at  Paris,  1543 ; 
he  died  at  Louvaine,  I.ISI. 

ALARIC  I.,  a  famous  king  of  the  Visigoths, 
and  conqueror  of  Italy,  409,  died  at  Cosenza, 
411. 

ALARIC  IT.  made  king  of  the  Visigoths  484, 
was  slain  in  battle  by  the  hand  of  Clovis,  king 
of  Prance,  509.  a 

ALASCO,  John,  a'^Koman  Catholic  bishop, 
uncle  to  the  king  of  Poland,  became  a  convert 
to  the  protestant  principles,  and  died  loRO. 

ALAVA,  Diego  Esquivel,  a  learned  bishop, 
born  at  Vitloria  in  Biscay;  he  was  at  the  council 
of  Trent,  and  published  a  work  on  councils  ; 
he  died  March  17,  1562. 

ALAVIN,  a  chief  of  the  Goths,  who  settled 
on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  afterwards  rose 
against  t>">  imperial  troops  and  defeated  them 
near  Adrianople,  378. 

ALBAN,  St.,  said  to  have  been  the  first  per- 
<ion  who  suffered  martyrdom  for  Christianity  in 
Britain,  and  tlicrefore  usually  styled  the  proto- 
ma'-tyrof  this  island,  was  born  at  Verulani,  and 
flourished  toward  the  end  of  the  3d  centun,'. 
The  town  of  St.  Alban's,  in  Hertfordshire,  takes 
its  name  from  onr  protomartyr. 

ALIiANI,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter, bom 
at  Bologna,  1578,  studied  under  Guido  Rlieiii, 
and  was  at  lentrth  no  mean  rival  in  fame  to  that 
great  artist.     He  died  1060. 

ALBANI.  John  Jerome,  a  learned  civilian, 
made  a  cardinal,  1570 ;  wrote  a  treatise  on  ec- 
clesiastical affairs,  and  died  1591. 

.\LB  ANI,  Alexander,a  Roman  cardina],wa9  a 
man  of  great  merit:  he  died  Dec.  2, 1770,  aged  79. 

ALBANI,  John  Francis,  nephew oftlic  above, 
obtained  the  rank  of  cordinal,  and  other  prefer- 
nienls ;  he  was  distinguished  as  an  enlightened 


AL 

prelate,  and  for  his  encouragement  of  men  if 
letters ;  he  died  1803. 

I  ALBANY,  John,  duke  of,  a  Srotch  nobleman, 
in  the  service  of  Francis  I.,  kingof  France,  in- 
trusted Willi  an  arniy  of  10,000  men,  to  attack 
Naples;  he  died  153(5. 

ALBATEGNILS,  an  Arabian  astronomer, 
who  died  929 ;  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  know- 
ledge and  obliquity  of  the  zodiac  of  stars,  pub- 
lished 15o7. 

ALBEMARLE,  Monk,  dukeof,vid.  MONK. 

ALBEMARLE,  Anne  Clarges,  dutches?  oi", 
daughter  of  a  blacksmith,  and  brought  up  as  a 
milliner;  she  retained  the  vulgarity  of  lier 
manners  in  her  hichest  elevation. 

ALBEMARLE,  Keppel,  lord,  a  native  of  Guel- 
ders,  one  of  the  favourites  of  William  III., 
conmiandcr  of  the  Duicli  forces  in  the  last  of 
queen  Anne's  wars,  defeated  1712,  died  6  years 
after. 

ALBERGATECapacelli,  marquis,  a  nativeof 
Bologna;  he  .'pent  his  early  life  in  di^sipniiou, 
and  began  to  reform  at  'M ;  he  became  disiin- 
guislied  as  an  author  and  actor  at  40;  and  wari 
honoured  wiih  the  appellation  of  the  Garrick 
of  Italy  ;  lie  died  1802. 

ALliEUGOTTI,  Fiancis,  an  ancient  civilian, 
born  at  Arezy.n,  he  removed  to  Florence,  wlicro 
he  wa.<  raised  to  t!ie  honour  of  nobility,  and 
died  1376. 

ALBERIC,  or  ALBERT,  a  canon  of  Aii,  In 
Provence,  wrote  an  acconiit  of  the  liist  nusa- 
der>,  from  10!t5  to  1120;  publirhed  15S4. 

ALIIEKIC,  aFrenchinonk,  legate  in  England, 
Scotland,  France,  &.C.,  dud  1147. 

ALBERIC,  a  learned  lawyer  of  Bergamo,  in 
the  14th  century. 

ALBEHIC,  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Troisfon- 
taines,  wrote  a  chronicle  edited   by   Leibnitz, 

nd  died  about  1241. 

ALBERIM,  Ivodiana,  a  lady  of  P.idua,  dis- 
tinguished for  her  poetical  works  in  Latin  and 
Italian,  about  1530. 

ALBERONI,  Jtilius,  cardinal,  was  born  May 
31,  1()64,  'he  son  of  a  srardener,  in  the  suburbs 
of  Placentia.  From  this  low  original,  by  good 
fortune,  address,  and  abilities,  he  rose  to  be  first 
minister  of  state  to  the  king  of  Spain.  He  died 
at  Placentia,  June  26,  1752. 

ALBERT  L,  son  of  the  emperor  Rodolphus, 
chosen  emperor  of  Germans  al'ler  the  defeat  oi" 
\dolpliiis  of  Nassau,  died  J308. 

ALBERT  II.,  emperor  of  Germany,  a  mild 
and  popular  prince,  died  1439. 

ALBERT,  archduke  of  Austria,  son  of  tbf 
emperor  Maximilian  ;  cardinal  and  archbishop 
of  Toledo,  made  g«y«'crnorof  Portugal,  158.3. 

ALBERT  I.,  son  of  Otho,  prince  of  Anhalt, 
made  elector  of  Brandcnbury,  1.550;  he  converted 
vast  forests  into  cultivated  lands. 

A  LBERT  v.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  surnamed  the 
magnanimous,  a  pattern  of  eveiy  amiable  vir- 
tue, died  ].'>79. 

ALBERT  VI.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  known  for 
his  learnin?,  died  lti66. 

ALBERT,  Charles  d',  duke  of  Luynes,  of  a 
noble  family  in  Florence,  settled  in  France, 
where  he  became  the  favourite  and  counsellor 
of  Lewis  .VIII. 

ALBERT,  Joseph  d',of  T,uyne9,  ambassador 
from  the  emperor  Charles  VII.  in  France,  a  man 
of  letters. 

ALBERT,  Honore  d',  duke  of  Chaulncs,  in- 
debted for  his  greatness  to  liis  elder  brother  and 
the  partiality  of  Richelieu,  died  1649. 

ALBERT,kingof  SwedensucceedsdMapntts 
15 


AL 

II.,  who  was  ilcpuscd  by  his  nobirs,  and  rakni 
prisoner  liyMar^arcIqUL'i  11  of  Norway, iliril  141'2. 

ALliERT,  iiiarsravo  ol"  IJraruluiibiir^,  siir 
named  llie  Alcibiadcs  oCfJennaiiy,  wxi  deprived 
of  his  possteisioiis  by  Ihc  di(;l  of  thu  empire ; 
Ue  died  I'lof*. 

ALBEIIT,  inargravo  of  BrandPiibiire,  firsi 
duke  of  Prussia,  which  he  lield  as  a  fioi'  of  I'o- 
laiid,  died  lotic. 

ALltKIlT,  Kra^'inus,  a  native  of  Frankfort, 
a.s.sLslod  I<iilhcr  in  tlif  reformation. 

ALBKKT  KIIANTZ,  author  of  the  liistory 
of  Haxony  and  llie  Vandals,  &.c.,dii:d  1517. 

.ALBKRT  of  t?tade,  aiitlior  of  a  <;lironicle 
f.oiii  the  creation  to  I'iSO,  a  bencdictine  of  the 
l:tili  century. 

ALHRIlTof  Htrasburjr,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  UlU,  to  137c,  about  the  middle  of  the  14th 
centurv. 

ALUKRT,  archl)ishop  of  Mcntz,  revolted 
against  the  empi'ror  Henry  V. 

\\Iil!I-;[lT,  called  tlic  (Treat,  born  in  Swabia, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Katisbon,  and  became 
very  learned  ;  he  died  1'280. 

ALiBliRT,  Jane  d',  daughter  of  Margaret  of 
Navarre,  married  at  the  age  of  11  to  the  dukeof 
Cleve.s,  and  died  1572. 

.ALBERT,  I'ierre  Antonie,  was  rector  of  the 
French  protesiant  epirropa!  church,  in  New- 
York  ;  much  disiinsuislicd  as  a  soliolar  and  di- 
vine ;  liedied  180t),  ased  41. 

ALIiKUi'fyr,  a  mathematician  and  poet,  of 
the  ]:!ili  century. 

ALUEKTI,  Cherubino,  a  historical  painter 
and  enzraver,  of  Italy,  born  l.">5i,  died  1015. 

ALB  ERTI.Giovauiii, brother  of  the  above, ex- 
celled in  the  p<;rspective  and  bi«lorical  paintin;;. 
He  was  born  nearl'loreiice,  1.55H,  and  died  ItiOl . 

ALBHIiTl,  IJominico,  a  native  of  Veuiee, 
f  olebraled  as  a  musical  performer,  particularly 
on  the  h-irpsichord,  about  17H7. 

ALBEIITI,  Andrew,  author  of  an  admired 
treatise  on  perspective,  pubhshed  at  Nuremberg, 
1670. 

ALBERTI,  .Tolin,  a  German  lawyer,  sur- 
namcd  Widnian  Stadius,  abridged  the  alcoran, 

&.C. 

ALBERTl,Tjcander,a  Dominican  of  Bologna, 
wrote  some  interesting  works,  died  1.5.")2. 

ALBESTI,  Leon  Baptiste,  a  Florentine,  au- 
thor of  a  valualjle  work  on  architecture,  died 
1185. 

ALBERTI  ARISTOTILE,  called  also  Ui- 
riolfe  I'oiravente,  a  celebrated  mechanic  of  Bo- 
k)gna,  in  the  Kith  century. 

ALBERTINI,  Francis,  a  Galabrian  .Jesuit, 
author  of  some  theological  works,  died  llilO. 

ALBERTINO,  Edmund,  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  eucliarist,  and  died  lti.'>2. 

ALBERTINO,  Francis,  a  Florentine,  author 
of  a  book  on  tin;  wonders  of  ancient  and  modern 
Uome,  &.c.,atthe  beginning  of  the  Kith  century. 

ALIJERTfNI'iS,  Nussatu.s,  an  Italian,  autlior 
of  a  history  of  tlie  emperor  Henry  VH.,  &c. 

ALBERTUS,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  formeil  a 
conspiracy  against  the  emperor  Henry  V.;  the 
populace  restored  him  to  liberty  after  he  was 
imprisoned. 

ALBERTUS,  Magnus,  a  learned  Dominican 
friar,  born  in  Swabia,  1205.  He  was  a  man  of  a 
most  curious  and  inquisitive  turn  of  mind, 
which  gave  rise  to  an  accusation  brought  asraiiist 
him,  that  he  laboured  to  find  out  the  philoso- 
plier's  stone,  that  he  was  a  magician,  and  that 
he  inadea  machine  in  the  .shapeof  a  man,  which 
was  an  oracle  to  Jtim.  and  c.vplnined  ail  theilii- 
16 


AL 

llc\illies  he  proposed.  He  liad,  iudeed,  great 
knowledge  in  ilic  niaihcmalics,  and  by  his  skill 
in  that  science  might  prupably  have  formed  a 
liead  wi III  springs  caimblc of  articul.itinii.sounits. 
Albert  died  at  Colouiie,  Nov.  15,  ii'-M,  having 
written  such  a  number  of  book^,  tliat  they  make 
21  \(>ls.  in  t'ulio. 

ALBI,  Henry,  author  of  annninterestina  his- 
tory of  illiisirious  cardinals,  &.C.,  died  IlioSl. 

.\LBIcr.S,  aii'libishop  of  Prague ;  he  wrote 
ihrei  treatises  on  medicine,  which  «  ere  printed 
at  Leipsic,  1481. 

A  LBINOVANrs.  a  Latin  poet  of  the  age  of 
Ovid  ;  only  two  of  his  elegies  are  e.vtant. 

.VLBINL'.S,  Dec.  t'lodius,  a  Koiiian  who  as- 
sumed the  imperial  purple  in  op|H)sitlon  to 
rieverus.     He  was  .slain  iii  battle,  1!I7. 

ALBI.NL';?,  A.  Postliuin.,  a  Roman,  author  of 
a  hislorv  of  liisown  country,  inGrtek,tlourishcd 
about  ir>((  B.  C. 

.ALBINUS,  Bernard,  a  celebrated  phrsieian, 
born  at  Dessau,  in  Anhalt,  was  professor  at 
Frankfort,  and  sulLscqueiuly  at  Leydeii;  hcdiiid 
1721,  ill  his  li'Jtli  year. 

ALBINl'S,  Bernard  Sigfied,one  of  the  great- 
est anatomists  that  ever  existed,  was  born  at 
Leyden,  in  ltW3,  and  died  1771.  His  anatomi- 
cal plates  fomi  'i  vols,  folio. 

ALBIXI':?,  l",lea/.er,  author  of  a  natural  his- 
tory of  birds, of  wliich  a  French  tiaiislalioii  ap- 
peared in  17.50. 

Al-BINl'S,  Peter,  a  historian  and  poet  of  the 
IClli  century,  and  professor  at  Wittenberg. 

.ALIUS,  Thomas,  or  White,  a  catholic  priest, 
and  eminent  philo.sopher  of  Esse.x,  died  1G7C. 

ALBIZI,  Bartlioloniew,  a  native  of  Rivano, 
in  Tuscany,  distingiiislu  il  by  Ins  jireaching  and 
the  prndiictions  of  his  pen,  died  at  Pisa,  l-lOl. 

ALBOIN,  or  ALBU\  I.MS,  king  of  Lom. 
bardy,  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  king  in 
.)70  ;  he  was  assassinated  by  order  of  liis  wife. 

ALBON,  James  d',  a  famous  French  gencral| 
known  as  marshal  St.  Andre ;  lie  was  shot  at  the 
battle  ol  Dreiix,  l.">!)2. 

ALUON,  Caniille,  a  descendant  of  tlie  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lyons,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1776  ;  he  wrote  various  works. 

ALBORNOS,  Giles  Alvarez  Carillo,  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo,  and  afterwards  Cardinal. 
He  resigned  his  cardinal's  hat,  and  took  up 
arms  to  reduce  Italy  to  the  obedience  of  the 
church.  This  truly  great  man  founded  the  col- 
lege of  Barcelona.     He  died  13(17. 

lALBORNOS,  Diego  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic 
i>r  Carthagena,  patronised  by  the  court  in  con- 
sequence of  his  writings. 

ALBRET,  a  noble  family  in  France,  wliich 
has  given  to  the  kingdom,  generals  and  states- 
men. 

ALBRICUS,  a  learned  philosopher  and  phy- 
sician, born  in  London,  studied  at  O.xford,  and 
died  1217. 

ALBUCA9A,  or  ALBUCASSIS,  an  Arabian 
physician  of  the  11th  century.  He  wrote  soma 
valuable  tracts. 

ALBUMAZAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
9th  century,  known  as  an  astrologer.  His  works 
were  pnblislied  at  Venice  in  152(j. 

ALBUaUERQU'E,  Alphonso,  a  famous  Por- 
tuguese warrior,  and  the  founder  of  the  power 
of  that  nation  in  India,  died  atGoa,  l.'ilS. 

ALBUaUERaUE,  Blaise,  son  of  the  above, 
born  in  1500.  He  was  raised  to  the  first  honours 
of  the  state,  and  publiahed  an  account  of  his 
fatlier's  victories,  at  Lisbon,  in  157G. 

ALBl'TIUP.  (-'aiusSUUB,  a  Roman  orator  in 


AL 


AL 


the  age  of  Augustus,  who  starved  himself  to 
<icath. 

ALBUTIUS,  Titus,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
banished  for  corruption. 

ALC/EUS,  a  famous  lyric  poet,  born  at  Mity- 
lene,  in  the  island  of  Lesljos  Horace  seems  to 
think  that  he  was  the  lirst  author  of  lyric  poetry. 
He  nourished  in  the  44th  Olyni|iiad. 

ALCASAK,  Louis  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Seville, 
wJio  wrote  on  the  apocalypse  ;  died  in  1613. 

AIjCENUI,  James,  an  .\ral>ian  physician, 
who  made  himself  I'amous  by  liis  writings,  as  a 
peripatetic  pliilosoplier,  ahuut  U45. 

ALCHABlTlUti,  an  .\rahiaa  astrologer,  au- 
thor of  many  works  on  astronomy  and  optics, 
printed  at  Venice,  1491. 

ALCIIINDUS,  an  Arabian  physician  and  as- 
trologer of  genius  and  learning  before  the  12th 
century.     His  works  are  often  quoted. 

AliClAT,  Andrew,  a  nalive  of  Milan,  celo 
l>rated  for  his  knowudgc  of  the  law,  and  ad 
vanccd  to  the  professor's  chair  at  Avi;;non 
Francis  I.  knew  his  merit  and  prevailed  on  liim 
to  remove  to  IJourpi.-s,  where  his  law  lecture 
were  mucli  admired.  The  duke  of  Milan  in- 
vited him  back  to  his  native  town,  and  bestowed 
many  honours  on  him.  Philip,  king  of  Spain 
gave  him  a  gold  chaiu  as  a  mark  of  ins  favour. 
He  died  1550. 

ALCIUI.'VDES,  a  celebrated  Athenian  gene- 
ral, slain  404  B.  C. 

ALCIDAMAS,  a  Greek  rhetorician  about  420 
B.C. 

AliCIMUS,  called  also  Jachim,  was  made 
Jiigh-priest  of  Judca,  and  died  about  16.»  B.  C. 

ALOIMDS,  Alcthius,  a  historian  and  poet  of 
.■\gin,  in  the  4th  century.  Most  of  his  works 
are  lost. 

ALCINOITS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  wlio 
flourished  about  the  '-d  century. 

ALCIPHRON,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  .^oxander  the  Great. 

ALCJIa^ON,  a  disciple  of  Pytliagorae,  who 
dwelt  at  CrotoHa. 

ALCMAN,  a  lyric  poet,  who  flourished  in 
the  iTth  Olympiad,  at  Sardls,  in  Lydia  He  is 
accounted  the  father  of  love  verses,  is  said  to 
have  first  introduced  the  custom  of  singing  them 
in  public,  and  to  have  died  a  very  singular  death ; 
viz.  to  have  been  eaten  up  with  lice. 

AliCOCK,  John,  bishop  of  Ely,  and  lord  chan- 
cellor of  England,  under  Henry  VH.,  founded 
Jesus  College,  in  Cambridge,  for  a  master,  six 
fellows,  and  as  many  scholars,  and  died  Octo- 
ber 1,  1500. 

ALCUINUS,  or  ALBINUS,  Flaccus,  abbot  of 
Canterbury,  a  famous  English  orator,  philoso- 
pher, and  divine,  of  the  8th  century. 

ALCYONIUS,  Peter,  an  Italian,  author  of 
some  learned  publications.  During  the  insur- 
rection at  Rome,  in  1527,  he  joined  the  pope,  and 
abandoned  him  again  when  ihe  siege  was  raised. 
He  had  many  accomplishments,  but  was  flcklc, 
self-conceited,  and  inconstant. 

ALDANA,  Bernard,  a  Spaniard,  governor  of 
Lippa,  which  place,  in  a  fit  of  panic,  he  set  on 
fire  in  1552. 

ALDEBERT,  an  impostor  in  Fiance,  who, 
by  bribes  and  pretended  visions,  raised  himself 
to  a  bishopric.  His  opinions  being  condemned 
by  the  councils  in  'iH  and  740,  he  died  in  prison. 
ALDEGRAFF,  Albert,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver, was  bom  in  Westphalia,  in  ICMi. 

ALDEN,  John,  niasistrate  of  Plymouth  colo- 
ny ;  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  New-Dngland  ; 
ne  died  ir>87,  aged  about  81)  years. 


I  ALDERE'I'TE,  Bernard  and  Joseph,  Jesuits 
If  Malaga,  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
They  were  authors  of"  Antiquities  of  Spain," 
laud  a  book  on  the  Castilian  language. 
.  ALDEROTI,  Thaddeus,  a  Florentine  phy- 
sician of  great  skill.  Princes  and  prelates  oiJy 
were  admitted  as  his  patients ;  he  di'^d  1295. 

ALDJIELM,  or  ADELM,  (St.)  an  English  di- 
vine and  historian,  and  bishop  of  Shireburn,  in 
the  time  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  Englishman  who  ev<r 
wrote  in  Latin,  and  who  introduced  poetry  into 
England.  William  of  Malmesbury  tells  us,  that 
the  people  in  AUIhelm's  time  were  half  barba- 
rians, and  little  attentive  to  religious  discourses; 
wherefore  the  holy  man,  placing  himself  upon 
a  bridge,  used  often  to  stop  them,  and  sing  bal- 
lads of  his  own  composition:  he  thereby  gained 
the  favour  and  attention  of  the  populace;  and 
insensibly  mixing  grave  and  religious  things  witli 
those  of  a  jocular  kind,  he  by  this  means  suc- 
ceeded belter  than  he  could  have  done  by  aus 
fere  gravity.  Aldhelm  lived  in  gr(>at  estuem  til] 
his  death,  which  happened  May  25,  709. 

ALDHUN,  a  famous  bishop,  who  built  the 
cathedral  at  Durham  ;  died  1018. 

ALUIXI,  Tobias,  author  of  a  botanical  work 
printed  at  Rotne,  l.VJS. 

ALDOBR.'VNDIN,  Sylvester,  professor  ©flaw 
at  Pisa  ;  died  at  Rome,  1558. 

ALDRED,  bishop  of  Worcester,  crowned 
Harold  ki!ig,  and  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Yorlt ; 
he  died  I06f<. 

ALDRlCH,St.,bishopof  Mans,  distinguished 
for  his  learning,  enjoyed  the  favour  of  the  no- 
bles ;  he  died  856. 

ALDRICH,  Robert,  Master  of  Eton,  and  bi- 
shop olt^arlisle.  He  wrote  epigrams,  &,c. ;  and 
died  at  Horneca<tle,  1555. 

ALDRICH,  Henry,  an  eminent  scholar,  di- 
\'ine,  architect,  and  musician,  bom  at  West- 
minster, 1647.  The  three  sides  of  the  (piad- 
rangle  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  called  Peck 
water  square,  were  designed  by  him  ;  as  was 
nisotho  elegant  ch.tpel  of  Trinity  College,  and 
Ihe  church  of  All-saints  in  the  High-street.  His 
abilities  also  as  a  nvjsician  have  caused  him  to 
be  ranked  among  the  greatest  masters  of  the 
science :  he  coniiiosed  many  services  for  the 
church,  which  are  well  known,  as  are  two 
Cliches  of  his;  the  one,  "  Hark  the  bonny  Christ 
(Church  bells,"  the  other  entitled  "A  Smoking 
catch  ;"  for  he  himself  was,  it  seems,  a  great 
smoker.     He  died  at  Christ  Church,  1710. 

ALDRINGER,  a  nalive  of  Luxembourg,  was 
raised  by  Ferdinand  II.  from  a  common  soldier 
to  a  general;  he  died  1634. 

ALDROVANDUS,  Ulysses,  professor  of  phy- 
sic at  Bologna,  and  a  most  voluminous  writer 
on  natural  history,  died  blind,  in  a  liospiinl,  at 
Bologna,  lOOIi. 

ALDRUDE,  countess  of  Bertinoro,  celebrated 
for  her  courage  and  her  eloquence.  She  lieadei! 
an  armv.  and  was  victorious ;  she  died  about 
1200,  in' Italy. 
ALDUS.  "See  MANUTIUP 
.ALE  A  N  DER,  Jerome,  archbishop  under  Pope 
Leo  X.,  and  celebrated  for  his  attack  on  the 
doctrines  of  Luther,  died  at  Rome,  1.142. 

ALEANDF.R.  Jerome,  great  nephew  to  tlie 
above,  dittingwished  as  a  poet,  antiquarian,  and 
lawyer,  diiil  at  Rome,  1631. 

ALEG.VMBR.  Philip,  a  native  of  Bnissels, 
professor  of  divinity,  and  a  lavouritc  of  princes. 
He  wrote  several  esteemed  works,  and  died  a: 
Komr.  1652. 
^  1  .■ 


AL. 

ALDGKE,  Vvcs  d',  an  able  officer  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Fraiicf,  kill'^d  at  Kaseiiiia,  1512. 

ALEGRIM.S,  Jolin,  cardinal  and  pauiarcli 
oTConstai!tiii<>|)le,  died  1-240. 

AIjEMAN.  Lewis  Au[.'ustinc,  a  lawyer  of 
On.Noble,  autlior  of  several  works,  was  born  in 
lti53. 

AIjEMAN,  Lewis,  arclibishop  of  Ailes,  and 
rarduial,  was  l)orn  i:<90.  He  died  in  1450,  and 
wascRnoiiiznd. 

ALEJl.XN,  Macto,  a  Spaniard.  He  wrote 
tlie  History  of  Gu/.iiiaii,  a  romance,  wliicli  went 
tUroufili  :!fl  I'diiiDUs  in  Spain. 

ALEMHr.IiT,  .loliii  Li-  Uoiid  d',  secretary  to 
t'lp  French  academy,  &o.,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
inulMeniaiiciaiis  of  the  ajir,  died  Oclober  27, 
!"''{.  He  wasoneof  tlif  |inii'i[ialeditorsof  tile 
"Encyclopedia;"  and  besides  his  numerous 
niatiirmatical  works,  produced  seven  vulunle^ 
of  "JIel;iiipes  Lili'raires,"  containing  various 
tracts  on  dilfr rent  topics. 

ALEN,  .!ohn  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  land- 
scapes, birds,  and  still  life,  born  at  Amsterdam 
1651,  and  died  1(;'J8. 

ALE.MO,  Julius,  a  Jesuit,  wlio  went  as  a 
nusslonary  to  Cliina,  where  he  preached  .Tti 
years,  and  huilf  several  churclies ;  he  died  lfi98. 

.■\LEOTTI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  wiio, 
from  the  occupation  of  carrying  bricks  and  mor- 
tar, became  a  celebrated  mathematician;  he 
died  1<>S0. 

ALES,or  HALEP,  Alexander  d',  a  native  of 
Enirland  who  became  a  celebrated  teacher  of 
divinity  and  philosophy  at  Paris,  died  l'iM5. 

ALES,  Ale.\ander,  of  Edinburgh,  first  op- 
posed, and  then  embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther. 
He  sntTered  much  iiersecution,  and  havini;  re- 
tired to  Germany,  was  api)ointcd  professor  at 
Frankfort.    He  died  latiS. 

ALESIO,  Matthew  Perez  d',  a  native  of 
Rome,  and  a  skilful  painter  and  engraver.  Hi:, 
preatest  pieci;  is  the  Colossial  St.  Cliristopher  ai 
Seville.     He  died  1000. 

ALESgl,  Galea?,  an  architect  who  decorated 
manv  towns  in  Spain,  France  and  Germany, 
died  1572. 

ALETINO,  Benedetto,  profiissor  at  Naples. 
He  undertook  to  refute  the  ( ;art<'3ian  philosophy, 
and  to  establish  that  of  Aristotle.  He  died  in 
1719. 

ALEXANPEK  THE  GUEAT,  son  of  Philip. 
King  of  Macedon,  was  born  at  Pella,  the  first 
year  of  the  106tli  Olympiad,  and  the  3G5tii  bcl'ore 
the  birth  of  Christ,  and  at  15  year.s  of  age  was 
delivered  to  tlie  tuition  of  Aristotle.  He  dis-. 
covered  very  early  a  mighty  spirit,  and  sym))- 
toins  of  that  vast  and  immoderate  amlJilion 
which  was  afterwards  to  make  him  the  scourge 
of  mankind  and  the  pest  of  the  world.  At  20 
years  of  ajie  he  succeeded  his  father  as  king  of 
RIacedPii :  lie  was  also  chosen,  in  the  room  of 
his  father,  ueneralissimo  in  the  projected  expe- 
dition ncainst  the  Persians;  but  tlie  Greeks, 
agreeably  to  their  usual  fickleness,  deserted  from 


AL 

[roy  in  Macedonia,  lie  passed  llie  Helles^>oia,  in 
jthe  third  year  of  Ids  reign,  with  an  army  of  itu 
more  than  :U),(M)0  fool,  and  4,.tOO  hors:- :  and 
with  lliesc  forces,  brave  and  veteran  it  :s  true, 
he  overturned  the  Persian  empire.  His  first 
battle  was  at  ilie  Granicus,  a  rivir  of  Plirvgia, 
in  which  llie  Persians  were  rouied.  Hi.-se'ti:mi 
was  at  Usu8,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  wlif  re  lie  was 
ilso  victorious  in  an  emini:nt  degree ;  for  the 
-amp  of  Darius,  with  his  nioilii-r.  v.  iii-,  and  chil- 
dren, fell  into  lii.s  hands;  and  the  linmane  and 
generous  Irc-aimenl  which  lu-  showed  tin  in  18 
justly  reckoned  the  nobleat  and  most  amiable 
passage  of  liis  life.  While  he  was  in  this  coun- 
try, he  caught  a  violent  fever  by  bathing,  when 
hot,  in  tile  cold  waters  of  the  river  Cydniis ;  and 
lliis  fever  «as  made  more  violent  from  his  im- 
patience at  being  detained  by  it.  The  arn-y  «  as 
under  tliu  iitiiiost  consternaiion,  and  no  physi- 
cian durst  undertake  the  cure.  At  length,  one 
I'iiilip  ol  Acarnania  desired  time  to  prepare  a  |>o- 
lioji  which  he  was  sure  would  cure  him;  and 
while  this  poiion  w-as  preparing,  Alexander  re- 
ceived a  letter  from  his  m^st  Iniiinate  confidant, 
i'armeiiio,  informing  him  tliai  this  Acarnariiu) 
was  a  traitor,  and  employed  by  Darius  to  poison 
liiin,  at  the  price  of  one  thousand  talents  and  his 
sister  in  marriage.  What  a  situation  for  a  .sick 
prince;  The  same  greatness  of  soul,  however, 
which  accompanied  him  upon  all  occasions,  did 
not  forsake  him  here.  He  did  not  seem  to  his 
physician  under  any  apprehensiuns  ;  but  after 
receiving  the  cup  into  his  hands,  deiivcrtd  the 
letter  to  Philip,  and,  with  his  e>;i-s  fi.xed  upon 
him  drank  it  off.  The  medicine  at  first  acted  so 
powerfully  as  to  deprive  him  of  his  senses,  and 
then,\v)tlioui  donbi, all  concluded  him  poisoned: 
however,  he  soon  came  round,  and,  by  a  cure 
so  speedy  lliat  it  might  almost  be  deemed  mi- 
raculous, was  rcsiored  to  his  army  safe  and 
sound.  From  Cilicia  lie  marched  forwards  to 
I'lianicia,  which  all  surrendered  to  him  except 
Tyre  ;  and  it  cost  him  a  siege  of  seven  months 
to  reduce  that  city.  Tlie  vexation  of  Alexander, 
at  being  tinseasonablydetiuneri  by  this  obstinacy 
of  the  Tyiians,  occasioned  a  mighty  destruction 
and  cariia',.'e  ;  and  thecruclly  he  exercised  here 
is  (piiie  inexcusable  After  besieging  and  takin;; 
Ca/.zi,  he  went  to  Jerusalem,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived by  the  higli-pricst,  and,  making  many 
inescnts  to  the  Jews,  sacrificed  in  thiir  temple. 
He  told  Jaddus  (for  thai  was  the  priest's  name,) 
tliat  hehai'seen  in  Macedonia  a  god,  in  appear- 
ance exc.  ily  resembling  him,  who  had  exhorted 
hini  to  this  expedition  against  the  Persians,  and 
given  liim  the  firmest  assurance  of  success.  Af- 
terwards entering  Egypt,  he  went  to  the  oraclft 
of  Jupiter  Amnion  ;  and  ujion  his  return,  built 
the  city  of  Alexandria.  It  was  now  that  he  took 
it  into  his  head  to  assume  divinity,  and  to  pre- 
tend himself  the  son  of  the  said  Jupiter  Amnion. 
Policy,  however,  was  at  the  bottom  of  this  :  it 
was  impossible  that  any  such  belief  should  bo 
really  rooted  in  his  breast ;  but  he  found  by  ex- 


hirn,  taking  advantase  of  his  absence  in  Thrace  jperience,  that  this  opinion  inclined  the  barba- 
and  Illyricnm,  where  he  began  his  military  en-  Irons  nations  to  submit  to  him ;  and  therefore  he 
terprises.  He  hastened  immediately  to  Greece,  ![was  content  to  pass  for  a  god,  and  to  admit,  as 
when  the  Athenians  and  other  states  retninedjlhc  did,  of  divine  adoration.  His  object  now  was 
fo  hini  at  once;  but,  the  Thebans  standing  out,l|to  overtake  and  attack  Darius  in  anotlier  battle ; 
he  directed  his  arms  against  them,  slew  a  pro-!, and  tliis  battle  was  fought  at  Arbela;  when  vic- 
Uiirioiis  number  of  them,  and  destroyed  their  Itory,  granting  every  thing  to  Alexander,  put  an 
ciiy,  sparing  nothing  but  the  house  and  the  de-ijend  to  the  Persian  empire.  Darius  had  olfercd 
Bccndants  of  Pindar,  out  of  respect  tothcmemo-|]hiK  daughter  in  marriage,  and  jiart  of  his  domi- 
ry  of  that  poet.  This  happened  in  the  second  inions  to  Alexander;  and  Parmeiiio  advised  hini 
vear  of  the  3d  Olympiad.  Having  settled  the i  to  accept  the  terms,  saying,  "I  would  if  I  were 
aflairs  of  Greece,  and  left  Antipator  as  bis  vjce-||Aleiander."     "  And  so  would  I,  (replied  the 

in 


AL_ 

the  coiiqueror,1  if  I  were  Parnicnio."  The  .same 
Parmenio  counselling  the  ]iritue  to  take  advan- 
tage  of  the  night  in  atiackinji  Darius,  "  No,  ("aid 
Alexander,)  I  would  not  steal  a  victory."  Da 
rius  owed  his  escape  from  Arbela  to  the  swift- 
ne.ss  of  his  horse ;  and,  while  he  was  collecting 
forces  to  renew  the  war,  was  insidiously  slain 
by  Bessus,  {governor  of  the  Bacliians.  Alexan 
der  wept  at  the  t'ate  of  Darius,  and,  afterward: 
procuring  Be.<.<iis  to  he  given  up  to  him,  punished 
the  inhuman  wretch  according  to  his  deserts. 
From  Arbula,  Alexander  pursued  liis  coiiQuiyts 
eastward  ;  and  every  thing  fell  into  his  hand 
even  to  the  Indies.  JJaving  ranged  over  all  the 
east,  he  returned  to  Bahylon,  where  he  died  in 
the  :i3d  year  of  his  age,  some  say  by  poison, 
others  by  into.xicaiion. 

ALKX.'XNDKR,  Bala,  an  impostor  who  pre 
tended  to  be  the  sou  of  Antiochus  Epiph&iies. 
He  was  slain  Mfi  B.  C. 

ALKXANDF.R,  Sevcrus,  a  Roman  emperor, 
distinguished  for  his  virtues-.hcwas  murdered  2;J5. 

ALEXANDER,  Janna-us,  kins;  of  ilie  Jews. 
He  was  cruel  and  oppressive,  and  died  7'.i  B.  C.  j 

ALEXANDER  It.,  son  of  Ari.stobnlus,  wasl' 


AL 

ALEXAN  DER  III.,  pope,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
was  raised  to  the  papal  chair  in  1159.  He  died 
at  Rome,  much  beloved  by  his  subjects,  and  re- 
spected by  the  world. 

.^LEX.'\NDERIV.,bisliopofOstia,  was  made 
pope  in  liSi.  He  besiowtd  the  crown  of  Sicily 
on  Edmund,  son  of  tJie  Kinc  of  England  ;  and 
tried  to  unite  the  (ireek  and  Latin  churches. 

ALEXANDER  V.,  pope,  was  originally  a  beg- 
gar, but  found  means  to  cultivate  his  mind,  so 
that  he  was  distinguished  both  at  Oxford  and 
Paris.  He  was  elected  poi*  in  140U,  but  soon 
died  hy  poison. 

A  LEXANDER  VL,  pope,  wa.s  a  native  of  Va- 
lencia. He  was  infamous  for  his  debaucheriis 
and  cruelties,  and  died  by  the  poi.son  his  son  in 
tended  lor  sonic  innocent  persons,  1503. 

ALEXANDER  VIL.  pope,  embellished  Rome 

with  .several  niaeniticeiit  edifices,  and  died  IWiT. 

ALEX.'VNDER  VIII.,  pope,  was  a  native  of 

Venire  and  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair  on  the 

death  of  Innocent  XL  ;  died  I'i'Jl. 

ALEXANDER,  ab  Alexandro,  a  man  of  great 
talents  as  a  lawyer,  at  Naples  ;  he  died  1000. 
ALEX.\NDER,  Neckam,  an  Englishman  of 
carried  prisoner  to  Rome  b}'  Ponipey,  and  put  toHgroat  learning  who  gave  public  lectures  at  Paris, 
dct-itli  49B.  r.  i'lis  lectures  remain  in  the  fuhlic  libraries  in 

ALEXANDER,  bishop  of  HIerapolis  in  the  inianuscript :  he  dio<l  1227. 
5th  century  who  niainlained  that  there^vcretwo  |     ALEX.ANDER,  Noel,  orNatalis.anemineiU 
natures  in  Christ.     He  died  an  exile.  I  writer,  born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy.    He  puli- 

ALEXANDER,  bishop  of  .'Vle.Tnudria,  op-I'lished  an  ecclesiastical  history  in  24  vols.  He 
posed  the  tenets  of  Arius ;  a  man  of  virtue  and  Idled  1724. 

piety,  and  died  325.  ALEXANDER  (William,  Earl  of  Stirling.) 

.\LEXANDER,abishopof  Jerusalem, known!  a  dramatic  poet  and  statesman  in  the  reigns  (JT 
for  his  many  virtues.  He  founded  a  libraryj  James  and  Charles  I.  was  born  1580.  "llispo- 
there,  and  died  251.  'plry  (says  Mr.  Grainger,)  for  purity  and  e!e- 

ALEX.A.XDER,  of  Lyropolis,  opposed  to  the  gniice  is  far  beyond  the  generality  of  the  pro- 
Manicha;an  system,  in  a  work  published  at  PariSilductions  of  the  ,ige  in  whirli  he  lived."  Fli.'s 
in  ir]72. 

ALEXANDER,  Trallianus,  a  philosopher  and 
physician  of  the  Oth  century.  His  works  were 
tulited  at  Paris,  in  1543. 

.'VLEX.\NDER.  Polyhistnr,  a  Latin  historian 

who  flourished  about  Hli  B.C.  His  works  are  lost 

ALEX.VNDER,  .\phrodis(Eus,  a  peripatetic 

philosophic.    His  work"  De  Facto,"  appeared 

in  L(>i\don,  1688. 

-ALEXANDER,  of  jTlgM,  preceptor  to  Nero 

ALEX.\.\DER,  the  Papliiaitonian,  an  iinpo.s- 

tor,  who  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Marcus  Au 

relius,  on  account  of  his  celebrity,  in  174. 

ALEXA.VDER,  an  abbot  of  Sicily  in  the  12th 
century,  author  of  a  history  of  Roger,  king  of 
Sicily,  which  w.is  edited  in  1.57rt,  at  Sara-joissa. 
ALEXANDER,  an  English  abbot,  who  sup- 
ported the  rights  of  Henry  II.,  for  which  he  was 
excommunicated  in  1217. 

ALEX.ANDER,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
his  brother,  John  .Mbert,  in  1501.  He  was  a 
prince  of  pieiv  and  virtue. 

ALEXANDER  L,  king  of  Scotland,  came  to 
tlip  tiirone  in  1 107.  He  was  a  severe  and  tyran- 
nical king. 

AI,EXANDERn.,  king  of  Scotland.  1914,  son 
of  William  the  Lion.     He  invaded  England. 

ALEXANDERIIT.,  kingofScotland,  defeated 
the  Norwegians,  and  assisted  his  lallier-in  law,j 
Henry  HI.  against  the  encroachments  of  liisba-| 
rons.     He  was  killed  while  hunting,  12i^5. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  1(10.  He 
was  called  a  saint,  and  martyr,  and,  according 
to  Platina,  was  the  first  who  introduced  the  use 
of  holy  water  into  the  church. 

.ALEX.VNDER  IL,  pope,  succeeded  in  1061. 
He  protected  the  Jews  from  murder  and  rapine, 
and  died  I(i73. 


"  Recreation  of  the  Muses"  was  printed  in  folio, 
1637,  to  which  is  prefixed  his  portrait  by  Mar- 
shall, esteemed  the  best  of  that  artist's  works. 
He  died  1640. 

ALEXANDER,  deMedicis,  first  duke  of  Flo- 
rence in  1.5.30,  was  a  man  of  di.s.solute  and  cruel 
manners,  who  owed  his  elevation  to  intrigue. 
He  was  mnrderr d  bv  a  relation. 

ALEXANDER,  Farnese,  duke  of  Parma, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  16th  centurj'  by  his 
militarv  valour. 

ALEXANDER,  Farnese,  uncle  to  the  pre- 
ceding, favourite  of  Pope  Clement  VU.,  died 
15fi9. 

.\LEX.\NDER,a  Norman, in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.  He  raised  the  castles  of  Fanburj', 
Sleaford  and  Newark  for  his  defence.  By  tlie 
interest  of  his  uncle  he  became  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln, and  died  in  1147. 

ALEX.VNDER,  a  native  of  Asia  Minor,  was 
the  founder  of  a  sect  called  non  sleepers,  be- 
cause some  of  them  alwavs  kept  awake  to  sing ; 
he  died  430. 

ALEXANDER,  St.  Elpide,  archbishop  of  A- 
malli,  author  of  a  treatise  on  papal  power,  in  tlie 
beginning  of  the  14th  century. 

ALE.V.ANDER,  Dom.  James  a  benedictinje 
of  St.  Maur,  notJIpr  of  a  treatise  onclemcntary 
clocks,  died  1734; 

ALEX.\.\DER,  a  poet  of  Paris,  in  tlie  12tl) 
century,  who  wrote  a  poem  on  Alexander  the 
Great,  in  verses  of  12  syllables,  which  have 
since  been  called  "  -Mexandriiu^s." 

ALEX.ANDER,  Nicholas,  a  benedictine  of 
St.  Maur,  wrote  "  Physic,  and  Surgery  for  the 
Poor,"  and  "  A  Botanical  and  Pharmaceutical 
Dictionary,"  both  esteemed  works.  He  wa."5 
born  at  Paris,  and  died  172a. 

1-9 


AL 


AL 


ALEXANDER,  iN'euskoi,  grand  duke  of 
Kiis:«ia,  born  1218,  signalized  by  a  victory  lir 
obiained  over  the  nortln;rn  powers,  on  the  banks 
01"  the  Neva.  He  was  Raintcd,  and  an  order  of 
knighthood  instituted  in  liis  lionour. 

ALKXANDER,  James,  a  Scotchman,  secre- 
tary <il"  tlie  province  of  New-York,  and  for  ma- 
ny "years  one  of  Uie  council ;  caiue  to  this  coun- 
irv  1715  ;  died  l"oG. 

"ALEXANDER,  William,  commonly  called 
Lord  Siirhng,  from  his  supposed  titleloafc'colch 
{«irldom,a  maior  general  in  the  American  ar- 
my ;  was  in  tlie  battle  of  Long  Island,  and  was 
uoundcd ;  he  was  a  brave  officer,  and  died  1783, 
aged  57. 

ALEXANDER,  Nathaniel,  a  member  of  Con- 
press  from  (and  governor  of)  the  state  of  North 
Carolina  ;  lie  died  1808. 

ALEX.'VNDRINI,  Julius  de  Newstain,  a  na- 
tive of  Trent,  physician  and  favourite  of  Blaxi- 
milian  U.,  dieillo'JO. 

ALEXIS, -William,  a  benertictine  monk  of 
Ijyra,  and  author  of  poems  of  some  merit,  lived 
in  1500 

ALEXIS,  a  Piedmontese,  who  applied  him- 
self to  study,  with  a  resolution  not  to  reveal  iiis 
discoveries.  He  tiowever  published  some  me- 
dical tracts,  called  "  tlie  Secrets,"  at  Basil,  in 
1530. 

ALEXIUS,  Michaelovitch,  czar  of  Russia, 
and  father  to  Peter  the  Great.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  his  wars,  his  munificence^nd  his 
improvements  in  the  state  ;  he  died  16/  /. 

ALEXIUS,  Petrovitch,  only  son  to  Peter  the 
Great,  born  1690,  an  unfortunate  and  intempe- 
rate man.  He  was  tried  and  condemned,  by 
secret  judges,  in  1719.  i 

ALEXIUS, or  ALEXIS  I.,  Comnienus,  usurp- 
ed the  throne  of  Turkey  in  1081,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  v.-'ars  against  the  Turks. 

ALEXIUS  II.,  Commeiius,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Constantinople  1180 ;  he  was  murdered 
bv  Andronicus. 
'ALEXIUS  III.,  Angelus,  dethroned  his  bro- 
ther, 1195,  and  put  out  his  eyes.  He  was  him- 
self dethroned  in  turn,  and  his  life  sacrificed  to 
the  fury  of  tlie  populace. 

ALEXIUS  IV.,  son  of  the  king  deposed  by 
Alexius  III. ;  he  restored  his  father  to  the  throne 
and  reigned  with  him. 

ALEXIUS  v.,  usurped  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople, and  was  killed  by  llie  crusaders,  af- 
ter a  reign  of  3  months,  in  1264. 

ALEXIUS,  an  impostor,  who  nearly  succeed- 
fd  in  planing  himself  on  the  throne  of  C'onslan- 
tinople,  but  was  killed  bv  a  priest,  in  1200. 

ALEYN,  Charles,  an  English  poet,  who  pub- 
lished in  1631,  two  poems  on  the  battles  of 
Cressy  and  Poictiers. 

AL-FARABIA,  a  mussulman  philosopher  of 
the  10th  century.  His  works  are  in  the  J>eyden 
library  ;  ho.  was  murdered  in  Syria,  in  9.54. 

ALFARGAN,  Ahmed  Ebn  Cothair,  an  Ara- 
bian astronomer,  of  the  9th  century. 

ALFENUS  VARUS  PUBLIUS,  a  native  of 
Hremona,  who  rose  from  the  occupation  of  cob- 
bler, to  be  counsel. 

ALPES,  an  eminent  rabbi,  who  epitomised 
the  Talmud,  died  1 103. 

AEFIERI,  Vittorio,  an  Italian  dramatic  poet, 
liorn  at  Asti,  in  Piedmont,  1749.  Within  less 
than  seven  years  he  produced  fourteen  dramas, 
besides  various  other  works  in  prose  and  verse, 
Including  a  translation  of  SaUust,  and  a  treatise 
on  tyranny.  His  lady  was  the  princess  of  Schom- 
berg,  widow  of  Charles-Edward,  the  last  prince 
20 


of  the  house  of  Stuart.  He  died  at  Florence,  ni 
ld03;  and  his  remains  were  interred  in  ibc 
church  of  St.  Croix,  where  his  widow  erect<.<l 
a  monument  to  his  niemor>-,  which  was  exe- 
cutid  by  Canova.  He  wrote  his  own  life,  wliicli 
has  been  printed  in  two  volunir-s. 

ALFONSO,  vid.  ALPHONSUS. 

ALFORD,  Rlicliacl,  author  of  Brittania  illu.-; 
traia,"  and  othei-  works,  was  born  in  London, 
but  educated  in  Spain  and  Rome,  and  became  a 
Jesuit ;  he  died  Hi5-2. 

ALFREl),or  A  LURED,  son  of  Etiiclred,  tried 
10  expel  Harold  from  the  throne,  but  was  mur- 
dered, 1037. 

ALFRED,  bishop  of  Exeter,  wrote  several 
learned  works,  as  "  Adelmus,"  '-History  uf 
Malniesbury  Abbey,"  to. ;  10th  century. 

ALFRED,  vid.  AILFRED. 

ALP'RED,  an  Engli.shmaii,  snrnamed  philo 
sopher,  left  four  books  on  the  meteors  of  Aristo- 
tle, one  on  vegetables,  and  five  on  other  subjects. 
He  died  1-270. 

ALFRIDE,  or  Elfrid,  natural  son  of  Osery. 
king  of  Northumberland,  came  to  the  throne  in 
686. 

ALGARDI,  Alexander,  an  architect  and 
sculptor  of  Bologna,  died  1654. 

ALGAROTTi,  Francis,  count,  an  Italian, 
eminent  as  a  connoisseur  and  critic  in  every 
branch  of  the  belles-lettres,  and  an  author  of 
repute,  born  at  Venice  1712,  died  1764. 

ALGAZALI,  an  Arabian  author,  who  died 
in  the  504th  vear  of  the  liej/ira. 

ALGER,  a  monk  of  Liege,  auilior  of  a  book 
on  the  sacraments,  died  1131. 

ALGKISl,  Thomas,  an  eminent  surceon  and 
lithotomist  of  Florence,  author  of  Lithotomita, 
4to.  1708. 

ALGIERI,  Peter,  a  Venetian,  who  decorated 
the  opera  at  Paris,  died  17ii0. 

AlilLVZEN,  an  Arabian,  v.  ho  wrote  on  optica 
about  1100. 

ALL  cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
and  caliph  of  Egypt  and  Arabia.  He  was  as 
sassinated  in  fiS^i."  His  memory  is  still  held  in 
veneration  by  the  Persians. 

ALl-BASSA,  a  di-^tincuishcd  general  of  the 
Ottfuian  empire,  died  1663. 

ALI  BEG,  a  Pole,  w'lo  was  educated  in  the 
Mahometan  faith,  but  ens  ployed  himself  in  trans- 
lating the  bible  into  Turkish.  He  also  wrote  on 
the  relision  of  Mahomet,  and  died  in  167.5. 

ALI  BEG,  son  of  a  Creek  priest,  but  sold 
while  young  by  some  robbers  to  the  Janissaries. 
His  military  talents  gained  him  the  supreme 
power  of  Egypt.  He  was  humane,  possessed 
an  elevated  mind,  and  died  about  1775. 

ALI  BERG,  a  learned  Turk  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, acquainted  with  sev(-.ittM'ii  languages.  He 
translated  the  bible  into  the  Turkish. 

ALICE,  daughter  of  Theobald  IV.,  married 
Lewis  VII.,  khig  of  France.  For  a  time,  she 
was  appointed  queen  regent,  and  reigned  with 
great  prudence  and  justice.    She  died  1206. 

ALIGRE,  I'lienne,  who  rose  by  his  merit  to 
be  chancellor  of  France,  died  1635. 

ALIMENTUS,  Cneuis,  a  Roman  historian, 
150.  B.C.  .,.      „„, 

ALIPIUS,  a  bishop  of  Tagaste  m  Africa,  394 
He  was  baptised  bv  St.  Ambrose  at  Milan. 

ALIPUS,  a  geographer  of  Antioch,  commis 
sioned  by  Julian  to  rebuild  the  temple  of  Jeru 
salem. 

ALKMAAR,  Henry  d',  a  German,  author  of 
the  fable  of  Reynard,  a  poem,  which  lashes  the 
vices  and  foibles  of  mankind.    He  died  150X 


AL 

ALLAI^^VAL,  I^ponor  JoaiiCliristincSouhis 
d',  a  iiativu  of  Cliartrcs,  and  auilior  of  several 
comedies  of  merit..     He  died  I7.'>3. 

ALiIiAIS,  UenysVairasse<l',  a  native  of  Lan 
guedoc,  who  served  in  tin;  Duke  of  York'.;  Hcci 
in  ItiOo.  He  wrote  several  books,  not  mucli  es- 
teemed. 

ALLAM,  .Andrew,  a  learned  classical  scholar, 
born  in  Oxfordshire,  dicdliitJj. 

ALLARl),  (5uy,  author  of  several  Iiislo-.i- 
cal  works,  and  a  romance  called  Zizim,  died 
1715. 

ALLATIUS,  Leo,  analiveof  Scio,  wliostu 
died  physic  at  Rome,  bnt  distniKuishrJ  liinisclf 
chiefly  as  a  teacher  in  the  Greek  College,  died 

ALLECTUS,  prefect  of  Britain,  murdered 
Caran3ius294,  and  made  himself  emperor. 

ALLEGRAIN,  Chriutopher  Gabriel,  a  French 
sculptor,  who  executed  some  masterly  figures, 
died  ]7<)5. 

AI.TjEGRI,  .Antonio,  an  illustrious  painter, 
better  known  by  the  name  of  Corregio,  from  the 
place  where  he  was  born.  He  lived  at  Parma, 
where,  without  any  instruction,  he  execuiid 
some  of  the  most  perfect  pictures  in  the  world. 
His  Virgin  and  Child,  and  Mary  Magdalen,  are 
his  finest  pictures.     He  died  poor  in  1.534. 

ALLEGRI,  Gregorio,  an  eminent  musical 
conijKJser,  horn  at  Rome.  His  compositions, 
the  chief  of  which  is  the  "  Miserere,"  are  still 
pertormcd  in  the  pontifical  chapel.  He  died 
1640. 

ALLEIN,  Richard,  born  in  Poniprsptshiie,  a 
puritan  of  great  learning.  His  writings  are 
ntnstly  on  theology.     He  died  hiSl. 

ALLEIN,  William,  son  of  the  above.  His 
"Millenium,"  among  his  other  theological  tracts, 
was  much  admired.     He  died  1677. 

ALLEIN,  Joseph,  a  puritan  of  great  learn- 
ing and  piety.  His  "  Alarm"  to  sinners  has 
))een  often  published.  He  died  at  Taunton, 
Eng.,  IfifiS. 

ALLEN,  John,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  and 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  was  murdered  in  1580 

ALLEN,  Tliomas.  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  an  Invitation 
70  Siimers  to  come  to  Christ,"  and  a  "  Scripture 
Chronology."  This  last  is  a  learned  work,  and 
is  preserved  in  the  New-England  Library. 

ALLEN,  James,  minister  in  Hoston,  c.ime  to 
this  country  1602,  and  was  the  occasion  of 
much  ditliculty  in  the  colony  of  Mass.  He  died 
1710,  aged  78. 

ALLE.N,  James,  first  minister,  of  Rrookline, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Roxbui-y ;  settled  1718.  He 
died  aged  5fi.  He  was  a  pious  and  judicious 
divine;  he  published  several  sermons. 

ALLEN,  James,  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  and  counsellor  in  Ma?s.,  died 
1755,  aged  .58.  He  was  expelled  for  rcfleetioni 
•Lgainst  the  governor,  was  re-elected,  but  relus 
ed  a  seat  till  the  following  year. 

ALLEN,  William,  chief  justice  of  Penn.  be- 
fore the  revolution,  the  friend  and  patron  of  Sir 
Benjamin  West,  the  painter.  He  published  the 
American  crisis,  London,  1774,  in  which  he 
suggests  a  plan  for  restoring  tiie  dependence  of 
America. 

ALLEN,  Mo?cs,  minister  of  Midnay,  Georgia, 
and  a  distinguished  friend  to  his  countrj'.  He 
was  born  in  Noithampfon,  Mass.,  was  taken 
prisoner  when  Savannah  was  reduced,  and  put 
un  board  a  prison-ship,  whence,  in  attemptinir 
to  escape,  was  drowned,  aged  31. 

ALI,EN,  Henry,  jireacber  ia  Nova  Scotia, 


AL 

uitlior  of  several  strasige  and  absurd  religiou-s 
loctrincs.  Ho  ilicd  in  178:!.  His  followers  were 
few.  He  pnlilislicd  a  volume  of  hymns,  aod'Se- 
vcral  sermons. 

.VLLEN,  Ethan,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
war  of  the  revoluiion.    He  captured  Ticonde- 
roga  and  Crown  Point,  was  taken  prisoner  near 
Montreal,  sent  lo  England,  and  after  having  ex- 
perienced much  cruelty,  was  exchanged,  1778. 
Me  died  in  Vermont,  I7si(.     He  susiained  the 
haracter  of  an  iiilidel,  and  in  his  writings  ridi- 
culed the  Scriptures. 
ALLEN,  Samuel,  proprietor  dv  purchase,  and 
overnor  of  NewHainpshire,  died  1705. 
.\LLEN,  William,  chief  justice^of  Pennsy! 
vania  before  the  revolution. 
ALLEN,  Ira,  a  brother  of  Ellian,  removed 
arly  in  life  to  Vermont,  where  he  held  various 
Difices,  and  possessed  the  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple.   He  wrote  the  "  Natural  and  Political  His- 
tory of  Vermont."     He  died  1814. 

.\LLEN,  Sir  Thomas,  illustrious  as  an  Ena- 
isli  admiral,  made  the  first  attack  on  the  Diiti  li 
in  Ifitij. 

\LLEN,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  who 
wrote  observations  on  St.  Chrysostoni's  book  on 
Isaiah,  died  16.18. 

'\LLEN,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Staffordshire, 
illustrious  for  his  kiiowlid^e  of  mathematics 
and  philosojihy.  lie  pulilished  among  oilier 
works,  the  second  iiiul  third  books  of  Ptolemy 
on  the  jndcment  of  the  stars  :  he  died  163'2. 

.^IXEN,  John,  first  minister  .^f  Dedhani. 
Mass..  author  of  some  controversial  writings. 
He  died  1671,  aged  7.). 

ALLESTRV,  or  ALLESTUEE,  P.lchard, 
born  in  Shropshire,  in  1619,  joined  the  royal  par- 
ty, and  on  the  restoration  of  Chai  h  s,  was  made 
king's  chaplain.  He  published  40  sermons,  and 
other  works. 

.\LLESTRY,  Jacob,  an  Engliish  poet,  nephew 
to  the  above.  Some  of  his  pastorals  were  inucli 
admircil  ;  he  died  1C86. 

ALLETZ,  Pons  Augustin,  native  of  France, 
who  published  some  works  of  celebrity,  died  at 
Paris,  178.5. 

ALLEY,  William,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  "  the  poor  man's  library,"  and  a  translation 
of  the  Pentateuch,  died  1.570. 

ALLEVN,  Edwaid,  an  actor  of  great  reput.i- 
tion  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and. I.imes  I.,  and 
founder  of  DuUvich  college  in  1619,  which  he 
named  "  the  college  of  God's  gift."  An  idle  tra- 
dition hath  assigned  the  foltoving  as  his  motive 
for  endowing  it:  th.it  once,  personating  the  devil, 
he  was  so  terrified  at  seeing  a  real  devil  (as  lie 
imagined)  upon  the  stage,  that  he  soon  after  to- 
tally ijuitted  his  profession,  and  devoted  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  religious  exercises.  He 
founded  this  college  for  a  master  and  warden, 
who  are  always  to  be  of  the  name  of  Alleyii  or 
Allen,  with  4  fellows  (3  of  whom  are  to  be  di- 
vines, and  the  fourth  an  organist ;)  and  foi-  ai.v 
poor  men,  as  many  poor  women,  and  twelva 
poor  boys,  to  be  educated  in  thccollese.  He  was 
born  in  London  1.566,  and  died  in  1626,  and  was 
buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  college. 

ALLIOSI,  N.,  a  civil  officer  of  eminence  in 
the  service  of  Stanislaus,  king  of  Pol:ind,  died 
1779. 

ALLISON,  Francis,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
minister  and  teacher,  native  of  Ireland,  came  to 
this  country  in  1T55,  was  settled  in  Philadelphia, 
and  became  vice-provost  of  the  college  in  that 
city ;  he  died  1777,  much  respected  for  his  talents 
and  lewning. 

21 


AL 

ALLlr-OX,  Patrick,  D.  D.,  a  liaiiveof  Penn 

Fvtvaiiiu,  uiid  a  disiinguislad  preaclier,  settleu 

at  Ballimore  ;  lie  died  1S(j2. 

ALLIX,  Peter,  aFrencli  protestaiil,ofemint;Mt 

Ifcarniiig  and  piety,  wiio  lived  In  Knuiand,  where 

he  waspreatly  eslviiued,  and  lionoured  with  tlie 
title  of  D.  D.  He  wrote  "  rellectioiis  on  llie 
Scripturps,"  &.c.,  and  died  1717. 

ALLOISJ,  Dalilia/.ar,  an  able  liislorical  pain- 
ter, born  at  Bologna ;  he  died  IMS. 

ALLOUY,  Alf!xander,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
famous  lor  his  skill  in  the  representation  of  na- 
Kcd  ligures.  Kis  figures  are  preserved  at  Rome 
and  Florence  ;  lie  died  1C07. 

ALMAORO,  Dietio,  one  of  tlie  conquerors  of 
Peru,  who  acconipauied  Pizarro  in  15'i5 ;  ho 
wa->  inlanious  lor  his  cruellies. 

ALJI.-MN,  James,  a  famous  logician  and  di- 
vine, whodet'ended  Lewis  XII.  against  pojie  Ju- 
lius II.     Hf-  died  at  Paris,  1515. 

.AL.MAMON,  or  ABDALL.AH  III.,  a  caliph, 
who  had  the  Greek  writers  translated  into  Ara- 
bic, and  ivas  lamous  for  his  protection  of  learn- 
ing, died  ^Xi. 

AL.M.VNSOR,  or  ALMANZOR,  king  of  Cor- 
dova, in  Spain,  97fi.  He  rendered  himself  very 
formidable  to  tl.c  Christians. 

ALMANZOR,  tlie  victorious;  he  rose  to  the 
soverei'jiily  in  7ii,  and  then  murdered  the  pcne- 
*al  to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  power. 

ALM.-VNZOR,  Joseph,  king  of  Jlorocco,  de- 
feated by  t  jp  Spaniards,  115H. 

ALMANZOR,  Jacob,  son  of  Joseph,  obtained 
a  celebrated  victorv  over  tlie  Spaniards  in  Ca; 
tile,  about  1200. 

ALMARUS,  Elmerus,  abbot  of  St.  Augus- 
(in's  monastery,  in  Canterbury,  1011.  His  me 
mory  was  held  in  the  highest  veneration. 

AL.MEIDA,  Francis,  a  Portuguese,  who  was 
distinguished  in  the  wars  of  Grenada,  and  was 
sent  out  by  Eiuanucl,  in  1505,  as  viceroy  of 
India. 

ALMEIDA,  Lawrence,  son  of  the  above,  a 
desperate  warrior,  who  visited  Ceylon,  and 
made  it  tributary  to  Portugal ;  he  was  killed  in 
battle. 

ALMEIDA,  ApoUinarius  d',  a  Portuguese 
bishop,  of  the  Jesuit  cder,' who  went  as  mis- 
sionaiy  to  Ethiopia,  and  was  murdered  by  the 
natives,  l.OfiS. 

ALMEIDA,  Manuel  d',  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
who,  after  a  residence  of  forty  years  as  a  mis- 
sionary in  India,  died  at  Goa,  104f).  He  published 
Historical  observations  on  Elliiopia. 

ALMEIDA,  or  ALMEYDA,  Theodore  d',  a 
celebrated  Portuguese  priest  and  philosophical 
writer,  born  1722.  His  original  works  amount 
to  40  volumes;  and  he  published,  besides,  five 
volumes  of  translations.  He  died  at  Lisbon, 
Mav,  1805. 

ALMELOVEEN, Thomas  .Tansen  d' ,  a  Dutch 
fihvsician,  wlio  wrote  a  description  of  the  Ma- 
labar plants,  published  lfi78,  in  13  vols,  folio. 

ALMELOVEExN,  Theodore  Janseii  d',  pro- 
fessor at  Hardwick,  in  Holland,  died  1742. 

ALMICI,  Peter  Caniillus,  an  ecclesiastic  in 
Italy,  who  published  critical  reflections  on  Feh- 
ronius.  died  1779. 

ALMON,  John,  a  bookseller,  author,  and  edi- 
tor, born  at  Liverpool,  about  17.18.  In  1763  he 
commenced  bookseller  iii  Piccadilly,  and  pub- 
lished a  great  number  of  political  pamphlets. 
His  best  known  works,  however,  are  "  anecdotes 
of  the  life  of  the  earl  of  Chatham,"  2  vols.  4to 
3  vols.  8vo.,  and  "  biographical,  literal-}',  and 
ooliticstl  anecdotee  of  several  of  the  most  enu- 
22 


AL 

neiil  iH-Tsons  of  the  present  age ;  never  before 
printed,"  3  vols.  fvo.  171*7.  He  died  in  Heriford- 
shire,  Dec.  12,  lOlio. 

ALtJMUYADAD,  Isniael,  an  Arabian  histo 
rian,  who  gave  a  chronological  account  of  th^ 
Saracen  atlairs  in  t-irily  from  642  to  'JO-l. 

ALOADIN,  a  Muhoiiietan;  prince  of  the  as- 
sassins. He  lived  in  a  castle  between  Dainas- 
ciisand  Aiitioch,  where  he  pronii.-^ed  future  hap- 
piness to  yiinng  men  who  would  si:ib  his  ena- 
niies.  1'he  word  ussa^sin  is  derived  from  this 
circiinisiancc. 

ALONZO,  John,  an  eminent  architect  of 
f-pain. 

-^  LP  AGO,  .\iidrew,an  Italian  jihysician  who 
resided  some  time  al  Damascus.  He  Iranslatcd 
Aviceiina.  Averroes,  &c.,  and  was  made  pro 
lessor  at  Venice  in  1555. 

ALP.MDE,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Pepin,  and 
mother  ol'  Charles  RI artel ;  she  died  in  a  con- 
vent. 

ALP-AR?LAN,  second  sultan  of  the  race  of 
Seljuk  in  10tJ3. 

tiLPHANUS,  Benedict,  archbishop  of  Paler- 
mo, known  as  a  physician  and  iKjet,  and  author 
I  of  the  lives  of  sowe  saints,  died  1086. 

ALPHERY,  Mekfpjier,  Nicephorus,  a  native 
of  Ru.ssia,  descended  from  the  imperial  family, 
lie  became  a  parish  priest  in  England,  1CI8,  and 
lireferred  hi.=  jiiace  to  the  throne  of  Russia. 

ALFIIESII'S.  a  rabbi  who  abridged  the  Tal- 
mr.d,  died  1103. 

ALPHIUS,  Avitus,  a  Roman  poet  of  the  3d 
centurv. 

ALP"MONSO,orALPI!ONSrg,kingofAslu- 
lias,  took  3U  towns  from  the  Moors,  and  died 
757. 

ALPHON?0  IL,  surnamed  the  Chaste,  king 
of  .\stiirias, signalized  himself  against  the  Moois 
in  Spain  ;  he  died,  842. 

ALPHONSO  III.,  or  THE  GREAT,  king  of 
Asliiiias  in8l>6. 

ALPHONSO  VI.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
made  war  against  the  .Moors;  he  died,  IKfJ. 

ALPHONSO  VIII.,  kins  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
surnamed  the  Noble,  came  to  the  throne  11.58. 
ALPHONSO  X.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
surn.-iined  the  Wise,  succeeded  his  father,  Fer- 
dinand 111.  in  1232,  and  died  of  a  broken  he;irt 
in  1284. 

ALPHONSO  XL,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile  in 
1312.     He  killed  in  battle  200,000  Moors. 

ALPHONSO  v.,  king  of  .'^rragon.  surnamed 
the  Mniinaninious.  He  made  himself  master  of 
Najiles  and  Sicilv,  and  died  1458. 

ALPHONSO  i.,  king  of  Portugal.  He  de- 
feated five  Moorish  kings  at  the  battle  of  Ouri- 
que,  1139. 

ALPHONSO  IT.,  king  of  Portugal;  he  also 
engaged  in  war  with  the  Moors,  died  1223. 

ALPHONSO  HI.,  king  of  Portugal ;  his  reign 
was  disturbed  by  dissensions  with  the  pope  aiid 
clergy :  he  died  1279. 

AI>PHO.\SO  IV.,  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded 
to  the  throne  1325.  He  was  an  able  prince,  and 
much  beloved. 

ALPHONSO  v.,  king  of  Portugal,  surnamed 
the  African,  came  to  the  throne  14:i8.  He  look 
many  places  from  the  Moors.  He  was  a  patron 
of  learning. 

ALPHONSO  VI.,  king  of  Portucal.  His  con- 
duct displayed  the  tyrant  and  the  madman  ;  he 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  died  10)83. 

ALPHONSO,  duke  of  Ferrara,  and  Modena, 
died  1534. 
ALPH0NSU6,  Peter,  a  Jewish  writer  of 


AL 
Spiiiii,  who  was  converted  to  Christianity  ii 

i:r< 

ALPflO.NSUS.    See  CAf?TILE. 
ALl'lXI,  Prospero,  a  faiuuus  Vtnetian  phy 
siciau  ami  bniaiiist,  horn  ].>5:f,  died  ltiI7. 

ALREfliTS,  ALFREDUS,  or  ALrUEDUS 
an  ancii  lit  English  historian,  born  at  Beverly 
Yorkshiri;.  lie  wrote,  in  Latin,  Annals  of  tlif 
Biiiish  history,  from  Brutus  to  Henry  I.  ;  he 
died  11-29. 

ALSAHARAVIUS,  an  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  medical  practice,  in  3-J 
books  ;  lived  in  1404. 

ALSOP,  Anthony,  an  English  clergyman  of 
Iearnin2,  who  in  1717  was  sued  by  Mrs.  A.strey 
for  breach  of  promise,  and  coademned  to  pay 
UOOOl.     He  wrote  poetry. 

ALSOP,  Vincent,  a  prcsbyterian  clergj'man, 
wlio  attacked  Ur.  Sherlock,  with  great  wit,  and 
some  seriousness  ;  he  died  1703. 

ALSOP,  Richaid,  a  native  of  Middlelowii, 
Conn. ;  he  possessed  fine  talents,  and  is  gcn< 
rally  known  as  a  poet  and  as  a  translator ;  ho 
died  1815. 

ALSTEDIUS,  John  Henry,  a  protestant  pro 
fessor  of  divinity,  at  Nassau  ;  known  as  the  au 
thor  of  an  Encyclopedia  ;  he  died  16rtt<. 

ALSTt!)^,  Charles,  an  eminent  physician, 
and  medical  and  liotaidcal  writer,  born  in  Scot- 
land, HVS3,died  1760. 

ALSTON,  Joseph,  governor  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  died  1810.  Hi.s  wife,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Aaron  Burr,  late  vice  president  of  the  V. 
S.,  was  lost  on  her  passage  from  Charleston  to 
New- York,  18ie. 

ALTER,  Francis  Charles,  a  German  critic, 
of  thesocietyof  Jesuil.s,wa8ateacherof  Greek 
at  Vienna ;  "he  is  s.aid  to  have  written  and  pnl> 
lished  i'iO  volumes  or  dissertations .  hediid  18ftl 
ALTIIAM.N'ER,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  miu 
ister  al  Nuremburs,  author  of  notes  on  Taci- 
tus, first  published  1529. 

ALTHLTSmS,  John,  a  German  lawyer  of  the 
17tli  century,  who  inveigiied  against  kingly 
power. 

ATTILIUS,  Gabriel,  a  Neapolitan  poet,  a  fa 
vourite  with  the  court,  and  bishop  of  Policas 
iro  in  1471. 

ALTING,  Menson,  author  of  the  best  descrip- 
tion of  the  Low  Countries  now  e.vtant,  died 
1713. 

ALTING,  Heno'- born  at  Embden.in  1.583 
He  filled  the  theological  chair  at  Groningen  for 
many  years.  His  works  on  religious  subjeclr^ 
are  numerous. 

ALTING,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  went 
to  England  and  became  bishop  of  Worcester, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Gronin- 
pen.  His  works  were  printed  in  five  volumes 
folio,  at  Amsterdam  16S7. 

ALTOX,  Richard  Count  d',  an  Austrian  ge- 
neral who  had  command  of  the  Low  Countries 
in  1787. 

ALTOVITI,  Marseille d',  a  Florentine  lady 
who  wrote  Italian  poetry,  died  ir>(H). 

ALV.\,  Peter  d',  a  Spaniard,  author  of  a  cu 
rious  life  of  St.  Francis,  died  1667. 

AIjVA,  Ferdinand  .\Ivrez,  dnke  of,  a  famous 
general  of  Spain,  but  detested  for  his  cruelties 
as  a  civil  magistrate :  he  died  1582. 

ALV  \RES.  Francis,  a  Portuguese  priest,  sent 
to  David,  Kinr  of  .\byssinia,  as  ambassador  ; 
he  published  an  account  of  that  country,  and 
died  1.5-10. 

ALVARES  DE  LUNA,  or  ALVARO,  a  fa- 
vourite of  John  II.,  king  of  Castile,  famous 


AM 

for  the  prodigious  ascendancy  which  he  gaiuvd 
over  that  prince,  and  for  the  punishment  which 
at  length  overtook  liim.  Of  the  45  years  he 
s[H;nt  at  court,  he  enjoyed  for  30  of  them  so  ab- 
-solute  a  power  over  the  king,  that  nothing  could 
be  dune  without  his  expre.ss  orders  ;  liay,  it  is 
related  by  Mariana,  Uiut  the  king  could  not 
change  an  ofiicer  or  servant,  or  even  his  clothes 
or  diet,  without  the  approbation  of  Alvares.  At 
length  he  was  seized,  tried,  and  condemned  to 
lose  his  head,  on  a  charge  of  having  madly  in- 
vaded the  rights  of  kindly  majesty,  reduced  the 
whole  court  into  his  power,  and  made  hinist  !f 
master  of  llie  state  in  gt-m-ral,  &c.  &c.  He  was 
executed  the  4th  of  June,  1453. 

.ALV.\REZ,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
whn  was  distinguished  as  a  grammarian  be 
died  1582. 

ALVAREZ  DE  PAZ.  James,  a  J.suit,  bqjn 
at  Toledo,  autiior  of  some  divinity  tracts,  died 
1620. 

.ALV.\REZ,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
and  a  bishop  in  Italy.  He  wrote  much  polemi- 
cal divinitv,  and  died  lf>.35. 

ALIRED.    SeeALREDUS. 

.\LV.VROTTO,  James,  a  learned  law  pro- 
fessor at  Padua,  whose  authority  is  frequently 
quoted,  died  1452. 

.ALVIANO,  Bartholomew,  an  illustrious  ge- 
neral in  the  Venetian  service,  who  died  '.515. 

ALY.\TTE>6.  aking  of  Lydia,  who  died  562 
B.  C. 

ALYPIUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in  the  .".th 
centni V. 

ALYPIUS,  a  geographer,  who  was  employed 
at  Jerusalem  and  in  Britian,  by  the  emperor  Ju- 
lian. 

AMADEDDULAT,  son  of  a  fisherman,  be- 
came king  of  Persia,  and  died  9l!l. 

A.MADEUS  v.,  count  of  S.'ivoy,  sumamed 
the  Great,  bravely  defended  Rhodes  against  the 
Turks.  It  is  .said,  he  besieged  and  took  thiny- 
fwn  towns  :  he  died  1323. 

AMADEUS  VI.,  count  of  Savoy,  In  1343;  by 
hi?  merits  he  b(  came  the  arbiter  of  aflairsiii  Italy. 

AMADEUS  VIII.,  count  of  Savoy,  instituted 
in  1434,  the  order  of  the  secular  knights  of  the 
Annunrlaiion.  He  was  elected  pope,  by  the 
council  of  P.asil. 

.\.M.\nKl'S  IX.,  duke  of  Savoy,  a  brave  atid 
charitable  prince,  whose  subjects  sumamed  him 
the  Blessed  ;  he  died  1472. 

.\MAnEUS,  a  Franciscofl  monk  in  Portugal, 
who  pretended  to  some  mystical  revelations  at 
Rome,  died  1482. 

AMADEUS,  bishop  of  Lausanne,  died  11.58. 

AMAJA,  Francis,  a  Spaiush  professor  of  civil 
law,  whose  commentaries  are  highlv  valued, 
died  1640. 

AMAK,  a  much  admired  Persian  poet  of  tlis 
5th  century. 

AMAL.4RIC,  or  AM  \I"RY,  king  of  the  Vt- 
sigoths,  killed  by  one  of  his  soldiers,  .531. 

AM.^L.'VRIUS,  Fortunatus,  ambassador  of 
Charlemacne  to  Constantinople.  He  died  814, 
and  left  a  ire.atise  on  baptism. 

AM-\  L  A  R  lUS,  Symphosius,  a  priest  of  Mentr, 
and  author  of  a  book  on  the  antiquities  of  the 
church,  died  837. 

AMALASONTHA,  daushier  of  Theodoric. 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  a  wi>man  of  vimie  fo< 
the  limes.  She  was  cruelly  murdered  by  her 
husband,  534. 

.\M.\LEK,  son  of  Eliphaz,  was  the  founder 
of  a  nation  which  settled  Iduinca,  and  made  war 
a^nst  Saul  and  David. 

23 


AM 

.\M.'\LRIC,  Aiigeri,  aullior  of  a  history  ul 
the  popti^,  fiourisheil  in  the  l!lh  ccniury. 

AMALRIC,  Arnold,  arclibi.-^liopof  Narbonne, 
who  aniinatt-d  the  princes  ol  Spain  against  the 
Moors,  and  wrote  an  account  of  a  battle  wlricli 
he  witnessed,  died  1225. 

AMALTILEA,  the  name  of  the  Sybil  of  Cu- 
tna;,  who  sold  her  boobs  to  Torquin. 

AMALTHKUS,  Jerome,  John  Baptiste,  and 
Cornelius,  tliree  brothers,  born  at  Oderzo,  in 
Italy,  wiually  celebrated  for  their  poetry.  Tliey 
all  three  died  in  1574. 

AMAMA,  Sbiliims,  a  Hebrew  professor  of 
great  learning  and  piety  in  Germany,  who  b<  trail 
a  work  called  "  AniibnrbamsBiblicus,''  but  died 
before  it  was  finished,  iti  1621). 

AMAND,  Mark  Anthony  Gerard  Sieurde  St., 
born  in  Normandy,  a  comic  poet  of  some  fame : 
he  died  1G61. 

AMAXD,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Bordeati.x,  404. 

AM.ARAL,  Andrew  d',  a  Portuguese  of  the 
order  of  Malla,  who  betrayed  Rhodes  to  Soly- 
man.    He  was  put  to  death  ].")22. 

AMASEUS,  Koinulus,  professor  at  Bolopna, 
and  author  of  a  translation  of  Pausanias,  died 
1855. 

AMASIS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  died  about 
525  B.  C. 

AMATUS,  de  Portugal,  a  physician,  who 
wrote  Commentaries  on  Disoscorides,  Aviccn- 
i>a,  fee,  about  1550. 

AMAUKI,  de  Cliartres.  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, born  at  Borme,  in  the  13th  ccntiin,'.  He 
formed  a  new  system  of  religion  oil  the  meta 
physics  of  Aristotle. 

AMAURI,  king  of  Jerusalem  in  1162 ;  he  died 
1173. 

AMAURI  n.,  kiugof  Cyprus  and  Jerusalem 
in  1164. 

AMAZIAH,  son  of  Joash,  kingof  Judah,  was 
put  to  death  by  his  subjects,  810  B.  C. 

ABIBOISE,' Francois  d',  son  of  the  surceon 
to  Charles  IX.,  of  France,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
counsellor  of  state  by  his  learning  and  industry. 
He  died  IfiOO. 

AMBOISE,  George  d',  bom  in  1460,  and  be- 
came archbishop  of  Nai;M)nne,  and  afterwards 
prime  minister  to  Lewis  XII.,  of  France.  He 
was  famed  for  his  firmness  and  energy. 

AMBOISE,  Michael  d',  author  of  several  epis- 
tles, ballads,  &c.,  flourished  in  the  16lh  century. 

AMBOISE,  Aimery  d',  was  famous  for  the 
luival  victory  he  obtained  over  the  Sultan  of 
Egypt,  1510. 

AMBOISE,  Frances  d',  wife  of  Peter  11., 
duke  of  Britanny.  She  was  famed  for  the  im- 
provement she  introduced  in  the  manners  of  the 
Bretons.    She  died  1485. 

AMBROGI,  Antony  Marie,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Rome,  published  various  works,  and 
died  1788. 

AMBROSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Milan,  an  eminent 
father  of  the  church,  bom  in  Gaul,  333.  The 
birth  of  Ambrose  is  said  to  have  been  followed 
hy  a  remarkable  presage  of  his  future  eloquence, 
for  we  are  told,  that  a  swarm  of  bees  came  and 
settled  upon  his  mouth  as  he  lay  in  his  cradle. 
He  died  at  Milan  397,  and  was  buried  in  the  great 
church  there.  The  most  considerable  of  his  nu- 
merous works  is  that  "  De  Officiis."  Ambrose 
carried  the  esteem  of  the  virginity  and  celibacy 
so  far,  that  he  seemed  to  regard  matrimony  as 
an  intlecent  thing. 

AMBROSE,  deacon  of  Alexandria,  was  the 
patron  of  Origeii,  by  whose  cloqticnce  he  was 
converted  to  Christianitv.    He  died  250. 
24 


AM 

AMBROSE,  born  at  Portico  in  Romania,  waa 

disiinguithed  by  his  flu(rncy  in  the  Greek  tongue 

at  the  toiinrils  Basil,  Ferrara,  &c.    He  died  1439. 

AMBROSE,  de  Lombez  Pere,  a  capuchin, 

author  of  a  tract  on  inward  peace,  died  177S. 

A  MBROSE,  Isaac,  a  de^cclldant  from  the  Am 
brose  family  in  Lincolnshire,  who,  during  tli 
civil  wars,  became  a  prcsbytcrian.  He  pub 
lished  several  tracts,  wliich  were  much  C3 
teemed. 

A  M BROSINI,  B artholomew,  professor  of  me 
dicine  at  Bologna.  He  published  several  learn 
ed  books  on  medicine,  and  died  ]()57. 

•VMBROSINI,  Hyacinth,  brother  and  succe9 
sor  of  the  preceding,  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
plants  discovered  in  the  17th  century. 

AMBROSIL'S,  Aurclianus,  a  prince  of  Ar- 
morica,  went  to  Britain  457,  to  assist  the  Britons 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  Sa.vons. 

AMBROSll'S,CathariiiusPolitus,  archbishop 
of  Compsa,  Naples.    He  wrote  some  religious 
works,  and  died  1552. 
AMEDEtS,  seeAMADEUS. 
AMELH'S,  Gentilianus,  a  Platonic  philoso- 
pher of  the  third  centurv.  disciple  to  Plotinus. 
AMELOT  DE  LA  HOUSSAYE,  Abraham 
Nicholas,  a  native  of  Orleans  ]6;i4,  sent  as  se- 
cretary to  the  French  ambassador  at  Venice. 
He  wrote  much,  but  was  sent  to  the  Basiile  for 
his  senlimciits. 

AMELOT,  IHnis,  a  French  writer,  author  of 
a  translation  of  the  New  Testatnent,  and  other 
works.     He  died  1G78. 

AMERB.-VCH,  John,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  1515.  His  son, 
.lolin,  was  professor  of  law  at  Basil,  and  thfc 
friend  oi  Erasmus.    He  died  1562. 

AMERRACn,  Vitus,  a  Bavarian,  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Ingoldstadt,  and  a  writer  of 
eminence,  died  I.ISO. 

AMERIcrs,  Vesputius,  a  Florentine,  a  dis- 
coverer in  the  continent  called,  after  him,  Ame- 
rica, died  l.TiO.     See  COLUMBUS. 

AMES,  Fisher,  a  distinguished  statesman  and 
eloquent  orator,  born  in  Hedham,  Mass.,  author 
of  a  celebrated  speech  in  Congress  on  the  British 
treaty  in  1776.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  a  great 
and  extraordinary  character,  and  died  in  1806. 
AMES,  William,  of  Norfolk,  Eng.,  a  learned 
divine,  professor  of  the  university  of  Franeker, 
Holland,  died  at  Rotterdam,  on  his  way  to  New- 
England,  1633. 

AMES,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  typographical 
historian,  and  secretary  to  the  societj'  of  Anti- 
quaries, was  originally  a  ?hi|)-chandler  at  Wap- 
ping.  Late  in  life  he  took  to  the  study  of  anti- 
quities ;  and,  besides  his  great  work  on  "  T}T)o- 
graphical  Antiquities,"  containing  accounts  of 
ourearlicst  jirinters  and  their  works,  lie  publish- 
ed a  list,  in  8vo.,  of  English  heads,  engraved 
and  mezzotinto,  and  drew  up  the  "  Parentalia," 
from  Mr.  Wren's  papers.  He  was  born  at  Great 
Yarmouth,  ]t;8{>,  and  died  Oct.  7,  1759. 

AMHERST,  Jeffrey,  lord,  commander-in-chief 
of  the  British  army  at  the  conquest  of  Canada, 
1760;  born  in  England  1717 ;  captured  Louisburg 
1758 ;  succeeded  Abercrombie  in  the  command 
of  the  army  of  North  America :  returned  to 
England,  where  he  was  created  field  marshal, 
and  died  1798,  aged  80. 

AMHURST,  Nicholas,  born  at  Marden,  in 
Kent,  but  in  what  year  is  uncertain  He  receiv- 
ed his  grammatical  education  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  in  London,  and  thence  was  remov- 
ed to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  but  expelled 
for  irregularity  of  conduct.     Soon  after  Mr 


AM 

Amliiirst  quitted  O.vt'ord,  lie  soeins  to  have  set 
tied  in  London  as  a  writer  by  profession.  He 
published  a  vuUiiiie  of  miscellanies ;  but  the 
principal  literary  undertakinj;  of  Mr.  Amliur-<t 
was,  "  The  Craftsman,"  which  was  carried  on 
for  a  number  of  years  witli  (sreat  spirit  and  suc- 
cess, and  was  more  read  and  attended  to  than 
ajiy  production  of  the  kind  that  had  iiitherto 
been  published  in  England.  Ten  or  twelve 
thousand  were  sold  in  a  day ;  and  the  effect 
whici)  it  had  in  raising  the  indit^nation  of  the 
people,  and  in  controlling  the  power  of  adnii- 
nisl  ration,  was  very  considi.rablf.  He  died  at 
Twickenham,  April  "7,  I7W,  of  a  broken  heart, 
and  was  buried  at  the  charge  of  his  printer, 
Richard  Franklin. 

AMICO.NI,  Giacomo,  a  Venitian,  was  a  suc- 
cessful portrait  and  historical  painter  in  Eng 
land,  and  afterwards  painter  to  the  king  of 
SSpain.     He  died  1752. 

A  MICUS,  .\ntony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Palermo, 
and  liistoriograplicrroval  to  Philip  IV'.  of  Spain. 
lI.Mlied  lli4l. 

AML\-BE.\-HAnor\,  son  of  Aaron  Has 
cliid,  was  the  sixth  caliph  of  the  house  of  Abas 
sides,  a  cruel  and  imprudent  prince,  who  was 
put  to  death  after  a  rei;;n  of  .5  years,  PiJi. 

A.MIRAL,  Henry,  a  native  of  France,  noto- 
rious fur  bis  atteMi|it  to  a-ssassitiuie  i^ollot  d 
Herboisaiid  Robespierre,  and  rid  France  of  her 
tyrants,  was  executed  I7'.l--. 

A.MM.\N,  Paul,  of  Breslau,  professor  at  Leip 
sic,  died  KKK). 

A.M.M.\N,  John  Conrad,  a  Swiss  physician, 
who  succeeded  in  teacliinj;  the  deaf  to  speak  in 
France,  died  about  n:iO. 

AM.MANATI,  Bartliolomcw,  an  eminent 
sculptor  and  architect  of  Florence,  died  l.^ti. 

AMM.\NAT[,  Laura Battiferri,  wife  of  Bar- 
tholomew, celebrated  for  her  genius  and  learn- 
ing. Her  poems  arc  highly  esteemed  by  tlic 
Italians.     Phe  died  1589. 

AM.MIAiVrs,  Marcellinus,  a  Latin  historian, 
died  about  :vj<). 

AM.MIRATO,  or  AMMIRATI,  Scipio,  born 
in  Naples  in  1531,  wrote  a  history  of  Florence 
in  ti<'o  vols,  folio,  and  many  other  works  of  less 
importance,  and  died  at  Florence,  IrtOO. 

A.MMON,  the  son  of  Lot,  and  progenitor  of 
the  Ammonites,  lived  about  1900  B.  C. 

AMMONII't?,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  pre- 
ceptor to  Plutarch. 

AMMONIUB,  Saccus,  a  philosopher  of  the 
3d  century,  and  founder  of  the  Eclectic  sect, 
died  5M:». 

AMMONIUS,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria,  who 
first  adopted  the  present  operation  of  lithotomy 

AMMONIIJj^,  Andrew,  a  learned  native  of 
Lncra,  who  came  and  settled  in  England.  He 
lived  some  lime  in  Sir  Thomas  More's  house. 
And  afterwards  in  St.  Thomas'  College,  for  be 
was  not  in  circumstances  sutricient  to  hire  a 
house  of  his  own.  There  subsisted  a  strong 
friendship  and  close  correspondence  between 
him  and  Era,smus.  The  advice  which  Eras- 
mus gives  liim,  in  regard  to  pushing  his  fortune, 
has  a  good  deal  of  humour  in  it,  and  was  cer- 
tainly intended  as  a  satire  on  the  artful  methods 
generally  practised  by  the  selfish  and  ambit  inns 
part  of  mankind.  "  In  the  first  place  (says  be) 
throw  off  all  sense  of  shame;  thrust  yoiirself 
Into  every  one's  business,  and  elbow  out  wliorn- 
BOever  you  can  ;  neither  love  nor  hate  any  one ; 
measure  everything  by  your  own  advantage; 
let  this  be  the  scope  and  drift  of  all  your  actions. 
Give  notbina  but  what  is  to  be  returned  witli 


D 


AM 

usury,  and  be  complaisant  to  every  body, 
ll.-ive  alw  ays  two  strings  to  your  bow.  Fcigil 
tliat  you  are  solicited  by  many  from  abroad,  and 
et  every  thing  ready  for  your  departure.  Show 
letters  inviting  you  elsewhere,  with  great  pro- 
mises." Fortune,  at  length,  brgan  to  smile 
upon  Ammonius,  for  he  was  appointed  tecro- 
tary  to  Henry  Vlll.,  and  honoured  by  Pope  Leo 
X.  with  a  public  character  at  tlie  court  of  that 
prince  ;  and,  in  all  appearance,  he  would  have 
soon  risen  higher,  had  not  dealli  carried  liim  otf 
when  be  was  but  of  a  middle  age.  He  died  of 
thesweaiingsicknessin  1517.  Ammonius  wrote 
several  Latin  poetical  pieces. 

AMMOMUS,  Livinus,  a  Carthusian  Monk, 
esteemed  by  Era.snius  for  his  learning  and  pieiy. 
died  I.'mG. 

AMCJ.VTOXS,  William,  was  born  in  >or- 
mandy,  the  la.st  day  of  August,  lf>(">3.  He  was  in 
llie  3d  form  of  the  Latin  school  at  Paris,  when, 
after  a  dangerous  illness,  he  contracted  such  a 
deafness  as  obliged  him  to  reuonnre  almost  all 
conversation  with  mankind.  In  this  situation, 
lie  began  to  think  of  employing  himself  In  tlie 
invention  of  machines.  He  applied,  therefore, 
to  the  study  of  geometry  ;  and  it  is  said  that  he 
would  ii.it  try  any  remedy  to  cure  his  deafn>  ss, 
fitlier  because  he  thought  it  incurable,  or  be- 
cause it  increased  his  attention.  He  studi<d 
with  great  care  the  nature  of  barometers  ami 
ihermometcrs;  and,  in  l^Hl,  presented  a  new 
liyuroscopo  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences, 
wliicli  was  very  much  approved.  Amontons 
found  out  a  method  to  acquaint  people  at  a  great 
distance,  in  a  very  little  time,  with  whatever 
one  pic.ised.  This  method  was  as  follows:  Let 
then'  be  people  placed  in  several  stations,  atsucli 
a  distance  from  one  another,  that,  by  the  help 
of  a  telescope,  a  man  ifi  one  station  may  see  a 
signal  made  by  the  next  before  him ;  he  must 
immediately  make  the  same  signal,  that  it  m,ay 
be  seen  by  persons  in  the  station  next  after  him, 
who  are  to  communicate  it  to  those  in  the  fol- 
lowing station,  and  so  on.  [Hence  certainly 
originated  the  modem  Telegraph.]  When  flie 
Royal  Academy  was  newly  regulated  in  160!), 
.\niontons  was  admitt^'J  a  member  of  it,  and 
read  there  his  "  New  Theory  of  Friction,"  in 
which  he  happily  cleared  up  a  very  important 
part  of  mechanics.  He  died  the  11  th  of  October, 
1705. 

.•\MORT,  Eusebius,  a  Bavarian  ecclesiastic, 
and  writer  on  theological  subjects,  died  1775. 

AMORY,  Dr.  Thomiis,  a  dis-^enting  minister 
of  considerable  note,  bom  at  Taunton,  ,Ian.  28, 
1701,  died  in  London,  ,?nne  24,  1774.  His  ser- 
mons chiefly  tended  to  illustrate  the  pcrfc'ctions 
md  providence  of  God  ;  the  evidences  of  a  fu- 
ture st.ate  ;  the  truth  and  excellency  of  the  Gos- 
pel :  the  great  duties  of  a  Christian  life,  &c. 

•\MORY,  Thomas,  esq.,  an  intense  student, 
and  a  writer  of  some  merit,  of  Westniiuster, 
died  1789. 

.\MOS,  a  prophet  in  the  reign  of  .Tehor,tm, 
king  of  Israel,  and  Uzzlah,  king  of  Judah,  died 
785  B.  C. 

AMOUR,  William  de  St.,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  canon  of  Bouvais,  author  of  several 
works,  died  1272. 

AMOI'R,  Louis  Covin  de  St.,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  from  which  he  w.is  expelled,  died 
l(i87. 

AMOrREUX,  N.  L',  an  eminent  sculptor  of 
Lyons,  was  drowned  in  the  Soane,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  19th  century. 

AMPHrBILUS,  a  Briton,  was  said  tn  hav« 
?5 


AN 

be«n  bisliop  of  Aiiglesua,  and  lo  liave  suirered 
martvrdoni  about  ^1. 

A.MPHILOCIIIS,  bishop  of  Iron.iim,  the 
friend  ol'  ISiibil,  and  opposcr  o(  the  Arians,  died 
394. 

A.MPHINOMUS  and  ANAPirs,  were  two 
brolhers,  who  heroically  saved  their  ajred  pa 
Tent?  on  tlieir  shoulders  during  an  eruption  oi' 
JEuia. 

AMr?l\GirS,  John  A^iier,  professor  of 
physir,  at  Rostock,  in  the  beiiinningof  the  ITlb 
century. 

AMiUJ  EBN-AL-AS,  a  Mussulman,  was  first 
the  enemy,  nnU  afterwards  the  friend  of  Maho- 
met :  he  died  uovernor  of  I'pypt,  Oti3. 

AMSUOlir,  Nicholas,  a  follower  of  Luther, 
mid  bi'luip  of  Nurenilmi^'li,  died  LIU. 

AMCRATIl  I.,  an  Ottoman  emperor,  and  a 
snccesslul  warrior,  notoiious  for  his  crueltv, 
died  IKffl. 

AMUR.VTH  II.,  successor  to  Mahomet  as 
Ottoman  emperor:  he  was  the  first  Turk  who 
used  cannon  in  battle  ;  he  resigned  his  crown 
to  hiE  son,  but  afterwards  resumed  it,  and  died 
1451. 

AMUR  ATI!  in.  pueceeiled  Pelim  II.,  and  im- 
nieiliately  murdered  his  five  brothers ;  he  was  a 
valiant  and  siirtessful  warrior,  and  ilied  15!I5. 

AMl'R.\'i'H  I. .successor  to  IMustaplia.acruel 
prince,  who  put  ^(0,000  inliabitants  of  Bagdad  to 
llie  sword,  died  1040. 

AMY,  N.,  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Aix,  and  a  writer  on  natural  s'      ice,  died  17C0. 

AMYRl'TZES,  a  philosoph  -r  '^rcbizond. 
who  renounced  Ciirisiianity  for  >..  'inisin. 

and  became  a  favourite  of  Malu.s.iei 

AMYOT,James,bisbopof  AiiM-rre,  ui;  nd 
almoner  of  France  under  Henry  III.,  and  Charles 
IX.,  and  a  writer  on  several  subiects;  but  chief- 
ly known  as  the  translator  of '•  Plutarch's  Lives 
;ind  Morals."  He  was  born  at  Muliin,  1514,  and 
died  1.593. 

AMYRAUT-T.  Mo=;es,  an  eminent  Fronch 
divine,  bor.'i  159G.  at  Eoreutil,  a  SHial!  town  of 
Touraine.  He  was  a  man  of  such  charity  and 
compassion,  that,  during  the  last  ten  yeclts  of 
bis  life,  he  bestowed  his  whole  salary  oii  the 
poor,  without  dis'inclion  of  Catholic  or  Protes- 
tant, and  died  1664. 

ANACHARPIS,  an  illustrious  Scythian  phi- 
losopher. He  travelled  to  Athens  in  the  time  of 
Solon,  with  whom  he  contracted  an  intimate 
friendship  ;  and  Solon  not  oidy  instruct(Ml  him, 
but  souclit  all  opportunities  of  doing  him  ho 
nonr.  He  had  a  quick  andlively  genius,  a  strong 
and  masterly  eloquence  ;  and  tliere  was  some- 
thing BO  determined  Dud  resolute  in  his  manner, 
ih.it  those  who  imitated  him  were  said  to  speak 
In  the  Scvlhian  style.  He  was  extremely  lond 
ofpoetryjand  wrote  upon  certain  laws  of  the 
Scythians  and  Oreeks.  Cro-sus  invited  him  to 
Sardis,  and  offered  him  money;  but  the  phi- 
losopher answered,  "  that  he  was  come  to 
Greece  to  leant  the  laws  and  manners  of  that 
country ;  that  he  had  no  occasion  for  gold  or 
silver;  and  that  it  would  suffice  tor  him  to  re- 
Turn  lo  Scythia  a  wiser  and  more  intelliircnt  man 
.than  he  came  from  thence."  After  staying  Ions 
in  Greece,  he  prepared  to  return  home ;  and 
passing  through  Cyzicum,  he  found  that  city 
celebrating  very  solemnly  the  feasts  of  Cybele, 
and  vnwcd  to  do  the  same  if  he  should  gethonii- 
in  safety.  Upon  his  arriv;il  in  Scythia,  ho  at 
teaipted  to  chance  the  ancienl  customs  of  his 
country, and  to  ostablish  thftseof  Greece  ;  which 
proved  ertreniely  disagreeable  to  the  Scythians, 
26 


AN 

land  at  length  destructive  to  himself.  For  tn- 
iering  one  day  a  thick  wood,  to  perform  his  vow 
jto  Cybele  as  secretly  as  might  be,  he  was  dis- 
Wjvercd  ill  the  mid.-:l  of  the  solemnity,  and  shot 
jrlead  with  an  arrow  by  the  king  hiiiistlf.  There 
are  many  beautiful  apothegnisul  this  philosopher 
preserved  I)  V  Larlius,  Plutarch,and  ol  her  wi  itirs 

A\.\CLETUS,bishopofRoine,sullercdmar 
tyrdom  'J2. 

'  .^NACLETUS  claimed  tlie  papacy  in  oppo- 
ilion  lo  Innocent  il.,  but  not  sncceediiig,  died 
in  obscurity,  113i^. 

AJVACO.VNA,  queen  of  Xiragua,  iu  the  island 
of  St.  Domingo,  was  cruelly  put  lo  dtaili  by 
Ovando. 

ANACREON,  a  Greek  poet,  bom  at  Teos,  a 
seaport  of  Ionia,  flourished  about  the  (i-Jd  Olxin- 
piad.  This  poet  had  a  most  delicate  wit,  but 
was  certainly  too  lond  of  pleasure;  for  love  and 
wine  had  the  disposal  ol  all  his  hours,  'i'lie 
mannerof  his deatii,  which  happened  at  Abderu, 
is  said  to  have  been  very  extraordinary  ,  for 
they  tell  us,  he  was  choked  with  a  grape-stone, 
which  he  swallowed  as  he  was  regaling  on  some 
new  wine.  A  small  part  only  of  Anacreon's 
works  remain ;  and  these  consist  chiefly  of  liac- 
chahalian  songs,  and  love  sonnetij.  The  oties 
of  Aiiacreon,"  says  Kapin,  "  are  flowers,  beau- 
ties, and  perpetual  gr.ices." 

ANAGNOSTA,  John,  a  Byzantine  histo- 
rian. 

ANASTASH'S  I.,  the  sUentiary,  who,  from 
obscure  birth,  became  emperor  of  the  east,  by 
niiu-ryiiig  the  widow  of  the  emperor  Zenc,  died 

ANASTASIUS  II.  was  raised  from  a  private 
station  to  the  throne  of  Consiantiiiople  by  the 
oice  of  the  people.    He  abdicated  the  throne 
for  a  religious  habit,  and  afterwards,  in  attempt- 
ing to  regain  it,  was  put  to  death,  719. 

ANASTASiUS  I.,  pope  of  Rome,  succeeded 
Siricius  ;  he  reconciled  the  eastern  and  western 
churches,  and  dii  il  much  respected  for  his  saiic- 
tilv  and  virtne,  402. 

ANASTASIUS  U.,  pope  after  Gelaslus,  died 
496. 

AXASTASirS  III.,  pope  after  SergiuslTI., 
eminent  for  his  wisdom,  died  two  years  after  his 
election,  913. 

AN.AnTASIUS  IV.,  pope,  a  charitable  and 
humane  man  ;  he  died  1154. 

ANASTASIl'S,  contested  the  p  .-  cy  witJi 
Benedict  IH.,  and  not  succei  g,  he  died  in  ob 
curity. 

ANASTASIUS,  Bibliothecarius,  a  IcarneU 
Greek  of  tlie9tli  century,  librarian  of  the  church 
of  Rome,  and  abbot  of  St.  Mary  beyond  the 
Tv^er. 

ANASTASIUS,  Pinaite,  a  monk  of  Mount 
Sinai,  in  the  7lh  century. 

ANASTASUIS,  Theopolitamis,  bishop  of 
Anlioch  ;  he  was  hani.shed  from  his  sec,  and 
restored  593  ;  lie  died  6  years  after. 

ANATOLIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
died  458. 

ANATOLIUS,  bishop  of  Laodicea,  about 
2fi9;  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  arithmetic 
and  geometry. 

ANAXAGORAS,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
philosophers  of  antiquity,  born  at  Clazoinena;, 
in  Ionia,  about  4.')0  B.  C.  He  placed  the  supreme 
aood  of  human  life  in  contemplation. 

ANAXANDRIDKS,  king  of  Sparta,  about 
.■),50  B.  C,  father  to  Cleomcncs  and  Leonidas. 

ANAXANDRIDES.  a  comic  poet  of  Rhodes, 
about  300  B.  C 


% 


AiVAXAKChl  t<,  :i  pliiicisopher  of  Abdtra, 
pui  to  deati)  by  tin;  kinp  of  Cyprus. 

ANAXlljAlia,  a  pylliaijoiKan  pliilosoplicr  of 
the  ate  of  Aus\iit\is. 

ANAXlMAiNDER,  a  pliilosopher of  MUetua, 
died  547  1^.  €. 

ANAXIMENES,  tlic  pupil  and  successor  of 
Annxiiiiaticli-r,  lived  r>5(t  H.  f. 

ANAXIMKNES,  a  hisioriai),  vvlio  arcoinpa- 
nitd  Al(\aii(l(:r  fli«  IJroat  in  his  expciliiioii ; 
lie  wrote  a  history  of  Orctce. 

AX(.  HAUANO,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rolocna, 
authpr  of  books  on  tlie  civil  and  canon  iaw, 
died  1417. 

ANCll  AR.AN'O,  Jaines,  a  writer  of  theolo^-. 

ANC'IIjLOX,  IJaviJ,  a  protcslant  divine,  born 
at  Mciz,  emnient  for  his  learninfe',  piety,  and 
eloquence,  died  at  Berlin,  IC'.fJ. 

A.\riLL*J>i,  Charles,  son  of  David,  inspcc 
tor  i.T  till'  Trench  courts  of  jnstice  in  Bcrhn, 
and  hif  .orioprriplier  to  the  kinj;,  died  IT.'il. 

A.N'CKWIT/.,  a  nati^-e  of  Poland,  anibassa 
dor  to  Dennmrk,  accused  of  betraying  his  conn 
try  to  Itussia,  and  executed  17'.I4. 

AM Dl'KT,  I'loren-Carlon  d",  an  eminent 
Frenrli  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  boni  at  Fon- 
taiiib'eau,  Ifitil ;  he  died  1720,  having  written 
fift\-two  plavs. 

.AiXnS  MARTIUS,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
extended  the  boundaries  of  liis  kijigdom,  and 
Hull!  Ostia.  died  C46  li.  C. 

AiXDKRSON'j  Alexander,  professor  of  niatlic- 
■lalirs  at  Paris  in  the  Killi  century. 

AMlKRtSdN,  Andrew,  a  printer,  who  ob- 
tained from  ("liarlcs  II.  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  printiiic  in  t^coiland  for  41  years. 

AND]".Kt^t)N,  Adam,  author  of  a  valuable 
treatise  on  trade  and  commerce,  died  Iw;!. 

AM)KKS50N,  James,  1>.  1).  minisicr  of  a 
Seiilcli  rresbyteriaii  church  in  London. 

ANnKli.'^t  ).\,  .lames,  V.m].  advocate  and  clerk 
of  the  Scolihiiarlliimenl,  an<'  author  of  an  abl< 
vindiraiioM  of  iis  indi  pendi'i'co,  died  171v'. 

ANDFRSC^N,  John,  A.  M.  ;in  able  and  iiopu- 
tar  preacher,  and  minister  of  Dumbarton,  died 
17-2n. 

ANDERSON,  Pir  Edmund,  made  lord  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas  in  ld.*2.  lie  was 
a  very  rtrici  lawyer,  and  covernt  d  himself  en- 
tirely by  statutes  ;  for  we  have  hi«  express  de- 
claration, that  he  neither  expected  precedents 
in  all  <JK*cs,  nor  would  he  be  bound  by  them 
where  he  saw".''.*!  they  were  not  founded  ujioii 
justice,  but  would  act  an  if  there  were  no  such 
precedents.  Of  this  we  have  a  proof  from  the 
reports  in  his  time,  published  fry  !\Ir.  Golde.'^ho- 
rousrh  :  "Thecaseof  Resceit  was  moved  again; 
and  f^huttleworth  said,  that  he  could  not  lie  re- 
ceived, bceause  he  was  named  in  the  writ ;  and 
added,  that  he  had  searched  all  the  books,  and 
there  was  not  one  case  where  he  who  is  named 
in  the  writ  may  b(  received. "-"What  ol  that  ■?" 
said  Jndt;e  Anderson  ;  "  shall  we  not  give  judg- 
ment because  it  is  not  adjudged  in  the  books  be- 
fore ?  w<~  will  give  judgment  .lecording  to  rea- 
son ;  and  if  there  be  no  reason  in  the  Ixioks,  I 
will  not  regard  them." — He  held  his  olfice  to 
the  lime  of  his  death,  which  happened  August 

J,  it;or>. 

ANDERSON,  John,  a  native  of  Ilamhurgh, 
and  a'  thnrof  a  natural  history  of  Iceland,  &e. 
died  V,43. 

ANDERSON,  James,  a  celebrated  British 
writer  on  commerce,  died  ^7C'.\. 

ANDERSON,  George,  an  English  self-taught 
mathematician,  born  at  Wcsten,  in  Bucking- 


AN 

Uiatnshire,  in  17(30.  His  parents  were  peasants, 
jaiid  he  was  obliged  to  work  as  a  day-labourer. 
illriviiig  at  knpili  attracted  the  attention  of  a 
jworlhy  clergyuian,  he  was  by  him  sent  to  a 
Igianimar-scliool,  and  afterwards  to  New  Col- 
ilege,  Oxford,  whore  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
jHe  also  entered  into  deacon's  orders,  but  never 
'qualified  as  a  priest,  having  obtained  a  clerk- 
Iship  at  ilie  lioaid  of  control  under  Mr.  Dundiis. 
He  translated,  from  the  Greek  of  Archinicdts, 
"  Arcnarius,  a  treatise  on  measuring  the  sands," 
{and  "  A  general  view  of  the  variations  x^  hich 
Ihave  taken  place  in  the  affairs  of  the  East  In- 
Idia  (ompanv  since  ihe  conclusion  of  the  war 
jiii  India  ill  17H4  ,"  and  died  April  30,  179G. 
I  -ANDLKiSON,  Larz.  a  minister  of  Gustavu!< 
jVasa,  a  man  of  great  abilities,  and  chancellor 
of  Sweden  ;  he  introduced  Luthcrani^ni  into 
[Sweden. 
ANDERSON,  Dr.  James,  an  indefatigable  and 
able  writer  on  agriculture,  political  economy, 
'and  other  subjcctsol  gineral  interest;  Ik  was 
Iborn  in  ]  7.')!),  nt  Ilermiston,  near  Edinburgh, 
land  died  at  \^'est  Ham,  in  Essex,  IFOti.  His 
|li;erary  productions  are  very  numerous,  and  a 
icorrect  hst  of  them  will  be  found  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Hla'J^I'.ine,  Ixxviii.  10.'>3 ;  among  which 
the  principal  are,  "  Essays  relating  to  Agricul- 
ture, and  Rural  Affairs,"  3  vols.  8vo.  " 'I'lie 
Hee,"  Ic!  vols.  8vo.  "Recreations  in  Agricul- 
ture, 6  vols.  8vo.  1H02.  His  hl>le  is  copious, 
and  sometimes  prolix,  but  always  perspicuous 
;ind  guarde''  'jllis  manners  wer<'  gentlemanly 
and  uiicoi;.'  '  uned,  and  his  convirsation  waa 
plear;;!^.      ./.lAvell  stored  with  anecdotes. 

I     .I'.nti   DES  ROCHKRS,  John,  a  French 
-XTPr  of  great  merit  and  industry,  born  at 
Lyons,  died  1741. 

ANDOCIDES,  an  Athenian  orator,  lived  40O 
B.  C. 

ANDRAD.A,  Diego  de  Pay  vad',  a  Portuguese, 
aneloc|ueiil  preacher,  and  acute reasoner,  ninth 
admiii.'d  tor  his  learning  and  judgment,  lived 
about  iriP^. 

A  NDR  ADA,  Francis  d',  brother  to  the  above, 
h'    oriniirapher  lo  Philip  III  o(  Spain. 

ANDRADA,  Thomas-<r,  reformer  of  theAu- 
gustines;  hew  as  taken  prisoner  in  Africa,  where 
lie  chose  to  leniain,  to  console  his  fellow  slaves. 

ANDRADA,  Anthony  d',  a  Portuguese  Je- 
suit, who,  w  hen  a  missionary,  discovered  Thi- 
bet and  Cathay  :  he  died  1C34. 

ANDRE,  Nathaniel  St.,  an  English  surgeon, 
the  friend  of  Pope,  died  1776. 

ANDRE,  John,  aid  de  camp  to  Pir  Henry 
Clinton,  an  adjutant  general  of  the  British  ar- 
my in  America,  in  the  war  of  the  rtvoliilion  : 
he  was  taken  as  a  spy,  when  negotiating  with 
Aniold,  about  the  surrender  of  West  Point,  and 
hung.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  talents  and 
( leganceof  manners,  niid  died  much  lamented, 
both  by  friend  and  foe,  aged  20. 

ANDREAS,  James,  an  eminent  Lutheran  di- 
vine, chancellor  and  rector  of  the  university  of 
Tubingen  ;  lii.s  writings  were  numerous  and 
much  esteemed  ;  he  died  lo'.lO. 

ANDREAS,  John,  a  famous  canonist  of  the 
I4ih  century,  born  at  MuiieUo,  m  ar  Florence. 
VVe  arc  lold  wonderful  things  concerning  the 
austerity  of  his  lite ;  as,  that  he  macerated  his 
body  with  prayer  and  fasting,  and  lay  upon  the 
bare  ground  for  20  years  together,  covtn  d  only 
with  a  bear  skin  :  and  this  is  attested  by  very 
cooil  autluirs. — Andreas  had  a  beautiful  dangli 
tcr.  named  Novella,  w  hom  he  loved  extremely  • 
and  he  is  said  to  have  instructed  her  so  well  Su 
27 


AN 

ail  parisof  loarnin)!,  that  whf  n  he  « ;is  riipa^'til 
in  any  affair  wliicli  hindurcil  liiin  from  rcudiiig 
lectures  to  his  scholars,  he  sent  Iiis  rlaiichtor  in 
his  room  :  wlien,  Itst  hw  beauty  should  prevent 
the  attention  of  tlie  hfarcrM,  alie  l)ad  a  little  cur- 
tain drawn  befori;  her.  To  ptrpetuato  the  me- 
mory of  this  daughter,  he  entitled  hi;:  conimnn- 
tary  upon  tlie  Decretals  of  Gregory  IX.  "  Tlic 
Novella;."  Andreas  died  of  the  plague  at  Bo- 
loijna,  in  134o,  after  he  had  been  a  prol'cseor  45 
years,  and  was  buried  in  the  clmrcli  of  tlie  Do- 
minicans. 

AXDIiE.-VS,  John  Valentine,  a  German  Pro- 
tesiani  divine,  died  1654. 

ANDREAS,  John,  was  bom  a  Mahometan,  at 
Xativa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Valencia,  and  suc- 
ceeded liis  father  in  the  disnity  of  alfa(]ui  of 
tliat  city.  He  was  enlightened  with  the  kiiow- 
Icilge  of  the  (.''hristian  religion  by  being  present 
at  a  sermon  in  the  great  churchof  Valencia,  on 
the  day  of  the  Assumption  of  the  blessed  Virgin, 
in  1417.  Upon  this  he  desired  to  be  bapti/.td ; 
and  in  mcmoiy  of  the  calling  of  St.  John  and 
St.  Andrew,  he  took  tlie  names  of  John  Andreas. 
At  the  desire  of  Martin  Garcia,  bishop  of  B.ir- 
celona,  he  composed  his  famous  work  of  "  The 
Confusion  of  the  Sect  of  Mahomet."  It  con- 
tains 12  cliapters,  wherein  he  has  collected  the 
fabulous  stories,  impostures,  forgeries,  brutali- 
ties, foUies,  obscenities,  absurdities,  impossibili- 
ties, lies,  and  contradictions  which  Mahomet,  in 
order  to  deceive  the  simple  people,  has  dispersed 
in  the  writings  of  tliat  sect,  and  especially  in  the 
Koran.  This  hook,  which  was  published  at  first 
in  Spanish,  has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
puages;  and  all  those  who  write  against  the 
Mahometans  quote  it  very  much. 

ANDKE.E,  John  Gerhard  Reinhard,  an  apo- 
thecary of  Hanover,  who  travelled  over  dilfcr- 
ent  countries  to  increase  his  knowledge  of  chy- 
mistry  and  botany,  died  1793. 

ANDREINI,  Isabella,  an  actress  of  Padua, 
and  a  poetess,  riiiinent  for  her  wit,  beauty,  and 
genius,  died  1604. 

ANDREUNUS,  Publius  Faustus,  a  native  of 
Italy,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Paris,  and  poet 
laureat  to  Lewis XII.  and  his  queen,  died  1518. 

ANDREW,  St.,  a  fisherman  of  Galilee,  and 
disciple  of  John  the  Baptist;  he  preached  the 
(.ospel  in  Scythia,  and  was  there  put  to  death 
on  the  cross. 

ANDREW,  a  native  of  Damascus,  bishop  of 
Aloria,  in  Crete,  and  author  of  commentaries 
on  the  Scriptures,  died  7^0. 

ANDREW,  a  sculptor,  architect,  painter,  and 
musician,  of  Pisa,  died  1330. 

ANDREW,  bishop  of  Samosata,  in  the  5th 
century. 

ANDREW,  John,  secretary  to  the  vaticani, 
and  bishop  of  Aleria,  in  Corsica,  died  1403. 

ANDREW,  of  Ratisbon,  author  of  a  history 
of  Bohemia,  &c.,  in  the  15th  century. 

ANDREW,  Tobias,  defender  of  the  Carte- 
sian philosophy,  and  professor  of  Greek  and  his- 
tory, at  Groningen.  died  1076. 

Andrew  del  SARTO,  a  painter  of  Flo-| 
Tence,  and  favourite  of  Francis  I.  of  France,' 
distinguished  as  a  copyist,  died  1530.  j 

ANDREW,  V'alerius,  of  Brabant,  professor 
of  civil  law  at  Louvain,  was  living  165-2.  j 

ANDREW,  Ives  Mary,  a  professor  of  ma-j 
themalics  at  Caen ;  a  man  of  great  learning,! 
whose  poetry  was  much  admired ;  he  died  1764.1 

ANDREW  I.,  king  ofHungary,  compelled  nisi 
subiects  to  embrace  Christianity ;  he  was  killcdj 
ill  battle  in  lOo'J.  I 

28 


AN 

ANDREW  II.,  king  of  Hungary  ;  he  was  ir. 
the  crusades,  and  displayed  great  valour  in  bat- 
tle ;  he  attempted  tomchorate  the  condition  of 
liis  subjects,  and  died  liSS. 

ANDREW  Hi.,  king  of  Ilungac,  was  op- 
posed in  his  claims  to  the  tlu'oiie,  and  hivolved 
ill  II  civil  war  during  his  reign  ;  lie  died  1305. 

ANDREW,  king  of  Naples,  son  to  Chuioberl 
king  of  Hungary,  was  assassinated  with  the 
connivance  of  his  queen,  1345. 

ANDREWS  or  ANDREWE,  Eusebius,  ar 
English  barrister,  and  colonel  in  the  army  of 
Charles  I.,  was  beheaded  bv  Cromwell  in  iG¥> 

ANDREWS,  John,  D.  D',  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  in,  and  afterwards  pro%ost  of,  tlie 
university  of  Pennsylvania,  died  1813. 

ANDREWS,  Henry,  a  self-taught  mathema- 
tician, was  born  of  poor  parents  at  I'rieston, 
near  Grantham,  1774.  He  commenced  life  as  a 
servant,  afterwards  kept  a  school  at  Roysion, 
and  united  to  that  the  business  of  a  bookseller. 
For  more  than  40  years  he  was  the  computer 
of  the  Nautical  epheineris,  and  calculator  of 
Moore's  almanac.    He  died  Jan.  26,  1820. 

ANDREWS,  James  Petit,  a  miscellaneous 
writer  of  considerable  learning  and  talents,  was 
born  near  Newbury,  Berks,  in  1737;  and  died 
in  London,  Aug.  6,  17'J7.  His  lirst  w'ork  was 
one  of  uncommon  pleasantry  and  humour,  enti- 
tled "Anecdotes,  ancient  and  modern,with  obser 
vations,"  8vo.,  1789,  1790.  His  best  work,  how- 
ever, was  "  The  history  of  Great  Britain,  con- 
nected with  liie  chronology  of  Europe,  with 
notes,  &c.,  containing  anecdotes  of  the  time*", 
Uvcs  of  tlie  learned,  and  stiecimens  of  their 
works,  from  Ca-sar's  invasion  to  the  accession 
of  Edward  VI."  2  vols.  4to.,  ]7<I4,  1795.  It  is 
much  to  be  regretted  that  he  did  not  live  to  com- 
plete this  work.  Mr.  Andrews  also  published, 
in  1706,  a  continuation  of  "  Henry's  history  of 
Great  Britain,"  1  vol.  4to.  and  2  vols.  8vo.  He 
was,  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  one  of  the 
magistrates  of  the  police-office,  Queen  Square, 
Westminster. 

ANDREWS,  Lancelot,  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter, in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1565.  There  is  a  pleasant 
story  related  of  him  while  he  was  bishop  of 
Wiiichester,  in  the  life  of  Waller  the  poet,  who, 
going  to  see  the  king  at  dinner,  overheard  a 
very  extraordinary  conversation  between  his 
majesty,  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  Neale, 
bishop  of  Durham.  These  two  prelates,  stand- 
ing behhid  the  king's  chair,  his  majesty  asked 
tliem ;  "  my  lords,"  said  he,  "  cannot  1  take  my 
subjects'  money  when  I  want  it,  without  all  this 
formality  in  parUament'!"  The  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham readily  answered,  "  God  forbid,  sir,  but 
you  should  ;  yon  are  the  breath  of  our  nostrils." 
Whereupon  the  king  turned,  and  said  to  the 
bishop  of  Winchester,  "  well,  my  lord,  wh.it 
say  youl"  "  9\i"  replied  the  bishop,  "  I  liM^ 
no  skill  to  judge  of  parliamentary  cases."  "tjm 
king  answered,  "  no  put-ofl's,  my  lord;  ansxTOr 
me  presently."  "  Then,  sir,"  said  he,  "  I  think 
it  lawful  for  you  to  take  my  brotherNeale's  mo- 
ney, for  he  offers  it."  Tliis  great  prelate  died 
at  Winchester-house,  in  Southwark,  September 
27,  1626,  having  written  many  e.vcellent  reli- 
gious tracts,  particularly  "  A  manual  of  private 
devotions  and  meditations  for  every  day  in  the 
week  ;"  and  "  A  manual  of  directions  for  the 
visitation  of  the  sick." 

ANDREWS,  Miles  Peter,  a  dramatic  WTJter 
of  some  consideration  in  his  day,  and  member 
in  parliament  for  Bewdlcy,  died,  after  a  few 


AS 

days'  illness,  July  18,  \hl4.  Hy  tile  dcalh  of  his! 
broLlier  lie  hail  siiccordetl  lo  a  share  in  the  colo- 
bratuU  iiiamil'ariory  ol'  i^uupowdor  at  Dartlbrd  ; 
and  [michasoil  the  noble  mansion  built  by  Loidj 
Greiiville,  I'ucin?  thn  Greoii  Park.  His  tttaih 
wan  so  iiiie.xpocted.  (hat  he  hud  sent  out  above 
2(H)  cards  of  iiiviialioii  lo  ladies  lo  see  the  me  j 
iiKirahle  fireworks  in  the  ^Irecn  I'ark,  from  liis; 
windows.  He  left  property  c.-tiiiiat.rl  at  1  l(l,Oito/. 

A.NDRISCL'S,  an  iinpoyior,  who  prcieiitled 
10  be  the  son  of  Perseus,  kin;;  of  Mateilon  :  he 
rcti-'ncd  a  short  time,  and  was  put  to  death  by 
order  of  the  senate,  147  II.  C. 

A.VDUO.M.VCHUS,  a  Cretan,  physician  lo  the 
emperor  .Nero. 

,Ai\DRt).\lcrS  I.  wa"!  seated  on  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  as  emperor,  in  11811,  and  af 
terward.H  put  to  death  for  his  iruelties. 

A.VDRONICUS,  Pala-ologus  H.,  succeeded 
liis  father,  Michael  Vlll.,  and,  after  a  feeble  and 
turbulent  rei^'n,  was  banishud,  aud  died  in  a 
uionaslery,  in  13Q-2. 

AXDRONICUS,  PalEBoIogus  III.,  grandson 


AN 

ANC.r-  Dr.  SI".  JOrfKIMJ,  le  Ptre,  a  Carinc" 
life,  of  Toulouse,  and  missionary  in  Persia,  died 
IC'tT. 

ANGE  DK  STE.  RO.«AMK,  a  learned  Au 
frustiiie,  author  of  a  liislory  of  the  royal  family 
(if  I'c'ance,  died  Hit). 

.•\NGEI.1,  Itonavcnture,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
professor  of  law,  and  writer  of  a  history  of  Par- 
ma, died  1570. 

AN(JKLI,  Baldus,  an  It&lian  rliy.«!ician  of  the 
lljth  century. 

-ANCKM",  Peter,  a  Latin  poei  of  Tuscany, 
and  professor  at  Pisa,  died  l.'iStG. 

.\NREI.IC,  John,  a  celebrated  painter,  of 
Kiezola,  died  14.55. 

ANGKLIS,  Uoniinico  de,  an  eminent  scholar, 
of  Lerce,  in  Oiranto,  who  wrote  on  liistoticai 
subjects,  died  1719. 

A.\GELO.    See  MICHAEL. 

ANGELO,  Thomas  de,  an  ecclesiaBtir,  autticr 
of  a  history  of  Sicily  for  the  first  five  centuries, 
dicil  17-2n." 

ANGELOXl,  Francis,  author  of  an  Augwst.'in 


of  the  precedin<:,  a  bold,  warlike,  aud  entcrpris-|  history,  by  medals,  from  J.  Citsar  to  Constanliue, 
in?  prince,  died  1341.  |  died  Hi-W 


A.VDRONICUS  IV.,  was  seated  with  his  fa 
ther  on  the  throne  of  Coustaniiiiople,  and  died 
in  exile 


A.VGKLUS,  Christopher,  a  le.irned  Greek, 

Iriven  from  home  by   the  Turks,  became  a 

•tlteacher  of  Greek    in    England,  and   died    in 

"'IG3H. 


AXDRONICUS,  founder  of  a  sect  of  the  same 
name ;  he  maintained  that  the  upper  part  of  |     ANGIER,  Painiu'l,  a  native  of  Dedham,  au- 
woiiian  was  the  work  of  God;  but  the  lower  jihor  iif  tracts  on  ihiMlocieal  subj<-cts,  died  KiT". 
the  work  of  the  devil.  {      AN'GILHERT, St., the ministerand favourite. 

.'^NDRONICUS,  of  Thessalonica,  teacher  of  \\  and  afterwards  the  son-in-law  of  Charlemapne , 


Greek  at  Paris,  Rome,  and  Florence,  died  1478 

A.XDRONIOl^S,  Li\ius,  the  oldest  of  the  llo-j 
man  dramatists,  lived  about  240  B.  C.  j 

.\.\'DllO.\I(.'L't?,  Cyrestes,  aH  .Vthenian,  in-? 
veutor  of  weather-cocks,  and  architect  of  the! 
famous octauon  temple  at  Athens.  | 

ANDRO.VICL'S,  aRhodian  pliilosophcr,  lived 
about  ii3  B.  C. 

.\NDRO:?S,  Edmund,  sir,  governor  of  New-j 
York  in  1074,  and  of  New  England  in  IGSG ;  he 
was  odious  and  tyrannical  in  his  administration, 
and  was  seized  by  the  people  and  sent  to  Eng- 
land, but  never  tried ;  he  came  over  as  governor' 
of  Virginia,  16'J-2,  and  died  in  London,  1714,  at; 
an  advanced  age. 


an  elegant  poet  and  able  statesman,  died  614. 

ANGIOLELLO,  authoj  of  a  history  of  Ma- 
homet I.,  in  the  Italian  and  Turkish  tongue, 
after  having  been  a  slave,  died  after  1473. 

ANGLIUUS,  Gilbcrtus,  phyt^ician  to  the  arch 
bishop  of  (\interbury,  died  at  the  close  of  the 
13th  century. 

ANGLICIT3,  Ricardus,  an  eminent  EngUsh 
physician  and  author  on  medicine,  died  1230. 

ANGI.US,  Thomas,  an  English  priest,  emi- 
nent for  his  learning,  and  his  attachment  to  the 
peripatetic  philosophv,  died  after  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. 

ANGUIER,  Francis  and  Michael,  two  bro 
thers,  natives  of  Normandy,  of  great  merit  as 


ANDROUET    T)V   CERCEAU,  James,  a  i  sculptors,  the  former  died  1099,  the  latter  1686 
French  architect  of  the  liith  ceiitviry.  I     ANGUILLARI,  John  Andre  del',  an  Itahan 

ANDRY,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lyons,  pro-'lpoel  of  the  Idth  century, 
fessor  of  philosophy,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  ||     ANGUSCIOL.'V,  Sophonisba.  a  native  of  Al- 
medicine  at  Paris,  died  1742.  i|mona,  in  Italy,  eminent  for  her  historical  and 

ANE.\U.  Bartholomew,  principal  of  the  col-  iportrait  paintings,  died  lfi26. 
lege  at  Lyons,  murdered  by  the  catholic?  in  156.1.'!     A.N'ICETUS,  pope  of  Rome  1.57,8ufrered  mar 

ANELLO,  Thomas,  vulgarly  called  Massaiii-Jtyrdom  under  Marcus  Aurelius,  168. 
ello,  was  a  poor  fisherman  of  Naples,  born  in  I     ANICH,  Peter,  born  near  Inspruck,  an  in 
lfv2.i.     Having  headodthe  malcontents  in  an  in-j'genious  mechanic,  inuchesteemed  for  his  know 
Eurrection  at  Naples,  caused  by  the  viceroy's,  ledge  of  astronomy,  died  1766 
laying  a  new  tat  on  fruit,  fish.  Sec,  in  1647,  he 


occasioned  the  most  sljocking  disturbances  in. 
thai  city,  murdering  a  great  many  people,  and; 
among  the  rest  the  duke  of  Caralfa.  He  ordcredi 
many  tibhcts  and  wheels  for  torture  to  be  sot! 
up,  and  was  followed  by  ten  or  twelve  hangmen! 
to  execute  his  orders.  After  this  sedition  had' 
continued,  with  all  kinds  of  barbarity,  for  tenj 
days,  it  was  suppressed  by  four  gentlemen! 
Knocking  the  traitor  on  the  head.  His  corpse! 
was  dragged  alwut  the  streets  with  all  thescorni 
and  contempt  iin.Tsinable.  His  head,  beingl 
then  cut  otf,  wa.s  thrown  into  one  ditcli,  and  his 
body  into  another. 

.•V.NEITRIN,  an  ancient  British  poet,  died' 
aboiii  .')70,  supiifiscd  by  sijme  to  be  the  same  as 
lilt  venerable  Oild.is.  ' 

3* 


'\NICHINI,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  engraver  of 
great  celebrity.  On  seeing  his  pieces,  Michael 
.Aiigelo  is  said  to  have  exclaimed,  that  the  an 
of  engraving  had  reached  the  summit  of  perfec 
tion,  time  of  his  death  not  known. 

ANIELLO,  Thomas,  vid.  ANELLO. 

ANKERSTAOOM,  John  James,  a  Swedish 
otficerwhoinurderedGustavus,  king  of  Sweden,' 
for  which  he  was  executed.  1792. 

ANiNA,  Comnena.    See  COMNENA. 

ANNA,  Ivanovna.  daughter  of  Ivan  Alexio- 
vitch,  emperor  of  Russia,  married  Wilham 
duke  of  Courland,  and  succeeded  Peter  II.  1730 
She  died  1740. 

AN.\  AND,  William,  A.  M.,  a  native  of  Edin 
burgh,  was  made  dean  of  Raphoe,  in  Ireland 
and  died  ITlo. 


AN 

AN  NAT,  Francis,  a  native  ol"  Uouerguc,  of 
the  Older  ol'  tliu  Jcbuiis,  tuur.lier  ol"  ptiilosopliy 
at  Toulouse,  died  at  Paris  11)70. 

ANNE,  of  Austria,  da\icl)tcr  of  Pliilip  II.  of 
f?paiii,  iiiarriod  Lewis  Xlfi.,  and  was  tlie  iiio- 
tlier  o!"  Lewis  XIV. ;  she  died  IGWi. 

.ANNE,  of  Ueaujeu,  daughter  of  Lewis  Xll. 
of  France,  married  the  duke  of  Bourbon,  and 
was  resent  during  the  minority  of  her  brother, 
CharU>s  V'lll. ;  she  died  at  t'hantelle.  l.V^i. 

ANNE,  ol'ISriitaiiy, lirsi  married  Mavimilian 
of  Austria,  ne.tt  Charles  VIll.  of  France,  and 
al'terwards  Lewis  XII.  ;  she  died  1514. 

ANNE,  of  Cleves,  daughter  of  John   III 
duke  of  Clevcs,  was  married  to  Henry  VI II 
but  w-as  soon  divorced,  and  returned  to  Cleves; 
Blie  died  1.557. 

ANXE,  dauphlcr  of  James  II.,  succeeded 
William  III.  as  queen  of  Encland.  In  1(383,  she 
married  prince  George  of  Denmark,  asid  died 
1714. 

ANNE,  dutchess  of  the  Viennois,  after  the 
death  of  her  brother  John  I.,  defended  her  rights 
against  tlir  claims  of  Robert,  duke  of  Uurgundy ; 
she  died  12%. 

ANNE,  of  Ferrava,  daughter  of  Hercules  II., 
duke  of  Ferrara,  married  Francis,  duke  of 
(iuisc.  She  was  for  some  time  imprisoned  at 
Blois. 

'AXXE,  of  Russia,  married  Henry  I.,  king  of 
France,  and  afterwards  Raoul,  a  relation  of  her 
Jir^t  husband. 

ANNE,  of  Cyprus,  married  Lewis,  duke  of 
?avoy  ;  she  showed  herself  able,  active,  and 
discriminating,  at  the  head  of  public  all'air.s,  and 
died  14G2. 

ANNE,  of  Hungary,  married  Ferdinand  of 
Austria,  and  placed  him  on  the  throne  of  JJohe- 
niia  ;  she  died  1547. 

ANNE,  De  Gonzague,  wife  of  Edward,  Count 
Palatine,  died  1664,  and  was  honoured  with  a 
eulogium  by  Bossuet. 

ANXEBAUT,  Claude  d',  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  Xormandy,  distinguished  himself  for  his 
bravcrv  and  wisdom,  and  died  155s!. 

ANXEIX  DE  SOUVENEL,  Alexis  Francis, 
a  learned  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Britta- 
ny, died  1758. 

AXNESLEY,  Samuel,  L.  L.  D.,  a  native  of 
Cumberland,  died  1G9G.  It  is  said  John  Wesley 
was  his  praudson  by  the  mother's  sjde. 

ANNFiSLEY,  Arthur,  earl  of  Anglesey,  and 
lord  privy  seal  in  the  reign  of  king  Charles  11.. 
born  ].';14,  died  1680.  At  the  sale  of  liis  book.' 
after  his  decease,  a  discovery  was  made  of  thi 
earl's  famous  meirioranduni,  in  the  blank  leaf 
of  an  Eikon  Basilike ;  according  to  which,  it 
was  not  king  Charles  I.,  but  bishop  Gauden, 
who  was  the  author  of  that  performance,  which 
produced  a  long  controversy. 

ANXIUS,  de  Viteibo,  a  Dominican,  whose 
real  name  was  John  Nanni,  master  of  the  sa- 
cred palace  of  Ale.xander  VI. ;  he  died  l.JU'2. 

A.NQUETIL,  Lewis  Peter,  a  French  historian 
of  eminence,  prior  of  an  abbey  in  Anjou,  and 
director  of  the  college  of  Scnlis.  His  writings 
are  numerous ;  he  dii-d  in  1808. 

ANaUETIL  DU  PERRON,  Abraham  ",ya 
rinth,  a  native  of  Paris,  eidisted  as  a  con  ,  ion 
soldier  in  an  expedition  htting  out  for  Indi  ha! 
he  might  there  pursue  his  favourite  st  y  of 
Oriental  literature ;  he  published  several  works 
cotmected  with  that  pursuit,  and  died  1805. 

ANSCHARIUS,  a   Frenchman,   bishop  of 
Hamburgh  and  Bremen,  celebrated  for  thesuc- 
ce.-3  of  liis  preaching,  died  SC5. 
30 


AN 

AN.-JEGISCS,  abbot  of  Lobbts,  in  the  dm 
ce~>  of  (/'ambray,  a  man  of  great  learnnig  and 
application,  died  8.13. 

ANSlKilSlS,  a  learned  priest  of  Klieims, 
made  ai  clibihhop  of  Sens,  died  btCi. 

ANSELM,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the 
reigns  of  William  Rufus  and  Henry  I.,  born 
1033,  at  Aoj  1 ,  in  ff  avoy,  died  at  (Canterbury  1  lO'.i. 
He  was  the  lirst  arclibishup  who  restrained  tlie 
Engli.-h  clergy  from  marrying,  and  was  cano- 
nized in  the  reign  of  Hc-nry  Vll. 

ANSELM,  an  Augustine  monk,  author  of  a 
chronological  history  of  France,  died  Iti94. 

A  NSEl-iM,  Anthony,  distinguished  asaprcacli- 
er  and  a  poet,  died  1737. 

AN.-^ER,  a  Latin  pfjct,  the  friend  of  .\ntony, 
in  the  age  of  Horace  and  Virgil. 

ANSON, Peter  JIubert,  a  French  writer,  tneni 
her  of  the  nniional  assembly,  and  farn;er  ol  the 
posl,dird  1810. 

.  ANSON,  George,  lord,  was  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam An.xon,  Esij.,  of  Sinitborough,  a  very  an- 
cient and  worthy  family  in  Staffordshire,  and 
was  born  in  170O.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Spanish  war  he  was  ajjpointed  to  command  a 
fleet  of  live  .shiiis,  destined  to  annoy  the  enemy 
in  that  dangerous  and  unfrequented  sea  which 
lies  beyond  America,  and  in  that  unexpected 
quarter  to  attack  them  with  vigour.  His  depar- 
ture being  unaccountably  dehyed  some  months 
beyond  the  proper  season.^e  sailed  about  the  V 
middle  of  September,  1~4(J;  and  about  the  ver- 
nal equinox,  in  the  niaet  tenipe.=;tuous  weatlicr, 
arrived  in  the  latitude  ofCajie  Horn.  He  doubled 
that  dangerous 'tape  in  tlie  month  of  March, 
1741,  a|j|'r  a  bad  passage  of  40  days,  in  wliicii 
he  lost  nvo  s'.iips,  and  by  the  scurvy,  four  or  live 
men  in  a  day.  He  arrived  off  Juan  Fernaiides 
in  June,  with  only  two  ships,  besides  two  at-  . 
tendants  on  the  Sipiadron,  and  335  men.  He  left 
it  in  September,  took  some  prizes,  burnt  Paita, 
and  staid  about  the  coast  of  America  till  May, 
]74j.  He  then  crossed  the  southern  ocean,  pro- 
ceeding with  the  Centurion  only,  tlic  other  ships 
having  been  destroyed  in  August.  HaviWg  re- 
iVeshed  his  crew  at  Tinian,  he  sailed  in  October 
lor  China;  staid  tliere  till  the  beginning  of 
17-13;  waited  for  the  galleon  at  the  Philippine 
Islands,  met  her  on  the  20th  of  June,  and  took 
her.  llayini;-  sold  the  prize  in  China,  he  set  sail 
for  England,  December  1743,  and  on  iJie  15tli  of 
June,  1744,  arrived  at  Spithcad,  having  sailed 
in  a  log  through  the  midst  of  a  French  rii-et  then 
cruising  in  the  channel.  In  1747,  being  then  on 
board  the  Prince  George  of  00  guas,  in  company 
with  y\dmiral  Warren  and  twelve  ships  more, 
he  int.-rcepted  off  Cape  Finisterre  a  powerful 
fleet,  bound  from  France  to  the  East  and  West 
Indies ;  and  by  his  valour  and  conduct  again 
enriched  himself  and  his  officers,  and  strength- 
ened the  British  navy,  by  taking  six  men  of  war 
and  four  East  Indiamen,  not  one  of  them  escap- 
ing. The  French  admiral,  M.  Jonquiere,  on 
presenting  his  sword  to  the  conqueror,  said, 
"  Monsieur,  vous  avez  vaincu  Plnvincible,  ct  la 
Gloire  vous  suit,"  pointing  to  the  two  ships  so 
named.  King  George  II.,  lor  his  signal  services, 
rewarded  him  with  a  peerage,  by  the  title  of 
Lord  Anson,  baron  of  Sobarton,  in  Hants.  He 
died  suddenly  at  his  seat  at  Moor  Park,  in  Hert- 
fordshire, June  6, 17G2.  His  natural  disposition 
was  calm,  cool,  and  steady:  but  it  is  reported, 
that  tliis  honest,  undesigning  seaman  was  fre- 
([uently  a  dupe  at  play  ;  and  it  was  wittily  ol»- 
served  of  him,  that  he  had  been  round  the  world, 
but  never  in  it.    See  ROBINS. 


AN  

AN.STEY,  Christopher,  a  lively,  but  not  vo 
luminous  poet,  born  at  Trumpinaion,  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, 17-24,  died  at  Hardcnhuish,  near 
Chipi>enham,  Wilts,  August  3,  1805,  in  his  81st 
year.  Mr.  Anstey  was  author  ol'  several  short 
poems ;  but  is  principally  known  as  the  inventor 
of  a  now  and  diverting  species  of  poetry,  of 
which,  however,  he  has  let"t  but  one  speciinrn 
of  any  length,  which  is, "  The  New  Bat  li  Guide," 
or,  "  Memoirs  of  ilie  B[lund'.-rhea]d  I'amily.  He 
was  educated  at  Kind's  College,  Cambridge,  and 
intended  for  the  churcli ;  but  inheriting,  some- 
what unexpectedly,  a  moderate  fortune,  ho  re- 
signed all  thoughts  of  a  clerical  life,  and  passed 
the  greater  part  of  his  time  at  Bath.  A  monu- 
ment is  erected  to  his  rni-inory  in  the  Poet's  cor- 
ner of  Westminster  Abbey,  by  the  (ilial  atlec- 
tion  of  his  son. 

AiVSTlS,  John,  an  able  herald  and  antiquary, 
and  a  very  eminent  writer,  on  heraldic  subjectri, 
born  at  St.  Neot's,  in  Cornwall,  llj60,  died  1744. 
ANTAGOBAS,  a  Rhodian  poet,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Antigonus  of  Macedon.  I 
ANTEL>il,  Joseph,  a  canon  of  Frcjus,  iui 
Provence,  author  of  some  theological   tracts,  I 
dieil  1G<17.                                                                I 
ANTKS,  John,  a  native  of  America,  educated 


AN 

above,  remarkable  for  his  atiectiOQ  to  bis  fa- 
ther;  he  died  243  B.  C. 

ANTIGONCS,  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia, 
took  Sparta,  aud  defeated  tJie  lllyrians;  he  died 
■»-il  B.  C. 

ANTIGONl^S,  Carystius,  a  Greek  philoso- 
pher, about  :iOO  years  B.  C. 

ANTIGO.NI'S,  SocluTus.  founder  of  the  sect 
of  tlie  Sadducees,  about  300  B.  C. 

ANTIGO.VUS,  son  of  Aristobulus  II.,  king 
of  Juflea,  was  led  in  triumph  by  Pompey,  and 
put  to  (l(  ath  •»7  B.  C. 

A.NTLM.'VCHO,  Mark  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Mantua.author  of  some  Latin  pot-ins,  died  loJ"i 

ANTIM.\CUUS,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of  the 
Tliebaid,  or  war  of  Thebes,  40S  B.  C. 

A.NTINK,  Maur  Francois  d",  born  at  Gou- 
vieu.v,  in  Liege ;  he  was  celebrated  for  his 
piety,  and  died  174(5. 

ANTIOCijrs  I.,  succeeded  his  father  Selen- 
cus,  on  the  throne  of  .Vntioch  ;  he  died  2C1  B.  ('. 

ANTIOCHUH  I!.,  surnamed  Theos,  lost  his 
dominions  by  the  revolt  of  the  Parthiaiis ;  he 
died  e)"4  n.  C. 

AN'ilorniS  III.,  or  Great,  he  was  at  first 
successl'iil,  1)111  was  finally  con<iuered  by  the  Soi- 
pios,  and  died  1^7  B.  C. 


in  Germany,  a  Moravian  missionary  to  Abys-ll    ANTIOCHIS  IV.,  son  of  the  Great,  succeeded 


sinia,  died  IHll 

ANTESIGN.\X,  Peter,  a  native  of  Raba.= 
tiens  in  the  IGth  century,  author  of  a  grammar, 
and  editor  of  Teroiiee 

.\NTHEMlirS,  Procopius,  was  killed  by  his 
son-in-law  Ricimir-,  47*2 

.ANTIIEMIUS,  ail  architect  of  Lydia,  in  the 
6th  centurv. 

ANTHtJNY,  Pt.,  the  founder  of  monastic 
life,  was  born  at  Coma,  in  Egypt.  'J.'il.  Two 
orders  of  chivalry  have  been  instituted  under 
his  name. 

ANTHONY,  Francis,  was  bom  in  London. 
He  was  a  famous  empiric,  and  died  1G23. 

ANTHOX  Y,  John,  son  of  the  above,  succeeded 
his  fairer  as  proprietor  of  his  medicine,  and  died 
1055.^ 

ANTHONY,  king  of  Navarre,  a  weak  and 
irresolute  prince,  died  156'2. 

ANTHONY,  titular  king  of  Portugal ;  he  was 
obliged  to  fly  from  his  dominions,  and  died  at 
Paris,  15U.1. 

ANTHONY,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip,  duke 
of  Burgiindv,  distinguished  for  his  valour,  died 
1504. 

ANTHONY,  a  native  of  Andalusia.  Vide 
ANTONIirp,  called  Nebrissensis. 

ANTHONY.  Paul  Gabriel,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Luneville,  died  1743. 

ANTHONY,  a  Sicilian,  who  set  fire  to  the 
arsenal  at  Gallipoli. 

ANTHONY,  N.,  an  architect  from  Switzer- 
land, who  settled  in  Paris,  died  1801. 

ANTHONY,  of  Padua,  a  Franciscan  monk. 
Who  taught  in  the  Italian  uni%'ersitie3,died  1231. 
ANTHONY,  of  Pratovecchio,  a  lawyer  of 
Tuscanv,  profes.-5<ir  at  Bologna,  died  14(54. 

ANTHONY,  St.,  professor  of  divinity  at  Tou- 
louse, Muntpelier,  and  Padua,  died  1231. 

ANTHON'Y,  a  ntftive  of  Palermo,  a  poet  and 
writer,  died  1471. 

ANTHONY,  of  Messina,  called  also  Anto- 
nello,  the  first  Italian  who  painted  in  oil,  about 
1430. 
ANTIGENIDE3,  a  Theb^n  musician. 
ANTIGONUS  I.,  a  .Macedonian  general,  who 
was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Ipsus.  301  B.  C. 
ANTItJONUS,  Gonaius,   grandson  of  the 


niter  his  bi other  I'liilopaier,  and  died  105  B.  i' 
I     .\NTIOCm  S  V.  was  slaiu  by  Demetrius,  in 
I  the  second  vear  of  his  reign. 
I     ANTIOCHUS,  Sidetes,  obtained  the  crown 
|of  Svria,  and  was  slain  in  battle,  130  B.  C. 
I     ANTIOCHUS,  Gr>-pus,  son  of  Siiletts,  fell 
]  by  the  hand  of  one  of  his  subjects,  <17  B.  C. 
I     ANTIOCHUS,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Aska- 
lon,  100  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS,  a  monk  of  the  7th  centur>-, 
'and  author  of  homilies  on  the  Scriptiues. 

ANTIP.\TER,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
died 318  B.C. 
A.XTIPATER,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Sidon. 
ANTIPATER,LiEliusCa;l.,  aLatin  historian. 
ANTIP.VTER,  a  Jew,  minister  to  llyrcanus, 
the  brother  of  Aristobulus. 

ANTIPATER,  a  bishop  of  Bostra,  in  Arabia, 
in  the  ."ith  century. 

ANTIPIIILUS,  a  painter  of  eminence,  and 
the  rival  of  Apelles. 

ANTIPHON,  an  .\lhenian  orator,  and  the 
first  who  laid  down  rules  for  that  art;  he  was 
put  to  death  411  B.  C. 

ANTISTHENES,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynics. 

ANTOINETTE,  queen  of  France,  vii. 
MARIf'. 

ANTONI,  de  Sceaur,  a  famous  rope  dancer 
on  the  French  stage,  died  1732. 

ANTONIA,dauL'hterof  Mark  Antony,  mar- 
ried Dru<ftis,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  her  grand- 
son, Caligula. 

ANTONIANO,  Silvio,  a  man  of  great  Irani 
ing,  who  raised  himself  from  a  low  condition 
by  his  merit ;  hi?  parents  being  .so  far  from  able 
to  support  him  in  his  studies,  that  they  them- 
selves stood  in  need  of  charity.  He  w'as  boni 
at  Rome,  in  1540,  and  made  a  cpiick  and  most 
9  , prising  progre.<s  in  his  stmlifs :  for  when  ho 
^  but  10  years  old, 'le  could  M!ake  verses  upon 
iiibject  proposed  to  him;  and  those  so  ex- 
cel '-.t,  though  pronounced  extempore,  that  even 
a  man  of  genius  could  not  c^mipose  the  like 
without  a  good  deal  of  time  and  pains.  There 
was  a  proof  given  tlioreof  at  the  table  of  the 
cardinal  of  Pisa,  when  he  gave  an  entertain- 
ment o;ie  dav  to  several  other  cardinals.  Alcs- 
31 


AN 

ander  Farncse,  taking  a  nosopay,  gave  it  to  this 
vuulli,  desiring  him  to  prcsi;iit  it  to  him  of  the 
company  whom  he  thouglit  most  likely  to  be 
pope' ;  he  presented  it  to  the  cardinal  do  Medicis, 
and  made  a  eulogium  upon  him  inverse.  Tiii 
cardinal,  who  was  pope  some  years  afterwards 
under  the  name  of  I'ius  IV.,  brought  him  to 
RomC)  and  made  him  professor  of  belles-lettres 
in  the  college  at  Rome  He  was  afterward: 
chosen  recior  of  the  college,  and  died  1003. 

ANTONIDEH,  V'andcr  Goes,  John,  a  poet, 
born  at  Got-F,  in  Zealand  ;  he  died  1684. 

ANTON IXUtj,  Pius,  a  crli  brated  Roman  em 
Jieror,  sueceeded  .Vdrian,  138,  and  died  101. 

ANTONIMS  PHlLOSt  iI'HOS,  Marcus  Au 
relius,  the  Roman  emperor,  horn  at  Rome,  the 
SOtli  of  April,  in  the  1-iIst  year  of  the  Christian 
era,  and  died  on  an  expcdiiion  against  the  Mar 
comanni,  in  the  19ih  year  of  his  reign.  The 
whole  empire  regretted  his  loss  as  a  most  valua 
ble  prince,  and  paid  the  greatest  regard  to  hi: 
memory ;  he  was  ranked  among  the  gods,  and 
almost  every  person  hud  a  statue  of  him  in  his 
house.  His  book  of  "  Meditations"  has  been 
much  admired  by  the  best  judges 

ANTONINUS,  a  geograplier,  whose  age  is 
unknown. 

ANTONIO,  Nicolas,  canon  of  Seville,  and 
author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Hispanica,"  in  four 
volumes  fclio,  died  1684. 

ANTONIUS,  Marcus,  one  of  the  greatest 
orators  ever  known  at  Rome.  It  was  ow  ing  to 
him,  according  to  Cicero,  thatRomi,'  might  boast 
herself  a  rival  even  to  Greece  itself  in  the  an 
of  eloquence.  He  defended  among  many  olliers, 
Marcus  Aquilius ;  a:id  moved  the  ju  '  ^es  in  su 
sensible  a  manner,  by  the  tears  he  shei  ant'  the 
scars  he  showed  on  the  breast  of  his  cl  . 
he  carried  hi.i  cause.  He  was  unfor  lamy 
lulled,  during  the  disturbances  raised  a'  Rome 
by  Marius  and  Cinna,  in  tlic  year  of  Roi,ie667 
ANTONIUf,  Marcus,  the  triumvir,  was  son 
of  Antonius  Crcticus,  by  .lulia,  a  nobie  lady  of 
such  merit,  that  Plutarch  affirms  her  to  have 
been  "  comparable  to  the  wisest  and  most  vir- 
tuous ladies  of  that  age."  Mark  Antony,  losing 
his  father  when  youngs  launched  out  at  once 
into  all  the  excess  of  riot  and  debauchery,  and 
wasted  his  whole  patrimony  before  lie  liad  put  on 
the  manly  gown.  He  afterwards  went  abroad 
to  learn  the  art  of  *var  under  Gabinius,  who 
gave  him  the  command  of  his  horse  in  fc-yria, 
where  he  signalized  his  courage  in  the  restor.v 
tion  of  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt.  From  Egypt 
he  went  to  Casar,  in  Gaul ;  and  afier  some  stay 
there,  being  furnished  with  money  and  credit 
by  Carsar,  returned  lo  Rome  to  sue  for  the  quis- 
torship.  In  this  suit  he  succeeded,  and  after- 
wards attained  the  tribunate,  in  whi(;li  office  he 
was  amazingly  .ictive  for  Ca-sar,  who,  when  he 
had  made  himself  master  of  Rome,  gave  Antony 
the  government  of  Italy,  witli  the  command 
over  the  legions  there ;  in  which  pest  he  gained 
the  love  of  the  soldiery.  But  wliat  was  more 
to  his  honour,  he  assisted  Cssar  so  successfully 
on  several  occasions,  that,  twice  particularly, 
when  Cajsar's  army  had  been  put  to  flight,  he 
rallied  the  scattered  troops,  and  gained  the  vie 


AN 


was  the  reason  why  Cssar,  the  next  year,  did 
not  .ndniit  him  his  colleague  in  the  consulship : 
he  did,  however,  admit  him  two  years  after. — 
Tpon  the  death  of  Cirsar,  Antony  was  much 
.frightened,  and  hid  himself  during  the  night,  un- 
der the  disguise  of  a  slave;  but  In  aring  that  the 
conspirators  had  retired  to  the  capiiol,  he  assem- 
bled the  senate  as  consul,  to  deliberate  upon  the 
present  situation  of  the  commonwealth.    Here 
Cicero  moved  for  a  decree  of  a  general  amnesty, 
or  act  of  oblivion,  for  all  that  had  pusfed  ;  to 
which  tlicy  unanimously  agreed.     Antony  dis- 
seiiihled  well,  for  it  was  nothing  but  dis^imiJa- 
tion  :  he  seemed  to  be  all  goodness:  talked  of 
nothing  but  healing  measures  ;  and,  as  a  proof 
of  his  sincerity,  tnoved  that  the  cx>nspirntors 
should  bo  invited  to  take  part  in  their  delibera- 
tions, and  sent  his  son  as  a  hostage  for  their 
safety,   irpon  this  they  all  came  down  from  the 
K;apitol ;  and,  to  crown  the  joy  of  the  day,  Bru- 
tus supped  with  Lepidue,  as  Cagsiu?  did  with 
-A  ntony.    Antony  is  said  to  have  asked  Cnssius, 
iduring  supper,  "  whether  ho  still  wore  a  dagger 
'under  his  gown."     "  Yes,"  replied  Cassius, 
"  and  a  very  largo  one,  in  case  you  invade  the 
sovereign  power."    Tliis  was  what  Antony  all 
jthe  while  aimed  at ;  and,  as  the  event  showed, 
he  pursued  bis  measures  with  the  greatest  ad- 
dress    He  artfully  proposed  a  decree  for  the 
;conlirination  of  Cffsar's  acts ;  and,  getting  Cte- 
sar's  register  into  his  power,  he  proposed  as 
Cicsar's  acts  wh.itever  suited  his  purpose.     He 
procured  a  public  funeral  for  Ca-sar,  and  took 
that  opportunity  of  haranguing  the  soldiers  and 
populace  in  his  favour;  ar.d  he  inflamed  them 
so  against  the  conspirators,  that  Brutus  and  Cas- 
sius were  forced  to  leave  the  city.    He  made  a 
lour  through  Italy,  to  solicit  the  veteran  sol- 
'jiers,  having  first  secured  Lepidus,  who  had  the 
army,  to  his  interests  ;  he  seized  the  public  trea- 
sure, and  treated  Octavius  with  superciliousness 
and  contempt,  though  the  adopted  son  and  heir 
of  Juhus  Cnsar.    The  patriots,  however,  with 
Cicero  at  their  head,  espousing  Octavius,  in  or- 
der to  destroy  Antony,  the  latter  was  forced  to 
jchange  liis  measures,  and  look  a  little  abroad  . 
he  endeavoured  to  extort  the  provinces  of  Ma- 
cedonia and  Syria  from  Brutus  and  Cassius ; 
but,  not  succeeding,  resolved  to  possess  himself 
of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  besiege  Decimus  Brutus 
tin  Mutina.    This  siege  is  one  of  the  most  me- 
morable things  of  the  kind  in  history ;  and,  in 
'conducting  it,  Antony,  though  dofratcd,  gained 
jverj' great  reputation:  the  consuls  Hirtius  and 
jPansa  were  both  slain  ;  and  nothing  but  superior 
[forces  could  have  left  Octavius  master  of  the 
field.    .Antony  fled  in  great  confusion,  wanting 
even  the  necessaries  of  life  ;  and  this  very  man, 
who  had  hitherto  wallowed  in  luxury  and  in- 
temprraiice,  was  obliged  to  live  some  days  upon 
roots  and  water.    He  fled  to  the  Alps,  and  was 
received  by  Lepidus:  with  whom  and  Octavius 
lie  formed  the  2d  triumvirate,  as  it  has  usually 
been  called.    When  these  three  conferred,  they 
would  easily  be  persuaded  that  the  patriots 
wanted  only  to  destroy  them  all,  whifh  could 
not  be  done  so  effectually  as  by  clashing  them 
against  one  another ,  they  therefore  combined, 
tory  :  this  raised  his  reputation  so,  that  he  wasl|pioscribed  their  respective  enemies,  and  divided 
reckoned  the  next  best  general  to  Casar.   Afterilihe  empire  among  themselves.    Cicero  fell  a 


the  defeat  of  Pompey,  at  Pharsalia,  Cicsar,  a: 
an  acknowledgment  of  Antony's  great  servi- 
ces, made  him  master  of  the  horse  ;  in  which 
office  he  behoved  with  violence ;  and  this  be- 
haviour, together  with  his  dissolute  life,  (for  he 
TTti  drunken  and  debauched  to  the  last  degree) 
32 


[sacrifice  to  the  resentment  of  Antony,  who,  in- 
idoed,  was  charged  with  most  of  the  murders 
[then  committed:  but  they  were  rather  to  he 
'charged  to  the  account  of  his  wife  Fulvia,  who, 
ibeing  a  woman  of  avarice,  cruelty,  and  revenge, 
committed  athousajid  enormities,  of  which  h«) 


AP 


AI 


huHbiind  was  ignorant.  Upon  the  defeat  of 
Brums  and  Cassius  by  Oclavius  and  Antony, 
at  I'liilippi,  which  was  owing  chiefly  to  the  mi- 
litary skill  and  bravery  of  the  latter,  Antony 
obtained  the  sovercipn  dominion,  and  went  into 
Asia,  where  he  had  tiie  most  splendid  coiirt  tliit 
ever  was  seen.  The  kiufia  and  princes  of  Asia 
<iaine  to  his  court,  and  acknowledged  no  otli<  r 
sovereign  in  the  East  but  him.  diieens  and 
princesses,  knowiiifr  hini,  doubtless,  lobe  a  man 
of  ninourand  gallantry,  strove  who  should  win 
hi?  heart;  and  the  fanious  Cleopatra  of  Kgypt 
succ.c<led.    Sec  CLKOrATRA. 

AXTONIUS,  Marcus  Junius,  deliauched  Ju 
lia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus,  and  killed  iiim- 
sulf  when  his  disgrace  was  made  public. 

ANT<).VIUS,  Liberalis,  a  Greek  author,  of 
whom  little  is  known. 

ANTON1C3,  Ilonoratus,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tine,  in  Africa. 

ANTONIITS,  called  Nebrissensis,  or  Laxibra, 
waa  for  five  years  a  proi'essor  at  Salamanca, 
and  tlied  \5ii. 

ANTONY.     Vid.  ANTHONY. 

ANVARI,  called  king  of  Khorassan,  a  popt, 
died  1-300. 

ANVILLE,  John  Baptiste  Boiirguignon  d",  a 
most  famous  French  wriieron  geography,  licrn 
at  Paris,  1702, and die<l  there  178i,  as  rnueli  's- 
tccaied  for  the  gentleness  and  simplicity  of  his 
manners  as  for  his  extensive  knowledge.  Hr 
laboured  at  his  maps  *S  hours  a  day  for  fifty 
years. 

ANYTA,  a  Greek  poetess. 

ANYTL'S,  a  rheturieian  of  Atliens,  who 
eauped  the  death  of  Socrates. 

AI'KLIjES,  one  of  the  iiiost  celebrated  pain- 
ters of  anti(|uity,  was  born  in  the  isle  of  Cos, 
and  flourished  in  the  time  of  .Mexnnder  the 
Great.  He  was  in  high  favour  with  that  prince, 
who  made  a  law  that  no  other  person  should 
draw  his  picture  but  Apclles:  he  accordingly 
drew  him  holding  a  thunderbolt  in  his  hand': 
the  piece  was  finished  with  so  much  skill  and 
dexterity,  that  it  used  to  be  said,  there  were  two 
Alexanders  ;  one  invincihle,  the  son  of  Philip; 
the  other  inimitable,  the  production  of  Apclles. 
Alexander  gave  him  likewiisc  another  remarka- 
ble proof  of  his  regard ;  for  when  he  employed 
Apelles  to  draw  Campaspe,one  of  his  mistress- 
es, having  found  that  he  had  conceived  an  aflec- 
aon  for  her,  he  resigned  her  to  him  ;  and  itwxs 
from  her  that  Apelles  is  said  to  have  drawn  his 
Venus  Anadyomene.  One  of  Apelles'  chief 
excellencies  was,  the  making  his  pictures  so 
exactly  resemble  the  persons  represented,  that 
llio  physiognomists  were  able  to  form  a  judg- 
ment as  readily  from  Ids  portraits,  as  if  they 
had  !«een  the  originals. 

APELLES,  a  heretic  of  Syria  in  the  2d  cen- 
tury. 

APELLICON,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  who 
was  the  means  of  preserving  the  works  of  Aris- 
totle, about  90  B.  C. 

APER,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator,  died  35. 

APHTHONIUS,  a  rhetorician  of  Antioch,  in 
the  3d  century. 

APICIUS.  Therewere  three  ancient  Romans 
of  this  name ;  all  very  eminent,  not  for  genius, 
for  virtue,  for  great  or  good  qualities,  but  for 
Rluttony :  or,  if  we  may  soften  the  term,  in 
compliance  with  the  growing  taste  of  the  times 
we  write  in,  for  the  art  of  refining  in  the  science 
of  eating.  The  first  lived  under  Sylla,  the  se- 
cond under  Augustus  and  Tiberiiis,  and  the 
third  under  Trajan.    The  second,  however,  is 


the  most  illustrious  personage  of  the  three, 
and  he  kept  a  kind  of  school  of  gluttony  at  Rome: 
he  spiiil  two  milhons  and  a  half  in  entertain' 
mcnts ;  when,  finding  himself  very  much  in 
debt,  he  was  forced  at  length  to  look  into  the 
state  of  his  affairs:  and  seeing  that  he  had  but 
•2.")ft,OiiO  livrcs  left,  he  poisoned  himself  from  an 
apprehension  of  being  starved  with  such  a  sum. 
This  man  wrote  a  treatise,  "De  Re  fulinaria." 

APIEN,  Peter,  a  mathetnatician  of  Ingolstaot, 
died  1550. 

.\P1EN,  Philip,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  phy- 
sician, died  l.W.i. 

A  P10\,  a  lanious  grammarian,  born  at  Oasis, 
in  Egypt  as  a  professor  ai  Konie  in  the  reign  ol^ 
Tiberius.  He  was  undeniably  a  man  of  learning, 
but  a  do^vnright  fiedant ;  for  he  used  to  boast, 
with  the  :  reatest  assurance,  that  he  gave  m- 
mortality  to  those  to  whom  he  dedicated  his 
works.  How  would  his  vanity  be  mortified, 
if  he  kiu'w  that  none  >.f  fhci-e  works  remain, 
and  that  his  name  and  person  would  long  ago 
have  cen  buried  in  oblivion,  if  other  writers 
had  not  made  mention  of  them  !  Gnu  of  Ida 
chief  works  was  "  The  .Antiquiiiesof  F^'vpt." 

APOt'AUCHCS,  a  Greek  of  mean  origin,  be- 
came tlie  favourite  of  the  emperor  Andronicus ; 
he  died  iM5 

APOLMN.\RI?,  C.  Snlpit,  professor  of  gram 
mar,  at  Rome,  in  ihe  id  century. 

APOLLINAIMUS,  a  presbyter  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  4th  ceninrv. 

\PPOr.LOT)(  )"RT;S,  the  Athenian,  a  famous 
graniniarian,  son  of  Asclepiades,  and  disciple 
of  ArisLiichus.  He  wrote  several  worka 
which  are  not  e:.tant:  his  most  famous  pro- 
ductions are  mentioned  in  Fabricius'  "  Uiblio- 
thera  Ojica." 

U'fp.ODORVS,  a  famous  arcliitcct  under 
.'•.'.'n'lljnnd  .Adrian,  washnr;i  at  Damascus,  and 
had  I  i.'llirectiofiof  that  most  magnificent  bridge 
wilier  ill.'  former  onlered  to  be  built  over  the 
Danube,  in  llie  year  104.  He,  however,  fell  a 
victim  to  the  envy  of  the  emperor  .Adrian,  who 
always  valued  himself  highly  upon  his  know- 
ledue  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  hated  e\ery  one 
of  whose  eminence  in  his  profession  he  had  rea- 
son to  he  jealous. 

APOLLODORl'S,  &  painter  of  Athens,  the 
riv.tl  of  Zeuxis,  408  B.  C. 

.\POLLONIA,  St.,  a  martyr  of  Alexandria, 
248. 

APOLLONirS,  a';reek  yiTt  and  rhetorician, 
born  at  .'Mexandria,  nnder  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Evergetes,  king  of  Esypt,  was  a  scholar  of  Cal- 
liniaclnis;  tml  wrote  a  poem  upon  the  expedi- 
tion of  the  golden  fleece:  the  work  is  styled 
"  Argonautica,"  and  consists  of  four  books. 

APOLLONirs  of  Perga,  a  city  of  Pamphy 
lia,  a  famous  geometrician,  who  "also  lived  un- 
der the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Evergetes,  and  com- 
posed several  valuable  works  ;  of  which  only, 
liis"  Conies"  remain. 

APOLLOMl'S,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
born  at  Tyana,  in  Cappadocia,  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  1st  century.  At  1(1  years  of  aire,  he 
becnnie  a  strict  observer  of  the  rules  of  Pytha- 
gor.ts,  renouncing  wine,  women,  and  all  sorts 
of  flesh  ;  not  wearing  shoes,  letting  his  hair 
grow,  and  wearing  nothing  hut  linen.  He  soon 
after  set  up  for  a  reforme  of  mankind,  and 
chose  his  habitation  in  the  temple  of  jEscula- 
pius,  where  he  is  said  to  have  performed  many 
miraculous  cures. 

.\PPOLI,ONIUS,  a  grammarian  of  Alexan- 
dria, in  the  3d  century 

33 

E 


AU 

APOLLONILS,  a  Koman  sciialor,  who  suf- 
treii  mariyrdtim  in  tlie'Jd  century. 

ArOLT-b.ML'S,  a  etoic  pliilosoplier,  precep- 
tor to  tiKj  eiii|ii  rur  Marcus  Aurelius. 

APC>T,LOMrP,  a  prajninarian,  autlior  of  a 
Ipxicou  on  Himicr,  in  the  iifzc  ol'  Augus-tus. 

AtV  11-l.OMl  f  COLLA'lUS,  Pttcr,  apricst 
of  <\a\  .inc.  ii.y.)  an  iniJifltrent  p«jet. 

APOLLOS,  a  iew  ol  AlexanUiia ;  he  became 
a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  tiis  powers  of 
preaching  were  mure  auniired  tlian  thotie  of 
Paul. 

APOiNO,  Peter  d',  bom  near  Padua,  studitd 
at  Paris,  tnolc  his  degrees  in  medicine  and  y.Ui 
loso|iljy,  wa£  accuci^d  of  magic,  but  died  before 
the  prosecution  was.  completed,  1310. 

APOSTOLIUg,  Michael,  a  learned  Greek 
author,  ill  the  15tli  century. 

API'lAA  an  eminent  historian,  who  wrott 
the  R(jiiian  hitlory  in  tlie  Greek  language,  and 
fluu.-islied  under  the  reigns  of  tlie  eniperorbj 
Trajan  and  Adrian. 

APPIAN,  Peter,  a  mathematician.    Vid.  A 

pirx. 

APPLETOX,  Nathaniel,  D.  D., a  distinguish- 
ed divine  and  minister  of  Cambridge,  Mass. ; 
born  at  Ipswich,  1692;  was  lellow  of  the  uni 
versity  for  60  years ;  received  the  second  degree 
of  do'-torof  divinity  which  the  Cambridge  uni 
versity  ever  conferred ;  the  first  liaving  been 
confer!  ed  on  Increase  Mather,  80  years  before 
His  occasional  sermons  published  were  very 
^umrrous. 

APPLETOX,  Jesse,  D.  D.,  a  stuilent  of  theo 
lOgy,  under  Dr.  Lathrop,  of  i-piinglield,  and 
president  of  Bowdoiu  college,  Al.iine,  died  1819. 

APRIES,  king  of  Egjpt,  594  Ji.  C. ;  supposed 
by  some  to  be  the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  Scrip 
tures. 

APROPIO.  Angelico,  an  Augustine,  bom  at 
Vcntimigila,  in  the  Genoese,  which  he  adorned 
by  a  valuable  collection  of  books ;  he  died  1682 

APULETUS,  Lucius,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
lived  in  the  iid  century,  under  the  Antonini^s 
and  was  born  at  Madauia,  a  Koman  colony  in 
Africa.  He  was  a  man  of  a  curious  and  incpii 
sitiv  e  disposition,  especially  in  religious  matiers 
which  prompted  him  to  take  several  journeys, 
and  to  enter  into  several  societies  of  religion 
He  spent  almost  his  whole  fortune  in  travelling 
He  was  inuefaiigable,  however,  in  his  studies, 
and  composed  several  books  in  prose  and  verse ; 
but  most  of  them  are  lost.  His  '  Golden  Ass" 
u  the  best  of  his  works  now  extant. 

AQ.UAVIVA,  Octavio,  cardinal,  legate,  and 
archbishop  of  Naples ;  he  died  1612. 

AanAVIVA,  Andrew  Matth.  d',  duke  of 
Atri,  and  prince  of  Tcramo,  a  Neapolitan  noble- 
man, who  patronized  literature  ;  he  died  1615. 

ACir.WIVA,  Claude,  sion  of  Andrew,  go- 
vernor of  the  Jesuits,  died  1615. 

AQUTLA,  a  mathematician  of  Pontus ;  he 
translated  the  Bible  from  Hebrew  into  Greek. 

AtiUILANO,  Serasino,  a  native  of  Aquila, 
known  by  his  sonnets  and  other  poetical  trifles ; 
he  died  1500. 

AQIJILANUS,  Sebastian,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, whose  real  name  is  unknown ;  he  wag  pro- 
fessor at  Padua,  and  died  1543. 

AQXTINAS,  St.  Thomas,  a  celebrated  teacher 
of  thescliool  di\anity  in  the  universities  of  Italy, 
and  commonly  called  the  angelical  doctor,  was 
born  in  the  castle  of  Aquino,  in  the  Terra  di 
Ldvora,  in  Italy,  about  the  year  1224.  In  1274 
h^'  wa,^  s:<!nt  for  to  the  second  council  of  Lyons, 
hy  pope  Gregory  X.,  that  he  might  read  before 
•M 


AR 

them  a  book  which  he  had  written  against  tti« 
Greeks  at  the  command  of  t'rbaii  IV. ;  but  he 
fell  sick  on  his  journey,  at  the  monastery  of 
Fosi-anova,  near  Terracina,  where  he  died  on 
the  7th  of  March,  aged  50  years.  Aquinar-  left 
a  va.st  nuniber  of  works,  \\  liich  have  been  re- 
peatedly printed  in  17  volumes  folio. 

ACilJlNO,  Philii»,  a  Jew,  of  Curpentras,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Paris,  died  1696. 

AKAUSCIIAH,  aullior  of  a  history- of  Ta- 
merlane, a  Mohamedan  historian  of  Damascus; 
he  died  14."iO. 

AR  At;ON,  Jane  d',  wife  of  Ascanius  Colona, 
iiiusirious  for  her  virtues  and  fortitude;  she 
died  1577. 

ARAM,  Eugene,  an  Englishman  of  mean 
birth,  but  remarkable  for  liis  extraordinary  abi- 
lities, and  the  singular  cin  unjstances  attendii-g 
his  unliiippy  fate;  he  was  borii  in  York?hirc, 
1704.  He  acquired  consultrable  knowledcc  in 
the  matlnnjalics,  the  Latin,  Gret  k,  Hebrew, 
and  Celtic  languages,  and  man^  parts  of  p<'liie 
literature,  entirely  by  his  own  industry.  Cut, 
wliile  employed  in  those  learned  labours,  he 
committed  a  crime  not  to  be  expected  in  a  man 
of  his  studious  turn ;  as  the  only  inducement  that 
led  liim  to  it  is  said  to  have  been  gain,  thout'h 
he  afterwards  aseigned  jealousy  of  his  v.it'i-  as 
the  motive.  In  1744  he  murdered  Daniel  (  Uirke, 
which  crime  was  concealed  14  years,  .-md  «  as 
ti.en  discovered  by  the  accidental  finding  of  a 
skeleton  supposed  to  be  that  of  Clarke.  This 
was  a  mistake  hut  it  led  to  a  discovery.  He 
was  apiirehended  on  suspicion,  tried  at  York, 
in  1759,  and  found  guilty  on  suflicient  evidence, 
corroborated  by  the  testimony  of  his  own  wife. 
His  defence  was  uncommonly  curious,  and  at 
once  an  evidence  of  his  taste  and  erudition. 
After  conviction,  he  confessed  the  justice  of  his 
sentence,  and  endeavoured  to  destroy  himself 
by  opening  an  artery  in  his  arm  with  a  razor. 
lie  was,  however,  e.xccutcd,  and  hung  in  chains, 
in  Knaresiborough  forest. 

ARAJN'THTS,   Julhis,  an  Italian  physicia 
and  anatomist,  born  at  Hulocna,  died  15P1. 

Ali.'VTI'P,  a  Creek  poitard  astronomer,  wl 
flourished  about  the  134th  Olympiad. 

ARATUS,  a  native  of  Sicyon,  the  deliverer 
of  his  country  and  promoter  of  the  Acha-an 
league,  died  216  B.  C. 

ARlKXiATES,  a  Roman  general,  destroyed 
himself  394. 

ARBRItiSEL,  Robert  d',  a  nativeof  Britt^.ny, 
founded  the  monastery  of  Fontevrault,  and  died 
1117. 

ARBTTCKLE,  James,  M.  A.,  anativc  of  Glas- 
gow, who  possessed  some  merit  as  a  poet,  died 
1734. 

ARBTTTHNOT,  Alexander,  eminent  for  his 
le.irning  and  piety,  died  at  Aberdeen,  l.'iSS. 

ARBHTlINOt,  Dr.  John,  a  celebrated  wit 
and  physician  in  queen  Anne's  reign,  was  the 
son  of  an  episcoi)3l  clergyman  in  Scotland,  near- 
ly allied  to  the  noble  faiiiily  of  that  name.  On 
his  coming  to  Loiidon,  his  extensive  learning 
and  facetious  and  agreeable  conversation  intro- 
duced him  by  degrees  into  practice,  and  he  be- 
came eminent  in  his  profession.  Being  at  Ep- 
som when  prince  George  of  Denmark  was  sud- 
denly taken  ill,  he  was  called  in  to  his  assistance. 
His  advice  was  successful,  and  Ins  highness,  re- 
covering, employed  him  always  afterwards  as 
his  i)hysician.  M  consequence  of  this,  upon  th« 
indisposition  of  Dr.  Haiuies,  he  was  appointed 
physician  in  ordinary  to  queen  Anne,  in  1709. 
Ilis  gentle  maimers,  polite  learning,  and  excol- 


N#% 


lent  talents,  entitled  liini  to  an  intimate  corres- 
pondence and  triendslii[i  with  the  celel)rated 
wits  of  his  time,  Pope,  Swift,  CJay,  and  rarnel). 
In  1727,  he  published  "  Tubles  of  ancient  Coins, 
Wei)!hts,  and  Measures."  in  4to.  In  17.'i2,  his 
'■  Kssay  concerning  the  nalnre  of  Aliments," 
tec,  was  printed  ;  which  was  followed  the  year 
after  by  the  "  Etfccfs  of  Air  on  Human  Bodies." 
His  other  works  were  humorous  and  satirical 
pieces  on  various  subjerls.  He  died  in  London, 
February,  1735. 
ARC,  .loan  of.  See  .TOAN. 
ARCAUIT'.S,  succeeded  his  father,  the  preat 
Pheodosius,  as  emperor  of  thje  East,  and  died 
408.  -  \ 

ARCADIUS,  an  .African  bishM,  was  put  to 
death  because  he  opposed  the  Anwis,  437. 

AUCERE,  .Vuthony,  a  native  df  Marseilles, 
who  was  priest  of  the  orator)',  died  lO'.lt*. 

ARl'KKE,  Lewis  Etiemic,  known  as  a  poet 
and  historian,  died  1781. 

AR<'KS1L.\US,  a  Greek  philosopher,  suc- 
ceeded Crates  in  his  school.  He  was  born  31(1 
B.C. 

ARCUDALE,  .Tohn,  governor  of  Carolina  in 
160.'i ;  he  was  instrnniental  in  qixieiint;  the  tti- 
niults  of  the  colony  about  that  period,  and  in- 
troduced the  first  rire  ever  cultivated  in  tin 
country.     He  died  in  England. 

ARCHELATJS,  son  of  Herod  the  preat,  king 
of  Judca,  succeeded  to  half  the  kingdom  of  his 
father.    Hedi<'d  .V.  T>.  (".. 

ARCHELAIJS,  king  of  Macedonia  after  Per 
diccas  II.,  died  about  308  B.  O. 

.ARCIIEL.VU.S,  a  philosopher,  successor  to 
Ana.xa(.'oras.  at  I.ainpsacus. 

A  RCH  EL  Al "  j= .  a  bishop  of  Mesopotamia,  278, 
opposed  the  Manic lia'ans. 

ARCHEL.\1JS,  a  geoijrapher  in  the  age  of 
Alexandir. 
ARCIH  Ai^,  a  native  of  Antioch.  Cicerospoke 
h\-i  detVnce. 

VRCHIIiAMrS,  king  of  Sparta  after  Agesi- 
as,  his  father,  501  B.  C. 
ARCHIUENES,  a  Greek  physician  in  the  age 
of  Trajan. 

AR(HILOrnr.«!,  a  Greek  poet,  born  in  the 
isle  of  Paro^,  was  the  son  ot"  Teli^sicles ;  and, 
according  to  Mr.  Bayle,  flourished  lu  the  2lUh 
Olympiad,  or  000  years  before  Christ.  His 
poetry  abounded  with  the  most  poignant  satiie. 
This  pott  rxci.lled  chiefly  in  iambic  verses,  and 
was  the  inventor  of  them,  as  appears  from  a 
passase  in  Horace,  Ep.  xiv.  lib.  i.  verse  23,  &c. 
ARt.THMEDES,  a  celebrated  u'comctrician, 
born  at  Syracuse,  in  Sicily,  and  related  to  Hiero, 
king  of  Syracuse.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
extraordinary  application  to  malhemalica!  stu- 
dies, in  which  he  used  to  be  so  much  engaged, 
tliat  his  servants  were  often  obliged  to  take  liim 
from  them  by  force.  He  had  such  a  surprising 
nvention  in  mechanics,  that  he  .•illirnud  to 
Hiero,  that  if  he  had  another  earth  whereon  to 
plant  his  machines,  he  could  move  this  wliirh 
we  inhabit.  Arcbimnlcs  became  most  famous 
hy  his  curious  contrivances,  whereby  the  city  of 
Syracuse  was  so  lone  defended  when  besieged 
by  Marcellus.  Against  the  vessels  which  came 
up  close  to  the  walls  he  contrived  a  kind  of 
crow,  projected  above  the  wall,  with  an  iron 
papple  fastened  to  a  strong  chain.  This  was 
letdownnpon  tlicprowof  aship,  and,  by  means 
of  the  weight  of  a  heavy  counterpoise  of  lead, 
raised  <ip  the  prow  and  set  the  vessel  npricht 
upon  her  poop:  then  dropping  it  all  of  a  sud- 
den, as  if  it  hatl  falicn  from  tlic  walls;  it  sunk  so 


AR 

far  into  the  sea,  that  it  let  in  a  great  deal  oj 
water,  even  when  it  fell  directly  on  its  keel. 
However,  notwitlistanding  all  his  art,  Syracuse 
was  at  length  taken  by  Marcellus,  who  com- 
manded his  solditTs  to  have  a  palicular  regard 
to  the  safety  of  Archiiiu-des ;  but  this  ingenious 
man  was  unfortunately  slain  by  a  soldier  who 
did  not  know  him.  Archimedes  is  said  to  have 
been  killed  ,-bout  2(18  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ.  We  have  several  of  his  works  still  ex- 
tant ;  but  the  greater  part  of  them  are  lost. 

■\RCHlNTO,  Octavius,  known  for  Jiis  "An- 
tiquities," lived  in  the  16ih  centurj-. 

ARCHON,  Lewis,  chaplain  of  Lewis  XIV., 
died  1717. 

\RCHVT,\.S,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher  and 
mathemaiician  of  Tarentum,  about  4(X)  B.  C. 

ARCO.N.-^,  <'a!sar  de,  a  (iascoii,  advocate  in 
the  parliament  oi'  Bordeaux,  died  lliSl. 

.\R(- (i,  Philip  .Auguste  de  St.  Fold,  an  inge- 
nious Parisian,  known  hy  his  writings,  dii  d  1774. 

ARCI'UI,  Aleiandcr  Thomas,  a  rioiniiiican 
of  Venice,  author  of  some  historical  and  bio- 
grapliical  works,  died  about  1720. 

AROUDIl'S,  Peter,  a  Greek  ecclesiastic  of 
Corfu,  employed  in  Russia  by  Clement  VIII., 
died  16,^'■). 

.XRCULPHL'S,  a  French  divine,  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  Holy  Land,  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. 

ARCY,  Patrick  d',  an  Englishman.  Vid. 
DARCY. 

ARDEN,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warwickshire. 
He  was  accused  of  being  engaged  in  a  conspi- 
racy against  the  queen's  lite,  and  though  no 
evidence  appeared  against  tlieni,  both  he  and 
hi.s  son-ill-law,  Somerville,  were  condemned 
.-ind  executed,  l.'i^S. 

AROER.N,  John,  an  early  medical  writer, 
settled  at  Newark,  afterwards  at  London,  about 
1370. 

A  REAG  ATHUS,  a  Greek  physician  at  Rome, 
2('>!l  H.  C. 

.ARENA,  Anthony  de,  judge  of  St.  Reini, 
near  Aries,  died  1.">J4. 

ARESI,  Paul,  bishop  of  Tortona,  author  of 
some  theolocical  works,  died  lf>45. 

ARET-CfS,  a  physician  of  Cappadocia:  bnt 
in  what  time  he  flourished  authors  are  not 
agreed  ;  some  placing  him  under  Augustus  C.-c- 
sar,  others  under  Tr.ijan  or  Adrian.  His  works, 
liowpver,  are  very  valuable.  The  best  edition 
was  published  by  Dr.  Wigan,  in  folio,  at  Ox- 
ford, 1723. 

ARE TAPHILA,  a  woman  of  Cyrene,  who 
aveiiL'od  the  death  of  her  hu.-band,  &c. 

.ARETE,  daughter  of  Aristippus,  of  Cyrene j 
she  taiielit  philosophy. 

ARETH.AS,  a  bishop  of  Cappadocia,  in  the 
10th  century,  autliorof  a  commentary  on  Reve- 
lations. 

ARETIN,  Guy,  a  Benedictine  monk,  who 
lived  in  the  11th  century.  He  rendered  him.self 
I'amoiLs  by  discovering  a  new  method  of  learning 
music  ;  and  was  said  to  iiave  been  the  inventor 
of  the  six  notes  in  music,  "Ut,  Re,  Mi,  Fa,  Sol, 
La. 

ARETIN,  Leonard,  was  one  of  the  ablest  men 
in  eli>quence  and  science  of  the  l.'ith  century  ; 
and  left  several  works,  the  catalocue  of  wliirh 
may  be  seen  in  Gesner's  "  Bibliothera  "  He 
died  about  1443  being  then  74  years  (>r aL'e,  at 
Florence;  where  th^re  is  a  marble  monument 
erected  to  him  in  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Crofs, 
with  an  inscription  to  the  following  purport: — 
"  Since  the  deatli  of  Leonard,  history  is  iji 
35 


AR 

mouriiiiig  ,  ( Iciquence  is  herome  mute  ;  the 
Greek  and  Laiiii  muses  cannot  forbear  slieddiiig 
tears."' 

ARETIN,  Francis,  a  man  of  prcat  reading, 
and  well  iirquriintcd  with  the  Greek  laiigunee. 
He  studied  at  tficiuia.  abuut  the  year  1443  :  and 
afterw  ards  taught  law  ih.;re  with  such  a  viva- 
city of  genius,  that  they  caUed  liiin  the  prince 
of  irulnleties,  and  Ills  wit  became  a  proverb.  He 
taught  also  in  the  university  of  Pitsa,  and  in  that 
of  Ftrrara. 

A  K  ET  IN ,  Peter,  a  native  of  Arezzo,  who  lived 
in  tl)e  IGth  century.  He  was  famous  for  his  sa- 
tirical writings,  and  was  so  bold  as  to  carry  liis 
invectives  even  ajtamst  sovereigns ;  whence  he 
got  tiie  tide  of  the  ncouige  of  princes.  He  used 
to  boast  that  his  lampoons  did  more  service  to 
the  world  than  sermons;  and  it  was  said  of  him, 
thai  he  had  subjected  more  princes  by  his  pen, 
tlian  the  greatest  warrioiS  had  ever  done  by  their 
arms.  Aielin  wrote  also  many  irreliuious  and 
obscene  pieces.  Some  say,  that  he  afterwards 
cliangcd  his  loose,  libertine  principles ;  but,  how- 
ever this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  he  composed 
several  pieces  of  devotion.  He  was  author,  like- 
wise, of  some  comedies,  which  were  esteemed 
preity  good  of  their  kind,  and  died  in  the  year 
1550,  being  about  65  years  old. 

ARETIiN',  John,  an  able  writer  of  Berne,  in 
the  151  h  century. 

ARETIN,  Angelo,  a  learned  professor  of  law 
at  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  died  14*50. 

AKGALL,  Samuel,  an  adventurer  to  this 
country  in  1000,  who  destroyed  a  French  settle- 
ment on  Mt.  Desert,  subdued  the  Dutch  on  Hud- 
son's river:  he  was  api)ointed  deputy  governor 
of  Virginia  in  1G17  ;  but  his  administration  prov- 
ing odious,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  the  country. 

ARGALL,  John,  an  eminent  scholar,  rector 
of  Halesworth,  Suffolk,  tiled  lOOG. 

ARGELLATA,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Bolog- 
na, died  1423. 

AEGKLLATI,  PLilip,an indefatigable  writer, 
born  at  Hologna,  died  1755. 

ARGKXS,  Jean  Baptiste  de  Boyer,  Marquis 
A\  a  French  writer,  famous  rather  lor  the  num- 
ber than  weight  of  his  productions,  was  horn  at 
Aix,  in  Provence,  1704,  and  died  there  1770.  He 
was  master  of  many  langua}:es;  he  painted  very 
well,  and  was  a  considerable  proficient  in  ana- 
tomy and  chymisiry.  Of  his  works,  the  princi- 
pal are,  "  Leitres  Juives,"  "  Lettres  Chiiioises," 
"Lettres  Cabalistiques,"  "  Philosopliie  du  Bon 
Sens,"  &c.  &c.  There  is  learning,  knowledge, 
and  good  sense,  scattered  through  all  these ;  but 
they  aie  strongly  tinctured  with  libertinism,  and 
the  worst  soit  of  frec-thitiking. 

ARGEN^OEA,  Leonard,  and  Bartholomew, 
two  Spanish  poets  of  merit. 

ARGKN'SON,  Mark  Bene  le  Voyer,  Marquis 
d',  introduced  lettres  de  cachet  during  his  ad- 
ministration of  the  police  at  Paris,  died  1721. 

AKGENTAL,  Charles  Augustus  count  d',  a 
foreign  minister  at  the  French  court,  tlie  friend 
of  Le  Kaiu,  Voltaire,  &:c.  died  1788. 

ARGENTIF.R,  John,  studied  medicine,  was 
called  Censor  Medicorum,  because  he  censured 
Galen,  died  1572. 

ARGENTINA,  Thomas  d',  a  learned  head 
of  the  Augustines,  1345. 

ARGENTRE,  Bertrand  d',  a  native  of  Vitre, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  history  and  juris- 
prudence, died  1.590. 

ARGENTBE,  Charles  Duplessis  d',  doctor  of 

the  Sorbonne.  almoner  to  the  king,  and  biebep 

ofTulles,  died  1740, 

36 


AR 

I  AKOEWiLLE.Anthon.  Joseph  Dezellier  i', 
a  French  writer,  died  17G5. 

AUtiOLI,  Andrew,  prolessor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  Pudua,  died  1057.. 

ARGOLI,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  at  17 
years  of  age,  produced  his  Eudyniiou,  in  lii  can- 
tos ;  he  died  lOCO. 

ARGONNE,  Dom.  Bonavenlure,  a  Car'lm- 
sian  friar,  historian,  and  theological  wiiicr, 
born  at  Paris,  1040,  died  1'04. 

ARGOU,  Gabriel,  an  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  died  at  tlic  beginning  of  tlie  lt:;ih 
century. 

ARGUES,  Gerard  des,  a  geometrician  inti- 
mate with  Descartes,  died  10*11. 

ARGYRE,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathematician 
of  the  14th  century. 

ARGYKOPYLUS,  Joannes,  a  learned  man 
wl)o  contributed  to  the  revival  of  Greek  litera- 
ture in  Europe,  died  about  1478. 

AKIADN  E,  daughter  of  Leo  L,  married  Zeno, 
who  succeeded  as  eniperor,  and  died  515. 

ARIANS.    See  ARIES. 

ARIAKATIIES  I.,a  kin!.'of  Cappadocia,en- 
gaued  in  an  expedition  against  Egypt  with  ba- 
ils Ochus. 

AEIARATHESII.,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
defraud  by  the  Macedonians,  321  B.  C. 

AinARATIlES  HI.,  sou  of  the  2d,  recoverd 
his  kingdom  by  tlie  conquest  of  the  Macedon- 
ians. 

ARIAEATHES  IV.,  married  the  daughter  of 
Antioclius  ;  ho  died  iSO  B.  C 

AREARATHES  V.,  king  of  Cappadocia,  died 
166  B.  C. 

AKIARATHES  VL,  son  of  the  preceding, 
perishni  in  battle,  130  B.  C.    . 

ARIA  U  A  Tli  ES  V II . ,  son  of  the  6th,  was  mur- 
dered bv  his  biotlicr-in  law,  Mithridates. 

AKIARATHES,  son  of  the  7t)i,  was  also 
murdered  bv  Mithridatee. 

ARIAS  MONTANUS,  Benedict,  a  native  of 
Seville,  eminent  for  his  literary  acquirements, 
died  miB. 

AKIAS,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit,  died  IfiOS. 

ARIBERT,  son  ofClotaire  II.,  king  of  France, 
caused  iiimself  to  be  crowned  king  at  Toulouse, 
and  died  1030. 

ARIEH,  Jacob  Juda,  a  learned  rabbi  of  Am- 
sterdam, flourished  in  the  17th  century. 

A R lOBARZANES  I.,  king  of  Cappadocia,  91 
B.  C. 

ABIOBARZANES  II.,  king  of  Cappadocia, 
put  to  death  bv  Cassius. 

ARIOBARZAKES  HE,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, put  to  dentil  by  Antony. 

ARIOSTI,  Attilio,  a  musician,  born  at  Bo- 
logna, published  a  book  of  canttitas,  1725. 

ARIOSTO,  Lodovico,  or  Lewis,  a  celebrated 
Italian  poet,  du.^cended  of  a  good  family,  and 
born  at  the  castle  of  Receio,  in  Loinbardy,  in 
1474.    He  began  his  '• '  Furioso"  \vhon 

he  was  about  30  years  ol  d(:e,  and  it  is  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  iiis  works.  But  his  attachment 
to  poetry  did  not  hinder  him  from  engaging  in 
public  affairs,  for  he  was  employed  in  embassies 
and  negotiations  in  ditlcrent  parts  of  Italy. 
Ariosto  was  crowned  with  the  laurel  by  the 
•niperor  Charles  V.,  in  1533,  and  died  at  Ferrara 
the  8th  of  July,  in  the  same  year. 

ARIOSTI,  "Gabriel,  brother  to  the  poet,  was 
himself  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet ;  he  died  1552 

A  RIOVISTES,  king  of  Germany,  assisted  the 
Gauls  against  the  Romans,  and  was  defeated 
by  Ju!i:is  Casar. 
1   ARIPERT,  king  of  Lombaidy,  succeeded  lus 


AR 

father,  Ragimbert,  in  702 ;   he  was  drowuecJ 
637. 

ARISI,  Francis,  an  able  writer  of  Cremona, 
died  1743. 

ARIST^iENiETES,  an  ancient  writer,  to  whom 
are  ascribed  coi  lain  Greek  epistles  on  iJie  subject 
of  love  and  gallantry,  died  in  ;}.")ti. 

ARlrfTANDER,  a  soothsayer  in  the  army  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

ARISTARCHUS,  aOrccian  philosoplicr,  born 
in  Samos,  is  delivered  down  to  us  as  the  principal 
person,  if  not  the  lirst,  who  maiutaiiu'd  the  earth 
to  turn  upon  its  centre,  and  to  describe  a  circle 
yearly  round  the  sun ,  an  opinion  revived  and 
establislied  by  Copernicus  and  (lalileo,  and  now 
universally  received.  It  is  not  certain  when  lie 
lived  ;  but,  from  the  nientinn  made  of  liini  hy 
Archimedes,  he  must  have  tlouiishcd  before  liis 
death.  None  of  his  works  remain,  except  a 
treatise  "  Upon  the  Greatness  and  Distance  of 
the  Sun  and  Moon,"  inserted  in  the  third  volume 
of  "Mathematical  Works,"  printed  at  Oxford, 
l()9!t.  ill  folio 

ARIHV^RCHl^S,  a  celebrated  grammarian, 
was  born  in  Sainolhracia,  but  iliose  Alexandria 


AK 


ARISTO,  a  peiipaletic  pliilosoplier,  ilO  I!.  C. 

ARISTO,  Titus,  a  Roman  lawyer  of  eminence 
in  the  ape  of  Trajan. 

I     ARISTOBl'LUS  I.,  high-priest  and  kine  of 
Uie  Jews,  died  1U4H.  C. 

ARISTOCULI.S  II.,  son  of  Alexander  Jan- 
na'us,  deposed  by  Ponipev,  died  ij  \i.  V. 

ARISTOBULL'S,  an  Alexandrian  Jew.  who 
united  the  peripatetic  philosophy  with  the  laws 
of  Moses. 

ARI.STOBULUS,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
made  high-priest,  was  put  to  death  by  lierod. 
36  B.  C. 

AUISTOGITON,  an  Athenian,  who,  in  con- 
junction with  IlarniixJiiis,  subverted  the  tyranny 
of  the  Pisistratid;e,  JilG  15.  C. 

ARISTOMENES,  a  .Messcnian,  whose  cour- 
age caused  his  countrymen  to  avenge  the  op- 
pression of  the  Spartan?,  IKIS  B.  C. 

ARISTOPHAM'.S,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens, 
cotemporary  willi  Plato,  Socrates,  and  Euripi- 
des. Most  of  Jiis  plays  were  written  during 
the  Pcloponnesian  war.  His  iinaeiiiaiion  was 
warm  and  lively,  and  his  genius  particularly 
liirneil  to  raillery  ;  he  had  also  verv  great  spirit 
to  reside  at.  He  applied  liiinsell  particularly  to  ,  ami  resolution,  and  was  a  declared  enemy  to 
criticism,  aud  made  a  revisal  of  Homer's  poems  j' si  a  very,  and  to  all  those  who  wanted  to  opprei 


Witli  great  exactness,  but  in  a  manner  loo  ma 
gistcrial,  for  those  verses  which  he  did  not  lik 
he  treated  as  spurious.  Cicero  and  Horace  hav' 
used  his  name  to  express  a  very  rigid  critic,  and 
it  is  used  to  this  day  lor  the  same  purpose,  but 
not  without  opproiirimn,  derived  partly  from 
him.self,  yet  more  from  the  manners  of  modern 
verbal  critics.  Growmg  dropsical,  he  found  no 
other  rcinedj  th;»ii  to  starve  himself  to  death. 
Suidas  relai'?«  ^.lat  he  died  in  Cyprus,  aged  72. 

AKISTA  ;i -HUS  •»  Jewof  Thessalonica,  the 
companioi.  of  St.  t  „al. 

ARISTEAS,  a  Greek  historian,  .WO  B.  C. 

ARISTE.VS,  one  of  the  70  translators  of  the 
Septuagint. 

.^RISTEUS,  a  Greek  mathematician,  3otl 
B.C. 

ARISTIDE?,  a  philosopher  of  Athens,  125. 

ARIt^TIDES,  ^lius,  a  very  famous  sophist 
of  antiquity,  w.as  born  at  Adriani,  a  town  of 
Mysia,  and  flourished  under  Adrian  and  the  two 
following  emperors.  He  spent  his  life  in  tra- 
velling and  declaiming ;  went  all  over  Egypt 
four  times,  and  penetrated  even  to  Ethiopia. 
When  Smyrna  was  destroyed  by  an  earthipiake 
in  the  year  178,  he  wrote  so  atfeclinir  a  letter  to 
Marcus  ."Vurelius,  that  the  emperor  ordoieil  it  to 
be  rebuilt  immediately ;  upon  which  the  inhabit- 
ants* erected  a  statue  to  Aristidcs,  as  to  the  res- 
torer of  their  city.  He  died  about  the  age  of  60. 
His  works  were  published,  with  a  Latin  version 
and  notes,  by  Dr.  Samuel  Jebb,  at  Oxford,  17J3, 
in  two  volumes  4to. 

.\RI9TIDES,  surnamcd  the  Just,  a  celebrated 
Athenian  general,  flpurislied  about  480  years 

ARISTIPEiJ,  a  i,^.'..v{  of  Thebe.?,  .140  B.  C. 

ARISTIDES.  a  historian  of  MUetus,  who 
wrote  an  arcniiul  of  Italy,  &c. 

ARISTH'I'US,  the  founder  of  the  Cyrcnaic 
icct  of  philosophy,  nourished  39-2  B.  C.  He  as- 
serted ple.isure  to  be  the  ulthnate  end  in  which 
all  happiness  consists  ;  and  his  manner  of  life 
was  agreeable  to  his  philosophy,  for  he  indulged 
himself  in  all  the  luxuries  of  dre»B,  wine,  and 
women. 

ARISTO,  a  stoic  philosopher,  of  Cos,  2C0  B., 
C.    He  maintained  iliat  viittie  is  the  supreme  j 


their  country.  He  describ.-d  the  alTairs  of  the 
I  Athenians  in  so  ex.ict  a  manner,  that  his  come- 
dies are  a  faithful  history  of  that  people.  He 
wrote  above  .'50  comedies,  but  there  art  only  11 
extant,  which  are  perfect;  these  are,  "Plutus, 
The  (";iouds.  The  Frogs,  Etpiites,  The  .Ach.ir 
nenscs,  The  W.n^ps,  Peace,  The  Birds,  The 
Ecclesiazusa;  or  Eemale  t)ralor3,  The  Thesmo- 
phoriaznsie  or  Priestess  of  Ceres,  and  l.vsis- 
trata."  "The  Clouds,"  which  he  wrote  in  ri- 
dicule of  Socrates,  is  the  most  celebrated  of  all 
his  comedies.  Madam  Dncier  tells  us,  she  was 
so  much  charmed  with  this  performance,  that, 
after  she  had  translated  it,  and  read  it  over  iOO 
times,  it  did  not  become  ihe  least  tedious  to  her. 
Aristophanes  having  conceived  some  aversion 
to  the  poet  Euripides,  satirizes  him  in  several 
of  his  plays,  particularly  in  his  "Frogs,"  and 
his  "  Thermophoriazusoe."  He  wrote  the  "  l.i- 
sistrata,"  when  all  Greece  was  involved  in 
war,  in  which  comedy  the  women  are  intro- 
duced debating  upon  the  affairs  of  the  common- 
wealth, when  they  roine  to  a  resolution  not  to 
go  to  bed  with  their  husbands  till  pence  should 
be  concluded.  He  invented  a  peculiar  kind  of 
verse,  which  was  called  by  his  name,  and  is 
mentioned  hy  Cicero  in  liis  "  Brutus  ;"  and 
Suidas  says,  that  he  also  was  the  inventor  of 
the  trelraineter  and  octameier  verse.  Aristo- 
phanes  was  greatly  admired  anionc  the  ancients 
especially  for  the  true  .\ttic  elegance  of  his  style; 
and  there  have  been  several  editions  and  iraus- 
laiions  of  this  poet.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

.ARISTOTLE,  the  chief  of  the  peripatetic 
philosophers,  born  at  Slagyra.  a  small  citv  in 
Maeedon,  in  the  99tli  Olympiad,  about  364  vcara 
before  Clirisl,  was  the  son  of  .Michomachus, 
physician  to  Amyntas,  the  grandfallier  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  By  the  advice  of  the  Delphic 
oracle,  he  went  to  Athens  when  about  Ifi,  and 
studied  under  Plato  till  he  was  37.  He  followed 
his  studies  with  most  extraordinary  diligence,  so 
that  he  soon  surpassed  all  in  Plato's  school.  He 
ale  little,  and  slept  less;  and  that  he  might  not 
oversleep  himself,  Diogenes  Laertius  tells  us, 
that  he  lay  always  with  one  hand  out  of  the 
bed,  having  a  ball  of  brass  in  it,  wliicli,  bv  ita 
♦tUling  into  a  basin  of  the  same  wml  awaked 
I  .37 


AK 

hira.    When  he  had  studied  .-iboul  15  vpars  un- 
der Plato,  he  bi'?an  to  fonn  dirt'reiit  tenets  from 
those  of  hU  muster,  who  became  highly  piqued 
at  his  behaviour,     t'pon  the  death  ol  I'lato,  he 
quilted  Athens,  and  retired  to  Atarnya,  a  little 
city  of  Mysia,  where  his  old  friend,  HerniiaH, 
reigned.     Here  he  married  Pylliias.  the  sister  of 
that  prince,  whom  ho  is  said  to  have  loved  so 
pas'sionaiely,  that  he  offered  sacrilice  to  her. 
Some  time  after,  Hermias  baviiii;  been  taken 
pri.-oiser  by  Meranon,  the  king  of  Persia's  ge- 
neral, Aristotle  went  to  Mytelene,  the  capital  of 
I^esbos,  where  he  remained  till  Philip,  king  of 
Macedon,  having  heard  of  his  great  reputation, 
sem  for  him  to  be  tutor  to  liis  son  Alexander, 
then  about  14  years  of  age.    Aristotle  acrepied 
the  offer,  and  in  eight  years  taught  him  rlietoric, 
natural  philosophy,  ethics,  politics,  and  a  certain 
sort  of  philosophy,  aocordine  to  Plutarch,  which 
he  taught  nobody  else.    Philip  erected  statues 
in  honour  oi  Arisiotle,  and  for  his  sake  rebuilt 
Stagyra,  which  had  been  almost  ruined  by  the 
wars.    Aristotle  having  lost  the  favour  of  Alex- 
ander by  adhering  to  Calisthenos,  his  kinsman, 
wiio  was  accused  of  a  conspiracy  against  .Alex 
ander's  life,  removed  to  Athens,  whore  he  set  up 
his  new  school.    The  magistrates  received  him 
very  kindly,  and  gave  him  the  L\C3ium,  so  fa- 
mous afterwards  for  the  concourse  of  his  disci- 
ples, and  here  it  was,  according  to  some  authors, 
that  he  composed  his  principal  works.    When 
Aristotle  was  accused  of  impiety  by  one  Enry- 
medon,  a  priest  of  Ceres,  he  wrote  a  large  apo- 
logy for  himself,  addressed  to  the  magistrates ; 
but,  knowing  the  Athenians  to  be  extremely 
jealous  about  their  religion,  and  remembering 
the  fate  of  Socrates,  he  was  so  much  alarmed 
that  '       etired  to  Chalcis,  a  city  of  Euba;a, 
where  he  ended  his  days.    Some  say  he  poi- 
soned himself,  to  avoid  falling  into  the  hands 
of  his  enemies;  others  affirm,  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Euripus,  because  he  could  not 
comprehend  the  reason  of  its  ebbing  and  flow- 
ing ;  and  there  are  others  who  tell  us  that  he 
died  of  a  cholic,  inthe  63d  year  of  his  age,  being 
the  third  of  the  114th  Olympiad,  two  years  after 
Alexander.    The  Stagyrites  carried  away  his 
body,  and  erected  altars  to  his  memory. 

AUISTOXENUS,  a  Grecian  pliUosopher  of 
Tarcntum,  about  324  B.  C. 

ARItlS,  a  divine  of  tlie  4th  century,  and  the 
head  and  founder  of  the  Arians,  a  sect  which 
denied  the  eternal  divinity  and  consubstantiali- 
ty  of  the  Word.  He  was  born  in  Libya,  near 
Kgypt.  The  Arian  principles,  according  to 
Spaiiheim,  were,  that  Christ  was  only  called 
God  by  way  of  title  ;  that  he  was  less  than  the 
I'nTher,  who  only  was  eternal  and  without  be- 
giiming  ;  that  he  was  a  creature,  having  a  be- 
ginning of  existence,  created  out  of  things,  hav- 
inc  no  being  before  the  beginning  of  all  things: 
hence  he  was  made  God,  and  the  son  of  God  by 
adoption,  not  by  nature  ;  and  that  the  v«ord  w  a^ 
also  subject  to  change ;  that  the  Father  created 
all  things  by  him  ap  an  instrument ;  and  that  tte 
was  the  most  excellent  of  all  creatures  ;  that  the 
fssence  of  the  Father  was  different  from  the  es- 
sence of  the  Son  ;  neither  was  he  co-eternal,  co- 
♦'qual,  nor  con-*lbstantial  with  the  Father ;  that 
the  Floly  Ghost  was  not  God,  but  the  creature 
of  the  f?on,  begot  and  created  by  him,  inferior  in 
dignity  to  the  Father  and  Son,  and  co-worker  in 
the  creation.  As  to  his  death,  it  is  said  that 
Arius,  being  pressed  by  a  natural  necessity,  re- 
tired to  a  house  of  convenience  where  lie  died 
instantly  on  tfce  .spot,  all  Jiie  entrails  bursting 
38 


AR 

out,  with  his  liver  and  spleen.    Tliis  iia|>peued 
in  the  y>ar  38ti. 

ARKICL.,  Cornel.  V'au,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  died  I7\!4. 

AKKI'.MIUI.Z,  John,  a  native  of  Ilelsing- 
for»,  in  Swcdi'ii,  author  of  some  treatises  on  po- 
lilit;il  subjects,  &.<:.,  died  1777. 

AltKVVIMGIlT,  t^jr  Richard,  a  man  who,  in 
one  of  liie  lowest  stations  ol  life,  being  literally 
a  pi'iiny  barber  at  Manchester,  by  uncommon 
genius  and  jiersevering  iiidu.>lry,  invented  and 
perfected  u  system  of  machinery  for  spinniiig 
cotton,  that  had  in  vain  been  attenii)lcd  b\  many 
of  the  hist  mechanics  of  the  17lh  and  IStJi  cen- 
turies; and  which,  by  giving  perpetual  employ- 
ment 10  many  thousand  families,  increa.'i.d  llie 
population,  and  was  productive  of  great  com- 
mercial advaiilagc  to  Ins  country.  The  maihiiie 
iscallc-d  a  "  Spinning  Jeiuiy."  !<ir  Richard  died 
.\ugHsl  3,  1702,  leaving  property  to  the  amount 
of  niarly  half  a  million  sterling. 

ART.Al  I),  Jamt  Antony,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, eminent  as  a  painter,  died  1743. 

ARI.OTT.^,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Falaise, 
daugliier  of  a  tanner,  and  misUess  of  Robert, 
duke  of  Normandv. 

ARLOTTO,  a  iiativeof  Magello,  in  Tuscany, 
whose  right  naii'.e  was  Maiuardi,  wa.s  dean  of 
St.  C'resci,  in  the  diocese  oi  Fiesole  ;  lie  died 
)4S3. 

AKMAGN.AC,  John  d',  of  an  ancient  family 
in  France,  raised  to  the  liighest  dignity  of  the 
national  church,  died  about  1408. 

ARM.\(;NAC.  '  rnard,  count  d',  brother  of 
the  preceding,  pi  '  Die  liead  of  the  party  of 

Orleans,  was  ass;.  ed,  141S. 

ARMEliLINO,  Fi  ..is,  a  banker,  made  car- 
dinal by  I.eo  X.,  diti.  1527. 

ARaiENONVIL'E,  Joseph  John  Baptist 
Fleurion  d',  a  French  states-man,  keeper  of  the 
seals  from  17i>2  to  1727,  died  1728. 

ARMIXIUS,  a  brave  chief  of  the  Catti,  called 
the  deliverer  of  Germany  ;  he  ••  s  as.sa:ssinaied 
\.  D.  21. 

ARMIMt'S,  James,  th  founoer  of  the  sect 
of  the  Arminians,  or  Rdi  nnstrants,  was  born 
at  Oude- water,  in  Holli)}  I,  in  15W).  "  'I'he  Ar- 
minians hold  (says  M  Broughlon)  that  God 
creates  men  free,  and  .ill  deal  with  them  ac- 
cording to  the  use  they  make  of  their  liberty ; 
that,  foreseeing  how  every  one  will  se  it,  he 
does  therefore  decree  all  tlriniis  th;  ronrcrn 
them  in  this  life,  together  with  their  <tion 
or  damnation  in  the  next,"  &c.    S'  e  in 

Broutrhton's  Relicion  of  all  Nations,  Ar- 

minius  died  October  19,  ltil9. 

ARMSTRONG,  Tliomas,  an  active  supporter, 
of  the  royal  ciuse,  during  the  civil  wars,  for^^ 
which  he  was  honoured  with  knighthood;  he.^^ 
was  executed  by  his  en^r>'f«,  wiitiout  a  trial, 
1C84.  '  '  r,.. 

ARMSTHONG,  Or.  Joi.  ,  )  in  Castlet^,,- 

parish,  Kdinburshsliire,  vvhei,  is  father  aiiu  - 
brother  were  ministers.  He  completed  his  edu- 
cation in  the  university  «(  Edinburgh,  where  he 
took  his  degree  in  physic,  February  4, 1T32.  liike 
Akenside,  anotlier  poet  and  physician,  be  never 
arrived  at  much  practice.  In  173.'i  he  published 
a  little  humorous  fugitive  pamphlet  in  8vo. 
printed  for  J.  Wilford,  entitled  "  An  Essay  for 
abridging  the  Study  of  Physic  ;  to  which  is 
added  aDialosnie  between  Hj'geia,  Mercury,  and 
Pluto,  relating  to  the  practice  of  physic,  as  it  is 
managed  by  a  certain  illustrious  society :  as  also 
an  epistle  from  I'sbeck  the  Persian  to  Joshua 
Ward,  Esq."    This  piece  contains  much  droll- 


AR 

ery ;  and  in  the  dialogue,  the  author  has  caught 
tlic  very  spirit  of  Lucian.  It  was  soon  followed 
by  the  "  CKcononiy  ol'  Love,"  a  poem  which  has 
mucli  merit,  but  ii>  too  strongly  tinctured  with 
the  licentiousness  of  Ovid.  "The  An  of  pre- 
serving Health,"  his  lK!st  performance,  was  pub- 
lished in  1744,  and  will  transmit  his  name  to 
posterity  as  one  of  the  lirst  lingliah  writers.  In 
Mr.  Nichols'  "  Atiecdoteo  ol'  Mr.  Bow  'er,"  the 
reader  will  lind  soia-  pleasing  traits  ol  the  clia- 
racler  <if  tills  injiciiioiis  writer. 

AUMSTUO.Nt;,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  and 
poet,  was  born  at  Leith,  1771.  At  Eiiiiilmr!;li, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.,  he  publislicd 
a  volume  of  "Jus'enile  Poems,"  which  have 
cotisidHrahle  merit :  and  to  this  he  appended 
"  An  K^say  on  the  Means  of  punishing  and  pic 
venting  (.'rimes ;"  for  which,  (in  178!),)  he  had 
bpen  honoured  with  a  gold  medal  given  by  the 
Kdiiihiirgh  Pantheon  Society.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don in  I7!>0,  commenced  writer  for  the  news- 
papers, and  for  some  time  b''fore  his  death  w;is 
editor  of  that  old  and  moe  respectable  paper 
"  The  General  FA'eiiing  Post."  He  promised 
also  to  arrive  at  distinction  as  a  preacher  to  dis 
Renting  congregations ;  but  was  cut  olf  by  a  de- 
cline, ,Tuly  -1.  1707,  at  the  early  age  of -itj. 

ARM.S'rHiJ.N'C,  John,  a  brigadier  general  iu 
the  army  of  the  American  revolutiou,  a>:si8ted 
tn  the  defencp  of  fort  Moultrie,  and  in  the  battle 
of  Germaniown,  with  the  reputation  of  an  able 
oliicer,  afterwards  a  del.  gate  to  congress  from 
Pennsvlvania,  died  17115.  • 

ARMVjNE,  Lady  M;iry,  cranddatighter  of 
George,  Earl  of  Shrewsbui'  '"larried  Sir  Wil- 
liam Armyne,  and  was  '■  'Jguished  by  her 
pietv  and  benevoli'nce  ;  ;        ..>'(!  1 1175. 

ARNALI),  Richard,  b  1)^  rector  of  Thur- 
caston,  in  Leicestershire,  pubnshed  several  ser- 
mons, &c. ;  he  died  \~rt6.     ■ ' 

AR.V.^LL,  William,  bera<iie  a  political  writer 
in  the  pav  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  ;  he  died  1741. 
ARN AlTD  PE  MEVRVILLE,  or  MEREUIL, 
a  poet  of  Prove''  ■^  ,  died  12-20. 

ARNAUD  L  /H  LA  NdVA,  a  physician, 
Shipwrecked  on  the  a  *st  of  Genoa,  1311)  or  VM'.i. 
ARNAUD,  Anthofr  ,  born  at  Paris,  1.550. 
vhere  he  pursued  his  ■  'dies,  and  took  hi.s  de- 
jTce  of  Master  of  Arts  i  1573.  Some  lime  after, 
he  was  admitted  advociue  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris;  in  which  capacity  he  acquired  great  re- 
putation f ,  his  integrity  and  extraordinary  elo- 
quence, 'enry  IV.  had  a  great  esteem  for  .'Vr- 
naud*'  najesty  once  carried  the  duke  of  Sa- 
voy o  '  Vise  to  hear  him  plead  in  parliament, 
and  h  ■'  ippointed  counsellor  and  attorney- 
general  i^  queen  Catharine  of  Medicis.  One  of 
tlie  most  famous  causes  which  .'Vrnaud  pleaded, 
vas  that  of  the  university  against  the  Jesaits, 
n  l.i94.  He  died  at  about  the  age  of  70. 
ARNAUD  D';^^  LI,  Robert,  eldest  sim 
"the  preceding  Paris  in  1589.  Though 

1  in  a  court  ' '  i  .ifflces  of  state,  he  passed 
,.ie  latter  part  oi  .its  days  in  a  continual  appli- 
cation 'o  works  of  piety  and  devotion.  His 
works  have  been  printed  In  eiaht  volumes  folio. 
Mr.  Arnaud  died  at  Port  Royal,  ir.74. 

ARNAUD,  ."Vnthony,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris 
the  fith  of  February,  IfilS.  A  catalogue  of  Ids 
works  may  be  seen  in  Moreri :  they  consist  of 
grammar,  geometrj',  logic,  metaphysics,  and 
theology.     He  died'Augiist  9,  1694. 

ARNi.UD.  Henry,  brother  of  Robert,  made 
bishop  of  Toul,  but  his  election  was  disputed, 
and  be  was  not  put  in  possession ;  he  died  I6\)i 


AR 

ARN.\UD,  Angclique,  sister  of  Heury,  abbess 
of  the  Port  Royal  convent,  died  1C61. 

ARNAUD.  Anthony,  son  of  Robert,  abbot  of 
Chaumes,  author  of  some  memoirs,  di»d  1698. 

ARN.VLTD,  de  Brescie.  See  ARNOLD  de 
Brescie. 

."VRXAUD,  Francis,  abbot  of  Grand  Champs, 
distinguished  by  his  literary  labmirs,  died  1784. 

.ARNAL'l),  Simon,  mar(|uis  of  Poiupone,  an 
able  ncirntialor  and  ambassador,  died  1(599. 

AR.V.AI'D,  Henry  Charles,  son  of  Simon,  dis- 
tinguished as  anecclesiastic  and  statesman,  died 
175t>. 

ARNAl'D,  Francis,  Thomas  Marie  de  Bacu- 
lard  d',  a  French  writer  of  celebrity,  was  born 
at  Paris  in  l'U\,  and  died  in  1j^5. 

ARNDT,  John,  a  famous  proi-stant  divine  of 
Germ.my,  Itorn  at  Bellenstad,  in  the  dutchy  of 
\iihalt,  1.5.5.  At  lirst  heapplieil  himself  to  phy- 
Isic ;  but,  falling  into  a  danueroiis  sickness,  he 
made  a  vow  to  change  th.il  for  divinity,  if  he 
hould  be  restored  to  health.  He  wrote  many 
relgious  works;  the  most  famous  of  which  is, 
Ills,  "Treatise  of  Free  Christianity,"  in  High 
Dutch.    This  writer  died  at  Zell,  in  Iti-il. 

.\RNDT,  Joshua,  professor  of  logic' at  Ros- 
[tock,  died  ifiSl 

AKNE,  Dr.  Thomas  Augustine,  was  son  of 
Mr.  Arne,  an  upholsterer  in  Covent  Garden, 
(whom  Addison  is  supposed  to  have  character- 
ized in  No.  155,  and  No.  ItUI  of  "  The  Tattler,") 
and  brother  of  Sirs.  Cibberthe  player.  He  was 
arly  devoted  to  inuMic,  and  soon  became  emi- 
nent in  his  profession.  July  6, 1759,  he  hart  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  music  conferred  on  him  at 
Oxford.  His  compositions  are  universally  ap- 
plauded, and  he  was  particularly  skilful  in  in- 
structing vocal  pert'ormers.  He  died  ^larch  5, 
1778,  having  written  the  following  pieces* .  '  Ar- 
taxerxes,"  17ti-2;  "The  Guardian  outwittjed," 
1704  ;  "  The  Rose,"  1778  :  all  of  them  operas. 

ARNGRI.M,  Jonas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic  of 
Ireland  ;  he  wrote  a  piece  on  the  Rmdc  letters, 
&c.,  and  died  1649. 

ARN[S.(1^US,  Kcnningus,  a  German  profes- 
sor of  physic  at  Helm.stadt,  knowu  for  his  poli- 
tical treatises ;  he  died  1635. 

ARNOBII.fS,  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Sicca,  in  Nuinidia,  toward  the  end  of  the  M 
century. 

ARNOBIUS,  a  native  of  Gaul,  author  of  a 
commentary  on  the  psalms,  &c.,  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury. 

ARNOLD,  a  famous  heretic  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury, born  at  Brescia,  in  Italy,  whence  he  went 
to  France,  where  he  studied  under  the  cele- 
brated Peter  .-Vbelard.  Upon  his  return  to  Italy, 
he  put  on  the  habit  of  a  monk,  and  beean  lo 
preach  several  new  and  iinioinmou  doctrines, 
particularly,  that  the  iiope  ought  not  to  enjoy 
any  temporal  estate;  that  those  ecclesiaslies 
who  had  any  estates  of  their  own,  or  held  any 
lands,  were  entirely  cut  off  from  the  least  hope 
of  salvation ;  that  the  cler!r>'  ought  to  subsist 
upon  the  alms  and  voluntary  contributioivs  of 
Christians;  and  that  all  other  revenues  belong- 
ed to  princes  and  states,  in  order  to  be  disposed 
of  amonc  the  laity  as  they  thought  proper.  He 
was  hanged  at  Rome  in  the  year  Ji.55. 

ARNOLD,  John,  eminent  for  nis  improve- 
ments in  the  mechanism  of  time-keepers.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  the  Expansion  Balance  and 
the  Detached  Escapement :  and  was  the  lirst 
artist  that  ever  applied  the  gold  cylindricaf 
spring  to  the  balvice  of  a  time-piece.  Died  at 
Woll-liall,  ncM  Eltham,  in  Kent,  Aug.  25, 17!t'J. 
39 


AR 

ARNOLD,  Dr.  Samuel,  an  excellent  composer 
of  music,  whose  works  are  too  numerous  to  be 
here  detailed,  and  so  well  known  as  not  to 
require  it.  Of  his  various  dramatic  composi- 
tions, we  may  meution  particularly  "  The  Maid 
of  the  Mill ;  The  Castle  of  AndaluKia ;  Tli«; 
Ajreeable  Surprise;  The  Sonin-Luw;  The 
Spanisli  Barher:  Inkle  and  Yarico;  The  Sur- 
render of  Calais;  The  Battle ol  Hexham;  The 
Mountaineers;  The  Shipwreck;  and  Peepinp 
Tom."  IntheliiRherstyleof  composition,  also, 
his  success  was  grcal.  The  Oratorio  (by  Dr. 
Brown;  of  the  Cure  of  Saul,  coinpo-sed  in  1707, 
was  considered  to  be  the  bcbl  pruduution  since 
the  time  of  Handel ;  and  his  Shunainite  Wo- 
man, one  of  his  latter  pieces,  possti^ses  all  the 
genius  of  his  earlier  con'posilions,  with  that 
additional  science  which  study  and  experience 
had  given  him.  He  died  Oct.  13,  18(12,  in  hi.-, 
63d  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
between  the  monumenls  of  Croft  and  Turcell. 

AKNOLD,  Nicholas,  a  prolestant  of  Lesna, 
acipiircd  reputation  by  his  sermons  and  polemi- 
cal works ;  he  died  1080. 

ARNOLD,  Jetfery,  author  of  a  history  of  mys- 
tical theology,  tc,  died  1714. 

ARNOLD,  of  Hildesheim,  a  historian  of  the 
13lh  century. 

ARNOLD,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Nurem- 
berg ;  he  died  professor  at  Altorf,  XCS5,  aged  oH. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  a  major  general  ol  the 
American  army,  and  infamous  for  turning  trai- 
tor to  his  country  ;  for  attempting  to  surrender 
tiie  fortress  of  West  Point  to  the  British ;  for 
committing  ravages  in  Virginia  after  his.  deser- 
tion, and  a  wanton  butchery  of  the  garrison  at 
Fori  firiPwolil.  Conn.  He  was  made  a  brigadier 
general  in  the  British  army ;  retired  to  England ; 
received  10,0001.  sterling  as  the  reward  of  his 
villany,  and  died  in  London,  It'Ol. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  succeeded  Roger  Wil- 
liams as  president  of  the  colony  of  Rhode-Island, 
and  was  afterwards  repeatedly  appointed  go- 
vernor under  its  charter ;  he  died  1678. 

ARNOLD,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  Leicester, 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  was  al'terwards  presi- 
dent of  a  lunatic  asylum,  which  he  established  ; 
he  died  1816. 

ARNOUL,  a  bishop  of  Lisieu-x,  author  of 
some  curious  letters,  containing  an  account  of 
the  manners  of  his  time. 
AUNTZENIUS,JohnHei   y      earned  Dutch- 
man, law  professor  at  Utrec  ir  •  '■•■  died  17il9. 

ARNIJ,  Nicholas,  a  Domi.i  ,ti,  professor  of 
metaphysics  at  Padua,  died  1'    -' 

ARNULPH,  or  EKNl'LP..  ■  shop  of  Ro- 
chester, born  1040,  died  1124.  -  -roie  a  work 
in  Latin,  concerning  the  fou..,;  ■  m,  endow- 
ment, charters,  laws,  and  other  thmgs  relating 
to  the  church  of  Rochester;  which  is  generallx 
known  by  the  title  of  "  Textua  Rolfeusis,"  and 
is  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  cathedral 
church  of  that  place. 

ARNULPII,  natural  son  of  Parloman,  king 
of  Bavaria,  elected  emperor  of  fiermany,  and 
crowned  at  Rome,  896.  He  died  (supposed  to  be 
poisoned)  8(t9. 

ARNULPHUS,  an  Egyptian,  in  the  reign  of 
M.  Antoninus,  famous  for  his  skill  in  magic. 

ARNW.'Vy,  John,  much  attached  to  the  royal 
cause  in  England  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  died 
1653. 

AROX,  Peter,  a  musical  writer,  bom  at  Flo- 
rence, and  patronized  by  Leo  X. 

ARPINITS,  or  ARPINO,  .Toseph  Caesar,  a  fa- 
mous Italian  painter,  born  15(iO,  died  1640. 
40 


AR 

AllRAGON,  Jeanne  d',  a  celebrated  Italian 
ladv,  mother  of  Mark  Anthony  Colonna,  died 
1J77. 

AliRAN,  James  Hamilton,  earl  of,  a  Scotch 
nobleman,  who  at  one  time  aspired  to  the  hand 
of  queen  Elizabeth,  of  England.     He  died  160? 

ARRI  A,  the  wife  of  i'a-tus,  celebrated  for  her 
heroism  and  conjugal  hdelity. 

ARRIAtJA,  Roderic  d',  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Salamanca  and  Prague, 
died  1C67. 

ARRIAN,  a  famous  historian  and  philoso- 
pher, who  lived  under  the  cniperor  Adrian  and 
the  two  Antonines,  was  born  at  Nii:omedia,  in 
Bilhynia.  He  was  styled  the  second  Xenophon, 
and  raised  to  the  most  considciabie  dignities  of 
Rome.  He  is,  indeed,  said  to  have  been  pre- 
ceptor to  the  famous  philosopher  and  eiiip'  ror 
Marcus  Antoninus.  The  most  celebrated  of  his 
works  is  his  "  History  (in  Greek)  of  Alexander 
the  Great,"  in  7  books;  a  performance  much 
esteemed  by  the  best  judges.  Arrian  is  said  to 
have  written  several  other  works. 

ARROWSMITH,  John,  theological  professor 
at  Cambridge,  lOiiO,  author  of  several  celebrated 
Calvihistic  works. 

ARSACES  I.,  a  Parthian,  emancipated  his 
country  from  the  Macedonian  yoke,  S.'iO  B.  C. 

ARSACES  ir.,  son  of  the  preceding,  made 
war  against  Antiochus  the  Great. 

ARSACES  TIR  A  NUS,  king  of  A  mienia,  tak- 
en ptisoner  by  Sapor,  king  of  Persia,  ;j<i2  B.  C. 

ARSENIT'S,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  was 
banished  for  his  pertinacity,  and  died  in  the  13tb 
century. 

ARSENIUS,  a  Roman  deacon,  appointed  by 
pope  Damascus  preceptor  to  Arcadius,  son  of 
Ttieoriosius. 

AKSENIUS,  archbishop  of  Malvasia,  )n  the 
Morea,  died  1435. 

ARSEZAN,  Pader  d',  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
and  author  of  two  tragedies,  died  1696. 

ARTABANUS,  a  king  of  Parthia,  died  A. 
D.  4B. 

ARTABANUS,  another  king  of  Parthia,  in 
whom  that  empire  became  extinct,  226. 

ARTALI,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Mazara,  in  Si- 
cily, a  famous  duellist,  &c.,  died  1679. 

ARTATTD,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Bonieui, 
esteemed  for  learning,  piety,  &c.,  died  1760. 

ARTAUD,  archbisiliop  of  Rheinis,  was  once 
deprived  of  his  diocese  and  afterwards  restored 
to  it,  died  948. 

ARTAVASDESL.kingof  Armen.-,behavcd 
treacherously  toCrassus  and  Mark  Antony. 

ARTAVASDES  II.,  grandson  of  the  above. 

ARTAXERXES  I.,  king  of  Persia,  the  son  of 
Xerxes,  supposed  to  be  tlic  Ahasuerua  of  Scrip- 
ture, died  404  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  11.,  surnamed  Mnemon,  de> 
feated  his  brother  Cyrus  at  Cunaxa,  401  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  III.,  succeeded  Artaxerxes 
II. ;  he  slew  all  bis  brothers  and  the  rest  of  hia 
family,  3:i8  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  BEBEGAN,  son  of  a  shep- 
herd, first  king  of  Persia  of  the  race  of  the  Saa« 
sanides,  died  about  240. 

ARTAXIAS  I.,  governor  of  Upper  Armenia 
under  Antiochus,  made  himself  king  of  the 
country. 

ARTAXIAS  n.,  king  of  Armenia  after  Ar 
tavasdes  I.,  was  expelled  by  Antony,  and  res- 
tored by  the  Parthians. 

ARTAXIAS  III.,  son  of  Polemo,  made  king 
by  Germanicus,  and  reigned  17  years. 

ARTEAOA,  DonStephano,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 


AS 

author  of  a  truutise  on  ideal  beauty,  &.c.,  died 

law. 

ARTEDI,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Sweden,  and 
intimate  friend  of  t>iniia.-us,  was  drowned  at 
LeydcM,  1735. 

ART1':MAS,  or  ARTEMON,  founded  a  seel 
in  the  M  century,  which  niaiutahied  that  Clirisl 
was  hut  a  man. 

ARTEMIUOKUS,  famous  for  his  "Treatise 
upon  Dreams,"  wa^  born  at  Ephesus,  but  took 
llie  !$urnauie  of  Uaidianus  in  this  book,  out  of 
respect  to  the  country  of  his  mother ;  tor  he 
styled  himself  the  Ephesian  in  his  other  per- 
formances, lie  lived  under  the  emperor  Anlo- 
nun\s  J'lns. 

AKTEMIDORUS,  an  Ephesian,  author  of  a 
ilescripllon  of  the  earth,  lOU  B.  C. 

.VRTEMISl.'V  I.,  queen  of  Caria,  assi!^ted 
Xerxes  apain.^t  the  Greeks. 

.'VRTI^.MISIA  11.,  queen  of  Caria,  erected  a 
mausoleum  to  the  memory  of  her  husband, 
Bfausulus. 

ARTHINGTON,  Henry,  a  native  of  York 
Fhire,  pretended  lliat  he  was  inspired  a^  the 
means  of  effectiiii;  a  revolution.  ' 

ARTHUR,  a  British  I'rince,  whose  existence 
by  some  is  re^tarded  as  fabulous,  said  to  havi- 
died  about  54i2 ;  he  established  the  order  of 
kniglit:^  of  the  round  table. 

ARTHUR,  duke  of  Brittany,  grandson  of 
Henry  II.,  wascoiitined  in  tlie  castle  of  Rouen, 
where,  it  is  supposed,  he  was  murdered. 

ARTUJNI,  Aiuliouy  Gachet  d',  an  ecclesias 
tic,  known  by  his  wriiiiigs;  he  died  17(18. 

ARTUSI,  Guiamara,  a  celebrated  musical 
writer. 

ARVIEUX,  Laurent  d',  a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, resided  li  years  in  I'alestine,  and  was 
a  useful  neicotiator  for  the  Frcncii  court.  He 
19  justly  esti-eined  for  his  benevolence  to  Tu- 
nisian and  AlL'erine  captives. 

ARVIR.VGUS,  aking  of  Britain  in  the  age 
of  Doniitian. 

ARUiNDEL,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Arundel,  knuwn  by  her  translations  of  the  wisr 
tayin(;s,&;c.  of  Alexatider  Severus,  &c.;she  lived 
in  the  middle ol  the  Ifilh  ceuturv. 

ARUNDKL,  Thomas,  made"  bishop  of  Ely 
when  il  years  of  aee  ;  afterwards  translated  to 
Canterbury  :  he  died  1414. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas  Howard,  earl  of,  di? 
coverer  of  tlie  Parian  marbles  which  bear  his 
name. 

ARU6»DEIi.  Blanche,  dauf  liter  of  Lord  Wor- 
ccstor,  celebrated  for  her  brave  defence  of  War- 
dour  castle  .  she  died  l')4<>. 

,\RZ.\CHEL,  a  Spanish  astronomer,  in  the 
11th  century. 

AS.\,son  of  Abijah,  made  king  of  Judah,  955 
B.C. 

AS.VPH,  St.,  a  native  of  North  Wales,  eminent 
for  his  sanctity. 

ASAPH,  a  musician  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  in  the 
age  of  David. 

ASAR-H.-VDOON,  king  of  Assyria,  obtained 
the  kiiiadoin  of  Babylon  ;  he  diedOHT  B   C. 

ASCELIN,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  1 1th  century, 
defended  transubstantiation  asain:  Rcreiiier. 

ASCHAM,  Roger,  an  eminent  En;;lisii  vviiter, 
born  at  Kirkh/  VViske,  near  Northallerton,  in 
Yorkshire,  about  the  year  1515.  He  appliejl 
hims<)lf  particularly  to  the  Greek  la>iE.'u^e ;  in 
which  he  attained  to  an  excellence  peculiar  to 
himself,  and  re.id  it  publicly  in  the  university  of  | 
Ciu.ibridge  with  universal  applause.  In  or-i 
der  to  relax  hi«  mind,  after  severer  studies,  hc| 

4 


thought  some  diversion  necessary  ;  and  shouting 
|Wiih  the  bow,  was  his  favouriie  amusement,  as 
lappears  by  his  "  Treatise  on  Archery,"  which 
Ihe  dedicated  to  King  Henry  VIII.,  who  settltti 
a  pension  upon  him,  at  the  recommendation  of 
Sir  William  Paget.  Mr.  .\schani,  being  lemai  k- 
able  for  wriiiiig  a  fine  hand,  was  employed  tii 
teach  this  art  to  Prince  Edward,  the  Lady  Eliza- 
beth, and  tlie  two  brothers,  Henry  and  Charles, 
jduKes  of  Sutfolk.  In  Feb.  1548,  he  w  as  sent  foi 
10  court,  to  instruct  the  Lady  Elizabeth  in  the 
learned  languages,  and  had  the  honour  of  assist- 
ing this  lady  in  her  studies  lor  two  years  ;  wiiep. 
he  desired  h'ave  to  return  to  Cambridge,  wiiere 
he  resumed  his  ollice  of  public  oialor.  He  was 
afterwards  Latin  secretary  to  king  Edwaro, 
queen  Mary,  and  queen  Elizabetli.  Being  on.-: 
Jay  ill  company  with  persons  of  the  first  distinc- 
tion, there  hajipened  to  be  high  dispuits  abont 
the  ditfereiit  methods  of  education;  this  gave 
rise  10  his  trealite  on  that  subject,  entitled  '"The 
.Scluiolmaster,"  winch  he  undertook  at  the  pa.- 
licular  re^ue^t  of  Sir  Richanl  Sackville.  This 
work  was  in  high  esteem  among  the  best  judge?, 
and  is  frequeiilly  quoted  by  Dr.  Johnson  in  his 
Dictionary.  He  died  at  London,  Jan.  4,  l^Cc', 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Sepulchre's  church. 

ASl^HAM,  Anthony,  physician  andccclesias' 
lie,  author  of  tracts  on  astrology,  &c. 

.•KSCH.\.M,  Anthony,  a  friend  of  Cromwell, 
and  member  of  the  long  parliament. 

ASCH.\RI,  a  inus.'^ulman  doctor,  founder  of  a 
sect  which  bears  his  name  ;  he  died  i»40. 

ASCLEPIADES,  a  Greek  pliilosophcr,  350 
D.  C. 

ASCJ,Eri.ADES,  a  famous  physician,  born  at 
Pnisa,  in  Biihynia,  fioiirished  at  Rome  in  the 
time  of  Pompey,  and  founded  a  new  sect  in 
physic. 

ASCOLI,  Cecco  di,  or  Francisco  de  Stabili, 
profi-ssi^or  of  mathematics,  at  Bologna  ;  he 
wrote  an  Italian  pop,m.  4cc..  and  died  12;i€. 

ASCONiUS,  PEDIANUS,  a  gr:immarian  of 
Padna,  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

.'VSCOCGH,  William,  bishop  of  Sarum,  mur- 
dered by  Jack  Cade  and  his  followers,  14.V). 

ASDRUHAL,  brother-in  law  of  Aunibal,  the 
t'ounilerof  New  Cailliage,  in  Sppjn. 

ASDKIBAL  BARCA,  brother  of  Annibat, 
killed  ai  the  battle  of  the  Metaiirus. 

ASELLI,  Gasper,  a  physician  ol  Cremona, 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  died  lfi26. 

ASFELD,  Clainle  Francois  liidal  marquis  d', 
an  illustrious  warrior  at  the  baiilc  of  Ahnanza; 
he  took  Philiitsburg,  and  died  174:t. 

ASFET  I,  Jacques  Vincent  Bidal  d",  an  ec- 
clesiastic, died  1745. 

ASGILE,  John,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  knonn 
for  his  w  it  and  misfortunes,  died  iT.iS. 

ASGILL,  Sir  Charles,  Bart.  This  gentlen-.nn 
was  a  strone  instance  of  what  may  be  etfectra 
even  by  moderate  abilities,  when  united  wiiii 
strict  integrity,  industry,  and  irreproachable  cha- 
racter. Hislirsi  setting  out  in  life  was  at  a  bank- 
ing-house in  Lombard  street,  as  out-diiorcolleo.l- 
ing  clerk.  From  this  inferior  situation  he  pro- 
sressively  rose  by  his  meiit,  to  the  first  depart- 
ment in  the  house  ;  and  soon  after,  niariyingati 
amiable  woman,  wi:h  a  fortune  of  a>,0(M1/.  im- 
mediately joined  his  name  lothe  firm.  In  1749 
he  was  ch'isen  alderman  of  Candlewick  ward, 
and  served  ill  theoftice  of  lord  mayor  in  1758.  (io 
died  Sept.  15. 176^,  and  is  said  to  have  left  nearly 

eon.nofi/. 

ASH,  Or.  John,  an  English  dissenting  minis- 
ter, grammarian,  and  lexicosrrajiher  bom  ll'M. 
41 


AS 


AS 


<Jicd  at  PorflKire,  Worcestersliiro,  March,  1779. 
His  Dictionary  is  a  remarkaljly  laburiuiis  and 
ConiprehciiMvi:  Work. 

ASHE  SiiiiL'oii,  a  nonconformist,  cliaplain  to 
lonl  Warw  ick,  during  ilie  i^ivil  wars,  died  ]f>ti2. 

i\rllK,  C>an)u>;l,  a  }w]^<-  ot  tlic  Supreme  court 
of  Nortli  CaroliHa.  a)id  afterwards  (;o\  ernor  of 
that  slate,  died  1813. 

ASHE,  John  lliipiistc,  a  repretcntativc  in 
Congress,  from,  and  (■overnorof,  tJie  state  of  K. 
Carolina,  died  1W3. 

ASHLEY,  Jonathan,  a  distinpulshcd  minister 
of  Duerfield,  Mas^s.,  died  17cO,  agcdtiS.  He  pub- 
lished several  strmoiis. 

ASHLEY,  Robert,  a  lawyer,  distinguished  ae 
an  eiiiinciii  writer,  &c.,  died  1041. 

ASflMOLE,  or.ASMOLE,  Elias,  a  celebrated 
Etipli.-h  |>liilosopber  and  antiquary,  and  founder 
of  ilie  Asliniolean  museum  at  Oxford,  was  born 
at  Litchfield,  in  Staflurdshire,  tlie  2^d  of  May, 
16i7.    Besides  filling  several  offices,  civil  and 


ASHTON,  Charles,  one  of  the  n)Oft  Uarnctl 
critics  of  his  ape,  was  elected  master  of  Jesut 
College,  Cambridge,  July  5,  1701,  and  installed 
in  a  prebend  of  Ely,  on  liie  14Ui  of  the  saiu« 
niontlr.  His  great  knowledge  in  ecclehia^tieal 
antiquities  was  excelled  by  none,  and  equalled 
by  few:  as  his  MS.  remarks  upon  the  I'iiiliers, 
and  corrections  of  the  mistakes  of  traiislalurs, 
sutTicently  show. 

At^llTO.N,I)r.  Thomas,  rector  of  St.  Botolph 
Bi.-;hop>g:iie,  a  popular  prcaclier  and  es^ccllent 
divine,  bom  17](i,  died  l'i7o. 

As-HWELL,  George,  his  writings  were  on  di- 
viitiiy,  but  not  in  high  tsteeni ;  lie  died  Wj2. 

ASH  WOOD,  Uarlholomew,  a  minister  of  Ax- 
minster,  in  Devon,  author  of  several  iracis,  &c. 

ASHWORTH,  Caleb,  patronized  by  Di. 
Doddridge,  and  successor  to  him  in  his  whooi, 
jwas  created  D.  D.  by  a  Scotch  university ;  lie 
Idled  ]7:j. 

ASKEW,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Westn:ore- 


military,  Mr.  Ashniolc  was  adiligeiil  and  curiou.^jiland,  eminent  as  a  physicii;n,  died  l';e4. 


collector  of  manuicripts.  In  ICWhc  published 
a  treatise  written  by  Dr.  Arthur  Dee,  relating  to 
the  philosopher's  stone  ;  together  with  another 
tract  on  the  same  subject,  by  an  unknown  au- 
thor. About  the  same  time  ht^was  busied  in 
preparing  lor  the  press  a  complete  collection  of 
the  works  of  such  English  cliymists  as  had  till 
then  rPDiained  in  manuscript :  this  undertaking 
cost  him  great  labour  and  expense :  and  at  length 
the  work  ajipeared  toward  the  close  of  rlie  year 
1C52.  The  title  of  this  work  was,  "  Tlieat'rum 
Chernicum  Briiaunirnni,"  &c.  &c.  He  then  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  study  of  antiquity  and  re- 
cords. In  1658  he  began  lo  colic  rt  materials  for 
his  "History  of  the  Ordir  of  iheGarter,'  which 
he  lived  to  finish,  and  thereby  did  no  less  hon- 
our to  the  order  than  to  himself.  In  September 
following,  he  made  a  journey  lo  O.tford  ;  where 
he  set  about  a  full  and  particular  descri]ition 
of  the  coins  given  to  the  pubiie  library  by  arch- 
bishop Laud.    T'pon  the  restoration  of  Charles 


ASKEW,  Anne,  an  accomplished  lady,dauBl;- 
ter  of  Sir  William  Askew,  of  Ktlsay',  in  Lin- 
colnshire, was  born  in  15'J9.  She  received  a 
learned  education,  and  in  early  life  showed  a 
predilection  for  theological  studies.  By  ihcst 
she  was  led  to  favour  tJie  refonnntion  ;  she  was, 
in  conseqence,  arrested,  and  ing  confessed 
her  religious  principles,  was  e  .uitted  H4.A'(  w - 
gate.  She  was  first  racked  w  iih  brutal  cruelly 
in  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  burned  ali\H.'  in 
Smiihfield,  July  16,  1546;  a  punisbment  wbicii 
she  endured  with  amazing  courage  and  firmneps, 
adhering  to  the  last  to  the  principles  of  her  faith. 

ASP.ASIA,  a  native  of  Slilelus,  celebrated  for 
her  wit  and  learning,  though  her  character  wai 
licentious. 

ASP.\SIA,  a  Grecian  lady,  celebrated  for  hei 
excellence  in  philosophy  and  rhetoric,  was  born 
at  Miletus,  but  >eilled  at  Athens;  where,  thoug). 
she  e.\ercised  the  calling  of  a  courtezan,  hei 
scholastic  talents  induced  the  virtuous  Socrates 


11.,  Mr.  .'Vshniole  was  introduced  tohisniajesiy,||and  other  of  the  greatest  men  of  the  age  to  visit 
who  received  liim  very  graciously,  and,  on  tho  iher  house.  Shew  as  alteiwards  married  to  Peri- 


ISth  of  June,  1660,  bestowed  on  him  the  place 
of  Windsor  herald  ;  a  few  days  after,  lie  a])- 
pointed  him  to  give  a  description  of  his  medals, 
wliich  were  delivered  into  his  possession  ;  and 
King  Henry  VIII.'s  closet  was  assigned  for  his 
use.  On  the  8th  of  May,  1C72,  he  presented  his 
"Institution,  Laws,  and  Ceremonies,  of  the  most 
noble  Order  of  the  Oaner"  to  the  king,  who  re- 
ceived it  ver>'  graciously,  and,  as  a  mark  of  hi 
approbation,  granted  him  a  priv}'  seal  for  400/. 
out  of  the  customs  of  paper.  On  tlie  26th  of 
January,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  Middle  Temple, 
in  the  next  chamber  to  Mr.  Ashmole's,  by  which 
he  lost  a  noble  librarj',  with  a  collection  of  9000 
cohis,  ancient  and  modem,  and  a  vast  repo.sitory 
of  seals,  charters,  and  other  antiquities  and  cu- 
riosities :  but  his  manuscripts,  and  his  most  val- 
uable gold  medals,  were  luckily  at  his  house,  at 
South  Lambeth.  In  ]ilf?3,  the  I'niversitv  of  0\-\ 
ford  having  finisliod  a  magniticent  repository ! 
near  th*"  theatre,  ■Mr  Ashmolc  sent  thither  his 
curious  collection  of  rarities  ;  and  this  benefac-l 
fion  was  consideraiily  augmented  by  the  addi-i 
»ion  of  his  manuscripts  and  library,  at  his  death,' 
which  happened  at  South  Lambeth,  May  18, 
1692. — He  was  interred  in  the  church  of  Great 
Lamberh,  in  .^nrrev,  on  the  26th  of  May,  1602. 
AHHMC.V  ELI  PEASE,  a  distinguished  law  ; 
ver  of  Northampton,  Mass.  ;  he  was  a  inemberl 
of  the  senate  of  that  state,  and  afterwards  a  sc-[ 
nStor  in  Vnnzjvss,  dietl  1819  , 

42' 


cles,  one  of  the  greatest  men  that  ever  flourished 
in  Cieece. 

I    ASPELT,  Peter  d',  studied  medicine  at  Paris . 
jhe  died  1320. 

ASSELIN,  Giles  Thomas,  resTiertable  for  his 
piety  and  j>oetical  talents,  died  1567. 
j    ASSELYN,  John,  a  historical  and  landscape 
painter,  died  1650. 

!    ASSER,  a  Je«  ish  rabbi  of  the  5th  centurj-, 
(author  of  the  Talmud  of  Babylon,  &.c. 
I    ASSER,  jf  St.  David's,  a'learned  author  in 
I  the  reign  of  Alfred. 

ASSHETOX,  Dr.  William ,  bom  at  Middlcton , 
in  Lancashire,  1641,  was  the  projector  of  llie 
scheme  for  providing  a  maintenance  for  clergy- 
men's widows  and  others,  by  a  jointure  payable 
by  the  Mercers'  Company.  Dr.  Assheton  wrote 
several  pieces  against  the  papists  and  dissenlers, 
and  some  practical  and  devotional  tracts,  ami 
died  at  his  rector>-ofBeckenhani,  in  Kent,  1711. 

A  SSOl'CI,  Charles  Coypcau,  Sieur  d',  a  poe(, 
whose  works  contained  more  immorality  than 
wit:  he  died  1679. 

ASTEI.L,  Mary,  born  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tvne,  about  the  year  1688.  Her  uncle,  a  clergy- 
man, observing  marks  of  a  promising  geniiMi, 
look  her  under  his  tuition,  and  taught  her  ma- 
thematics, logic  and  philosophy.  She  left  the 
place  of  her  nativity  when  she  was  about  2R 
years  of  age,  and  spent  the  remaining  part  ot" 
her  life  at  London  and  Chelsea,  in  writing  for 


AT 

Uie  advancemeiil  of  leuriiing,  roligioii,  and  vir- 
tue, and  ill  the  practice  of  those  rehj;ious  duties 
which  she  so  zealously  and  pathetically  reconi- 
mi;iidcd  to  others.  She  was  remarkably  absii 
niiou.--,  ami  seemed  to  enjoy  an  uninterrnpled 
stale  of  health  till  a  few  days  before  her  death 
when,  having  one  of  her  brciBls  cut  olT,  it  so 
much  impaired  her  constitution,  that  she  died 
in  17:n,  in  the  f)3d  year  of  her  age,  and  was 
buried  at  Chelsea. 

A.STKKIUd,  an  Arian  of  Cappadocia  in  the 
4th  century. 

ASTERIUS,  bishop  of  Amasia,  in  Tontus,  in 
the  4th  century. 

ASTEKIL'-S  Urhanus,  a  bishop  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury, engaged  in  a  controversy  with  the  iMonla- 
nisTsof  .•Vncyra,  in  Galatia. 

ASTLE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born  at  Voxall,  StalTordsliire,  December 
2-2,  17:)5,  and  originally  bred  to  the  law;  the 
early  pursuit  of  which  profession  led  hini  to  give 
particular  application  to  the  decyphering  of  an- 
cient records;  in  which  he  soon  excelled  all  his 
rotemporaries,  and  iiualiticd  himself  to  be  of 
intiiiite  advantaee  to  historical  literature.  In 
1783,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  rolls  and 
records  in  the  tower  of  London  :  and  in  1787 
elected  a  tnis.  aT  the  British  museum.  The 
princ  al  oneMi.iong  his  numerous  works  is, 
"  On  the  Origin-  and  Progre.=s  of  Writing,  as 
well  Ilii-roglypliic  as  Elementary,"  4to.,  1784 
of  which  work  a  now  edition  was  pulilishcd  just 
before  his  death,  which  happened  at  Baltersca, 
December  1,  1803. 

.VSTLE,  John,  a  portrait  painter,  born  at 
Whom,  in  Shropshire. 

AS TOLPII.  king  of  TiOmbardy,  attacked  the 
Dope's  don  inions,  and  died  750. 

ASTO\,  Sir  Arthur,  a  brave  man  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Charles  I. 

A3T0N,  Sir  Thom.ls ;  in  the  civil  wars  he 
raised  a  troop  of  liorsc!  for  the  king,  but  was  de- 
feated, and  afterwards  taken  prisoner  ;  he  died 
lfi4'i,  in  consequence  of  a  blow  received  in  at- 
lemptins  to  make  his  escape. 

ASTDUG.VS,  marchioness  of,  a  lady  in  the 
reign  of  Cliarles  II.  of  Spain ;  she  killed  her  hus- 
band's mistress. 

.\S  TRO.NOME  L',  a  historian  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury 

ASTRTTC,  .lohn,  a  physician  of  France,  born 
3t  Sauvcs,  a  town  of  Lower  Lancnedoc,  the 
ISlIh  of  March,  lti84 :  dieil  at  Paris,  the  Ml  of 
May,  KfiG.  He  was  the  author  of  .several  use- 
ful yid  curious  works. 

ASTVAOES,  a  king  of  Media,  594  B.  C, 
called  by  some,  the  .\hasneru9of  the  Scriptures. 

ATA',  ,\bdal,  a  mussuliuan  dervise  in  the  aie 
of  Tamerlane. 

ATAIJALIPA,  or  ATATIUALPA,  the  last 
king  of  Peru  of  the  race  of  the  Inca=.  barbarous- 
ly put  to  death  by  the  Spaniards,  1533. 

ATH.VLIAH,  wife  of  Jehoram,  she  obtained 
the  sovereignty  of  Judah,  which  she  held  seven 
years. 

ATH.\NASIUS,St.,  was  bom  at  Alexandria, 
of  heathen  parents.  He  wa.s  noticed,  wlien 
very  young,  by  Alex.inder,  bishop  of  that  see, 
who  txjok  care  to  have  him  educated  in  all  gooii 
learning  •  and  when  he  was  of  aee,  ordained 
liim  deacon.  He  took  him  in  his  company  when 
he  attended  the  council  of  Nice,  where  .\thana- 
sius  greatly  distingtiislied  himself  as  an  able  and 
zealous  opposer  of  the  Arian  heresy.  Soon 
after  the  dissolution  of  the  council,  Alexander 
died,  and  .\tlianasiu8  was  appointed  to  »tic<:eed 


AT 


liim  in  the  government  ol  llie  church  of  Alui- 
andria.  This  was  in  3iG,  when  Atbana.sius  is 
supposed  to  have  been  about  28  years  of  age.  It 
is  controverted  among  learned  men,  whether 
.\(liariasins  composed  the  creed  commonly  re- 
ceived under  hi.s  name  ;  though  the  best  and 
latest  critics,  who  have  examined  the  thing  most 
exactly,  make  no  qiiesticm  but  that  it  is  to  be 
ascribed  to  a  Latin  author,  Vigilius  TapsensiSj 
an  African  bishop,  who  lived  in  the  latter  end  ol 
tiie  5th  century-,  in  the  time  of  the  Vandalic 
\rian  persecution. 

ATHEf-IXG,  Edgar,  grandson  of  Edmund 
Ironside,  king  of  England,  m.ide  some  unsuccess- 
ful attempts  to  obtain  the  cro^vn. 

.■\THELSTA\,  the  natural  son  of  Edmund 
the  Elder,  made  king  of  England,  925. 

.ATIlF.i\.\GORAS,  an  .\thenian  philosopher 
who  became  a  convert  to  Christianity.  He  lived 
in  tJie  2d  century. 

ATITEN.'KT'.S,  a  Greek  grammariitn,  born  ai 
Xancratcs,  in  Egypt,  flourished  in  the  3d  century 
ATHKX.El'S,  a  miuhematician,  2(H)  B.  C 
ATHEXJ'.US,  an  orator  of  Rome  in  the  ago 
of  .Vngnstiis. 

ATllENOnORUS,  a  stoic  philosopher,  pre- 
ceptor to  Ausnslus. 

.ATHI.XS,  Isaac,  author  of  .an  explication  ef 
the  law  of  Moses,  a  Jew  of  Spain. 

ATIII.AS,  Joseph,  a  Icarued  printer  of  Am- 
sterdam, died  17()(). 

ATlvINS,  James,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Scotchman 
of  Kirkwall,  in  Orkney,  died  lf>87. 

ATKINS,  sir  Robert,  lord  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer,  born  in  Gloucestershire,  in  the  year 
ICvIl,  died  inlhebeginnincof  the  year  1709.  He- 
was  a  man  of  much  probity,  a.i  well  as  of  great 
kill  in  his  profcsf^ion,  and  a  warm  friend  to  the 
constitution. 

ATKINS,  sir  Robert,  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  born  in  164(5.  He  became  very  early  a  great 
proficient  in  the  laws  and  antiquities  of  his  coun- 
try, which  afterwards  led  him  to  write  "The 
Ancient  and  Present  State  of  Gloucestershire," 
printed  in  folio,  1712.  This  great  and  valuable 
work  he  lived  to  perfect,  but  died  the  year  before 
it  was  published. 

.\TKI.\SO>f,Theodore,cliief  justice  of  New- 
Hampshire,  .ind  a  delegate  to  the  convention  at 
•VIbany  which  formed  the  plan  of  union  for  the 
defence  of  the  colonies,  died  1779. 

.ATKYNS,  Richard,  suffered  during  the  civil 
wars  for  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause,  and. 
died  1077. 

ATLAS,  king  of  Mauritania,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, said  to  have  been  cotemporaiy  with 
Moses.  From  his  making  astronomical  obser- 
vations on  high  mountains,  it  became  a  fable 
that  he  was  turned  into  a  mountain.  He  is 
likewise  represented  as  an  old  man  bearing  the 
world  upon  liis  shoulders ;  and  general  descrip- 
tions of  the  whole  globe,  in  sets  of  maps,  are  to 
this  hour  called  Atlases. 

ATRATrs,  Hugh,  or  Black,  called  the  Phte- 
nix  of  his  age,  from  his  great  powers  of  mind. 
.\TT.\LUS  I.,  king  of  Pergamus,  a  great  pa- 
tron of  learning,  died  193  B.  C. 

ATT.\HTS  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  reigned 
21  vears,  and  died  159  B.  C. 

ATTALUS  III.,  nephew  of  the  second,  died 
133  B.  C. 

ATTALUS,  a  native  of  Pergamus,  was 
burnt  alive  for  professing  llie  Christian  reli- 
gion, 177. 

ATTEN'DTTLT,  Margaret,  a  sister  of  Sforza, 
jrand  constable  of  Naples. 

43 


AT 

ATTi:i{l!l  KV,  iitwis;  he  look  ihr  digree of 
D.  D.  at  Oxiord,  and  was  drowned  16y3. 

ATTERBL'KY,  Lewis^sonol"  tlic  preceding, 
one  of  the  chaplaing  of  ihe  princess  Anne,  died 
1731. 

ATTERBL'KY,  Francis,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
was  born  .March  t],  1662,  at  Middl'-ton,  or  Milton 
Keynes,  in  Buckinghamshire.  He  had  hisedu 
cation  in  grammar  learning  at  Wesiuiinslr^r 
bchool ;  and  thence,  in  1680,  was  elected  a  siu 
dent  of  Christ-church  College,  0.\ford,  where  he 
soon  distinguished  himself  for  the  politeness  of 
his  wit  and  learning.  In  1G90  he  look  orders ;  in 
1691  he  was  elected  lecturer  of  St.  Brides  Church 
in  London,  preachrd  at  Bridewell  C  impel,  and 
was  soon  afterwards  appointedchaplainio  king 
William  and  queen  Mary,  He  was  for  some 
years  after  this  cnc.iged  in  a  religious  contro- 
versy with  Dr.  Bciiilcy,  Dr.  Wake,  and  other 
learned  divines.  In  1713,  the  queen,  at  the  re- 
oommendation  of  lord  chancellor  Harcourt,  ad- 
vanced him  to  the  bi.=liopric  of  Rochester,  with 
the  deanery  of  Westminster  in  conimendam. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  succeeding  reign  his 
tide  of  prosperity  began  to  turn ;  and  he  re- 
ceived a  sensible  mortification  presently  after 
the  coronation  of  king  George  1.,  when,  upoi, 
his  ofTering  to  present  his  majesty  (with  a  view, 
no  doubt,  of  standing  better  in  his  favour)  with 
the  chair  of  state  and  royal  canopy,  his  own 
perquisites  as  dean  of  Westminster,  the  offer 
was  rejected,  not  without  some  evident  marks 
of  di.~like  to  his  person.  In  17iS,  on  a  sus|)icion 
of  his  being  concerned  in  a  plot  in  favour  of  the 
pretender,  lie  was  apprehended  August  24,  and 
f  oinniitted  prisoner  to  the  Tower,  A  bill  soon 
after  passed  in  parliament,  the  tenor  of  wliich 
was,  that  he  should  be  deprived  of  all  his 
ofSccs,  dignities,  benefices,  &;c...  and  suffer  per- 
petual exile.  He  died  at  Paris,  February  15, 
1731-->, 

A7TICUS,  one  of  the  most  singular  person- 
ages in  ancient  Rome.  He  understood  the  art  of 
conducting  himself  so  well,  that,  without  de- 
parting from  his  neutrality,  he  preserved  the 
fsteetn  and  affection  of  all  parti>>s.  He  reached 
the  age  of  77  years  almost  without  knowing 
what  sickness  was,  but  at  last  fell  sick.  His- 
illness,  which  was  slight  for  three  months,  at 
length  becoining  painful,  he  sent  for  Agrippa, 
his  son-in-law,  and  two  other  persons,  and  de- 
clared to  them  a  resolution  to  put  an  end  to  tiis 
life  by  abstinence  from  food,  Agrippa  remon- 
strated with  tears,  hut  in  vain.  After  two  days 
abstinence  the  fever  left  him,  and  the  disease 
abated ;  but  Atticus  persi.sted,  and  died  three 
days  after,  in  the  year  of  Rome  7yi, 

ATTICUS,  Herodes,  a  celebrated  orator,  born 
at  Marathon,  died  in  76. 

ATTICUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  died 
in  427. 

ATTILA,  a  famous  general  of  the  Huns, 
usually  called  "  The  Scourge  of  God,"  died 
453. 

ATWOOD,  William,  chief  justice  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York,  and  judge  of  admiralty  for 
New-England,  New-York,  and  New-Jersey,  in 
1701. 

ATWOOD,  George,  of  the  parisJi  St  Clement 
Danes,  a  tutor  and  fellow  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and  lecturer  on  experimental  phild- 
sophy  to  the  university.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
profound  mathematician  and  financier,  and  for 
his  skill  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  music; 
and  was  tlie  intimate  friend  of  the  ptime  minis- 
ter, Pitt.  He  died  1807. 
44 


AU 

AUKKKT,  Peter,  a  French  lawyer,  died  1733. 

Al'BERT,  William,  an  advocate  at  Paris, 
lautlioi  of  some  works  of  merit,  died  in  ICOl. 

AUBER'J'  DU  BAYET  N.,  a  French  olficer, 
engaged  in  the  American  war. 
I    AUBERTIN,  Edme,  minister  of  the  reformed 
church  at  Charenton,  died  1"'52. 

AUBERY,  or  AUBRY,  John,  a  physician  of 
Bourboniiois,  a  learned  author. 

AUBERY,  Anthony,  a  lawj-er  of  Paris,  and 
a  remarkable  eludeut,  died  16!)5. 

AUBERY,  Louis,  sieurdu  Maurier,  author  of 
some  valuable  works,  died  1687. 

AUBESPINE,  Claude  de  1',  usefully  employ- 
ed in  the  service  of  Francis  I.,  Henry  U.,  and 
las  two  surces.sors;  he  died  in  ]5^.7. 

AUBESPINE,  Charles  de,  marquis  of  Cba- 
teau-ncuf,  chancellor  of  France,  an  able  states- 
man, died  ]fi53. 

AUBESPINE,  Gabriel  de  P,  an  ambassador 
in  England,  1G30. 

AUBESPINE,  Magdelene  de  I',  wife  of  Ni- 
colas de  Neulvilie  de  Villeroi,  celebrated  for  her 
■wit  and  beauty  at  the  court  of  Charles  IX. 

AUBIGNE,  Theodore  Agrippa  d',  a  very  il- 
lustrious Frenchman,  and  grandlailier  of  theno 
less  illustrious  Madame  de  Mainteiion,  was  born 
about  the  year  1550.  His  parts  were  so  uncom- 
liion.  and  his  progress  in  letters  so  very  rapid, 
that  he  is  said  to  have  translated  the  "  Crito  '  of 
Plato  from  the  Greek  into  French  when  no  more 
than  eight  years  old.  His  principal  work  is 
•'Histoiie  Univeifclle,  from  K.'iOto  IPOI,  with 
a  short  Account  of  the  Death  of  Henry  IV.,"  in 
three  volumes,  folio.  Aubiene  died  at  Geneva 
in  16.30. 

AI'EREY,  John,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born  at  Easton  Piers,  Wiltshire,  1626, 
died  1700,  leaving  many  works  bciiiud  him,  par- 
ticularly a  "  History  of  Surrey,"  5  vols.  8vo.,  a 
volume  of  "Miscellanies,"  and  several  MSS., 
which  are  in  the  Ashniolean  Museum,  Oxford. 
He  seems,  however,  to  have  been  a  credulous 
man,  and  to  have  been  frequently  imjiostd  upon 
with  marvellous  tales  and  absurd  hypotheses. 

AUBREY,  John  Baptist,  a  French  Benedict- 
ine, prior  of  the  house  of  C'ommercy,  died  1809. 
His  writings  on  theological  and  philosophical 
subjects  are  numerous. 

AUBRIOT,  Hugo,  builder  of  the  Bastile,  136D, 
died  in  1382. 

AUBTSSON,  Peter  d%  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  a  warrior  and 
statesman,  died  in  l-WS. 

AUBUSSON,  Francis  d',  duke  de  la  Fcuil 
lade,  disiinguislied  himself  in  the  wars  of  Flan- 
ders, died  in  1681, 

AUCHMUTY,  Samuel,  D,  D.,  rector  of  Tri- 
nity church.  New- York,  died  1777. 

AUCHMUTY,  sir  Saimiel,  knt.,  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  in  New-York,  and,  taking  side 
against  his  countrymen  in  the  Revolution,  he 
entered  the  British  army,  and  rose  to  the  high 
rank  of  lieutenant  general,  after  holding  va- 
rious honourable  and  lucrative  stations  under 
the  British  government.  He  died  at  Dublin, 
while  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Ire- 
land, 1822. 

AUDEBERT,  Germain,  a  counsellor  of  Or 
leans,  and  a  poet,  died  1598. 

AT^DEBERT,  John  Baptist,  a  French  na 
turalist,  engraver,  &c.,  died  1800. 

AUDIFRFT,  Jean  Baptiste  d",  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  author  of  a  geography,  died  1733. 

AUDIFRET,  Hercules,  of  Carpentras,  pre- 
ceptor of  Flechier,  died  1659. 


AU 

AUUIGUIKK,  Vital  d',  known  tor  liis  udven 
turcs  in  giifslol'  iudependeiice,  died  WM). 

AUIHU6,  founder  of  a  sect  in  tlie  4tli  cen 
tury. 

AUDFjEY,  James,  lord,  distinguished  for  his 
valour  in  the  wars  of  France,  &c.,  died  in  I'.iSH. 

AUOLKY,  Edmund,  was  successively  made 
liishoi)  of  Rochester,  Hereford,  and  Salisbury, 
and  died  in  15C4. 

AI;DLEY,  or  AWDEKEV.TIioma?:,  appoint- 
ed chaucellor  in  llie  room  of  sir  Thomas  More, 
died  in  1544. 

AUDRAN,  nirard,  esteemed  the  most  correct 
historical  engraver  thai  ever  lived,  died  in  lT();t. 

AUDRAN,  Claude,  brother  to  Girard,  a  his- 
torical painter,  died  in  1084. 

AUDRAN,  John,  nephew  of  Girard,  an  en- 
graver of  Lyons,  died  in  I'M. 

AIIOER,  Edmund,  whose  cloqnence  conven- 
ed 40,0IX)  protestanis  to  the  catholic  faith,  died 
151»1. 

A(JGIIREM-I,  John  Aureliiis,  a  poet  and 
philosopher  of  Rimini,  died  in  15-24. 

AUOrSTIN,  Antony,  employed  by  the  pojre 
as  aiidiassador  to  England,  died  in  15K7. 

AUGUSTINE,  St.,  a  lather  of  the  church, 
made  bishop  of  Hippo,  died  in  4:HI. 

AUGUSTINE,  Leonard,  commonly  calh'il 
A|;ostini,  an  aiitiquarlan  ol  Sienna  in  the  ITlli 
centnrv. 

AUGUSTIN,  or  AUSTIN,  St.,  the  first  arch 
bishop  of  Canterbury,  wasori^inally  a  monk  in 
thf!  convent  of  St.  Aiulrew,  at  Rome,  and  edu- 
cated under  St.  Gregory,  afterwards  pope  Gre- 
gory (.,by  wliomhe  wasilespatchcd  into  Krilain, 
with  4U  other  monks  of  the  same  order,  almut 
llie  year  5!IG,  to  convert  the  Eniilisli  S:i\ons  lo 
Cliristianity.     He  died  at  Canterbury,  Ii04. 

AUGUSTULUS,  Romulus,  the  last  emperor 
of  Rome,  spent  the  last  part  of  his  life  in  ob- 
scurity. 

AUGJTSTU'S,  Caius  Julius  Cssar  Octavia- 
nus,  the  first  Roman  Emperor,  a  prince  of  great 
mocioration  and  prudence,  died  A.  D.  14. 

AUII.\Dl-MARAG.\n,  a  mussulnian  poet, 
about  131'.t. 

AULUS  GELLIUS.    See  GELLIUS. 

AUMO.XT,  John  d",  count  of  Chateroux, 
marshal  of  France,  &c.,  died  l.')95. 

AUMONT,  Anthony  d',  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, also  marshal  of  France,  &.c.,  died  llifiO. 

AUKGERVILLE,  Richard,  tutor  to  Edward 
ni.  of  England,  died  i;!45. 

AUNOY,  Marie  Catherine  Jumelle  de  Tlern- 
vilJe,  countess  d",  known  as  the  writer  of  nu- 
merous romances,  died  1705. 

AUREMAN,  son  of  a  peasant,  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Rome  after  Claudius  II.,  died  275. 

AITRELIUS  VICTOR,  Sextus,  a  Roman  his- 
torian of  the  4lh  century. 

AURELLI,  or  ARELLI,  John  Mutio,  a  Latin 
poet,  died  VrXl. 

AURENG-ZEB,  the  great  mognl,  a  famous 
conqueror,  but  detestable  parricide  who  poloon- 
ed  his  father  to  possess  his  throne,  died  1707, 
aged  near  100. 

AUREOLU.?,  !\Tanius  Acilius,  from  a  shep- 
herd became  a  general ;  he  died  207. 

AURIA,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Palermo,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  man  of  letters,  died  1710. 

AURIFICUS,  or  ORIFICUS  BONEFILIUS, 
Nicholas,  author  of  several  religious  works  in 
the  16th  centurv. 

AURIGNY,  Hyacintha  Robillard  d',  regent 
of  the  college  of  Alenoon,  wrote  some  chrono- 
logical memoiic  on  hietory,  tec.  and  died  1719 


AC 

AUKIG.NY,  Gillcs  d",  an  ingenious  French 
poet  ol'  the  Jllih  ceniury. 

AUlilLLU.V,  Jean  Bapliste  Elie,  a  French- 
man, adniireti  lor  his  eloquence,  &c  ,  died  172!i. 

AURIOL,  Blaise  d',  known  by  some  poeticd 
pieces  and  treatises  on  jurisprudence,  Uie,d  1541' 

AIJRISPA,  Jolm,  patronised  by  pojic  Ni- 
cholas V. 

AUROGALLUS,  Matthew,  assisted  L'lther 
in  translaiing  the  Bible  into  German,  and  died 
1543. 

AUROUX,  Mattliew,  a  lawyer,  author  of  a 
curious  commentary  on  the  costume  du  Bour- 
boiinois,  in  the  If^'.h  century. 

AUSOMUS,  Deciinus  Magnus,  aXatin  poet 
of  the  4th  century. 

AUSSUN,  Pierre  d',  a  distinguished  ofRcer  ir 
the  French  service,  died  15li3. 

AUSTIN,  William,  author  of  the  "  E.vcellen- 
cy  of  Women."  &r. 

AUTEI,S,(;illaumed£9,anindi(rercMFrcnc1i 
poet,  died  l'>7ti. 

.\I"1'I:R(H'HE,  Jean  Chappc  d',  a  French 
nan,  disiiii^uislied  for  his  e:irly  and  rapid  pro- 
;ress  in  learning ;  he  went  to  Tobolsk  to  observe 
llie  transit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk,  June 
li,  ,1701. 

AUTHOiV,  John  d',  historiographer  to  Lewis 
XII.,  died  15:«. 

AL'TOMNE,  Bernard,  author  of  a  commen- 
larv  on  the  provincial  law  of  Bordeaux,  died 
lllOO. 

AUTREAU,  Jacques  d',  a  painter  of  Paris, 
who  began  to  write  for  the  stage  at  60,  with  suc- 
cess ;  he  died  1745. 

AUVERGNE,  Antliony  d',  director  of  the 
opera  at  Paris,  and  an  eminent  composer,  died 
1707. 

AUVIGNY,  N.  Castres  d',  born  in  the  Hal- 
naut,  intimate  with  1'  abbe  des  Fontaines ;  he 
wrote  much  on  historical  subjects,  and  died 
1743. 

AUXF.NTIUS,  a  native  of  Cappadocia  ;  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Milan,  but  was  at'icrwards 
excommunicated,  and  died  374.  Another  of 
I  he  same  name  challenged  St.  Ambrose  to  a  pub- 
lic disputation,  which  he  rejected. 

AIJZONT,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Rouen,  a  ma- 
thematician, said  to  be  the  inventor  of  the  mi- 
crometer ;  he  suggest!  d  the  idea  of  ajiplying  the 
telescope  to  the  astronomical  quadrant,  and  died 
1001. 

AVALOS  FERDINAND,  Francis  d',  mar- 
quis of  Pescara,  distinguished  for  his  valour  in 
llie  service  of  Charles  V.,  died  l.')'-5. 

AVALOS,  Alplionso  d',  marquis  del  Vasto, 
a.ssisled  Charles  V.  in  Italy,  died  1.546. 

AV.'VNTIO,  John  Marion,  a  learned  civilian, 
settled  at  Padua,  died  1622. 

AVED,  Jaques  Andre  Joseph,  a  painter  of 
eminence,  died  at  Paris,  1766. 

AVEIRO,  Joseph,  duke  ot",  a  Portuguese  no- 
bleman, conspired  .ngainst  king  Joseph  I.,  and 
wa.s  executed  1759. 

AVENPACA,  a  Spanish  Moor,  a  peripatetic 
pliilosopher  in  the  12th  century. 

AVELAR,  a  Portuguese  painter. 

AVELLANEDA,  Alphoiisus  Fernandes  A\ 
a  Spanish  writer,  native  of  Tordcsillas,  won 
author  of  a  Continuation,  or  Second  Part,  of 
"  Don  Qui.xote,"  Pvo.,  1614.  It  has  been  twice 
translated  into  English  ;  and  Pope,  in  his  Essay 
on  Criticism,  has  vc  tsified  a  tale  from  it  The 
time  of  his  birth  or  death  has  not  been  necet- 
tained. 

AVEXTIN,  John,  a  celebrated  scholar,  am' 
45 


AY 


BA 


author  of  the  "  Annals  of  Bavaria,"  bom  1466, 
at  Abenspcrg,  in  the  country  just  named.  He 
died  15m. 

AVENZOAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
12ih  century. 

AVERANIUS,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Florence, 
piihsusscd  strong  powers  of  mind ;  he  died  in 
1738. 

AVERANIUS,  Benedict,  brother  of  the  pre 
c»din?.  early  diiiiinguished  by  advanceutent  in 
literaluro,  died  in  1707. 

.WERDY,  Clement  Charles  de  1',  minister 
and  conipiroiler  of  the  tinanccs  under  Lewis 
XV.,  piiillotined  in  1794. 

AVERROES,  one  of  the  most  subtle  Arabian 
philosophers,  and  a  native  of  Corduba,  flourish 
cd  in  the  1-lh  century. 

AVEi^UURY,  Robert,  an  English  historian. 

AVICEXNA,  a  celebrated  philosopher  and 
physician  among  the  Wahometans,  was  born 
in  the  year  980,  and  died  in  1030.  The  nutiibtr 
of  his  books,  including  his  smaller  tracts,  is 
rnmputeii  at  near  100,  the  majority  of  which  are 
either  lost  or  not  known  in  Europe. 

A  VIENUS,  Rufus  Festus,  a  Latin  poet  of  the 
4th  century. 

AVILA,  Louis  d",  a  general  of  cavalry  under 
Charles  V.  at  the  siege  of  Mentz,  1552. 

AVILA,  Giles  Gonzales  d',  historiographer  to 
the  Spanish  king,  died  1656. 

AVIL.^,  John  d",  a  learned  and  pious  ecclesi 
astic  of  Toledo,  died  1569. 

AVILA,  Sancho  d',  bishop  of  Murcia,  &c., 
distinguished  for  his  piety,  died  1626. 

A  VILER,  Augustin  Charles  d',  WTOte  on  ar- 
chitecture ;  he  died  1700. 

AVIRON,  Jameslc  Bathelier,  author  of  com 
mcntaries  on  the  provincial  laws  of  Normandy 

AVISOX,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  mu- 
sician and  composer,  and  author  of  a  treatise 
on  "  Musical  E.xpres3ion,"  died  at  Newcastle, 
Blay  10,  1770. 

AVITUS,  Mark  Mscilius,  emperor  of  the 
West,  on  the  death  of  Maximus,  455. 

AVOGARDI,  Lucia  Albani,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
lian poetess. 

AXERETO,  or  ASSERETO,  Blaise,  a  Ge- 
noese admiral,  defeated  and  took  prisoner  Al- 
phonso  V^.,  king  of  Arragon,  in  a  naval  battle, 
1435. 

AXITHEA,  a  female  philosopher,  in  tlie  age 
of  Plato. 

AXTEL,  Daniel,  a  colonel  in  the  parlia- 
mentary army  ;  from  a  grocer  he  became  a  sol- 
dier, was  one  of  the  officers  employed  at  the 
trial  of  the  king,  and  for  his  concern  in  his  e.xe- 
o.uunn,  he  suffered  death  in  1660. 

AYESHA,  most  beloved  of  the  wives  of  Ma- 
homet, died  677. 

.\YLES?BURY,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, and  a  patron  of  literature,  distinguished  a: 
a  niatlii'maiician  and  man  of  science,  died  1657 

AYLESBURY,  William,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  tutor  to  the  young  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham and  his  brother,  died  in  Jamaica,  1657. 

.'WLETT,  Roliert,  a  ma.ster  in  chancery  of 
Trinitv-hall,  Cambridse,  1614. 

A  YLIN,  John,  author  of  the  history  of  Friuli, 
an  Italian  author  of  the  14th  century. 

AYLMER,  John,  bishop  of  London,  born  in 
Norfolk  1521.  He  preached  frequently  in  hi 
cathedral,  and  had  an  admirable  talent  at  cap- 
tivating the  attention  of  his  hearers.  He  died 
at  Fulhanv  the  3d  of  June,  1594,  aged  73. 

AYLOFFE,  Sir  Joseph,  bart.,  V.  P.  A.  S.,! 

9nd  F.  B.  8.,  born  1706. died  J7S1.    JEIie  know-; 

4S 


ledpe  of  the  national  :iiitii|uiiies  and  uiunicipa* 
righis  was  very  extensive. 

AYLON,  Luke  Vasques  iV,  a  Spaniard  en 
gaged  in  the  discovery  and  conquest  of  Aineri 
ca,  1520. 

AYMAR.James,  a  peasant  of  Dauphine,  pre 
tended  to  discover  secrets,  tec,  by  nican^  of  k 
sacred  wand  ;  he  died  1708. 

AYMOA",  John,  a  Picdniontese,  embraced 
the  tenets  of  Calvin,  in  Holland,  but  returned  lo 
the  Romish  church  ;  he  purloined  and  pulilisheO 
some  books  from  the  king's  library  at  Paris. 

AYRES,  John,  an  English  {icnman  of  con- 
siderable eminence  about  1094. 

AYRMIN,  or  AYERMIN,  William,  made 
chancellor  of  England  by  Edward  III. ;  lie  was 
also  sent  ambassador  to  Rome. 

AYSA,  a  Moorish  female,  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Spaniards  under  Cliarles  V-,  at  the  siege  of 
Tunis. 

AYSCOUGH,  George  Edward,  an  English- 
man ;  he  was  an  officer  in  the  foot  guards,  dis- 
tingiiislied  for  his  literary  acquirements,  and 
died  1779. 

A Yy COUGH,  Anne.    See  ASKEW. 

AY'SCOl'tiH,  Samuel,  assistant  librarian  in 
the  British  Museum,  but  chiefly  memorable  foi 
his  patient  industry  in  that  most  useful,  but  too 
much  despised  province  of  literature,  called  in- 
dex makiiitr.  He  published,  among  otlier  w  orks, 
a  "  Calaliigue  of  the  MSS.  in  the  I{riti^h  AIu 
seiim  ;  and  also  a  Catalogue  of  Ancient  Char- 
ters in  that  matchless  collection,  amounting  to 
about  16,000.  He  was  born  at  Nottingham,  in 
1745,  and  dit-d  in  the  British  Museum,  October 
30,  1^0-1. 

AYSCl'E,  Sir  George,  a  trallant  English  ad- 
miral, from  an  ancient  family  in  Lincolnshire  ; 
in  1(566  he  commanded  the  Royal  Prince,  the 
Largest  ship  in  the  world  ;  it  was  captured  by 
the  Hutch. 

AZARIAH,  or  UZZIAH,  king  of  Judah,  lived 
810  B.  C,  became  an  idolater,  and  died  a  leper. 

A  Z.-\RIAS,  a  rabbi,  author  of  several  Hebrew 
works. 

AZEVEDO,  Ignatius,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit,  a 
missionary  to  .■\merica,  murdered  bv  pirates, 1570. 

AZAICUETA,  Martin,  a  lawyer  of  Paiiip.-- 
luna,  distinguished  as  a  professor  in  several  uni- 
versities, died  at  Rome,  in  1566. 

AZORIUS,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca,  eminent 
among  the  Jesuits,  as  a  professor  at  Alcala  and 
at  Rome,  died  1603. 

AZZI  DE  FORTI,  Faustina,  writer  of  a  vo- 
lume of  Italian  poems,  died  1724. 

AZZO,  Fortius,  professor  of  law  at  Bologna, 
died  1220. 

AZZOGUIDO,  Valerius  Flaccus,  a  learned 
antiquarian  of  Bologna,  died  1728. 

AZZOLINI,  Lawrence,  secretary  to  Pope 
Urban  VIII.,  and  bishop  of  Nariii,  died  1532. 

BA 

BAAHDIN,  Maliomet  Gebet  Amali, a  learned 
Persian,  author  of  a  summary  of  civil  and  canon 
law,  which  was  enforced  through  Persia,  by 
command  of  Abbas  the  Great. 

B  A  AN,  John  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of  some  emi- 
nence, patronised  by  Charlesll.  of  England,  and 
the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  ;  he  died  1702. 

B.^ARSDORP,  Cornelius,  was  physician  and 
chamberlain  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

BA.'\RT,  Peter,  a  Latin  and  Flemish  poet 
and  physician,  author  of  the  Flemish  Georgics 
and  otiier  poems.    Y^ar  of  bis  death  unknoivn 


BA 


BABA,  a  Turkish  impostor.  He  announci'cl 
liimsc'lf,  in  1260,  as  the  ines^cngcr  of  God  ;  wa 
opposed  and  overpowered  by  llie  Turks,  and  hi; 
sect  dispersed. 

BABEK,  a  Persian,  who,  in  823,  rebelled 
against,  and  defeated  the  caliph  Almanion.  He 
was  conquered  and  executed  by  the  next  calipli. 
BAB.VCOL'SCHI,  a  mum  of  Caffa,  in  the 
Taurida,  author  of  several  political  treatises, 
died  78.3  of  the  hcpira. 

BABFX'F,  Francis  Noel,  a  native  of  St.  Quin- 
tin,  an  attorney,  aflerwaids  publislierof  a  French 
revolutionary  paper,  who,  for  his  vices,  was 
deemed  a  lit  successor  to  llobespierre.  He  was 
condemned  to  the  guillotine,  and  executed  1797, 
aged  37. 

BABIX,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angus,  and  pro- 
fessor of  liivinity,  died  1734. 

BABINGTO.V,  Dr.  Gervase,  bi«hop  of  Wor- 
cester, born  in  Nottin[;hani?hiro,  L^.W,  died  ItilO, 
leaving  some  esteemed  theological  works  be- 
hind him,  as  "  Notes  on  the  reniateuch,"  &.c. 
BABINGTON,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Derby- 
shire.   He  conspired,  with  other  Catholics,  to 
assassinate  (iuecn  Elizabeth,  and  release  Mary 
queen  of  Scots.   He  was  detected  and  executed, 
158C. 
BABIIR,  grandson  of  Tamerlane,  died  1-171. 
B.\BYIiAS,  a  bishop  of  .Vntioch,  put  todealh 
in  the  reign  of  the  i'inp>Tor  Uecius,  251. 

B ACAl,  Ibrahim  Benomar,  di.d  BS.'i  of  the 
hecira. 

BAC.\LANl,  Abubccre,  author  of  a  book  ex- 
planatory of  the  Koran. 
BACCALAR-Y-SANiVA,  Vincent,  marquis 


BACKER,  James,  an  eminent  Dutch  portraic 
painter,  died  1.5»}0. 

BACKER,  Jacob,  a  portrait  painter,  bom  at 
Henligcn,  died  1651. 

BACKHOUSE,  William,  an  English  alcby 
mist  and  astroloeer,  died  Itiii-J. 

B  ACKHU  YSEN,  Ludolph,  a  painter  of  Emb- 
den,  died  1709. 

B.ACKUS,  Charles,  D.D.,  an  eminent  minister, 
he  settled  in  Soniers,  Conn.,  1774,  and  died  Iti03. 
BAtKlJS,  Isaac,  a  distinguished  baptist  mi- 
nister of  Massachu.ietts,  whose  publications  are 
more  numerous  than  any  other  baptist  writer  in 
America ;  he  died  IfiOG. 

B.VCKUS,  Axiel,  D.  D.,  was  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  and  afterwards  first  presi 
dent  of  Hamilton  College  ;  he  died  \eHi,  aged  0-J. 
U  ACL.W,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  wri- 
ter of  some  celebrity,  died  1021. 

B.VCON,  HnbiTl,  an  English  friar,  professor 
of  divinity  at  O.xfnrd,  and  treasurer  of  Salisbury 
caliicdral,  died  121f\ 

B.^CUN,  Nathaniel,  came  to  America,  and 
can.<<ed  an  injurious  rebellion  in  Governor  Berk- 
ley's time. 

B.\CON,  Roger,  alearned  monk  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  descended  of  an  ancient  t'amilv. 
born  near  llchestcr,  in  Somersetshire,  1214.  His 
discoveries  were  littl'-  iindi-rstood  by  the  gene- 
rality of  mankind  ;  and  because,  by  the  help  of 
mathematical  knowledge,  he  jierfornied  things 
above  common  underst.inding,  he  was  suspected 
of  magic.  He  was  persecuted  particularly  by 
his  own  fraternity;  they  v.-ould  not  receive  his 


,  .    ^     .        works  into  their  library,  and  at  last  had  intcr- 

of  St.  Philip,  a  man  ot  intliience  under  Charles  lest  enough  with  the  general  of  their  order  to  ect 
H.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  died  172C.  him  imprisoned  ;  so  that,  as  he  cotilVsscs  hi'ni- 


B.VCCAIii,  a  learned  Mahometan,  surnamed 
the  ornament  of  the  doctors,  for  his  learning, 
died  562  of  the  hegira. 

BACCELLI,  Jerome,  a  n.ntivc  of  Florence 
he  translated  the  Odyssey  into  Italian,  I.IM. 

B.VCCHETTI,  Lawrence,  professor  of  medi 
cine  and  jurisprudence  at  Padua,  died  1708. 

BACCHINI,  Benedict,  a  Benedictine  monk 
librarian  and  historiographer  to  the  duke  of 
Mndena,  and  professor  of  Ecclesiastical  history, 
died  1721. 

BACCHYUDES,  a  lyric  poet  of  Cos,  who 
lived  about  452  B.  C. 

BACCHYLUS,  bishop  of  Corinth  in  the  2d 
ccntur>'. 

BACCIO,  -Andreas,  a  native  of  Ancona,  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Rome,  and  physician  to 
PopeSixtus  v.,  died  about  1600. 

B.ACCIO,  Francis  Bartholomew,  a  historical 
and  portrait  painter  of  Florence,  died  1517. 

BACH,  John  Sebastian,  an  eminent  German 
musician,  who  long  stood  unrivalled  as  a  per- 
former on  the  organ,  as  well  as  a  composer  tor 
that  instrument.  He  was  born  at  Eisenach  in 
1085,  and  died  at  Leipzic,  in  1754. 

BACHAUMON,  Lewis  Petit  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  as  the  author  of  several  literary 
works,  died  1771. 

BACHELIER,  Nicholas,  an  architect  and 
sculptor  of  eminence,  he  was  a  pupil  of  Michael 
Angelo,  and  died  after  1553. 

BACHINI,  Bernardine,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
author  of  several  Latin  and  Italian  works,  died 
1721. 

BACHOVIUS,  Reinier,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
an  eminent  civilian  and  professor  at  Heidelberg, 
died  lfil4. 

B  ACICI,  John  Baptistc  Gauli,  a  native  of  Ge- 
noa, and  eminent  as  a  painter,  died  at  Rome,  1709. 


self,  he  had  reason  to  repent  of  his  having  taken 
such  .pains  in  the  arts  and  .sciences.  At  the 
particular  desire  of  Pope  Clement  IV.,  Baron 
collected  together  and  onlareed  his  several 
pieces,  and  sent  them  to  him,  in  12G7.  This  col- 
lection, which  is  the  same  that  himself  entitled 
"  Opus  Majlis,"  or  his  Great  Work,  is  still  ex- 
tant. When  Bacon  had  been  ten  years  in  prison. 
Jerom  d'Ascoli,  general  of  his  order,  who  had 
condemned  his  doctrine,  was  chosen  pope,  and 
assumed  the  name  of  Nicholas  IV.  Toward 
the  latter  end  of  his  reign.  Bacon,  by  the  inter- 
position of  some  noblemen,  obtained  his  release, 
and  returned  to  Oxford,  where  he  spent  the  re 
inininder  of  his  days  in  peace,  and  died  in  the 
college  of  his  order,  11th  June,  ISIH.  Dr.  Freind 
ascribes  the  honour  of  introducing  cliymistry 
into  Europe  to  Bacon,  who,  he  observes,'  speak« 
in  some  part  or  other  of  his  works,  of  almost 
ever>-  operation  now  used  in  chtmistiy.  He  was 
a  miracle  of  the  age  that  he  lived  in  ;  and  the 
greatest  genius,  perhaps,  for  nirchanical  know- 
ledge, that  ever  appeared  in  the  world  since 
Archimedes. 

BACON,  Sir  Nicholas,  lord  keeper  of  the 
great  seal  in  the  reign  of  Uueen  Elizabeth,  was 
descended  of  an  ancient  familv  in  Suffolk,  bom 
in  the  year  1510,  and  died,  lanienled  bv  her  ma- 
jesty and  the  nation,  on  theCOth  of  Feb.,  1578-9. 
BACON,  Anno,  wife  of  Sir  Nicholas,  a  lady 
eminent  for  learning,  piety,  and  virtue,  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  reicn  of  Jam<'sL 

B.-VCON,  Francis,  viscount  of  .St.  Albans,  lord 
high  chancellor  of  Eiicland,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est and  most  universal  geniuses  that  any  ,ige  or 
countr>-  has  produced,  v.as  son  of  Sir  Nicholas 
Bacon,  lord  keeper  of  the  creat  seal,  and  I'jrn  at 
York  House,  in  the  .Str.in.l,  on  the  22d  of  Janu- 
ary, 1561.  His  extraordinary  parts,  even  when 
47 


I 


BA 

a  hoy,  were  so  conspicuous,  tliat  before  he  wa^ 
full  llj,  his  father  calleJ  hi:ii  from  ihi;  \iiiivi'rsiiy 
to  atieiid  into  France  the  quei-n'.s  ambai-iadoi , 
Sir  Amyas  Pawlet,  tvhose  esteem  and  conli- 
dciice  he  pained  to  sucli  a  degree,  tlial  he  vi  iib 
soon  after  cliarprd  liy  liini  wiih  acoiutnisi-ion  to 
the  queen,  which  he  executed  willi  prcut  ap- 
l<robalion,  and  returned  again  to  Franci;,  to  fin 
ish  hi3  travels,  liurinc  liis  slay  In  that  kin^- 
<loniliis  father  died,  willioui  making  that  sepa- 
rate provision  for  him  which  lie  had  intended 
tliis  obliging  liim  to  tliiiik  of  some  professioi 
for  a  subsistence,  he  applied  liimself,  more 
through  necessity  than  choice,  to  the  study  ol 
the  coinmon  law,  and  for  that  purpose  seated 
himself  in  Gray's  Inn.  At  the  age  of  26  he  was 
chosen  by  that  honourable  society  for  their 
licnt  reader,  and  afterwards  their  double  reader 
On  the  '.23d  of  July,  1003,  he  received  the  honour 
of  knialnhood  ;  and  on  the  2.5lh  of  August,  160J, 
was  constituted  by  patent  one  of  the  king's 
learned  counsel.  In  1G13,  he  succeeded  Sir 
Henry  Hobart,  advanced  to  the  place  of  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  as  attorney  gene- 
ral. June  9,  161(j,  he  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  a  privy-counsellor,  while  he  was  still  in  the 
otHce  of  attorney-general :  and  as  he  Iiad  now 
more  leisure  from  private  causes,  he  was  de- 
sirous to  dedicate  more  time  to  public  service ; 
and  therefore  made  an  offer  to  the  king  of  a  new 
"  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  England."  ftiarch  7, 
1617,  upon  the  chancellor's  voluntary  resigna- 
tion of  the  seals,  they  were  given  to  Sir  Francis 
r.acon,  with  the  title  of  lord  keeper.  On  tlie 
4th  of  January,  1618,  he  was  constituted  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England,  and  on  the  11th  of 
July  following,  created  baron  of  Verulam,  in 
Ilertfordsiiire.  In  16C0,  amidst  all  the  variety 
of  weighty  business  in  which  his  high  office  ne- 
cessarily involved  him,  he  pul>lished  the  most 
finished  and  important,  though  the  least  read,  of 
all  his  philosophical  tracts,  the  "  Novum  Orga- 
num  Scientiaruni."  The  next  year  he  was  ac- 
cused of  bribery  and  corruption ;  and  the  house 
of  peers,  on  the  3d  of  May,  1621 ,  gave  judgment 
against  him,  "that  he  should  be  fined  40,000^., 
and  remain  prisoner  in  the  tower  during  the 
king's  pleasure  :  that  he  should  for  ever  be  in- 
capable of  any  office,  place,  or  employment  in 
the  state  or  commonwealth ;  and  that  he  should 
never  sit  in  parUament,  or  come  within  the 
verge  of  the  court."  But  he  was  soon  restored 
to  his  liberty, and  hisfineremitted,  and  was  sum- 
moned to  the  first  parUament  of  King  Charles. 
After  this  sentence,  he  retired  from  civil  affairs, 
and  for  five  years  gave  himself  wholly  up  to 
writina.  He  died  April  9,  1620,  and  lies  buried 
in  St.  Michael's  church,  at  St.  Alban's,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  for  him  by  Sir  Thomas 
Meautys,  once  his  secretary,  and  afterwards 
clerk  of  the  council.  His  works,  collected  into 
5  vols.  4to.,  were  beautifully  and  accurately 
printed  by  Mr.  Bovvyer  and  Mr.  Strahan,  m  1765. 

BACON,  Anthony,  brother  to  the  chancellor, 
distinguished  for  his  acquaintance  with  politics, 
died  before  his  brother. 

BACON,  Sir  Nathaniel,  knight  of  the  bath,  a 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school. 

BACON,  Phanuel,  rector  of  Balden,  inOxford- 
stiire,  and  vicar  of  Bramber,  in  Sussex,  was  a 
famous  punster,  and  an  ingenious  poet.  He 
published,  in  1757,  five  dramatic  pieces,  called 
"  The  Taxes,"  "  The  Insignificants,"  "  1'he 
Trial  of  the  Time-killers,"  "  The  Moral  auack," 
and  "  The  Oculist ;"  and  died  at  Balden,  Janu- 
ary 2,  1783. 
48 


LA 

BACON,  John,  a  celebrated  sculptor,  born  in 
London,  November  24,  174U ;  was  apprenticed 
10  a  painter  of  porcelain  china,  at  Lambeth ; 
but,  observing  the  models  of  different  sculptors 
which  were  sent  to  a  neighbouring  jHitter's  to 
be  burnt,  he  conceived  a  strong  inclination  to 
pursue  the  art  of  sculpture,  and  his  progress 
was  as  rapid,  as  the  decision  was  sudden.  He 
.studied  at  the  Iloyal  Academy  on  its  first  insti- 
luiion,  in  176*),  and  in  a  few  years  after^vards 
was  elected  royal  academiciiui.  Of  the  numer- 
ous monuments  erected  by  him,  the  most  dis- 
tinguished are,  those  of  Lord  Chatham,  in  West- 
miiisler  Abbey,  and  of  Mr.  Howard  and  Dr. 
Johnson,  in  S?t.  Paul's  Cathedral,  lit  dial  Au- 
gust 7, 1799. 

BACONTHORPE,  John,  a  monk  of  Norfolk, 
died  VMG. 

BACOUE,  Leo,  a  protestant  of  Gascony,  con- 
verted to  popery,  and  made  bishop  ol  Paniicrs, 
died  1694. 

BACUUERRE,  Benedict  de,  a  physician  and 
medical  author. 

BACQUET,  advocate  to  the  king  of  France, 
died  1597. 

BACTISHUA,  George  Ebn,  a  Christian  r'ly- 
sician  of  celebrity  at  the  court  of  Alniansor. 

BADAKSCHI,  a  Persian  poet,  under  the  ca- 
liph Moctafi. 

BAD.ASCH,  a  commentator  on  the  Arabic 
gianniiar,  died  5'2P  of  the  hegita. 

BADCOCK,  Samuel,  an  eminent  critic  and 
controversial  writer,  was  born  at  South  Moulton, 
in  Devonshire,  in  the  year  1747,  and  destined  to 
the  clerical  character.  We  find  him  in  very 
early  life,  at  about  the  age  of  19,  at  the  head  of 
a  very  considerable  Presbyterian  congregation 
at  Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire.  From  this  situa- 
tion, however,  he  removed,  and  was  elected 
minister  of  South  Moulton,  about  12  miles  from 
his  first  situation  ;  and  in  this  retirement  his  ac- 
tive mind  turned  its  views  to  the  more  public 
departments  of  literature.  During  the  progress 
of  the  London  Review,  he  occasionally  corres- 
ponded with  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  contended  with 
that  acute  and  inleUigcnt  sceptic  on  different 
points  of  Christianity.  He  occasionally,  also, 
wrote  some  articles  in  his  Review,  which  are 
yerdislinguishable  by  their  spirit  and  ii  li- 
gence.  He  was,  before  this  perio.     't  .lal 

correspondent  in  the  Westminstt.  .  zine; 
and  we  afterwards  find  him  more  frequently 
corresponding  with  the  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
the  London  Magazine,  the  General  E"vening 
Post,  aii^  the  St.  James'  Chronicle.  But  the 
great  scene  of  his  public  warfare  was  in  tlie 
Monthly  Review  About  three  years  before  his 
death,  which  happened  on  tbe  19lh  of  May,  1786, 
he  conformed  to  the  established  church. 

BADDELY,  Robert,  an  excellent  low  come- 
dian, many  years  attached  to  Drury-lane  thea- 
tre, died  November  20,  1794.  By  his  will  he 
left  to  the  theatrical  fund  his  cottage  at  Hamp 
ton,  in  trust,  that  they  should  elect  to  reside  in 
it  such  four  of  the  fund  pensioners  as  might  not 
[ibject  to  living  sociably  under  the  same  roof. 
In  this  house  arc  two  parlours  for  their  joint  in- 
dulgence, and  four  separate  bedchambers.  This 
bequest  is  an  instance  of  his  benevolence,  and 
of  his  respect  for  his  profession  ;  but  tlie  manner 
in  which  it  was  done  is  even  more  honourable 
to  him  than  the  donation  itself  That  the  de 
cayed  actors  who  are  to  be  chosen  by  the  fund 
committee  as  tenants  for  this  house,  might  not 
appear  like  dependants  on  charity,  in  the  eyes 
of  the  neighbourhood,  be  left  abo  a  certain  wm 


-■h 


BA 

to  be  distributed  by  those  tenants  to  thu  poor  of 
the  vicinity.  Tlif  siricuiaiiiy  ol  .Mr.  H.'s  mind 
is  further  observable,  in  Iiis  leaving  3  pound 
annually  for  a  iwelftli-cake,  to  bu  disuibuted  ui 
the  green-room. 

BADEN,  James,  professor  of  eloquence,  &c., 
ill  the  university  of  CopeiiliaKeii,  puhlished  a 
"  Ucrmanand  I»anish  DiciiDiiary,"  and  a  trans- 
lation of  "Taciliis"  imo  tiie  Danisii  lan^uafi;!', 
th.1t  is  said  to  rival  tlie  ori^imal  for  precision, 
toslc,  and  purity  of  diction.   He  died  November. 

leui. 

BADEN.'',  Francis,  a  historical  and  i>nrlrnii 
painter  of  Antwerp,  died  llHllt. 

BADEW,  Richard  de,  was  chancellor  of 
ranibridsc,~and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  college, 
now  called  Clare-hall,  Ki'Jti. 

B  ADIFjE,  Anthony,  an  admired  Italian  paint 
cr.died  15G0. 

B.-VDUEL, Claude,  a  protrstant  divine  and 
professor  in  Switzerland. died  Ijtil. 

H.KUSIIIS,  or  VEKKNSTIL,  Henry,  a  m.-i 
theiiiaiicianand  painter,  of  Louvaiti,  in  the  il'.th 
cwnliirv. 

BATJISTRAT,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  US' 

l..\FKAKK.\II,Abu  Zolial, a  commentator 
on  Euclid. 

B.\(i!l)F.DIN,  Mahonnned,  an  Arabian  ma 
thcnialician  of  the  lOtli  ceiiimy. 

B.\<!E,  Robert,  an  English  novelist  of  coiisi- 
derabV  merit,  died  If^OI. 

B.MJFOUD,  .John,  a  eelebrat.'d  antiquary, 
and  eollecior  of  old  Enclisli  bonk.s,  prints,  A-c 
lie  bait  been  in  his  yiMiiijjer  days  a  slioeniaki  r, 
afterwaids  a  book'selirr ;  anil  lastly,  for  tin- 
many  curiosities  wherewitii  In-  enriched  the  li 
br.iry  of  Dr.  .lohn  Moore,  bishop  ol'  Ely.  his 
lordship  go)  him  adrnitii'd  into  Ihe  Cliarter- 
ho'ise.  He  died  on  the  l.'Hli  of  May,  171G,  a^'cd 
65  years. 

B,\(;t^ER,  .lohn,  a  native  of  Lunden,  and  bi- 
shop of  Copenhagen, died  1<>'.)S. 

BAf;i,7,adi'h,a  comnientator  on  the  Koran, 
died  l(li:l  of  the  he-rira. 

BA(;lJON'l,  Jolin  Paul, a  native  of  Perugia. 
He  usurped  the  sovereignty  of  his  country,  and 
was  dispossessed  by  Casar  Boraia,  and  afler- 
W'-'s  beheaded  by  Leo  X.,at  Borne,  l.r2n. 

'^t  IVI,  <^eoreeiprofeSsor  of  anatomy  at 
Ro>.:  '■    .5.        • 

BA  1  .^tA,  Julius  Cxsar,  an  Italian  poet, 
died  about  1600. 

B.\OOAS,  an  Egyptian  eunuch,  put  to  death 
335.  B  .C. 

BAGOT,  Lewis,  L.  L.  D.,  canon  ancTdeanof 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  bishop  of  Bristol,  of 
Norwich,  and  of  St.  Asaph ;  he  died  1802. 

BAGSHAVV,  William,  a  native  of  'I'idswell, 
an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  died  1703. 

BAGSHAW,  Edward,  M.  A.,  a  teacher  a; 
Westminster,  under  Busby  ;  he  was  imprisoned 
for  nonconformity,  and  died  in  Newtrate,  ](>71. 

B.\(Jrn{|,  a  Mahometan  writer,  died  679  of 
the  hegira. 

B.MIA,  a  mussuhnan,  snrnamed  the  orna- 
ment of  justice  and  religion,  and  regarded  as  a 
saint,  died  r(57  of  the  hegira. 

B  AH.\Lr,  a  Mahometan  author,  died  301  of 
the  hesira. 

BAMAR-AL-HEFAII,  or  the  sea  of  memo- 
ry, an  author,  died  i'l.T  of  the  hegira. 

BAHIER,  .lohn,  born  at  Phatillon,  a  prie.^t, 
and  author  of  Latin  verses,  died  1707. 

B.MIRAM,  a  genr'ral  under  Chonrocs  I. 
whom  lie  dcpoiiod.  He  was  afterwards  put  to 
death. 


ir 


i;a 

HAHR I )T,  Charles  Frederick,  M.  A.,  an  un- 
;r,ir;ciplrd  and  lueiiiious  deisi,died  1792. 

B,\l.\i\,  or  BA10N,a  native  of  Goa,  who 
embraced  Christianity,  and  was  ordained  priest 
a;  Rome.     He  translated  the  yEneid  into  Greek. 

B.VII'.R,  .lohn  William,  a  divine  of  Xurem- 
li'T^.  and  professor  of  divinity,  .tt  Halle,  died 
1694. 

B.MER,  Jean  Jae,ues,  born  at  Lena,  an  emi 
iitiit  physician.  i)rol'i  .<sor  of  pliysiolocy  and  pre- 
jideiil  of  a  coliege  of  pliysicians  at  Altoif,  died 
i735. 

BAIF,  Lazarus,  abbot  of  Charroux,  and  am- 
b-tssador  fiom  Francis  I.  to  Venice,  died  154.7. 

B.\IL,  Lewis,   a  native  of  Abbeville,  tlour- 
ishfd  as  a  writer  in  the  17lli  century. 
B.MLEV,  Nathan,  tlK'auihorofa  well-known 

Dictionary  of  the  English  Laii;;«ai;e,"  3  vols, 
■^vo.,  Riid  editor  of  school  editions  atid  tiai.sla- 
iionsof  several  of  theancirnt  <la.ssic  poets  and 
lii.-iorians.  He  rrsidi-d  principaily  at  Steimcy, 
and  dic'il  June  27,  l';42. 

K.MLIES,  William,  a  Prussian  physician  of 
ureal  eminence,  .•ihoiit  1757. 

I5A1LLET,  .Adrian,  a  French  divine,  theolo- 
L'ltal,  historical  and  biocruphir;il  writer,  born 
|i!49.  He  wrote  "  A  History  of  Holland  from 
l(i()9  to  1679,"  4  vols.  I2ino.  "  Lives  of  the 
Saints,"  3  vols,  folio  :  •'  .lucejnensdesyavans," 
9  vols.  12mo.  &.C.  fcc,  and  died  1706. 

BAlLIil,  Roche  Le,  or  Riviere,  physician  to 
Henrv  IV.  oi  France,  died  1605. 

B.MLLIE,  Rob.it,  a  native  of  Gla.'sgow  ;  an 
'fninent  clergyman,  distinguished  for  his  firm 
:iiid  consistent  opposition  lo  episcopacy ;  he  died 

ii)-;2. 

B.MLLfiN,  William  de.  a  French  physician, 
celebrated  fur  his  eliarily  as  well  as  his  prole»- 
sioiial  skill,  died  1616. 

B.MLLY,  James,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Versailles,  nied  1768. 

BAIl.LY,  John  t^ylvain,  a  celebrated  French 
rjitroniuner.  He  published  several  valuable  trea- 
tises on  that  science  ;  afterwards,  as  mayor  of 
f'aris,  he  incurred  the  displeasui  e  of  Robespierre, 
and  lost  his  head  by  the  guillotine,  1793. 

r.AILLY,  David,  a  historical  painter  of  cele- 
brity, born  at  Leyden,  diitl  1630. 

B.AILIiY,  James,  a  French  painter,  died  1679. 

B.'MNlUilDGE,  John,  a  i)hysici:in  and  .'Uitro- 
iiomer  of  .Ashby  de  la  Zonch,  afterward*  pro- 
f -ssor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  where  he  had  a 
liisrli  reputation  ;  be  died  ]f>43. 

BAITHOSUS,  founder  of  a  sect  called  saddu- 
ccv»,  which  denied  a  resurrection  and  future 
state. 

BAIT'S,  DE  BAY,  Michael,  a  native  of  Me- 
lin  :  a  man  of  talents  and  learning,  and  divinity 
professor  of  Lonvain.     He  died  15^9. 

B.'VJ  ARD,  Andrew,  an  Italian  poet  of  Pamia, 
in  the  15th  century. 

BAJAZET  I.,  sultan  of  the  Turks,  a  re- 
nowned warrior,  but  a  tyrant.  Bcint  conquer- 
ed by  Tamerlane,  and  exposed  by  fiim  in  an 
iron  case  (the  faie  that  he  had  destined  for  his 
adversary',  if  he  had  been  the  victor),  he  dash- 
d  his  head  aiiainst  the  bars  of  his  prison  and 
killed  himsHf,  in  1403. 

BAJAZET  II.  succeeded  his  father  Mahomet 
TI.,  14''1.  He  e.viended  Ihe  houiidaries  of  his 
kingdom,  but,  by  the  perfidy  of  his  son,Sclim, 
was  dethroned  and  poisoned  in  1512. 

BAKER,  Sir  Richard,  author  of  the  "  Chro 
nirle  of  the  kincsof  Enrlaiid,"  horn  at  Sis.^ing- 
hiirst,  in  Kent,  about  IM'it*.  He  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  George  Manwaring,  of  Ightiield,  jn 
49 


G 


liA 

Shropshire.  kniHtii ;  and  having  hptviinp>-urei>  I 
for  some  of  tlint  lamily's  del)U=,  wns  fhrrrby  re 
duced  to  povortv,  and  thrown  into  the  Mcel  pri- 
son, nhi:re  he  'died,  Fib.  IB,  lt>l  J-5,  and  was 
burird  ii\  Pt.  Eridc-V  chiirrli,  Flecl-strcri. 

HAK]:R,  David,  an  F.nclish  Benedictine,  who 
was  coii\crtfd  from  Atheism  to  Cliristianity 
diedlf^JI. 

HAKF.R,  Tliomas,  a  native  fifllfon,  and  vicaij 
of  Hipliop'fNvinuifi,  Duvonsliire;  he  dicdJiiOO. 

BAKER,  Thunias,  a  very  injrenious  and 
Ic.Trned  amiqnan-,  was  bunt  at  (rook,  in  the 
r«untv  of  Durljani,  S-tpt.  14,  lli.iri,  and  (Med  in, 
liie  office  of  commoner  masterof  St.  John'scol-I 
leje  Cambrid^-e,  July  'i,  n40.  The  principal 
worK  that  lie  printed,  was"  Reflections  on  learn- 
ing, showin;;  the  insufticiency  thereof  in  its  se- 
rer.il  particulars,  in  order  lo  evince  the  useful- i 
nessand  necessity  of  Kivelafiou :  London,  170!l 


UA 

c^ninials,  posses'sing  a  maxininm  of  advanta(:e. 
.•\  se!<;ctionon  this  princijilc  ftuni  ditl'erent  parti 
of  Knplaird.  was  the  ori<:iDal  stock  Irom  w  hicti 
lie  afterwards  propapaicd  his  own.  About  1760, 
Mr.  Bakewcllsiild  hi?  sheep  by  private  contract, 
at  not  more  than  two  or  three  puintas  each. 
Some  time  afterwards,  ho  began  to  let  wmie  oi 
his  rain.x,  and  for  a  iew  seasons  revived  only 
15s.  or  a  f^uinca  apiece  for  them  ;  but  as  the 
fame  of  liis  breed  extended  itfolf,  lie  ad''  "icod 
liu?  prices,  and  by  the  year  1T70  w  as  en;.  .1  to 
let  some  of  his  rains  for  the  season  for  io  gui- 
neas. After  that  time,  the  prices  and  credit  of 
his  slock  prosre.<siv(ly  increa^-cd  ;  and  at  Inst, 
single  rams  were  let  for  the  season  for  tlie  enor- 
mous price  of  400  -jnineas,  and  upw  ards.  It  is 
a  fact  that  has  no  oilier  e.vaniple,  that  one  ram, 
called  the  Two  Pounder,  produced,  in  one  sea 
son,  the  sum  of  800  guineas,  independent  of 


10,"  which  went  tlirouirh  eight  editions;  audi  ewes  of  Mr.  Bakewell's  own  stock;  wliich,  at 
Mr.  BoswcU,  ill  his  "  Mciliod  of  Study,"  ranksi  the  same  rate,  would  have  made  a  total,  the 
it  among  the  EnL'lish  classics  for  purity  of  stylo.,  produce  of  a  single  ram,  of  ISaX)  euhieas.  The 
R.AKER,  Uenry,  an  ingenious  and  diligent.i  race  of  Dishley  sheep  are  knc'vi'n  by  the  fineness 
naturalist,  born  in  Fleet-streel,  London,  cither'jOf  their  bone  and  flesh,  the  lightness  of  the  offal, 
near  the  end  of  the  17tli,  or  in  the  beginning  of  i  their  disposition  to  quietness,  and  consequently 
the  18th  centur)'.  Reing  of  a  philosophical  tuml  to  mature  and  fatten  wiiJi  less  food  than  other 
of  mind,  and  having  diligently  attended  to  the;  sheep  of  equal  weight  and\alue.  Mr.  Bakewell 
methods  which  might  be  practicable  and  uscfulj  improved  liis  black  horses  by  an  attention  to  tlie 
in  the  cure  of  siaininering,  and  especially  iti  form  which  is  best  adapted  to  their  u?t.-ilis 
leaching  deaf  and  dumb  persons  lo  sjieak,  tcf  stallions  have  been  let  for  the  season  ff*  ICiO 
made  this  th«  employment  of  his  life.  In  ]7t'4,i  guineas,  and  upwards.  R'any  anecdotes  a"fo  re- 
Sir  Cndfrey  Copley's  gold  medal  was  bestowed:  lated  of  his  humanity  tow  ard  the  various  orders 
upon  him,' for  having,  by  his  microscopical  ex-l  of  animals.  I' ■  continually  deprecated  the  alro- 
periments  on  the  crystalizations  and  configura-l  cions  barbariu  irictised  by  the  butchei-s  and 
tions  of  saUne  jiarticlcs,  produced  the  most  ex-j|  drovers ;  showing,  ly  examples  on  his  own  farm, 
Kaordinary  discovery  during  that  year.  Having  [the  most  pleasing  instances  of  docility  in  tJie 
led  a  verj" Useful  aiid  honourable  life,  he  died  animals  under  his  care.  This  extraordinary' 
at  his  apartments  in  the  Strand,  on  the  05th  of  jj  man,  more  deservitig,  iiiWur  opinion,  of  Ui'e 
Nov.  1774,  being  then  above  70  years  of  age.j| civic  wreath  than  the  warrior  or  the  statesman, 
His  principal  publications  are"  The  Microscopei.died  Oct.  1,1795,  on  thespot  wliere  he  tirstdrew 


made  Easy,"  and  "  Employment  for  the  Micro- 
scope." I 

BAKER,  William,  a  learned  printer,  in  Fen-' 
church-street,  boin  at  Reading,  1744,  was  the 
son  of  an  eminent  schoolmaster  in  that  town.; 
From  his  youth  he  was  greatly  addicted  to  study,' 
and  his  friends  favoured  his  inclindlions  by; 
making  hiin  a  printer.  His  modesty  w^as  equal: 
to  his  learning,  and  was  truly  Gray's  "  flower 
born  to  blush  unseen."  Hi?ditlideiice  prevented 
liis  appearingmuch  before  the  public  as  a  writer ; 
and  his  only  publications  arc  "  Peregrinations 
of  the  Mind!"  a  series  of  essays  in  the  manner 
of  the  Rambler ;  and  "  Theses  Gra'ca-  et  Latina> 
Selectae."  He  died  in  London,  Sept.  29,  1785,  in 
the  44th  year  of  his  age  ;  and  an  elegant  Latin 
epitaph  to  his  memory  is  placed  on  the  tomb  of 
Iiis  family,  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Mary,: 
Reading.  ! 

BAKER,  Sir  George,  Dorn  1722,  was  physi-| 
eian  to  king  George  III.  and  his  queen,  and  pre-i 
sident  of  the  college  of  physicians.  He  wrote 
a  number  of  exrellent  tracts  and  dis.?ertalions 
on  medical  subiects,  and  died  June  15,  IS09. 

B.\KE\VELL,  Robert,  the  most  succesefu! 
experimental  fanner  and  cattle-breeder  ever 
known  in  England,  was  born  172f),  at  Pishley, 
in  Leicestershire.  Having  remarked  ihat  do- 
mestic animals  in  general  produce  others  pos- 
sessing qualities  nearly  similar  to  their  own,  he 
conceived  that  he  had  only  to  select  from  all  the 
most  valuable  breeds  such  as  promised  to  return 
the  greatest  possible  emolument  to  the  breeder  ; 
and  tli.it  he  should  then  be  able,  by  careful  atten- 
tion to  progiessivc  improvements,  to  produce  a 
I  ace  of  sheep,  horses,  horned  cattle,  or  otherl 
SO 


breath. 

BAKHUTSEN,  Ludolph,  a  painter  and  en- 
craver  of  Enibdcn,  who,  by  the  force  of  genius, 
raised  himself  to  a  higli  rank.    He  died  1709. 

B.ALAAM,  son  of  IJeo  ■,  a  celebrated  prophet 
of  Pelhor,  in  Mesopotamia,  killed  with  Balak, 
kinsr  of  Moab,  in  battle,  1450  B.  C. 

BALAMIO,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Sicily, 
physician  to  pope  Leo  X.,  about  l.')55  ;  eminent 
for  his  literary  acquirements.  '• 

BALA  SSI,"  Mario,  a  painter  at  Florence,  died 
1607. 

BALATHI,  Abiilfedi  Othman  Ben  Issa,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  the  characters  of  alphabets. 

B.ALBI,  John,  or  Janua,  a  Genoese  dominicaii, 
and  an  author  of  simie  celebrity. 

BALBINTS,  Decimus  Ca-lius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  murdered  by  his  soldiers,  237. 

BALBO,  .Jerome,  bishop  of  Goritz,  died  at 
Venice,  1.535.  •    ,^ 

B.ALBOA,  Vasco  Nuques  dr,  an  enterprising 
Castilian.  He  was  among  the  early  American 
adventurers,  and  built  a  town  on  t.he  coast  of 
Darien.  He  was  afterwards  falsely  accused  of 
felony  by  a  Spanish  governor,  and  e.xec  ited 
1517. 

BALBUENA,  Bernard  de,  a  Spanish  jioct, 
bom  at  Toledo.  He  settled  in  America,  where 
he  died,  when  bishop  of  Porto  Rico,  1627. 

BALCANaT^AL,  Waher,  chapl.iin  to  .Tames 
I.,  matter  of  the  Savoy,and  Dean  of  Rochester 
and  Durham,  died  1645. 

BALCHEN,  .lohn,  a  celebrated  English  ad- 
miral, shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Scilly,  in  the 
Victory,  a  first-rate,  when  upwards  of  1100  per- 
sons perished  with  him,  1744. 


•J*'' 


BA 

BALUE,  Jani€s,  a  German  |iotn,  auniauied 
the  Horace  of  liis  country,  ilieil  ltiti8. 

BALDEKIC,  bishop  of  Noyoii  in  tlie  l'2tli 
century.  Another  of  ilie  same  iiaiue  was  bishop 
of  IJol. 

BALDI,  Lazarro,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  dis 
tinguishcd  as  a  painter,  died  I'lO:!. 

KALl)l.\i;CK.  Kriiest  Cotifried,  a  German 
physician  and  professor  of  medicine  at  Marpurg, 
diei'  1804. 

l  jUlXl,  John  Anthony,  a  nobleman  of  Pla- 
ceiitia,  ambassador  at  various  courts  uf  Europe, 
and  at  the  (^iii;ress  of  UtrerJii,  died  IT-iH. 

BAL.DI.\LX'CI,  Fliihp,  a  Florentine,  well  ac- 
quainted Willi  paiiiliiig  and  .-iciilpliire,  un  wiiich 
subjects  lie  wrote  several  valuable  treatises,  diedi 
Iti'Jt).  ] 

BALDOCK,  Robert  de,  an  ecclesiastic  and' 
favourite  of  Edward  II.,  died  in  Newgate.         | 

BALDOCK,  ll^lph  ile,  bishop  of  London,  and 
chancellor  of  the  realm  under  Edward  L,  diedi 
1313. 

BALDUS,  o.  B.\LrtI,  Bernard,  n  native  of 
(Jrbiiio,  and  abbot  of  Giiastullu,  >listinguished| 
for  his  learning  and  liis  various  publications,! 
died  1617.  ' 

BALUL'S  DE  UB.\LDiS,  a  civilian  of  Pe-] 
rniiia,  and  writer  on  the  canon  law,  died  1433. 

It  \f.D\VL\  I.,  count  of  Flanders,  a  dislin- 
gn  .icd  leader  of  the  Crusades,  who,  for  hi. 
br.  .ery  and  virtue,  was  made  emperor  of  tlie 
East,  lie  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner  by 
ihn  Greeks  and  Bulgarians,  coiil^ined  for  a  longi 
lime,  and  put  to  death  1-20".,  f,,:.""-  | 

BALDWIN'  11.,  the  l.tfC  j^atin  emperor  ofj 
"Constantiiioplo.      After  losing  his  capital,  hc| 
fled  to  Negiopont,  to  avoid  falling  into  the  l:ands 
o(  his  enemy,  and  :   ence  to  Itaiv,  where  he  died,l 
1273.  ■  I 

B.\LD\VIN  I.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  siicceoilcd 
his  brother,  Godfrey  de  15oiiillon,  on  the  tlirone.i 
and  after  a  victorious  reign,  died  1118,  and  was 
buried  ou  Mount  Calvary.  I 

BALDWIN  II.,  king  of  Jeru.salem,  succeed 
oil  Baldwin  I.,  waf  taken  prisoner,  and  died 
1131. 

B.'VLDWIN  lit.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  son  of] 
Fulk.  of  Anjou,  died  llti3. 

B.^LDWIN  IV.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  succeed 
cd  his  f-'ther,  .■\in.iury,  1174  ;  he  died  1185. 

BALuWIV,  Francis,  a  native  of  Anas,  an 
eminent  ti.'ilian  and  professor  of  law  at  Paris, 
Strasburg.  fcc,  died  1573. 

BALDWLV.  Martin,  first  bishop  of  Ipres, 
lived  ahiiiit  1.170. 

B.\LDWIN,  Frederick,  a  native  of  Dresden, 
died  li;27. 

BALDWIN,  a  native  of  Exeter,  and  primati 
of  England,  lie  attended  Richard  1.  in  iiis  crii 
sade.  and  died  in  the  holy  land,  1101. 

BALDWIN,  Ebenezer,  a  worthy  minister  of 
Danbury,  Conu.,  who,  at  his  dnatli,  1770,  be 
^ueatued  300i.  to  his  society.  He  was  31  years] 
of  age. 

BALDWIN,  Abraham,  president  of  the  TTni 
versity  of  Georgia,  member  of  the  convention 
which  adopted  the  constitution,  1787,  and  se- 
nator, in  all  which  olTices  lie  was  distinguished ; 
he  died  1807. 

BALE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  prior  of 
the  Carmelites  of  Norwich,  where  he  died  1503. 

BALE,  John,  bishop  of  Ossory,  in  Ireland, 
born  at  Cove,  a  small  village  in  Suffolk,  was 
bred  up  in  the  Romish  religion,  but  became  af-| 
lerwards  a  protestant.  Mis  conversion,  howH 
evsr,  greatly  exposed  hire  to  th«  persecutien  or; 


^ 


__^ 

the  Romish  clergy,  and  he  must  have  felt  their 
reseiitnieiit,  had  he  not  been  ivotected  by  lord 
Cromwell ;  but,  upon  the  death  of  lliis  noble- 
man, he  was  obliged  to  lly  to  Holland,  Where  he 
reinaiiK'd  six  years,  and  during  that  time  wrote 
several  piece.s  in  the  English  language.  He  wai 
recalled  into  England  by  Edward  VI.,  and  pre- 
s.-nted  to  the  living  of  Bishop's-stoke,  in  the 
cDiiiity  of  f^oulliyinptoii.  The  15th  of  Augual, 
l.Va,  he  w.'is  nominated  to  the  see  of  Osaory 
and,  upon  Ins  arrival  in  Ireland,  used  bis  ntniosl 
endeavouns  to  reform  the  manners  of  his  diocese, 
to  correct  the  vices  of  the  priests,  to  abolish  the 
mass,  and  to  establish  the  use  of  the  new  book 
of  common  prayer  set  forth  in  England  ;  but  all 
his  .schemes  of  this  kind  hu\ing  proved  abortive 
by  the  death  of  king  Ildward,  and  the  accession 
of  queen  Mary,  he  became  greatly  exposed  to 
the  outrages  of  the  papists  in  Ireland,  and  again 
tied  to  the  continent.  Un  the  accession  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  he  returned  from  exile,  but  did  not 
choose  to  go  again  to  Ireland,  being  satisfied 
with  a  prebend  of  Canicrbury,  in  which  city  he 
died,  Nov.,  l.Vi3,  aged  07,  and  was  buried  in  II. e 
itthedral  of  that  place.  This  prelate  has  left  a 
riebratcd  Latin  work,  containing  the  lives  of 
llie  most  eminent  writers  of  great  Britain.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  earliest  of  our  dramatic 
writers.    Twenty  of  his  plays  arc  recorded. 

BALECHON,  Nicholas,  an  ciuinent  engraver, 
tjoni  at  .Vrles.  died  1765. 

BALEN,  Mauhias,  a  native  df  Dordt,  bom 
1611. 

BALEN,  Hendrirk  Van,  an  eminent  painter 
of  Antwerp,  died  163-2. 

BALES,  Peter,  a  verj-  e.ttraordinary  person 
in  his  way,  and  fit  to  be  noticed  in  a  work  of 
this  nature.  He  was  a  most  famous  master  in 
the  art  of  penmanship,  or  fair  writing,  and  one 
of  the  first  inventors  (for  there  seems  to  have 
been  more  thanone)  of  short-hand  writing.  He 
was  born  in  1.547,  and  is  recorded  for  his  skill  in 
inicrocrapliy,  or  miniature-writing,  in  Holling- 
shcd's  Chronicle,  anno  1575.  Mr.  Evelyn  al»o 
has  celebrated  his  wonderful  skill  in  this  delicate 
operation  of  the  hand,  informing  us,  that  in  tlie 
year  1575  he  wroti-  tlie  Lord's  prayt  r,  the  creed, 
decalogue,  with  two  short  prayers  in  Latin,  his 
own  name,  motto,  day  of  the  mouth,  year  ot 
the  Lord,  and  reien  of  the  queen,  to  whom  he 
presented  it,  at  Hampton  Court,  all  within  the 
circle  of  a  siusle  penny,  inchascd  in  a  ring  and 
borders  of  gold,  and  covered  with  a  crj'stal,  so 
accurately  written  as  to  be  very  plainly  legible, 
to  the  great  admiration  of  her  majesty,  the  whole 
privy -council,  and  several  ambassadors  then  at 
court.  Ho  was  farther  very  dexterous  in  imitat- 
ing hand-writing,  and,  about  ISSfi,  was  employ- 
ed by  secretary  Walsingham  in  certain  political 
iii.inoenvies.  He  published  in  1.590  a  workctll- 
ed  the  "  Writing  School-master,  in  three  parts  ; 
flic  1st,  teaching  swift  writing,  the  2d,  true  writ- 
ing, the  3d,  fair  writing."  He  died  about  1610. 
B.\LESTR.\,  Anthony,  a  historical  painter 
of  Verona,  died  1720. 

B.VLEY,  Walter,  fellow  of  the  New  College, 
Oxford,  and  professor  of  physic  there,  after- 
wards physician  to  queen  Elizabeth,  died  1592. 
B.\L(;T'Y,  .lohn,  an  eminent  Englisli  divine, 
a  theological,  controversial,  and  mof.iphysicai 
writer,  born  at  Sheffield,  1686,  died  at  Haaow- 
cate,  1748.    He  was  the  friend  of  Clarke  and 
Hoadley,   and  w^as  associated  with  them  in 
inaint.-iiiiinc  the  cause  of  rational  religion  and 
Christian  liberty. 
BALGUY,  thomas;  IJ.  D,  son  of  the  pre- 
51 


i 


BA 

ceding;,  arciidcacoii  of  ■Winchester  and  prebend 
ary  of  ihat  cathedral,  a  pcHeri'ul  cl:;tiii|ii<in  in 
the  cause  of  morality  and  iilipoii,  and  of  iht 
most  disinterested  zial.  Iiaviiig  dnliiit-d  tlic  bi- 
shopi  ic  of  Gioui ester,  which  was  oirortd  to  hiin 
byiheliiugiM  ITtl.     Dr.  U.diud  Jan.  I'J,  l';'J5. 

BALI,  Meiila-  Tali,  a  mussnln  an,  wImi  wiok 
on  the  jurisprudence  of  his  couuir>-,  died  U7T  of 
the  hcgira. 

BALIOL,  John  de,  founder  of  Baliol  follefif, 
Oxford,  wliich  was  bejiun  by  liini  in  12(>;t,  and 
afterwards  perfected  by  liis  widow.  Uurin'; 
the  conlcst  l>etween  nenr>' III.  and  Ids  barons 
he  firmly  adhered  to  the  king,  and  died  in  litJ'j. 

BALIOL,  Joliii  de,  liing  of  Scotland.  Being 
Opposed  in  his  claims  to  the  crown  by  Bruce,  re- 
ference was  made  to  Edward,  king  of  England, 
who  decided  in  iiis  favour.  Afterwards,  in  a 
war  with  Edward,  he  lost  the  battle  oi  iJuubar, 
and  retired  to  France,  where  Ue  died  1314 

BALKIMI  YELALEDDI.N,  author  of  a  book 
on  Mahometan  jurisprudence,  &c. 

BALL,  Jolm,  an  English  divine,  minister  and 
teacher  of  WUilmore,  in  Staflordshire,  died 
W40. 

BALLE.NDEN,  or  BtlLLANDEX,  sir  Jolm 
an  elegant  Bcoltish  writer  of  the  Ifilh  century 
He'  translated  into  the  Scots  language  Hector 
Boetius  s  History,  which  was  extremely  well  re- 
reived  both  in  Scotland  ant)  England,  and  died 
at  Rome,  1550. 

BALLAKD,  Cnorge,  born  at  Canipden,  in 
Oloucestcrsliire,  was  one  of  those  singular  ge- 
n-uses that  shoot  f<'rth  witliout  culture.  He 
was  brought  up  to  the  profession  of  a  habit- 
niaker.  Upi'ii  a  discovery  of  his  abilities,  lord 
Chedwortli  and  some  other  gentlemen  offered 
him  a  pension  of  IWI.  perar.num,  but  he  would 
only  accept  CO/.  He  published  "  Mciuoirs  of 
British  Ladies  eminent  for  Learning  or  Abili- 
ties," and  died  young,  in  1755,  supposed  to  be 
owing  to  ton  intense  application. 

BAXLERINI,  I'eter  and  Jeroaie.two  bro- 
thers, ecclesiastics,  who  devoted  theniselves  to 
literary  pursuits  and  pnblislied  several  valuable 
works,  were  both  livine,  1758. 

BALLEXFERD,  a  native  of  Geneva,  author 
of  several  medical  works,  died  1/  (4. 

BALL!,  Joseph,  of  Palermo,  canon  of  Bari, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  died  IfilO. 

BALLL\NI,  Jolm  Baptist,  a  native  and  Se- 
nator of  Genoa,  air.lio/ of  a  work  on  the  mo- 
tion of  bodies.  di<  d  lOtiC. 

BALLIN,  Claude,  a  goldsmith  of  Paris,  an 
artist  of  great  celebrity,  died  lti7S. 

B.ALt^AMON,  Theodore,  a  Patriarch  of  An- 
tioch,  died  1214. 

BALSHAM,  Hugli  de,  bishop  of  Ely,  died 
1286. 

B.^LTH.\SAR,  Christopher,  king's  advocate 
at  Auxerre,  and  author  of  several  protestant 
works,  about  ICiP. 

BALTH  AZARI  SI,  surnamed  Beanjoyenx,  an 
f  ialian  musician,  who  composed  several  ballads 
and  pieces  of  nnisic,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  HI. 

BALTICS,  John  Fiancis,  a  Jesuit  of  Meiz, 
and  librarian  of  Rlieims,  died  1743. 

BALm,  John,of  Poitou,  bishop  of  Evreux 
and  of  Arras,  cardinal  and  legate  to  tlie  iwpe  in 
France,  died  1491. 

B.\L7,t;E.  Stephen,  a  French  writer,  and  au- 
tlior  of  the  '' Li\es of  the  Popes  of  Avignon," 
bom  1631,  died  1718. 

BALZ.^C,  John  Lewis  Guez  de,liistoriogra- 
pher  of  France,  and  counsellor  of  state,  was 


BA 

'  eeni  as  a  writer  (especially  for  his  Letters^ 
wliicli  went  through  several  editions) ,  aud 
died  U)54. 

B.\iMBOCHE,  a  nickname  given  to  Peter  de 
I..aer,  a  paiieer,  for  his  deformity,  he  died  167.3. 
BAMJiUI  DGE,  Chi  istoplier.o  native  of  West- 
moreland; anihas.'iadorf.'om  Henry  VIH  to  pope 
|.inlius  H.,  a  cardnial  and  archbishop  of  York 
died  1514 

B ARIPFIELD,  Francis,  prelendary  of  Exeter, 
and  minister  of  Sherburne,  died  in  Newgate 
1684. 

BANCHI,  Sciaphin,  a  doiuinican  of  Flo- 
rence, who  saved  the  lite  of  Henry  IV.jOf 
France,  for  which  he  was  made  bishop  of  An- 
gonlemr,  died  about  l''OC. 

B AN CK,  Lawrence,  a  Swede,  professor  of 
law  ai  Ko'Uoping,  died  1662. 

B.WCRUFT,  Richard,  chaplain  to  queen 
Eli/abelh,  bishop  v)f  London  and  Archbj.?hop 
of  Canterlnirv,  died  IflO. 

BANCROFT,  John,  bishop  of  Oxford,  died 
liHO. 

[  B.A  ND,'\RR,A ,  Gonzales,  a  Portuguese  prophet 
lani  versifier,  died  15.56. 

I  J5ANDELLO,  Matthew,  a  celebrated  Italian 
[novelist,  born  at  Ca.stelnuovo,  in  the  district  of 
Tortrna,  died  in  France,  about  1561.  His  no 
vels,  like  those  of  Boccace,  are  more  remarka- 
ble for  the  natural  simplicity  with  which  they  .ire 
related,  than  for  the  decency  of  their  incidents. 
By  Hciiryll.  he  was  made  bishop  ofAgen,in 
France,  I'S.'iO,  but  resigiu  tl  the  see  in  1555. 

EAjNDINELLA,  Raccio,  a  painter  and  sculp- 
tor of  Florence,  died  ].5.")£i. 

BANDINI,  Aiigelo  Maria,  an  Italian  antiqua- 
ry, eminent  for  his  learning  and  his  writings, 
died  J800,  leaving  his  fortune  to  literary  and 
'charitable  uses. 

BANDURl,  Anselm,  a  distinguished  monk 
iOf  R  igusa,  died  1743. 

BANGUIS,  Peter,  a  Swede,  professor  of  the- 

olocv  at  .Abo,  and  bishop  of  Wvburg,  died  1696. 

B.ANGUISI,  Thomas,  author  of  a  Hebrew 

Lexicon,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  theology, 

and  philosophy,  at  Copenhagen,  died  1661. 

BANIER,  Anthony,  a  celebrated  mythologist 
of  France,  born  1673,  died  1741.  An  English 
translation  of  his  "  Mythology,  and  Fables  of 
the  Ancients,"  was  published  in  London,  1741, 
in  4  vols  8vo. 

B.ANISTER,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  cul- 
tivated the  studyof  botany  in  Viigiiiia,and  was 
killed  by  falling  from  a  rock,  in  one  of  his  ex- 
cursions. 

BANISTER,  John,  a  learned  English  phy- 
sician in  the  16tli  century. 

B.ANISTER,  Richard,  the  younger,  a  physi- 
cian of  great  skill,  of  Siamford,  England.  The 
time  of  ills  death  unknown. 

BANKS,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, chief  justice  of  the  King's  P.encli,  after- 
wards judge  of  common  pleas,  died  16G4. 

BANKS,  John,  from  a  weaver's  apprentice, 
became  an  author,  and  wrote  a  review  of  Crom- 
well's life,  died  1751. 

B.ANKS,  John,  an  EnglL<!h  dramatic  writer. 
His  turn  was  entirely  to  tragedy,  his  merit  in 
which  is  of  a  peculiar  kind ;  for,  at  the  same 
time  that  his  language  must  be  confessed  to  be 
extremely  unpoetical,  and  his  numbers  uncouth 
and  inharmonious,  nay,  even  his  characters 
eerv  far  from  being  strongly  marked  or  distin- 
guished, and  his  episode;?  extremely  irregular, 
yet  it  is  impos.-ible  to  avoid  being  dw.ply  aficcted 


bom  1394,  at  Angouleiue ;  acquired  much  e»-  at  the  representation,  and  e\Tn  at  the  reading. 
f>2 


BA 


i;a 


of  Iiis  tiatiic  pieces,  wliieli  are  seven  in  nnnib'  i.  jlUe  al'terwaids  aiipiieil  liniiseli  ii>  ilie  sludy  ot" 
The  lime  ol"  iiis  birili  ami  rieaili  are  iiMroriairi.||lIielailieis  anil  ihc  eoiineils,  oipiiilosMipiiy,  nia- 
BAXKS,  Right  lion.  Sir  ,'t>siiili,  Ran  ,  andjjtiieina'irs,  and,  above  all,  oi  asiroiioniy.     This 


Knigiitof  llie  Bath,  a  most  eininent  patron  ot 
literary  and  philosop'iical  \vri:er-,  and  many 
years  preyiden:  ot"  llie  Koyal  Society,  was  born 
December  13,  1743,  ami  educated  at  Klon  and 
Oxford.  In  17(i5,  he  visited  the  co;<^!l^:  ni'  N'eve- 
foiiudlaiid  and  Labrador,  for  the  purpose  of 
mailing  rosea; che>  in  Nai  ural  History.  In  1TG8, 
Jie  accompanied  Capt.  Uook  in  his  first  voyage 
round  the  world;  shortly  after  his  return  from 
wluci),  !>ir  Joseph,  in  company  with  his  frientl. 
Dr.  Solander,  visited  [celaiid ;  and  a  rich  bar 
vest  of  now  knowicdt;e,and()f  specimens,  com- 
pensated for  the  toils  and  expense  of  this  scien- 
tilic  adventure.  Sir  Joseph  died  at  his  house,  in 
Solio-siiuare,  in  hisSUth  year,  June  lit,  1820. 

B.\.\'lvS,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English  sculp- 
tor, born  at  Lambeth,  in  Surrey,  December  i-l. 
1738,  and  bred  a  wood-carver,  to  which  he 
Bervod  an  apprenticeship  of  seven  years.  But 
when  the  Society  for  the  Encouracement  of 
Arts  held  out  rewards  for  models  and  sculpture, 
lie  turned  his  mind  to  ihe  study  of  that  art ;  ;  ndj 
liaving  obtained  several  premiums  from  that  siVi 
ciety,  and  in  1770,  the  gold  luedu!  of  the  Koyal 
Academy,  he  was,  in  1772,  sent  to  Rome  for 
three  years,  .it  the  Academy's  expense.  Tlu 
several  admirable  works  which  he  afti^rwards 
executed,  in  Russia,  as  well  !is  in  his  own  coun- 
try, are  too  iiunuTous  to  be  hbre  detailed.  We 
shall  only  mention,  therefore,  the  monument  of 
Sir  Eyre  Cooie,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the 
alto  relievo  for  the  front  of  the  Sh.tkspeare  Gal- 
lery, in  Pall  Mall.  Mr.  B.  died  February  '2,  IHO.i. 
B.\XNES,  Dominique,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic 
and  author,  died  ll>04. 

B.VN.N'IKR,  John,  a  Swedish  general  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  died  1641. 

BANano,  or  B.\NCUO,  a  Scotch  general  of 
royal  birth. 

B.VPTIST,  John  Monnoyer,  a  native  of  I.isle, 
and  a  celebrated  painter  of  flowers,  died  lti99. 

B.VrnSTI.V,  Jnlin  Uaptlste  Struk,  a  musi- 
cian of  Florence,  died  1740. 

BAR.\CK,  a  judge  of  the  Hebrews  about  1-240 
B.C. 

BARAD/EITS,  bishop  of  Edessa,  founder  of 
a  sect  called  Jacobites,  died  5'rS. 

B.\R.\N/\NO,  Rcdemp'.ns,  a  monk,  born  in 
Piedmont,  profeianr  of  pliilosophy  at  .\niieri, 
anil  acorres|)oniient  of  i lie  ereat  Bacon.died  ll)'22. 
B.ARATIKR,  .lolin  Philip,  a  prodigy  of  his 
kind,  was  born  at  Schwoback,  in  .Vnspach,  Ja- 
nuary 19,  17-!0-21.  His  father,  who  was  pastor 
of  the  CiUvinistic  church  at  Schwoback,  took 
upon  himself  the  care  of  his  son's  education, 
and  taught  him  languages  without  study,  and 
almost  without  his  perceiving  that  he  was  learn- 
ing them,  by  only  introducing  words  of  different 
languages,  as  it  were  casually,  into  conversation 
with  him.  By  these  means,  when  he  was  but 
four  years  old,  he  spoke  every  day  French  to  his 
mother,  Latin  to  his  father,  and  Hisli  Dutch  to 
the  maid,  without  the  least  perplexity  to  him- 
Bclf,  or  the  least  confusion  of  one  lansiiage  with 
another.  The  other  language,  of  which  h'c  was 
master,  he  learnt  by  a  method  yet  morn  uncom-j 
mon,  which  was,  by  only  using  the  Bible  in  the 
language  he  then  proposed  to  leani,  accom- 
panied with  a  translation.  Thus  he  understood 
Greek  at  six,  and  Hebrew  at  eight  years  of  age ; 
insomuch  that  he  could,  upon  the  optming  of 
the  book,  and  \\'itho\it  a  moment's  hesitation,! 
(lanslatc  tbe  Hebrew  Bible  iiuo  Latin  or  French.  1 

S* 


boy,  as  he  really  was,  foinied  schemes' for  find- 
ing the  longitude,  which  he  sent,  in  January, 
17.1.5,  to  the  Royal  Society  at  London;  and. 
though  these  schemes  had  been  alresidy  fried, 
and  found  insutncient,  yet  they  exhibited  such 
u  specimen  of  his  capacity  for  inailii.maticat 
learning,  that  the  Royal  Society  of  Berlin  ad- 
mitted him,  the  same  year,  as  one  of  their  mem- 
bers. In  1735,  he  went  with  his  father  to  Halle; 
at  which  university  ho  was  oflered  the  di-pree 
ot  master  of  arts,  or  (as  they  call  it)  doctor  in 
philosophy.  Baratier  drew  up  that  night,  14 
theses  in  philosophy  and  tiic  maihematics ;  thest- 
he  sent  iinmediiilely  to  the  press,  and  defended 
the  ue.vl  day  so  very  ably,  lliat  all  who  heard 
him  were  delighted  and  aina/.ed  ;  he  was  then 
admitted  to  his  degree.  He  died  at  his  father's, 
at  Halle,  llie  5th  ot  October,  1740,  in  the  'iOth 
vear  of  his  ace. 

M.VRATIF.R,  Bartholomew,  author  of  a  di 
rest  of  feudal  law,  and  professor  of  jurispni- 
jenre  at  Pavia,  in  the  I 'ith  century. 

K.ARBA,  Alvarev.  Alonzo,  an  author  and  cii 
rate  of  St.  Bernard  de  Potosi,  died  after  16*20. 

B.\RBAD1L1,0,  Alphonsus  Jerome  deSalas. 
a  writer  of  Spnnish  comedies,  died  about  ItUiO. 
U.VRBADIXO,  a  Portuguese  writer  of  some 
merit. 

B.ARB  ARO,  Frahcis,  a  noble  and  learned  V'f- 
neiiaii,  governor  of  Brescia,  died  14"»4. 

B.VKBARO,  Krniolao,  bishop  of  Trevisa,  and 
aflerward.<  of  Verona,  died  1470. 

BARBARf),  or  BARBARUS,  IJcrmoIaus.  a 
learned  Venetian,  ambassador  to  the  eiiipi  roi 
Frederick,  and  to  Pope  Innocent  VIII.,  and  pa- 
triarch of  .-Xqnileia,  died  at  Rome,  1493. 

B.\RBARO,  Daniel,  nephew  to  the  patriarch, 
and  ambassador  from  Venice  to  England,  died 
in  l.''»70. 

BARB.VROSS.A,  Aruch,  a  notorious  pirate, 
who  made  hinijelf  master  of  .Algiers  and  "Tunis, 
gfler  murdering  the  kings  of  both.  He  was  af 
terwards  opjwsed  by  the  governor  of  Oran,  and 
killed,  1;)18. 

BARBAROSSA,  Theredin,  admiral  under  Se- 
lim  II.,  and  successor  to  Aruch  on  the  throne  of 
M^'iers,  died  1.5^17. 

BARBAROUX,  ("harles,  deputy  to  the  na- 
tional convention  of  France,  and  a  bitter  eiieiny 
to  Louis  XVI.,  executed  in  1794. 

BARBATELLl,  Bernardino,  a  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  1612. 

ll.XKRAZ  VX,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Auxcrrc, 
a  laborious  student  and  author,  died  in  1770. 

BARB AZAN,  Arn.*iiii  Gnillaumede,  a  cour- 
tier of  Cliarles  VII.  of  France,  and  a  distin- 
uislied  warrior,  died  1432. 
B.ARBE,  a  Bohemian  lady,  wife  to  tlie  empe- 
ror Sigismond. 

B.\RBE,  surnamed  Esther,  for  lier  piety, 
queen  of  Poland,  died  15'i5. 

B.\RBE.  another  queen  of  Poland,  died  15.5L 
I  BARBEAU  DES  BRUYERES,  .lean  Louis, 
by  his  talents,  emerged  from  obscurity,  and  be- 
came a  distinguished  French  geographer;  he 
died  1781 

B.\RBERIXI.  Francis,  a  most  excellent  pool 
of  Tuscanv.  in  the  13ih  century. 

BARBElT  DE  BOL'RG,  James,  a  native  of 
Mayenne,  an  eminent  physician,  died  1779. 

BARBEY,  Marc  le,  a  celebrated  physician. 
andf'avouriteofHenr>  VI.  of  France,  died  about 
tlie  close  of  the  16th  centurj'. 

53 


BA 

BAKBKVRAC,  John,  born  1674,  at  Bariers, 
a  city  of  Lower  Lariguedoc,  in  France.  Ht 
translated  into  French  Uie  iwoctlebrated  works 
ol" •'  PiilTendorf,"*  liis  "  Law  of  Katurc  and  Na- 
tions," and  liis  "Duties  of  a  Man  and  Citizen;" 
w  rote  excellent  notes  to  both  these  perforujan- 
cts.  and  to  the  former  gave  an  introductory  pre- 
face. He  published  also,  in  17*24,  a  Iratibiaiirni 
into  French  of  Grotius'  treatise  "De  Jure  Belli 
ac  Pacis,"  with  ample  and  excellent  notes,  and 
died  in  1729. 

BARBIER  D'AUCOUR,  John,  a  native  ol 
Langrcs,  and  a  lawyer  of  some  merit,  died  1G9I. 

BAllBIKR,  Mary  Ann,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
and  a  writer  of  tragedies,  died  1745. 

BARBIER,  Lewis,  a  favourite  of  tlie  Dukeof 
Orleans,  and  bishop  of  Langres,  died  1670. 

R.ARBIERI,  John  Francis,  a  historical  painter 
of  sonii-  merit,  died  16C6. 

B.ARBOSA,  Arius,  one  of  the  restorers  of 
learnins  in  Spain,  and  profeE.«r  at  Salamanca, 
died  1540. 

BAKBOPA,  Peter,  a  native  of  Portugal,  pro- 
fessor at  ("oinibra,  and  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom, died  Ij'.IG. 

B.ARBOSA,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  author, 
died  1638. 

B.-\RBOU,  Hugh,  a  celebrated  printer  at  Ly 
ons,  about  1580. 

B.ARBOUR,  John,  a  Scotch  clergj-man,  am- 
bassador from  Bruce  to  the  court  of  England, 
died  i:i78. 

BARBUD,  a  celebrated  musician  at  the  court 
of  Persia. 

BARCALI,  a  Mahonicdan  writer,  died  960 
of  the  hegira. 

BARt'HAM,  John,  a  learned  divine  and  an- 
tiquary, born  at  Exeter,  about  1572  He  assisted 
Sp«'ed  in  his  History  of  England  ;  and  was  au- 
thor of  a  "  Display  of  Heraldrie,"  folio,  1611  ; 
but  liaving  composed  this  in  his  youth,  and 
thinking  it  too  liclit  a  subject  to  acknowledge, 
be  pave  it  to  John  Gwilliin,  a  herald  of  his  ac- 
quaintance, under  whose  name  it  has  been  re 
peatedly  printed.    He  died  1642. 

BARCHUSEN,  or  BARKHAUSEN,  John 
Conrad,  a  German,  eminent  as  a  physician,  and 
lecturer  on  chymistrj',  died  1V17. 

BARCLA  Y, or  BARKLAY,  Alexander,  ana- 
tive  of  Scotland,  rector  of  a  church  in  England, 
and  an  elegant  writer  of  the  16th  century. 

BARCLAY,  William,  a  Scotchman,  profes- 
"(ir  of  the  university  of  Pont-amousson,  in 
France,  died  1C05. 

BARCLAY,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
writer  of  some  celebrity,  died  1621. 

BARCL.W,  Henry,  D.  D.  sometime  mission- 
ary to  the  Mohawk  Indians,  afterwards  rector 
«f  Trinity  Church,  New-York,  died  17G5. 

BARCLAY,  Robert,  an  eminent  writer,  of 
the  socio  y  of  Quakers,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1IM8 
In  1670,  his  famous  "  Apology  for  the  Quakers" 
was  published  in  Latin,  at  Amsterdam,  4to. 
fie  translated  it,  however,  into  English,  and 
published  it  in  1678.  This  work  is  addre^iscd  tr 
Charles  H.,  and  the  manner  in  which  he  ex- 
presses himself  to  his  majesty  is  very  remark  a 
ble.  Among  many  other  extraordinary  pas 
sages,  we  meet  with  the  following :  "  There  i- 
no  king  in  the  world  who  can  so  experimental!: 
testify  of  God's  providence  and  goodness  ;  nci 
f  her  is  there  any  who  rules  so  many  free  peopl<. , 
80  many  tr\i'5  Christians ;  which  thing  renders 
Ihy  government  more  honourable,  thyself  mtin 
considerable,  than  the-accession  of  many  n?. 
-ions,  filled  with  slavish  and  superstitious  soulf<. 
,'»4 


BA 

Thou  haat  tasted  of  prosperity  and  adversity  ; 
thou  knowest  what  it  is  to  be  banished  thy  na- 
tive country,  to  be  overruled  as  well  as  to  rule 
Jand  sit  upon  liie  throne  ;  and,  bi  ing  oppress!^, 
[thou  ha.st  ri  asoii  to  know  how.  liuieUil  the  op- 
pressor is  both  to  God  and  man  :  if,  after  all 
these  \A  arnings  and  advertisements,  thou  do>t 
not  turn  unto  the  Lord  with  all  thy  lieart,  but 
forget  him  who  remembered  thee  in  thy  distress, 
and  give  up  tliysell  to  follow  low  lust  and  vani- 
ty, surely  freai  will  be  thy  condemnation." — 
He  did  great  .service  to  his  s(?ct  over  all  Europe, 
by  liis  writings,  and  died  lO'KJ. 

BARCOCHEBAS,or  BAKCOCHAB,an  im- 
postor among  the  Je«s  ;  his  followers  were  nu- 
merous, but  afterwards  destroyed  by  Julius  Se- 
verus. 

BARC09,  Martin  dc,  a  controversial  writer, 
of  Baynnne,  died  J07H. 

BARD,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARD,  John,  a  learned  Physician,  in  the  city 
of  New-York,  sever.nl  years,  and  elected  preei- 
dent  of  the  medicoi  society  of  the  same,  died 
17U9. 

BARDAS,  a  chief  at  Constantinople,  guard- 
ian to  Michael  HI.,  was  put  to  death  806. 

BARDAS,  called  Sccltrus,  a  general  raised  to 
the  purple  by  his  soldiers ;  time  of  his  death  un- 
known. 

BARDESANKS,  a  Syrian  author,  and  foun- 
der of  a  sect  which  bore  his  iiame,  lived  about 
172. 

BARDET,  Peter,  a  French  advocate  and  au- 
thor, died  in  lCt5. 

BAKDHADI,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARDhX,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rouen,  and  au- 
thor, was  drowned  in  1637. 

BARUIN,  John,  a  French  historical  painter, 
born  at  Monthar,  in  1732,  and  died  at  Orleans,  in 
l&Oi).  In  1764,  lie  gained  the  prize  for  a  picture 
of  Tullia  driving  over  the  body  of  her  father. 

BARDNEY,  Richard,  a  Benedictine,  died  in 
1504. 

BAREBONE,  Praise-God,  a  bigoted  zealot  of 
Cromwell's  parliament,  of  such  celebrity  as  a 
demagogue,  that  the  parliament  was  ludicrously 
called  after  him.  His  two  brothers  adopted  aa 
'  cripture  naniee,  "Christ  came  into  the  world 
to  save,  Barcbone,"  and  "if  Christ  had  not 
died,  thou  hadslbecndamned,  Barcbone,"  called 
by  the  wits  of  the  day,  by  the  two  last  word.*). 

BARENT,  Dieteri'ch,  a  Dutch  painter,  died 
1592. 

BABETTI,  Joseph;  boin  at  Turii,  about  17ier 
He  cairic  over  to  England  in  the  year  1750, 
where  he  resided  (with  a  short  interval)  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  Baretti  liad  the  good  for- 
tune to  be  introduced  to  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
and  between  them  a  very  long  intimacy  had 
place.  From  the  tin)e  of  hit  arrival  in  F-ng- 
land,  he  subsisted  by  teaching  the  Italian  lan- 
guage, and  by  the  sale  of  his  writings.  In  1760 
he  made  a  tour  to  Italy,  through  Portugal  and 
Spain,  and  returned  to  England  after  an  absence 
of  six  years.  In  1760,  he  was  tried  at  the  Old 
Bailey  for  having  stabbed  a  man  who  violently  as- 
saulted him  in  the  Haj market.  He  made  a  most 
admirable  defence  :  which,  added  to  the  bad  re- 
putation of  his  prosecutors,  impressed  the  court 
much  in  his  favour.  He  was  acquitted  of  the 
murder,  and  of  the  manslaughter:  the  verdict 
was,  self-defence.  After  this  unfortunate  trans- 
action he  again  sat  down  to  his  studies,  and  in 
1770  published  his  "Travels,"  for  which,  it  is 
said,  he  received  500?.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  he  was  appointed  foreign 


-V 


BA 

secretary,  a  po3t  of  more  lionourthaii  profit.  He 
dicii  May  5,  ITdi),  witliout  a  struggle  or  sigh,  tlic 
moment  after  taking  a  glafs  of  wine ;  preserving 
liis  faculties  to  the  last  moment. 

BAREZI,  a  Mahomedan  author,  died  738  of 
the  hcgira. 

BAR(;UAVR,  Isaac,  Chaplain  to  Jaraes  I. 
and  Cliarles,  died  1G42. 

BARIDAlI,a  Mahomedan  writer  on  Aris- 
totle. 

RARINI,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARKER,  Robert,  a  painter,  known  as  the 
inventor  of  panoramic  exhibitions,  died  Ic'Ort. 

B.'\RKER,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  member  of  the  royal  society,  and  the  au- 
thor of  several  theological  and  other  pieces,  he 
died  in  London,  180!l. 

BARKIIAM,  .John,  a  nntivc  of  Eteter,  and  a 
divine  of  reputation  for  learning ;  time  of  his 
death  unknown 

BARKI.  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

EARKSDAI.E,  Clement,  master  of  Hereford 
school,  and  ncior  of  Naunton,died  in  ir>t*7. 

B.ARLA.AM.a  monk  of  Caiabria,  made  ab- 
bot of  St.  Salvador,  bv  the  emperor  Andronicus, 
died  in  1348. 

B.\RL/EKS,  Gasparaus,  a  '.ntin  poet,  of 
Antwerp,  sub-principaiof  tlic  college  at  Leydeu, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  philosophy  at  Am- 
Bterriam,  died  l'.i-18. 

BARL.-EI'S,  Lambert,  Greek  profeesor  at 
Leydeii,  died  in  Itk'vl. 

B.VRLAND,  Adrian,  anativeof  Zealand,  and 
proftssor  at  Louvain,  died  in  1542. 

BARLETTA,  Gabriel,  a  doininican,  of  some 
celebrity  as  a  writer  aiid  preacher,  born  at  Na- 
ples, about  1 100. 

BARLOTTA,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the 
18lh  centurv. 

BARLOVV,  William,  bishop  of  different  dio 
cesos,  under  Henry  VUI.,  and  Mary  and  Eliza- 
beth of  England,  died  15G8. 

B.\RLOW,  Francis,  a  native  of  Lincohishire. 
a  painter,  died  1702. 

B.\R[,0\V,  Joel,  L  L.  D.,  author  of  the  Co- 
lunibiad,  was  born  at  Reading,  Conn.,  1758,  and 
educated  at  Yale  College ;  he  served  in  the 
American  army  as  a  volunteer,  and  aa  a  chap 
lain.  Attheclo.^eof  the  war,  he  went  to  France, 
where  he  became  conp[iicuous  and  jwpular  as  a 
zealous  friend  of  the  revolution.  He  was  ap 
pointed  American  consul  at  Algiers,  and  after 
wards  minister  from  the  U.  S.  to  France,  and 
died,  on  his  way  to  Wilna  to  meet  Napoleon, 
1812. 

B.\RLOVVE,  Thomas,  succe.ssively  fellow  of 
Oxford,  keeper  of  the  Bodleian,  professor  of  di- 
vinity, and  bishop  of  Lincoln,  died  1091. 

B.\RLOVVE,  William,  remarkable  for  hav- 
ing been  the  tirst  who  wrote  on  the  natute  and 
properties  of  the  loadstone.  2f)  years  betore  Gil 
bert  published  his  book  on  that  subject.  It  was 
he  likewise  who  found  out  the  difierence  be 
tween  iron  and  steel,  and  their  tempers  for  maj 
netical  uses     He  died  in  162.').  I 

BARN AB.XS,  St,  a  Levite,  converted  toj 
Christianity,  arid  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  with 
St.  Paul ;  he  vias  stoned  to  death  bv  the  Jews,  j 

BARNARD,  John,  minister,  of  Marblehead,' 
Mass.  ;  the  father  of  the  commercial  enterprise' 
of  that  place,  and  long  regarded  a.s  the  father 
of  the  churches  in  New-England.  His  publica- 
tions are  numerous  and  valuable;  he  died  1770. 

BARNARD,  IMward,  a  worthy  afiid  dis 
tineuished  minister,  of  Haverhill,  Masa  died 
i7T4. 


BA 

BARNARD,  Thomas,  a  highly  respected  mi- 
nister in  Salem,  Mass.,  diid  1755. 

B.-VRNARD,  Theodore,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, and  painter  under  Titian. 

B.VKNARD,  John,  prebendnry  of  Lincoln, 
died  in  1683. 

BARNARD,  Sir  John,  was  in  the  year  1722 
chosen  one  of  the  representatives  in  parhamenl 
for  the  city  of  London  ;  a  tnist  which  lie  con- 
linued  to  enjoy  during  the  six  succeeding  parlia- 
ments, and  which  he  always  discliarged  wiiii 
I'qual  integrity  and  ability.  In  1727^  he  was 
chosen  alderiiian  of  Dowgate  Ward.  On  the 
subject  of  the  famous  excise  scheme,  projected 
by  air  Robert  Walpole,  in  1733,  Sir  John  made 
fco  strenuous  an  opiwsition,  that,  in  conjunction 
with  other  members,  lie  obliged  the  ministry 
entirely  to  lay  it  aside.  In  17,37,  he  formed  a 
scheme  for  reducing  the  interest  on  the  national 
debt ;  a  project  which,  though  it  did  not  at  that 
time  succeed,  was,  nevcriheless,  afterwards  car- 
ried into  execution,  to  the  great  emolument  of 
the  trading  part  oltlie  nation.  In  1738,  he  served 
in  the  high  office  of  lord- mayor  of  Ijondoii ;  and 
ill  July,  1758,  resigmd  his  gown,  and  retired  to 
t'lapham  ;  where,  after  ha\  iiig  attained  to  near 
the  age  of  80,  he  died  August  211, 1766.  A  statue 
is  frected  to  his  memoiy  in  the  Royal  Exchange. 
B.MINAVE,  .\nilioiiy  T,  ter  Joseph  Marie,  a 
deputy  to  the  national  assembly  of  France,  who 
lost  his  popularity  for.-^omeexpressionsin  favour 
of  the  king,  and  was  guillotined,  1793. 

I>.\RNES,  Juliana,  prioress olSope well  mm- 
nerv,  eminent  for  her  accomplishments  and  j'ie- 
ty,  died  after  1486. 

B.ARNES,  Joshua,  an  eminent  critic,  and  pro- 
fessor of  the  Gret!k  language  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  was  born  in  London,  1(154.  He 
published  editions  of  Euripides,  Anacreon,  and 
JHoincr;  a  life  of  Edward  III.,  folio,  lt)88  ;  and 
Iseveral  poems,  both  in  Latin  and  English  ;  and 
died  in  1712. 

BARNES,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  di.asent- 
ing  minister,  of  Manchester,  and  preceptor  of  an 
academy  at  the  same  place,  died  in  1810. 

B.\RNES,  David  Leonard,  attorney  of  the 
I'nilcd  States,  for  the  district  of  Rhode-Island, 
and  judge  of  the  same,  died  1812. 

BARNE.'^,  Robert,  D.  D.,  employed  hy  Henry 
Vlll. ;  afterwards  incurring  his  displeasure,  b* 
was  burnt  at  the  stake,  l.')40. 

BARNEVELDT,  John  d'Olden,  an  able  sfatcs- 
m.an,  of  Holland,  ambassador  to  England  and 
France,  condemned  on  false  charges,  and  exe- 
cuted, 1619. 

BARO,  or  B  ARONI,  Peter,  a  native  of  France, 
who  retired  to  England  as  a  protestant,  and  re- 
sided with  lord  Burleigh  ;  afterwards  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridiie,  died  after  1574. 

B.XROCHE,  Frederick,  a  painter,  of  I'rbino, 
of  grr^t  celebrity,  died  in  1612. 

B.ARON,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  divinity  professor  at  Rome,  died  1696. 

baron!  Michael,  theRoscius  of  the  French 
thetitre,  bom  1652.  died  1729.  The  father  of 
Baron  also  was  an  :ictor,  famous  for  his  talent 
in  declamation ;  and  tlie  manner  of  liis  death 
was  singular :  pl.tying  the  part  of  Don  Diego, 
in  The  Cid,  his  sword  fell  from  his  hand,  as  the 
piece  requires;  and  kicking  it  from  him  witli 
indignation,  he  unforf.tnalely  struck  against  tlic 
point  of  it,  by  which  his  little  toe  was  pierced 
It  turned  to  a  gangreni> ;  he  refused  to  sufffer 
amputation,  and  died  iri55. 

BARO.N,  Hyacinth  Theodore,  a  learned  phy 
sician  of  Paris,  dieil  in  1756. 

^5 


BA 


BA 


|versf  with  bini,  and,  in  his  liumorous  way,  to 
rail  him  an  "  unlair  pifaclior,"  hecnut*  he  ex- 
liuusied  every  subject,  and  lelt  notliiiip  lor  others 
to  say  after  hmi.  Ui  ltj75,  he  was  rhosin  \nce' 
rliancellor  ol'  tlic  university.  This  ^reat  and 
leorried  divine 'died  of  a  fever  the  4th  of  May, 
1G77,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abluy. 

B.AKKOW  ,  Isaac,  a  native  of  i^piney  Abbey, 
lii.shop  of  tiodor,  Man,  and  i^t.  Asaphs,  died 
1077. 

ItARRV,  Girald,  a  native  of  Pendirokeshire, 
a  clergynian,  and  autlior  of  a  liittoryofthe  con- 
qiieM  of  Ireland  ;   he  died  alter  l'il5. 

I!  A  It  RY,  James,  an  Iiisii  lawyer;  he  woe  a 
haron  of  the  exchequer,  chief  justice  of  the 
Kint's  bench,  and  aflirwards  lord  e^aiitry  of  the 
l)eerr4!(!S  ;  lie  died  IfO. 

BARRY,  Spranger,  an  eminent  English  actor, 
coteniporan  wiih,  and  a  powerful  rival  of,  Mr. 
•  ■arrick,  liorn  in  Dublin,  1710,  died  in  London, 
Jan.  1774.  His  peculiar  ari^  aiitaj;c8  were  de- 
rived from  a  tine  person,  ii.clodiuus  voice,  and 
pleasing  address  and  his  peiforniances  in  ania- 
1017  char.'utiis  were  perhaps  never  excelled. 
t?ee  (  RAV\  FORD. 

15AKKY,  James,  an  eminent  painter,  was 
horn  p.t  Cork,  in  Ireland,  1742;  and  having  early 
discovered  preat  genius  for  the  an,  he  was  pa- 
tronized by  Jlr.  Burke,  and  brought  to  London, 
v\lu;re  ht  became  a  pupil  to  f^ir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds. When  Mr.  Burke  came  into  aduiioistra- 
iion  with  the  mai'quis  of  Rockiniihani,  he  fent 
Mr.  Barry  to  llaly,  at  his  sole  expense.  After 
visiting  ail  the  celebrated  schools  of  the  conti- 
niiit,  ill  which  he  occupied  three  years,  Mr. 
Barry  returned  to  London;  and  in  1775,  pub- 
lished "  An  Inquiry  into  the  real  and  imaginary 
Obstructions  to  the  Acquisition  of  the  Arts  in 
Knpland."  About  two  years  after  this,  he  was 
elected  a  Royal  .Academician,  and  in  17S()made 
profesfcor  of  p'liiitin^  to  the  Royal  Academy; 
but  in  niiil,  oji  an  d  addiction  to  demo- 

eratical  principles,  wh^  i'enioved  from  that  of- 
lice.  He  seems  soon  afterwards  to  have  taken 
disgust  at  society,  from  which  he  retired  into  a 
wretched  obscurity,  living  unattended,  and  half 
larvi'd,  till  some  friends  raised  about  1000/., 
v.itli  which  they  purchased  an  amiuity  forhiui; 
but  bel'ore  llir  first  quarter's  pajnient  of  it  be- 
came due  he  died.  lV)ar.  22, 1800,  and  was  inter- 
red in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  His  greatest  effort 
f  art  is  a  series  of  allegorical  picti.  lich 

tic  painted  gratuitously  for  the  greil'-jnc .  ot  the 
Pocictv  of  Arts,  in  the  Adelphi.     '''•' 

BAliRY,  George,  D.  U.,  an  omincnt  Scotch 
divine,  author  of  a  history  of  the  Orkneys,  died 
)fi05. 

BARRY,  John,  first  commodore  in  the  Ameri- 
can navy ;  he  possessed  great  courage,  was  a 
patriot,  and  Christian,  and  died  1803. 

BARPt'MA,  or  I'ARSOMA,  metropolitan, 
author  of  several  books  in  Svriac. 

BARTAt=,GuillauniedePallustedu,  a  French 
poet  of  Monfort.  in  Amiagnac,  died  1590. 

BABTH,  John,  a  native  of  Dunkirk,  who,  by 
his  liravery  and  skill,  rose  to  a  high  rank  in  the 
French  navy ;  he  died  In  1702. 

BARTHE,  Nicholas  Thom.is,  a  native  of 
Marseilles :  he  was  author  of  gome  dramatic 
pieces,  and  died  178.'). 

BARTIIFLFMI,  Nicholas,  a  Benedictine  of 
the  l.'ith  century,  and  author  of  some  devotional 
Latin  poems. 

BARTHELEMI,  the  Nestor  of  French  lite- 
rature, and  author  of  the  "  Travels  of  Ana- 
charsis  in  Greece,"  died  May  4, 1795.    During 


BARONI,  Adrianne  Basile,  sister  to  Basile 
tlin  poet ;  greatly  admired  for  her  beauty,  wit, 
und  uccompli.-iinienis. 

BAROMI'S,  C'asar,  a  Neapolitan  Cardinal, 
libraiiuu  of  the  Vatican,  and  author  of"  tccle- 
siasiical  Annals,  from  A.  U.  1,  to  llilS,''  born 
lo^S,  died  in07. 

BAKOU  DL'  gOBEIL,  N.,  a  distinguished  law- 
yer at  Lvons,  put  to  death  in  IV.HJ. 

BAR6Z>:I,  James,  a  skilful  architect, of  Mo- 
dena,  Willi  succt  edcd  Mich.tel  .Angelo,  a*  the 
arciiitecl  of  St.  Peleis,  died  in  1377. 

BAKRAI^,  Peier,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Grenoble, 
teacher  at  Paris,  and  author  of  a  historical  dic- 
tionary.', died  in  1772. 

BARRE,  Francois  Pouillain  dela.  a  native  of 
France,  prniessor  at  Geneva,  died  in  1723. 

B.VRRK,  Lewis  Francoi^e.ics.  de  la,  a  native 
of  Tournay,  author  ol  some  books  on  Antiqua- 
rian histoiy,  &c. ;  lie  died  in  17J8. 

B.ARP.E,  Michel  de  la,  of  Paris,  an  eminent 
plaver  on  the  German  tlute,  died  1744. 

B'.\RKE,  Joseph,  canon  of  6«t.  Genevieve, 
rliancellor  of  tin!  university  of  Paris,  and  au- 
iliirof  a  history  of  Germany,  died  17ti4. 

B.ARRE,  Madame  du.  mistrcbS  of  Lewis  XV., 
of  France,  executed  during  the  resolution  in 

i:ia. 

ByVRREAUX,  Jacques  Vallee,  a  libertine  of 
Paris  ;  he  was  celebrated  rather  for  his  volup- 
tiir.iis  life,  than  for  the  productions  of  his  pen; 
died  .li".7:f. 

B.ARRKLlER,  James,  a  domiiiican  friar, 
eminent  as-  a  scientilic  botanist,  died  lfi73. 

B.ARREIIE,  Pe!er,a  physician  of  Perpignan, 
died  17.Sa. 

BARRETT,  George,  an  eminent  self  taught 
painter,  of  Dublin,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Acadeinv.  died  17H4. 

B.AHRETT,  William,  a  surgeon,  of  Bristol, and 
author  of  a  history  of  that  city,  died  178!). 

BARRIERE,  Pierre,  a  soldier  who  attempted 
to  assassinate  Henry  IV.  of  France,  but  was  de- 
tected and  broken  on  the  wheel,  1603. 

BARRIN(;T0N,  John  Shute,  lord  viscount, 
a  nobleman  of  con.sidi  rable  learning,  and  au- 
thor of  several  books  on  religious  subjects,  was 
bom  in  l(i78.  and  died  in  17.34. 

BARRLNGTON.  Dailies,  son  of  the  above, 
a  celebrated  English  lawyer,  antiquary,  and 
writer  on  subjects  of  law,  politics,  natural  histo- 
ry, geograithv,  and  criticism,  horn  1727,  died 
March  14,  18()0.  His  writings  are  very  ntinie- 
rous,  and  many  of  them  are  in  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions  and  the  Archa'ologia ;  but 
those  which  most  distinguished  him  as  an  au- 
thor were,  his  "  Observations  on  the  Statutes, 
chiefly  the  more  ancient,"  &c.  of  which,  two 
4to  editions  were  published  in  one  voar,  (17f>(i.) 

BARRINGTON,  Samuel,  son  of  lord  B.,  a 
distinguished  admiral  in  the  British  navy,  died 
ISOO. 

BARROS,  or  DE  BARROS,  John,  a  native 
of  Viseo,  preceptor  to  the  princes  of  Portugal, 
aftenvard-s  governor  of  St.  George,  on  the  Afri- 
can coast,  and  treasurer  of  the  Indies,  under 
king  Juan.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Indies, 
and  died  1570. 

B.ARROW,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathematician 
and  divine,  born  in  London,  16:^0  When  the 
King  advanced  Dr.  B.  to  the  dignity  of  master 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  his  majesty  was 
pleased  tosav,  "  he  had  given  it  to  the  best  scho- 
lar in  England :"  and  he  did  not  speak  from  re- 
port, bur  from  his  own  knowledge.  The  doctor 
being  then  his  chaplain,  he  used^ften  to  con- 


BA 

tiji?  doiuiiiatiou  ol"  Robe^piL•rre,  liku  moat  other 
men  of  Itarniiig,  he  was  imprisoned  ;  when, 
notwithstaiidnig  his  gn^at  ago  (upwards  of  89) 
and  inlirniitifs,  instead  of  sinking  under  the  ri- 
gour with  which  he  wastreated,  he  exerted  him- 
self in  consoling  his  feilow-sufTerers.  Soon  af- 
ter tlie  fall  of  Robespierre,  he  was  released,  and 
allowed  a  pension.  In  the  '•  Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettre 
are  preserved  many  of  his  papers,  illustrating 
Greek  liieratiire. 

BARTIIELEMI  DES  MARTYRS,  a  domini 
can,  of  Lisbon,  archbishop  of  Braganza,  died 
in  15<K). 

BARTIIES  DE  5IARMORION3,  Paul  Jo- 
aepli,  a  French  medical  writer,  and  professor 
of  mctlicine,  and  chancellor  of  that  faculty,  in 
the  univer.<itv  at  Mompelier ;  he  died  li^Ki. 

BARTHIUS,  Gaspard,  of  Brandenburg,  an 
cku'ant  f.cholar,  a:id  perfect  master  of  most  ibr- 
eig/i  lanjuaces,  difd  1658. 

BAUTIIOLr.X,  fJaspard,  professor  of  Latin, 
of  medicine,  and  afterwards  of  divinity,  at  ("u- 
penhaffen.  died  lt5-J'J. 

BAKTH(.ir.I\,  Thomas,  son  of  Caspard,  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  ami  of  anatomy  .it  Co- 
penhagon,  afterwards  librarian  to  the  liniver- 
6itv,and  physician  to  the  king  of  Demnark  ;  he 
died  Itkfl. 

liARTHOLTN,  Thomas.  ?on  of  tbe  above, 
profes.-sor  of  law  and  history  at  Copenhasen,  a-ul 
counsellor  to  the  king;  he  died  in  lfi!H).  Hi; 
three  brothers  were  .ilso  professors  of  the  uiii 
versify  of  Copinliiigen.  and  their  sister  was  an 
eminent  Daiii.^h  poetess. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  St., one  of  the  apostles, 
wlro  preached  the  gospel  in  Ethiopia,  Lycaonia, 
and  the  Indii's. 

B.\RTnol,0.'\IE\V,  the  Martyr,  a  kind  and 
benevolent  Christian,  and  archbishop  of  Braga, 
died  1590. 

ll.VR TLET,  .lohn,  r  fter  of  St.  Thomas, 
near  Exeter,  and  aut.../r  of  some  divinity 
tracts. 

BARTLRTT,  Josiah,  a  physician  in  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  continen- 
tal congress  from  that  state,  and  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  and  was  after- 
wards governor  of  the  state  ;  he  died  179.5. 

BARTOLI,  Cosimo,  of  Florence,  resident  ol 
duke  Cosmo  at  Venice,  in  the  16th  century. 

B.  '  ^iil,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit  of  Ferrara,  set- 
tled at  no  where  he  wrote  several  historical 
works  in  Udiian  ;  he  died  in  1<!85. 

BARTOI.O,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  professor 
of  law  at  Pisa,  and  counsellor  to  Charles  IV., 
died  1359. 

BARTOLOCCI,  Julius,  a  Cistercian  monk,  of 
Naples,  and  Hebrew  professor  at  Rome,  died 
16B7. 

BART0L0Z7.I,  Francesco,  a  ver>'  eininent 
engraver,  born  at  Florence,  in  1728.  In  1764  he 
came  to  England  and  worked  forth?  priiit?ellers, 
particularly  Mr  Boydell.  In  1760  he  was  r ho 
sen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Tlu' 
new  mode  of  stippling,  or  encraving  in  the  red 
chalk  manner,  now  becoming  fasliioiiahle,  gave 
Bartolozzi  ample  employment,  and  he  everuted 
in  that  way  many  hundreds  of  prints.  The  finest 
of  all  his  works,  perhaps,  are  the  Marlboroush 
Gems,  and  the  prints  for  Bovdell's  Shak- 
spcare.  In  1802  he  went  to  Lisbon,  on  an  invi- 
tation from  the  prince  regent  of  Portugal,  who 
allowed  him  a  pension ;  and  there  he  died  in 
March,  181.5. 
BARTON,  Benjamin  S.,  M.  D.,  an  eminent 


BA 

physician,  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  and  botany,  and  af- 
terwards of  .Materia  Medica,  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  and  succeeded  Dr.  Rustic 
on  his  death,  as  professor  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  :  he  died  in  1815. 

B.\RTO\,  Elizabetli,  commonly  called  "  The 
holy  Maid  of  Kent,"  was  a  religious  impostor 
in  the  reimi  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  executed  at 
Tyburn,  April  TO,  1534. 

B.\RTK.>V.M,  John,  a  distinguished  botanist, 
born  in  Pennsylvania  ;  he  was  elected  .■\meri- 
c.in  botanist  to  George  HI.,  and  died  in  1777. 
Linuiiiis  pronouhr(..d  him  "  the  greatest  natural 
botanist  in  the  world." 

B.^Rl'CH,  the  prophet,  the  friend  of  Jere- 
miah, he  was  author  of  a  hook  not  received  as 
canonical,  either  by  Christians  or  Jews.  He 
went  to  Babylon  with  the  Israelites  iu  their  cap 
tivity. 

B.VRVVICK,  John,  a  native  of  Westmoreland, 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  the  royal  cause ; 
and  his  attachment  to  Charles  i.  and  H.  ;  he 
was  afterwards  dean  of  Durham  and  St.  Paul's, 
and  died  10^. 

n.AKVVICK,  Peter,  abrotlier  of  the  dean,  an 
mineut  physician:  he  supjKirtud  Hervey's  doc- 
tri?ie  of  tlie  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  died 
1711."). 
n  \RZERI\I,  a  Mahoinedan  writer. 
HAS.  Le,  a  French  engraver  of  eminence, 
|died  I7r>.5. 

I     H\S( 'HI,  Matthew,  founder  of  a  new  order 
)f  Franrisian  capuchins,  died  1.552. 

B.ASEDOW,  John  Bernard,  professor  of  mo- 
ral philosophy,  at  Soroe,  in  Denmark,  from 
which  he  w  as  exjielled  for  irrellgion;  he  died 
17it0. 

BASHrVSEV,  Henry  James  Van,  profes- 
sor of  ecclesiastical  history  and  the  orienta! 
languages  ai  Haiiau,  and  afterwards  of  divinity 
at  Berlin,  died  17.V. 

BASIL,  St.,  bishop  of  Ctpsarea,  persecuted 
bv  Valens,  for  refusing  to  embrace  Arianisra. 
died  379. 
B.ASIIj,  an  Arian,  bishop  of  Ancyra. 
B.ASIL  I.,  a  Macedonian.  Being  but  a  com- 
mon soldier,  lie  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Bul- 
garians, from  whom,  however,  he  escaped,  and 
solicited  alms  to  support  him  on  a  journey  tc 
Constantinople,  where  he  became  emperor  of 
the  East.  Dreaded  by  his  enemies  the  Saracens, 
whom  he  frequently  vanquished  ;  and  beloved 
by  his  subjects  for  his  justice  and  clemency  ;  lie 
died  in  886. 

BASIL  II.,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  a  va- 
liant, but  cruel  and  inhuman  prince,  died  1025. 
B.ASIL,  an  impo.sTor,  who  disturbed  Constan- 
tinople, by  pretending  to  be  Constantine  Ducas, 
for  which  he  was  burned  alive,  after  934. 

B.XSIL,  a  physician,  who  became  head  of  a 
sect  called  Bosomiles.  in  Bulgaria,  and  was  con- 
demned for  his  heresies. 

BASILIDF.S,  a  sectary  of  Alexandria,  in  the 
*1  century,  who  enjoined  five  years  silence  on 
hisfoilmvers. 

RASIf.ICES,  brother  of  Verina.  the  wife  of 
Leo  I.,  emperor  of  the  East ;  he  seized  and  re- 
tained the  throne  a  short  time,  during  which  the 
valuable  library  of  Constantinople,  containing 
I'in.OHn  volumes  was  burnt  :  he  died  478. 

BASILOWITZ,  Iwaii,  a  hero,  who  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Russian  empire,  and  first  as- 
■umed  the  name  of  C/.ar,  died  l'i*'4. 

B.VSINE,  wife  of  the  king  of  Thiirineia,  who 
eft  her  husband  to  ejpouse  ChiM  ric  I.,  «f 
51 


H 


BA 


BA 


France,  as  Uie  bi  avcsl  man  of  his  day  ;  she  was 
motJ)er  of  Clovis  ihe  Great. 

BASINOPTOKE,  or  BASINGK,  John,  arch- 
deacon of  Lficesler,  author  of  "  Sermons," 
"  Latin  Translations  from  the  Grecic,"  &c. ; 
he  is  supposed  to  have  introduced  the  Greek 
numorical  fuiures  into  England.  He  died  liSO. 
B.\SIKK,  Isaac,  D.  D.,  archdeacon  of 
Northumberland,  and  chaplain  to  Charles  I. ; 
afterwards  prebendary  of  Uuiiiani ;  be  died 
1670. 

BASIRE,  .larars,  an  eminent  Engli.sh  cnpra 
ver,  bom  Oct  6,  K30,  died  r-ept.  G,  1?02  JIc 
was  many  years  engraver  to  the  Royal  Society 
and  to  the  Sorieiy  of  Antiquaries. 

BASKERVILLR,  John,  an  ngeniotis  Enslish 
letter-founder  and  printer,  lanious  for  tlie  beaut) 
and  elei'ance  of  his  types  and  editions  ;  bnrn  at 
Wolveilv,  in  Worrestirsbire,  J70tj,  died  1~'). 

B.-\f-KERVlLLE,  SirSimon,  knight,  obtained 
by  his  skill  as  a  phys-ician,  in  London,  distinc- 
tion, the  honour  of  kniglitbood,  and  immense 
wealth  ;  he  died  1641. 

BASNAGE,  James,  a  French  refupec  in  Hol- 
land, author  of  "  A  Ilibtory  of  the  Jews,"  died 
17i3. 

EASX.AGE,  Henr>',  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Rouen,  who,  upon  the  proscription 
of  tiie  proieslants,  in  France,  fied  to  Hollatid, 
where  he  died,  1710. 

BASNAGE,  Benjamin,  a  prote?tant,  author 
of  a  freati^e  on  the  church,  and  deputy  from 
the  French  churches  to  Scotland,  in  the  reign  of 
James  VI.,  died  1652. 

BASNAGE,  Anthony,  son  to  the  above,  mi- 
nisver  of  Bayeux  ;  he  was  imprisoned  for  his  re- 
ligion at  Havre  de  Grace,  and  afterwards  fied  to 
Holland,  uiiere  he  died  in  1601. 

BASNAGE,  DU  FRAaUENAY,  Henrj',  an 
advocate  of  Rouen,  eminent  for  eloquence, 
died  1095. 

BASNET,  Edward,  dean  of  St.  Patrick,  in 
Ireland,  in  1537,  afterwards  privy  counsellor. 

BASS,  Edward,  D.  D.,  a  scholar  and  divine  ; 
lie  was  tirst  bishop  of  Massachusetts,  and  died 
in  1P03. 

BASSAN,  James  Hu  Pont,  a  painter,  bom 
>.510,  in  the  village  of  Ba'sano,  in  the  repnblir 
of  Venice.  He  had  jreat  success  in  lamlscape 
and  portraiture :  and  has  also  drawn  several 
night-pieces ;  but  it  is  said  he  found  great  diffi- 
culty in  representing  feet  and  hands,  and  for  this 
reason  those  parts  are  generally  hid  in  his  pic 
turcs.  Anibal  Garacci,  when  he  went  to  see 
Bassan,  was  so  far  deceived  by  the  representa- 
tion of  a  book,  drawn  upon  the  wall,  tliat  he 
went  to  lay  hold  of  it.  The  pieces  of  this  painter 
are  spread  over  Europe ;  he  died  at  Venicp,  15it2. 
BASSANDYNE,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman, 
known  as  a  printer,  died  1501. 

B.\SSAM;  James  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Vi- 
eenza,  an  elmiuent  preacher,  distinguished  by 
Pope  Benedict  XIV.  ;  he  died  in  1747. 

B.'VSSANI,  John  Baptiste,  an  admired  Italian 
compoger  in  the  17th  century,  master  to  Corelli. 

BABS.\NTIN,  James,  a  Scotchman,  who  ac- 
ouired  reputation  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics  at 
Taris,  died  1568. 

BASSELIN,  a  fuller,  of  Vire,  in  Normandy, 
in  the  1.5th  century,  knownforhis  popular  songs 
aJid  ballads. 

BA?SET,  Peter,  chamberlain  to  Henry  V., 
and  author  of  an  account  of  the  expeditions  of 
that  prince. 

BASSI,  Laura,  wife  of  Joseph  Verati,  was 
honoured  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philoso- 
58 


phy,  for  the  great  mental  acquirements  dis- 
played in  her  lectures  on  that  suhjrcl,  and  dis- 
tinguished as  possessing  every  amiable  virtue; 
she  died  in  1778. 

BASITH,  Khaiath,  a  Maliometan.  author  of 
a  treatise  on  praver. 

BASSOMPIEKRE.  Francois  de,  marechal  of 
France,  of  a  disiinguished  family  of  Lorraine, 
a  courtier  and  ambassador  of  Ijewis  XIII. ;  he 
was  confined  ten  years  in  the  Hastile  by  the 
<luke  of  Richelieu,  during  which  time  he  wrote 
his  memoirs  ;  he  died  in  1046. 

B.ASSVILLE,  Nicholas  John  Ilugnn  de,  am- 
bassador front  France  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
stabbed  1703. 

BASSUEL,  Peter,  a  distinguished  surgeon 
and  lecturer  of  Paris,  died  1757. 

BASTA,  George,  known  as  a  warrior  in  tbe 
service  of  the  duke  of  Parma,  and  afterwards 
of  the  emperor,  in  Hungary,  died  1607. 

B.ASTAKH,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  preacher  of 
Englaiul,  of  considerable  learning,  died  1018. 

P..\STON,  Robert,  a  Carmelite  monk,  poet 
laureat,  and  public  orator,  at  O.vford,  died  1310. 

BASTVVICK,  Dr.  John,  a  physician,  who 
was  severely  fined  and  imprisoned  for  his  writ- 
ings againstthe  clergy,  but  during  the  civil  wars, 
recalled  to  London,  and  indemnihed  lor  his  suf- 
ferings. 

BATE,  John,  D.  D.,  prior  of  the  Carmelites 
at  York,  distinguished  for  his  learning  ;  he  died 
in  1420. 

BATE,  George,  physician  to  Charles  I.,  then 
to  Oliver  Cromwell,  "and  afterwards  to  Charles 
H. ;  he  died  lf>69. 

BATE,  Julius,  a  friend  of  Hutchinson,  author 
of  a  defence  of  his  system,  and  of  some  valuable 
liiews  of  criticism,  died  1771. 

liATECliMBE,  WiUiam,  a  mathematician 
who  live<l  aboBt  1420. 

RATEMAN,  William,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
and  founder  of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridge,  alsO 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Rome,  died  1534. 

B.VTES,  William,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to  Charles 
11..  a  non-conformist  divine  of  great  learning, 
and  tlie  intimate  friend  of  the  first  men  of  the 
kingdom,  died  1600. 

HATHA  LMIUSI,  an  eminent  Mahomedan 
writer,  of  the  family  of  Ali,  died  421  of  llie  he- 
gira. 

B.^THE,  Henry  de,  a  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  afierw'ardschief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  under  Henry  III  ,  died  1261. 

BATHE,  William,  an  Irish  Jesuit,  rector  of 
an  Irish  school,  at  Salamanca,  and  a  writer  cm 
music  anddivinitv,  died  1614. 

BATHURST,  Ralph,  a  Latin  poet,  physician 
and  divine  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  after 
wards  dean  of  Wells,  "and  vice  chancellor  of  Ihe 
university  ;  he  died  1704. 

BATHI'RST,  Allen,  Earl,  an  English  noble- 
man  of  distinguished  abilities,  born  November 
16,  1684.  To  tmcommon  talents  he  added  many 
virtues,  integrity,  humanity,  and  generosity  : 
and  to  these  virtues,  good  breeding,  politeness, 
land  elegance.  His  wit,  taste,  and  learning, con- 
nected him  with  all  persons  eminent  in  that 
,  way,  as  Pope,  Swift,  Addison,  &c.  He  died  at 
jhisseat,  near  Cirencester,  September  16,  177S, 
in  bis  01st  year. 

BATONI,  Pompeo,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Lucca,  eimobled  by  the  emperor  Joseph,  for  his 
distinguished  merit.  One  of  his  most  valuable 
pieces,  the  death  of  Mark  Antony,  is  now 
ow  ned  in  Hartford,  Conn. ;  he  died  1787. 
BATSCH,  Augustus,  John  George  Chart 


BA 

a  botanist,  ol' Jena,  was  professor  ol"  philosophy 
111  the  university  ui' that  placi;,  and  rounder  and 
prosideiit  ut'  a  society  lor  thu  study  of  natural 
liistorv  ;  he  died  ItfthJ. 

BATTAC  l,L\[,  Mark,  bishop  of  Nocera  and 
Cesena,  died  1717. 

BATTHLY,  Dr.  John,  fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, and  chaplain  to  the  primate  Saucrot't,  died 
1706. 

HATTE[7X,  Charles,  a  Fretich  philo.sopher, 
professor  ot  philosophy  in  the  royal  colliti-, 
jnciiiber  of  the  French  academy,  Sec,  emiiiciit 
fur  his  erudili  >n,  and  his  privatu  virtues,  and 
author  of  si^vcal  works  on  cla.«ical  literature ; 
lie  (iifd  17H0. 

B.-VTTIl',  Dr.  William,  a  phy.'iician  of  emi- 
nence in  U.xhriJce  and  London,  author  of  seve- 
ral work:iOii  medical  snlijecls,  died  li  id. 

B.VrTISHlLL,  Jonathan,  an  emmen'  musi- 
cal coin|>ot>er,  wbo  added  to  profound  koow- 
Tedie,  great  taste,  and  a  tine  imagination.  His 
"  Kate  of  Aberdeen"  will  be  cokbratud  (amoiic 
numerous  other  of  his  compositions)  as  long  as 
piiii;  melody  shall  be  admired  in  this  country, 
lie  was  horn  in  London,  Mav,  l'-^?,  and  died  at 
Isllnplon.  December  10,  IHOl. 

BAIJ.VB,  a  learned  Malionicdan,  died  413  of 
the  hesira. 

BAUDKLOTDEDAIRVATi,  Charles  CffiMi, 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  died  1722. 

BA'jDKT.  .Stephen,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver, of  t?lois,  died  lii71. 

BAUDIKR,  Michael,  a  native  of  Lauffiicdoc, 
historiographer  of  France  under  Louis  XV. 

RAfUIN,  Peter  Charity  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Sedan,  a  member  of  the  Frencli  national  assem- 
bly, and  of  the  convention.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  tirmness  and  moderation,  and  died  17'.I'J. 

B.VIJDHJ?,  Dominique,  a  native  of  Lisle,  and 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of 
some  Latin  poems,  and  died  1013. 

B.VUDOIN,  Benedict,  a  divine  of  Amiens, 
author  of  a  dissertation  on  the  shoes  of  the  an- 
cients, in  161.J. 

B.VUDOIII,  Joseph  dii,  a  native  of  Vanncs  ; 
edii'-'utcd  among  the  Jesuits,  died  1749. 

BAUDOT,  de  Juilli,  Nicholas,  of  Vcndome, 
a  historical  writer  of  some  merit,  died  17.">9. 

B.VfTDAl'IN,  emperor  of  Con3taiiliuople,vid. 
BALDWLV. 

B.VUDi  )UIN,  John,  a  soldier  in  the  armies  of 
France,  and  translator  of  Sallust,  Tacitus,  &c. 
died  IfwO. 

B.\UOKA\D,  Mich.  Anton,  an  occlosiaslic, 
of  Paris,  author  of  a  "  Dictionaire  Geograj)!!- 
ique''  of  merit,  died  1700. 

II.\UDRIC(:)ITRT,  Jean  de,  a  mareclial  of 
France,  distinjiiishcd  under  Charles  VHI.  at  the 
coni|iiost  of  Naples.  His  fatlier  introduced  the 
faiiious  maid  of  Orleans  on  the  public  staje. 

BAI 'HINUS,  John,  a  physician  of  Amiens, 
afterwards  of  great  expectation  at  Basil,  died 
15H2. 

BATIHINU3,  John,  son  of  the  precedine, 
(ihysician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  a  medi- 
.;al  writer  at  Basil,  died  1613. 

B  MJHI.Vl'S.  Caspar,  professor  of  botany  at 
Basil,  and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg, 
died  1(124. 

BAl'LDRI,  Paul,  a  na'ive  of  Rouen,  profes- 
sor of  sacred  historv  at  Utrecht,  died  170C. 

BAULOT,  or  BEAULIF-U,  James,  who  tra- 
velled tliroiigh  Europe  sis  a  lithotoniLst,  and 
operated  with  great  success.  The  city  of  Am- 
(terdam  had  a  medal  struck  in  honour  of  this 
humane  man;  hediedlT'iii 


BA 

B.\U.ME,  James  Francis  de  la,  canon  of  a 
church  at  Avignon,  author  of  a  poem  called  the 
Christiade,  died  1757. 

B  AUME,  Nicholas  Auguste  de  la,  a  marecltal 
)f  France,  who  ser\-ed  in  Germany  with  great 
reputation,  dii-d  1710. 

B.'VUME,  James  de  la,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris,  died 
1725. 

BAUMER,  John  Willia:n,  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Erfurt,  and  a  writer  on  llie  natural  his- 
torv of  the  mineral  kin^^doui,  died  17.-i8. 

IJ A ITMGAKTEN,  Alexander  Gottlieb,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Halle,  and  afterwards  at 
Frankfort,  died  177(3. 

B.VUR,Johii  William,  a  painter  and  engraver 
)f  Strasburg,  died  1640. 

BAIJR,  Frederick  William  Von,  a  Hessian 
ioldier  in  the  pay  of  Britain,  irade  a  general  and 
■nnobled  by  Frederick  H.  of  r'russia.  and  after- 
wards an  able  engineer  and  mechanic  in  the 
CI  vice  of  Russia;  he  died  1783. 

BAl'SCH  .Abu  Giafar,  a  Mahomedan  writer, 
died  ."iJii  of  the  hesira. 

B.\r.->S[RI,  a  Mahomedan  poet,  Iiighly  es- 
teemed by  the  followers  of  Mahomet. 

BAUTRI',  a  celebrated  wit,  and  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  French  academy,  was  born 
at  Pari-,  in  I5-''8,  and  died  there  in  l'(i(55.  Once, 
when  he  was  in  Spain,  having  been  to  see  the 
famous  library  of  the  Kscurial,  where  he  found 
a  very  ignorant  librarian,  the  king  of  Spain 
asked  him  wli.it  he  had  remarked.  To  whom 
Banlru  replied,  that  "  the  library  was  a  very 
tine  one  ;  but  your  majesty  (adds  he)  should 
make  your  librarian  treasurer  of  your  finances." 
"  Why  so  V  "  Because  (says  Bauirui  he  never 
touches  what  he  is  entrusted  with." 

B.\LfVE?<,  James  de,  advocate  of  tlic  parliu- 
Hient  of  Paris,  in  the  17th  centur)'. 

B.\UV'I\,  John  Gregory,  a  native  of  Arras, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  belles  lettres, 
died  in  1776. 

B.\UX,  William  de,  prince  of  Orange,  with 
the  title  of  king  of  Aries  and  Vienna,  murdered 
at  .Vvignnu,  in  1218. 

BAWDVVF.E.\,William,vicarofHootenPag 
ncll,  near  Doncaster,  died  Sept.  14, 1816.  This 
gentleman  was  an  excellent  Saxon  seholar,  ami 
translated  voU.  I.  and  H.  of  that  valuable  na- 
tional record,  Domesday  Book,  which  was  pub- 
lished by  a  vote  of  the  British  parliament.  He 
proposed  to  print  the  whole  in  10  vols.  4to  ;  and 
the  remaining  8  vols,  are  said  to  be  prepared  for 
the  press.  He  left  a  widow  and  twelve  children. 

B.VXTER,  Richard,  an  eminent  nonconform- 
ist divine,  was  born  Nov.  12, 161.5,  at  Rowton, 
near  High  Ercal,  in  Shropshire,  and  died  KiOl. 
He  wrote  a  vast  number  of  books;  Mr.  Long, 
of  F-.xeter,  says  80;  Dr  Calamy,  120;  but  the 
author  of  a  note  in  the  Binsraphia  Rritannica 
ti'lls  us  that  he  had  seen  145  distinct  treatises  of 
Mr.  Baxter's ;  his  practical  works  have  been 
published  in  four  vols,  t'olio.  Bishop  Burnet,  in 
the  history  of  his  own  times,  calls  him  "  a  man 
of  in'cnt  piety ;  and  says,  "  that  if  he  had  not 
meddled  with  too  many  things,  he  would  have 
been  esteemed  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of 
the  ago ;  that  he  had  a  moving  and  pathcijcal 
way  of  writing ;  and  was,  his  whole  life  loiig, 
a  man  of  creat  zcat  and  much  simplicity  ;  but 
was  unhappily  subtle  and  metaphysical  in  evtry 
thing. 

BAXTER,  Andrew,  a  writer  in  metaphysics 
and  natural  philosophy,  born  in  lfiP6,  at  Aber- 
deen, where  he  received  hiseducaitonat  King's 
College.  His  principal  eiiipi^vnent  w  itmt 
69 


tJA 

ofa  private  tutor.  Ilis  cole  lirated  work,  "  An 
Inquiry  into  dte  Nature  of  the  Human  .-=oul," 
wastirsi  published  in  4to,  and  ha!>  btcn  sevi-ral 
fmies  reprinti'd.  Bishop  Warburton  calls  is 
"  the  most  finished  iKKik  of  tlie  kind  that  thi- 
present  timcg  have  produced."  Bailer  drew 
up  for  the  use  of  liis  pupils,  a  piece  entitled 
"  Maiho  ;  sive  Cosniolliforia  Puerilus,  Dialo 
pus,"  &.C.  which  lit  afterwards  grc-ally  enlarged, 
and  publi-shed  in  English,  2  vols.Svo..  1745.  He 
died  iu  1750,  after  bearing  witli  the  greatest  for- 
titude a  complication  of  the  most  painful  dis- 
orders. 

B.\XTER,  William,  an  eminent  critic  and 
(trainmarian,  nephew  to  the  forepoini;,  born  at  | 
l^iiluKany,  in  Shropshire,  1650,  died  1723.  He! 
published  excellent  editions  of  •'  Anacreoii"] 
and  "  Horace,"  wasautlior  of  a  "  Latin  Gram- 1 
mar,"  1679,  ai.d  of  a  Glossary  of  the  Roman 
Antiquities,"  which,  however,  goes  no  farther 
than  the  lefter  A,  and  was  printed  1726. 

BAYAKU,  James  A.,  a  native  of  Delaware, 
was  a  representati\r,  and  afterwards  a  senator 
ill  ccT'.'ress  from  that  state.  In  1613  he  wa^  ap 
pointed  one  of  tlie  ministers  who  negotiated  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Brit?.in  at  Ghent: 
subsequent  to  which,  he  was  sent  as  ministerj 
to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg.  He  returned  to 
the  i'nited  States,  and  died  in  ]?1.5. 


BAYARD,  John,  speaker  of  the  house  of  as-|ll598 


KE 

piety,  wliieli  tloiiiished  before  ilit«e  controver- 
.^ies  were  hatched."  The  design  was  good ; 
and  the  reception  this  book  has  nu-t  with  niny 
be  known  from  the  astonishing  luin.L"  r  of  its 
<rtiiioii.s.     This  prrlalfdied  in  1IJ34. 

II.\LEy,Matthiai<,  remarkable  for  Ir.ntrevfty : 
he  was  bapti7.ed,  and  died,  in  North  Carolina,  in 
1789,  a^ed  136. 

BAYI.Y,  Thomas,  sub-dean  of  W  ells,  died  a 
catholir  on  the  continent,  in  the  time  of  f  harles  I. 

H.\YI,Y,  Nathan,  autlior  of  ati  EtiRli.'-h  dic- 
tionary, and  of  some  grammatical  works. 

BAYNARD,  Anne,  a  lady  of  great  liteiary 
and  scientific  acquirement*,  died  in  1697. 

BAYNES,  8ir  Thomas,  knight,  a  physiriatv 
professor  of  music  at  Grosham  college,  died  in 
1(581. 

BAYNES,  John,  a  native  of  Yorksliire,  dw- 
tinpuished  for  his  intense  applieatiiui  to  study, 
and  his  attachment  to  liberty,  dird  in  17fe7. 

BAZIRE,  Claude,  afia'iveof  Dijon,  raised, 
by  the  French  revolution,  from  obscurity  to  in- 
fanicus  celebrity.  He  proposed  in  the  conveti- 
tion,  a  law  tixine  a  prici;  on  the  head  cf  La 
Eavette  ;  guillo'iii'jd  wiili  Danton,  in  r.94. 

B.AZZAZ,  a  Mahcfuedan  theological  writer. 

BE,  Guillaume  C,  an  engraver  and  letter 
founder,  at  Troyes  and  ai  Venice,  where  he  ac- 
quired both  reputation  and  wealth ;  he  died  in 


serobly  in  Maiyland.  was  a  member  of  the  old 
congress,  17A> ;  he  died  Ifi07.  : 

BAYARD,  Le  Chevalier,  a  celebrated  French' 
warrior,  called  The  kiiipht  without  tear  or  re- 1 
proach,  slaiti  at  the  siege  of  Kebec,  1524. 

BAYER,  Theophilus  Sigfred,  a  diinan  who! 
assiduously  devoted  himself  to  ancient  and  mo-! 
dem  languages,  aud  «as  professor  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Antiquities  at  Peteisbiir?,  died  in  1738 

BAYEUX,  N.,  an  advocate  and  poet  of  Caen, 
translator  of  Ovid,  executed  during  the  French 
levolution. 

B.VYI.E,  Peter,  author  of  the  Historical  and 
Critical  Dictionary,  was  born,  Nov.  IH,  1647,  iii 
Caria,  a  smnll  town  in  the  county  of  Foix,  and, 
was  a  moBt  laborious  and  indcfaiit'able  writer. 
In  one  of  his  letters  to  Des  Maizeaiix,  he  says, 
that  since  his  20th  vear  he  hardly  reniinibers  to 
Jiave  had  any  leisuVe.  He  died  ti'o2«tl)  of  Dp 
tcinber,170G,  after  he  had  been  writing  the  great 
est  part  of  the  day.  Among  the  i)ro(!iictions- 
whicli  do  tionour  to  the  age  of  Lewis  XI\'.,  IMr. 
Voltaire  has  not  otnitted  the  "  Critical  Dictiona- 
ry" of  our  author:  "  It  is  the  first  work  of  the 
kind  (says  he)  in  which  a  man  may  learn  to 
think."  He  was  a  man  of  brilliant  parts  and 
acute  Intellect:  but  his  religious  principles  sa- 
vour of  infidelity. 

B.\YLE,  Francis,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Toulouse,  died  in  1709. 

BAYLKY,  Anselm,  L.  L.  D.,  an  English  di 
vine,  minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's  and  Weslmin 
eter  Abbey,  aud  sub-dean  of  the  chapel  royal 
author  of  several  theological  works,  died  ii 
1794. 

B.'VYLEY,  I,ewis,  author  of  that  most  me 
morable  book,  Mititled,  "  The  Practice  of  Piety .' 
He  was  born  at  Caermarthen,  in  Wales,  edu 
cated  at  Oxford,  made  minister  of  Evesham,  in 
Worcestershire,  about  1011,  became  a  chaplainl 
to  kins  James,  and  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Bangor,  in  1616.     His  book  is  dedicated  "to 
the  high  and  mighty  prince  Charies,  prince  of 
Wales :"  and  the  author  tells  his  highness,  that 

'he  had  endeavoured  to  extract  out  of  the  chaos 


BiJACH,  John,  an  episcopal  writer,  and  a 
missionary  at  Reading,  Conn. 

CE.VCON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  pre 
bendary  of  Canterbury  tinder  Elizabeth. 

BEALE,  Mary,  a  ponraii  painter  in  the  rcipi' 
of  Charlfs  II.,  was  born  in  Suffolk,  1032.  In 
the  manufcripts  ol  Mr.  Oldys,  slie  is  celebrated 
for  her  poetry,  as  well  as  for  her  painting ;  anf 
is  styled  "  that  masculine  poet,  as  well  as  painter 
the  incomparable  Mrs.  Beale."  She  died  De 
ceiiiher  2i^,  1097. 

BE.ARD,  John,  a  very  eminent  and  popula? 
singer  on  the  i»nglish  staire  ;  married,  first,  lady 
Henrii^tfa,  relict  of  Lord  Edward  Herbert,  and 
only  daughter  ,;"  Lord  Waldegrave ;  secondly, 
a  daughter  of  Mr.  Rich,  patentee  of  Covent  Gar- 
den Theatre.  He  then  became  one  of  the  pro- 
prietors, and  acrine  manacer  of  that  house,  and 
continued  to  perform  till  disqualified  by  the  loss 
of  his  hearing.  He  died  in  his  7.5lh  year,  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1791. 

BEATON,  or  BETON,  David,  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  in  Scotland,  and  cardinal  of  the 
Roman  church,  born  1494,  lost  his  life  by  the 
hands  of  Norman  Lesly,  eldest  son  of  tlie  earl  of 
Rothes,  about  the  year  1546.  This  fatnous  pre- 
late was  a  man  of  great  parts  but  of  boundless 
pride  and  ambition,  arid  withal  an  eminent  in- 
stance of  the  instability  of  what  the  world  calls 
fortune. 

BEATON,  James,  nephew  of  the  archbishop 
of  the  same  name,  and  bishop  of  Glasgow  at 
25,  author  of  a  manuscript  history  of  ScoUaf)d, 
died  in  1603. 

BEATRIX,  daughter  of  the  countof  Burgun- 
dy, and  wife  of  the  emperor  Frederick  I.,  1156. 

BEATRIX,  of  Provence,  daughter  of  Ray- 
mond, count  of  Provence,  wife  of  Charles,  son 
of  Lewis  VIH.  of  France,  afterwards  king  of 
Naples  and  Sicily,  di,  d  at  Nncera. 

BEATSON,  Robert,  L.  L.  D.,  an  indefatiga- 
ble compiler,  author  of  "  a  Political  Index  to  the 
Histories  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  and  of 
several  other  works,  died  1818. 
BRATTIE,  Dr.  James,  an  ineenious  poet  and 


©f  endless  controverjiee,  the  old  practice  of  tiuellmisceUaneoua  writer,  born  in  Kincardinwbirc 

6(»  u 


BK 

Scollaud,  1735,  was  many  years  ascllo^)lma^•ler 
at  Aber»i(x-n ;  but  ai  i(;iit;lli  proiiioicd  to  tin- 
chair  of  Moral  Pliilosopliy  and  Logic  in  the  Ala 
rischal  College.  His  principul  poems  are,  '-The 
Judgment  of  Paris,"  4to.,  ITOj.  "The  Min- 
strel," 4to.,  1770, 1774.  "  The  Hermit,"  a  beau- 
tiful song,  and  iimny  odes  and  elegios.  Besides 
these,  he  was  author  of  "  An  Essay  on  the  Im- 
mutability of  Truth,  in  opposition  lo  s^ophisir)' 
and  Scepticism,"  4lo.,  1777  ;  "  Uissonations 
Moral  and  Critical,"  4to.,  1783;  "Evidences 
of  the  Christian  Religion,  briefly  and  plainly 
stated,"  8vo.,  1786;  and  "Elements  of  Monil 
Science,"  2  vols.  8vo.,  1790,  1793.  His  prose 
writings  display  good  sense,  extensive  know- 
ledge, and  able  reasoning  ;  his  ver«ilication  is 
elecant.     He  died    .  Aberdeen,  August  Id,  1603. 

BEATTIE,  James  Hay,  swin  of  the  poet,  a 
man  of  eminent  talcnta,  who  was,  at  the  age  of 
19,  appointed  assistant  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy and  logic  at  the  Mariichal  College  of 
Aberdeen,  died  1790. 

BE.\TUS,  Rhenanus,  a  classical  scholar  and 
writer  of  Rhoiiiach,  died  in  1547. 

BEAU,  John  Lewis  le,  a  learned  academi- 
cian and  profesfor  of  Paris,  died  in  17G0. 

BEAU,  Charles  le,  brother  of  the  preceding. 
was  also  an  eminent  scholar,  and  professor  of 
belles  lettrea  at  Paris,  and  author  of  a  history  of 
the  lower  empire,  in  'iJ  vols.  ;   he  died  in  1778. 


BE 

BEAUFORT,  Henry,  brother  of  Henry  IV 
of  England,  was  successively  bishop  of  Liiicohi 
and  Winchester,  chancellor  of  England,  amb&s 
sailor  to  France,  cardinal,  and  pope's  legate  in 
(iermany  ;  he  died  in  1447. 

BE.VUFORT,  Francois,  Vendomc  duo  dc,  f> 
native  of  Paris,  con.spicuous  in  the  civil  wara 
lor  courting  the  good  will  of  Uie  populace,  died 
in  Itifig. 

BEAUFORT,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  man,  au 
thor  of  the  lliatory  of  Geruiunicus,  &c.,  died  iu 
1793. 

BEAULIEU,  John  Baptiste  AUaisde,  a  wri 
ting-inaster  of  celebrity  in  Pajis,  lived  about 
iri81. 

BEAULIEU,  Sebastian  Pont.-iiilt  de,  an  enjfi- 
necr,  who  drew,  and  had  eiipravtu,  the  sieges 
and  militan'  campaigns  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died 
ill  lii74. 

BEAULIEU,  Louis  le  Blanc  de,  theolog:ical  pro- 
fessor of  Sedan,  died  in  Hj75. 

BEAULIEU,  i\.  Baron  de,  commander  of 
the  .liislrian  armies  in  Italy,  opposed  and  con- 
quered bv  Buon.nparte,  dii-d  about  17yii. 

BEAUMAXOIR,  Jean  dft,  called  marechal 
I  de  Lavardiri,  rose  by  his  merit  to  high  military 
.dignities,  died  in  Uii4. 

BEAU.M.\RCHA1S,  Peter  Augustin  Caron  dc, 
an  eminent  French  dramatist,  born  at  Paris, 
ITifcJ,  and  bred  a  xvatch-maker,  died  at  Paris,  oi 


BEAUCAIRE  DE  PEaUILLON,  Francois,  Hapople.Ty,  May.  17'.>9. 
instructer  of  Cardinal  Charles  dc  Lorraine,  and;'     BEAU  ME, '.Antony,  a  native  of  Senlis,  ami 


bishop  of  Metz,  died  in  1591 

BEAUCHAM,  Richard,  Earl  of  Warwick, 
distinguished  as  a  brave  general,  died  in  Nor- 
mandy. In  1439. 

BEAUCHAMPS,  Pierre  Francois  Godard  de, 
an  eminent  French  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1701. 

BEAUCH  AMP,  Josephde,acelebrated  French 
astronomer,  born  at  Vezoul,  in  175-2,  entered,  in 
1767,  into  the  order  of  Bernardines,  and  took  his 
departure  for  Asia,  in  1781,  with  his  uncle,  who 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Babylot  In  this  voy- 
age he  steered  his  course  along  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates,  from  Diabckirto  tin  Persian  Giilph, 
and  made  a  collection  of  medals,  inscriptions, 
and  designs  of  the  monunicnts  of  ancient  Baby- 
lon, as  well  as  Arahic  manuscripts,  which  he 
pre.sented  to  the  .Mibe  Barlhelemy.  In  1787,  he 
made  a  second  voyage  u[>on  the  C.ispian  Sea ; 
in  the  course  of  which  he  oliserved  the  most  im- 
portant eclipse  of  the  moon  of  which  the  history 
of  astronomy  preserves  any  remembrance.  In 
1795,  he  made  a  third  voyage  ;  and  through  the 
means  of  Volney,  he  was  appointed  con.siil  at 
Muscate,  in  Arabia;  at  which  place,  however, 
he  never  arrived,  beiii?  taken  by  the  English. 
The  peace  having  at  length  given  him  his  hbcr- 
ty,  he  arrived  sick  at  Nice,  where  he  died  on  the 
19th  of  November,  1^1,  at  the  moment  when 
Buonaparte  liad  appointed  him  comniissary- 
general  at  Lisbon. 

BEAUOH.\TEAU,  Franc.  Matthieu  Cliatelet 
lie,  author  of  several  admired  poems,  supposed 
to  have  died  in  Persia. 

BE.\  VER,  John,  a  Benedictine  monk  of  West- 
TOiasler  Abbey,  author  of  a  manuscript  chronicle 
of  the  affairs  of  Britain  to  his  own  time,  in  the 
14th  century. 

BEAUFILS,Guillaume,aJe8uitof  Auvergne, 
eminent  as  a  preacher  and  a  man  of  literature, 
died  in  1758. 

BEAUFORT,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Somerset,  and  mother  of  Henrv  VII., 
died  in  1509.  She  founded  ChrUt>,  and  St. 
•"jlinB Cclleges  Cawtridp;. 


a  distinguished  French  cliymist,  was  a  niembct 
of  the  academy  of  .sciences,  and  of  the  national 
institute,  died  in  1805.  His  writings  are  ui) 
merous  and  valuable. 

j  BE.\UMELLE,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  an.-i 
live  of  France  of  great  literary  reputation,  li- 
brarian to  the  king,  and  a  respectable  writer, 
died  in  1773. 

BEAUMONT,  Sir  John,  a  poet  of  sonic  emi- 
nence, descended  from  an  ancient  family  a; 
Grace-Dien,  in  Leicestershire,  was  born  1582. 
His  "  Bosworth  Field,"  Mr.  Ileadly  tells  us, 
merits  a  republication,  for  the  easy  flow  of  its 
numbers,  and  the  spirit  with  which  it  is  written. 
It  was  first  published  by  his  son,  together  with 
the  rest  of  his  poems,  in  ICmo,  16-29.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  by  king  Charles,  in  1G26,  and 
died  two  years  after. 

BEAU.SlO.VT,  Francis,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, a  celebrated  dramatic  writer,  born  a' 
Grace-Dieu,  in  Leicestershire,  about  the  year 
1586,  died  in  1615.  before  he  was  .10  years  of 
age,  and  was  buried  in  the  entrance  of  St.  Be- 
nedict's chapel,  within  St.  Peter's,  Westmin- 
ster. Beside  the  plays  in  which  he  was  jointly 
concerned  with  FIcicher,  he  wrote  a  little  dra- 
matic piece,  and  other  poem.',  printed  together 
in  1653,  8vo.  Beaumont  was  r'?teenied  so  good 
a  judge  of  drain.itic  composition,  that  Ben  Jon- 
son  submitted  his  writings  to  his  correction,  and, 
it  is  thought,  was  much  indebted  to  him  for  the 
contrivance  of  his  pints.  Every  thing  respect- 
ing this  poet,  that  could  be  collected  by  the  most 
diligent  research,  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Nichols 
valuable  "  History  of  Leicestershire." 

BEAUMONT,  Joseph,  regius  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  Cambridge,  and  author  of  Psyche,  and 
other  poems,  died  in  1699. 

BEAUMONT  DE  PEREFIX,  Hanlonin,  arch- 
bishop of  Paris,  preceptor  to  Lewis  XIV.,  and 
author  of  a  valuable  history  of  Henry  IV.  ; 
died  in  1670. 

BEAUMONT,Mad.  le  (.nnre (le,a  livelv  writer 
of  rumancos,  lctti;rs,  iiicnioiis,  &c.  diodin  179a 
61 


BE 

BEAUMUNT,  Eliasdc,  .-i  native  o*"  Normal 
dy,  was  educated  for  tlie  bar,  but  devoted  lib; 
time  to  literary  pursuits :  an  au*  lior  of  fconit 
merit ;  lie  died  in  1783. 

BEAUMONT,  John  Lew's  Moreau  de,  an 
able  political  writrr,  of  Nap.tes,  died  in  171:3. 

BEAUMONT,  Guill.  Rob.  FhU.  Jos.  Jean  de, 
an  ecclesiastic,  of  Roue.n,  known  as  a  theolo- 
gical writer,  died  in  I'd. 

BEAUNE,  Jacques  de,  baron  of  Samblancai, 
miuibter  of  the  ^riorits  under  Francis  1.,  un- 
justly conde  ncd  and  executed,  by  the  perfidy 
of  the  qu  een-niother,  in  1527. 
B  AJNE,  Renaiid  de.  a  native  of  Tours, 
rchbisliop  of  Bourgcs,  and  afterwards  of  Sens, 
died  in  Km. 

BEAUNE,  Florimont  de,  counsellor  of  Blois, 
the  intimate  friend  of  Descartes,  and  an  emi- 
nent mathematician,  died  in  1652. 

BEAl'RAJN,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Artois, 
known  as  a  ni'potiator  and  geographer;  maje 
gcopraplier  to  Lewis  XV.,  at  the  age  of  25;  lie 
•lied  in  1771. 

liliAURlEU,  Gaspard  Cuillard  de,  a  French 
writer,  died  in  1795. 

BKAUSOBRE,  Isaac  de,  a  very  learned  di- 
xine  and  ecclesiastical  writer,  of  French  ovij;!- 
iipj.  bom  at  Niort,  March  8,  1659,  died  June  5, 
173a. 

BEAUSOBRE,  Louis  de,  a  native  of  Berlin 
dietinsuished  for  Iiis  literature  and  as  tlic  friend 
of  the  Prussian  monarch  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

BEAUVAIS,  Guillaume,  of  Dunkirk,  authoi 
of  a  hiftory  of  the  Roman  emperors  by  medals, 
died  1773.  " 

BEAUVAIf, Charles  Nicolas,  of  Orleans,  dis- 
!ing\iished  as  a  physician,  and  as  a  violent  and 
seditious  member  of  the  national  assembly  .died 
in  1704. 
BEAUVAIS,  John  Baptiste  Charles  Marie  de 
'  bishop  of  Seiiez,  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preach 
er,  died  in  1789. 

BEAUVAU,  Lewis  Charles  marquis  de,  a 
distins'.iished  French  general,  died  in  1741. 

BEAUVILLIEUS,  Francis  dc,  duke  of  St 
Aignan,  author  of  some  prose  and  poetical  pie 
res,  died  in  1687.  His  son  was  preceptor  to  the 
father  of  LewisXIV.,  and  died  in  1714. 

BEAUZEE,  Nicolas,  a  distinguished  gram 
marian,  died  in  1789. 

BEBEIjE,  Henry,  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Tubingen  ;  he  was  an  able  Latin  scholar,  andi 
received  the  poetical  crown,  in  1501, from  Maxi- 
milian I. 

BECAN,  Martin,  a  zealous  Jesuit,  confesfoi 
to  Ferdinand  II.,  died  in  1024. 

BECCADELLl,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
ambassador  at  Venice,  preceptor  to  Ferdinand, 
son  of  the  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  archbishop  of 
Ragiisa  ;  he  died  in  1,572. 

BECCADELLl,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Paler- 
mo, professor  of  belies  lettres  at  Pavia,  wa.=i 
crowned  with  the  poetic  laurel  by  the  emperor 
Sigismund,  and  ennobled  by  Alphonso  king  of 
Naples ;  he  died  in  1471. 

BECCAFUMI,  Doniinique,an  eminent  painter 
of  Genoa,  died  in  1549. 

BECCARI,  Augustine,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
was  the  first  Italian  who  wrote  pastorale ;  he 
died  in  IStiO. 

BECCARI  A,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  monk, 
of  Mondovi,  tdacher  of  philosophy,  at  Rome  ami 
Palermo,  and  preceptor  to  the  royal  family  at 
Turin  ;  be  died  in  1781. 

BECOARIA,  James  Bartholomew,  a  physi 
cian  and  professor  of  natura'  philosophy  in  the 
62 


BE 

university  of  Bononia :  his  writings  on  philoso- 
pliiral  and  medical  subjects  are  numerous  and 
highly  esteemed;  he  died  in  17G6. 
BEC'CiVRIA,  marquis,  a  reb'bratcd  writer 
On  crimes  and  Punishments,"  born  at  Milan, 
ill  1735,  died  Nov.  29,  1794. 

BECCUTI,  Franci.-,  an  Italian  pnct,  sur- 
named  II  Cappeia,pro!cssorof  law  in  his  native 
town  of  Perugia  ;  he  died  in  1509. 

BECEURA,  (>aripaid,  a  Spanish  sculptor  and 
painter,  the  pupil  of  Raphael,  died  in  15*0. 

BECKER,  John  Joachim,  physician  to  the 
electors  ol  Mcntz  and  Bavaria ;  his  discoveries 
n  cbymistry  and  mechanics  were  numerous  and 
important ;  he  died  iu  lCfc'5. 

Bl'X'KER,  Daniel,  physician  to  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  died  at  Konigsburg,  liis  native 
city,  in  J'fO. 

BECKKT,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canterbu- 
ry, in  the  reign  of  Himry  II.,  was  born  in  Lon-, 
don,  1119,  and  assassinated  in  the  cathedral 
cliuvch  of  Canterbury,  on  the  29th  of  December, 
1171.  The  miracles  said  to  be  wrought  at  his 
tomb  were  so  numerous,  that  we  are  told  two 
large  volumes  of  them  were  kept  in  that  church. 
His  shrine  was  visited  from  all  parts,  and- en- 
riched with  the  nK'-^t  costly  gifts  and  oflcrinps. 
Though  canonized,  however,  he  was,  in  truth, 
memorable  only  for  his  pride,  insolence,  and  in- 
gratitude to  his  sovereign,  Henry  II.,  to  which 
he  fell  a  sacrifice. 

BECKFORD,  William,  a  patriotic  chief  ma- 
gisli  aic  of  the  city  of  London,  who  died  in  that 
office,  with  which  he  had  been  for  the  second 
time  invested.  June  21,  1"70.  aged  65.  H«  show- 
ed himself  the  steadfast  friend  of  his  king  and 
country,  and  was  the  only  man  of  his  lime  who, 
with  firmness,  yet  with  humility  .dared  tell  a  king 
upon  his  throne  (surrounded  by  his  couniers) 
the  plain  and  honest  truth  ;  whereby  he  vindi- 
cated the  loyalty,  while  he  evinced  the  inde- 
pendent spirit  of  "the  city  of  London.  Convinced 
that  our  liberties  belong  to  posterity  as  well 
as  to  ourselves,  he  resolved  thai  tlie  .^luire  com- 
mitted to  his  trust  should  not  expirein  his  hands. 
As  a  citizen,  he  was  eminently  endowed  ^^■ith 
the  virtues  of  humanity  and  aflabllity ;  asa  sena- 
tor, (member  for  London,)  watchful  over  tlie 
rights  of  the  people  ;  and  as  a  magistrate,  unre- 
mittingly active  in  seeing  those  rights  legally 
executed.  That  his  chaiacter  might  be  ever 
held  in  the  most  honourable  and  grateful  re- 
membrance, the  corporation  erected  his  statue 
in  their  Guildhall,  and  recorded  in  the  inscrip- 
tion the  magnanimous  speech  which  he  is  said 
to  have  addressed  to  the  king  in  vindication  of 
the  people's  right  to  remonstrate  to  the  throne. 
BECKINCllAM,  Charles,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic writer;  two  of  his  pieces,  llenr}'  IV.  of 
Franco,  and  Scipio  Africanus,  were  highly  ap- 
plauded ;  he  died  in  1730. 

BECKINGTON,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  in  the  l.'ith  century. 

BECQUET,  Anthony,  a  Celestinc  monk,  a 
man  of  learning,  who  wrote  the  history  of  his 
order,  and  died  in  1730. 

BECTASH,  Culi,  a  learned  Mahomedan 
writer. 

BECTOR,  Claude  de,  abbess  of  St.  Honore 
de  Tarascon,  eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  La- 
tin, and  her  style  of  writing  ;  she  died  in  1547. 
BEDA,  Noel,  a  violent  eccIesiasticofPicardy, 
died  in  exile,  in  1537. 

BEDA,.or  BEDE,  surnamed  the  Venerable, 
an  Englisii  monk,  an  eminent  writer  of  ecclesi- 
astical history,  was  born  C73,  at  Wcarinoulh  in 


BE 


BE 


the  bishopric  of  iJurham,  and  died  in  735.  His 
rcclt'siastical  history  of  Eii^;land  commences  at 
the  invasion  uf  Julius  C^sar,  and  terminates 
A.  D.  723. 

BEDDliES,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy.ii- 
cian  and  mcdiial  writer;  wiiomore  particularly 
distinguished  himself  by  liis  perseverance  in 
makin;:  experiments  to  cure  consumptions  by 
the  application  of  pneumatics.  He  was  horn 
at  Shifhial,  Shropshire,  tibnut  the  year  17.M,  and 
died  at  Clifton,  near  Bristol,  Dec.  24,  1808.  His 
principal  work  is  ''  Hygoia;  or  Essays,  Moral 
and  Medical,  on  the  Causes  affecting  the  per- 
sonal state  of  the  middling  and  atUucnt  clas.scs." 
3  vols.  8vo.,  If'K. 

REDELL,  William,  a  very  famous  bishop  of 
KUmore,  in  Ireland,  born  1570,  at  Black  Nolley, 
in  Essex;  died  lt>U. 

BEDERIC,  Henry,  a  monk,  dlstinsruished  for 
his  learning  and  eloquence,  lived  about  i:)^0. 

BEDFORD,  Hilkiah,  a  quaker  of  Lincoln- 
shire, ami  afterwards  a  stationer  in  London, 
died  in  I7i!4.  His  son  of  the  same  name  wa'^  a 
clerff>  man  and  writer  of  some  merit ;  he  died  in 
17737 

BEDFORD,  Thomas,  son  of  Hilkiah,  was  a 
nonjuring  priest  of  some  reputation  ;  he  died 
in  1773. 

BEDFORD,  Arthur,  a  pious  and  learned  cler- 
gyman of  the  church  of  England,  horn  at  Tid- 
denham,  Gloucestershire,  Sept.  1668.  A  favour 
ite  subject  of  literary  labour  with  Mr.  Bedford 
was,  the  reformation  of  the  drama  and  the 
stage.  In  his"  Evil  and  danger  of  Stage  I'lays,"  I 
being  a  serious  rcnionstraiice  in  behalf  of  the! 
Cliristian  religion,  again.st  the  horrid  hiasphe 
mies  and  iB\pietics  which  arc  still  used  in  the 
English  play-houses,  &c.,  lie  shows,  that  he  had| 
so  completely  perused  the  whole  range  of  the 
English  drama,  as  to  produce  "  seven  thousand 
instances,  taken  out  of  plays  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, and  especially  of  the  last  five  years,  in  defi- 
ance of  all  methods  hitliei  to  used  for  their  rcfor 
mation  ;"  and  he  has  also  given  a  catalogue  of 
"  above  fourteen  hundred  texts  of  Scripture, 
which  are  mentioned,  either  as  ridiculed  and 
exposed  by  the  stage,  or  as  opposite  to  their  pre- 
sent practices."  Mr.  Bedford  also  published 
besides  many  "  Sermons"  and  other  works 
"  Scripture  Chronology,  demonstrated  by  Astro- 
nomical Calculations,  in  eight  books,  fol.  1741," 
which  Dr  Waicrland  characterizes  as  a  very 
learned  and  elaborate  work.  He  died  chaplain 
to  Haberdasher's  Hospital,  Sept  15,  1745.  Sec 
COLLIER,  Jeremy. 

BEDFORD,  John,  duke  of,  third  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  a  distinguished  general  of  the  English 
armies  in  France,  during  the  minority  of  Henry 
VI.,  whom  he  proclaimed  king,  at  Paris;  he 
died  at  Rouen,  in  14.15. 
BEDFORD,  vid.  RUSSEL,  Francis. 
BEDLOE,  William,  a  low  adventurer,  only 
known  for  the  pretended  discovery  of  a  poi)ish 
plot,  for  which  the  house  of  commons  voted 
him  500/ ;  he  died  in  1680. 

BEDOS  deCELLES,  Francis,  a  Benedictine 
of  St.  Maur,  died  in  1779. 

BEDREDDIN,  Baalbeki.  a  physician  and  wri- 
ter of  Balbec,  in  flic  7th  centurv  of  the  hecira. 
BEEK,  David,  a  Flemish  painter,  vid.  BEK. 
BEEKMAN,  John  .Anthony,  a  native  of  Hano- 
ver, professor  of  philosophy  at  Gottingen  for 
45  years ;  he  died  in  1811. 


to  tlic  elector  of  Brandenburg,  author  of  severai 
books  on  antiquities  and  medals;  he  died  1705. 

BEGEYN,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  painter  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  born  lt)50. 

BEGON,  Michael,  a  lawyer,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  marine,  and  as  governor  of  the 
French  West  India  islands,  died  in  1710. 

BEGUILLET,  Edmund,  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Dijon,  author  of  a  treatise  ou  agri- 
culture, died  in  1786. 

BEHAl.M,  Martin,  of  Nuremberg,  a  man  of 
strong  powers  of  mind,  who  formed  the  first 
idea  of  a  new  world.  He  is  said  to  have  actu 
ally  sailed  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  in  1460, 
and  to  liave  visited  the  Brazils,  and  on  his  return 
to  have  constructed  a  globe,  illustrative  of  his 
voyage,  which  is  still  to  be  seen  at  Nuremberg. 
This  however  is  not  well  authenticated  ;  he 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1506. 

BEH\,  Aphra.  a  celebrated  English  poetess 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  II.  She  wrote  17 
plays,  .some  histories  and  novels ;  she  died  April 
16,  liiS'.l,  and  was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  West- 
minster .^blley.  Her  works  are  extremely  witty, 
but  not  remarkably  chaste. 

li  KICU.Joar  him  Francis,  a  painter  of  Swabia. 
whdso  pieces  are  nmcli  admired,  died  in  1748. 

BKIDllAVI,  a  judge  of  Schiraz,  in  Persia, 
died  in  68.')  of  the  hcgira. 

BEIEKLLN'CK,  Lawrence,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Vni'.verp,  died  l(v27. 

BEINASCHI,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  of  Pied 
mont,  knighted  for  his  great  merit,  died  in  1688. 
BEITH.VR,  Ben,  an  African  writer,  died  in 
616  of  the  liegira. 

BEK,  David,  a  native  of  Delft,  in  the  Nether 
lands,  and  a  pupil  of  Vandyk,  was  eminent  as 
a  painter  at  all  the  courts  of  Europe,  most  of 
which  he  visited  ;  he  died  in  1056. 

BEKKER,  Ualthasar,  a  Dutch  divine,  known 
as  a  writer  on  theological  subjects,  and  ns  the 
author  of  a  treatise  on  comets,  died  in  1098. 

BEL,  John  James,  an  ironical  and  satirical 
writer  of  merit,  in  France,  died  in  17;{8. 

BEL,  Mathias,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Hungar>-, 
ennobled  bv  Charles  VI.  for  his  literary  works, 
lied  in  1749. 

BEL,  Charles  .Andrew,  son  of  the  preceding, 
professor  of  p<iFtrj'  at  Lcipsic,  with  the  title  of 
counsellor  of  state,  died  in  178-2. 

BELCAMP,  John  Van,  a  Dutcli  painter,  died 
in  1653. 

BELCHER,  S.imuel,  a  good  scholar,  and  first 
minister  of  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  died  after 
the  year  171-2. 

BELCHER,  .lonafhan,  governor  ofMassa 
chusetts  and  New-Hampsiiire,  in  17.30,  after- 
wards governor  of  New-Jersey,  died  in  1757. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  son  of  Governor  Bel- 
cher, Ueutcnant  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  after- 
wards chief  justice  of  that  province  ;  he  died  in 
1776. 

BELCHIER,  John,  an  eminent  English  sur- 
geon and  anaton)ist,  born  at  Kingston,  Surrey, 
1706,  died  1785,  equally  beloved  for  his  humani 
ty,  and  respected  for  liis  skill. 

BELE.SIS,  a  Chaldean,  made  governor  of 
Babylon  by  Arbaccs,  king  of  Media,  770  B.  C. 
BELGRADE,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Udina, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  mathematician,  and  anti- 
quary, died  in  1789. 

BELIDOR,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an  eminent 
French  engineer,  professor  of  the  academics  of 


BEGA,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at  Paris  and  Berlin,  died  in  1701. 
Haerlem,  died  in  1064.  I    RELING,  Richard,  a  native  of  the  county  of 

BCGER,  Lsuience,  of  Ileidleberg,  librarian|Otib(in,  a  catholic,  and  a  leading  officer  in  the 

63 


OE 

retjtilioii  of  IWl,  afterwards  reconciled  lo  go- 
veriinjeni,  and  restored  to  liis  estates,  died  iii 
1077. 

BELlSABrUS,  a  famous  Roman  general  un- 
der the  emperor  Jusiiiiiaii,  nienioruble  for  las 
signal  and  moincntuus  victories,  but  i-till  more 
so  for  hi"  misfortunes  ;  being  di^nii^jt  d  from  all 
his  umploynieiiib  by  Ilia  ungraicfnl  master,  and 
reduced  to  ben  alms  at  tlie  gates  of  Conatauu 
nople.     He  di«  d  5fi3. 

BKLKViX  I',  Jeremy,  minister  in  Dover,  N.  H., 
and  afterwards  of  a  ih'urcli  in  Boston,  wasautlior 
of  a  liisiory  of  New-Hampshire,  and  an  Ameri- 
can biography.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
life  Ma!>.s.  His.  Soc,  and  died  in  ]798. 

BKliL,  Biauprt,  a  di.slingui^lled  antiquarian, 
of  Norfolk,  Eng.,  died  at  an  early  age  ;  the  pre- 
cise time  unknown. 

BELL, William,  D.  D.,  an  EHglish  divine,  was 
ciiaplain  to  Amelia,  dancliler  of  George  U.,  and 
prebendary  of  Westminoter  Abbev;  lie  died  in 
IPIO.  He  gave  15,000/.  to  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  toward  founding  scliolivrships  for 
the  orplian  sons  of  indigent  clergjnien. 

BELL,  John,  an  eminent  surgeon  of  Edin 
Imrgli,  died  at  Rome.  April  15,  1820 ;  leaving 
many  valuable  works  on  ajiatorav  and  surgerv. 
BELL  A  MONT,  Richard,  eari  of,  governor 
of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  New-Hamp- 
shire. During  his  administration.  Captain  Kirid 
was  sent  to  England  for  trial.    He  died  in  1701. 

BELLAMY,  Thomas,  of  Kingston-iipon- 
Thaines,  after  being  engaged  in  trade  in  Lon- 
don 20  years,  relinquished  business  tor  literary 
pursuits,  and  published  "  Sadaski,"  a  novel, 
and  several  other  works ;  he  died  1800. 

BELL.AMY,  Joseph,  I).  D.,  a  divine  of  New 
England,  settled  in  Bethlehem,  1740,  a  teacher 
of  candidal cs  for  the  ministry,  and  distinguitlied 
for  severdi  religious  works. 

BELLARMIN,  Robert,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  controversial  writers 
of  his  time,  born  in  Tuscany,  154i,  died  1621. 

BELL.'VY,  William  du,  an  able  French  gene- 
ral and  negotiator  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
France,  afterwards  viceroy  of  Piedmont,  died  in 
1543. 

BELLA Y,  John  du,  bishop  of  Bayonne  and 
of  Paris,  was  engaged  as  a  negotiator  between 
Henry  VIII.  of  England  and  the  pope,  with  re- 
spect to  his  divorce ;  be  was  afterwards  a  car- 
dinal, and  died  at  Rome,  in  1560. 

BELL.\Y,  Martin  du,  a  faithful  and  success- 
ful agent  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  died  in  1559. 

BELL.'\Y,  Joachim  du,  a  French  poet,  bom 
in  the  year  1524,  of  a  noble  family.  The  sweet- 
ness of  his  verse  prociued  him  the  name  of  the 
French  Ovid.  He  was  the  patron  of  the  cele- 
brated Rabelais,  and  died  at  Rome,  1360. 

BELLE,  Etienne  de  la,  an  artist  in  engraving 
and  drawing,  died  at  Florence,  in  1664. 

BELLE,  Alexis  Simon,  a  painter  patronized 
by  the  king  of  France,  died  in  1734. 

BELLE.A.U,  Remi,  one  of  the  se\'en  poets, 
called  the  Pleiades  of  France,  excelled  as  a  pas- 
toral writer  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

BELLECOUR,Col9on,a  distinguished  French 
comic  actor,  died  in  1786.  Hifi  wife,  who  was 
equally  celebrated,  died  in  1799. 

BELLEFORET,  Francis  de,  a  French  histo 
rian,  born  at  Sarzan,  in  Guienne,  1530,  died  1593. 

BELLEG.\RDE,  Jean  Baptist  Wor\an  de,  a 
Jesuit  of  Nantes,  expelled  for  being  a  Cartesian, 
died  in  1734. 

BELLENDEN.  See  BALLANDEN. 

BELL.ENGER,  Francis,  a  learned  doctor  of 
64 


BE 

\ihe  .Sorboiine,  translator  of  Herodotus  andotliQ 
lauthors,  died  in  1749. 

BELLET,  Charles,  aleanied  and  benevolent 
man,  died  at  Paris,  in  1771. 

HELLKT,  an  eminent  physician  and  medicdl 
writer,  died  in  1776. 

BELLIEVKE,  Pompone  de,  a  native  of  Ly 
oiis,  diHiiiiguislied  as  a  negotiator  at  the  court 
of  France,  tounsellor  and  chancellor  of  France, 
di"d  in  di.sgrace,  1607. 

BELLIN,  Gentil,  a  Venetian  painter,  boni 
Hei,  died  1501. 

BELLIN,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  and  one  of  tJie  Arst  who 
i>ainled  in  oil,  died  in  1512. 

BELLIN,  James,  a  kiirned andlaborious  geo 
srapliical  engineer  ol  Paris,  died  in  1772. 

BELLINGHAM,  Kirhard,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, a  man  of  integrity,  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts  several  times  ;  lie  died  in  1673. 

BELLINI,  Laurence,  a  physician  of  Florence, 
protessor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa,  patronized  by 
the  grand  duke,  Ferdinand  II. ,  his  writings  are 
numerous  and  admired  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

BELLOCU,  Peter,  valet  de  chambre  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  better  known  for  his  wit,  physiognomy, 
and  his  satirical  writings.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Moliere  and  Racine,  and  died  in  1704. 

BELLOl,  Peter,  a  native  of  Montauban,  and 
an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  'J'oulouse, 
honoured  and  promoted  by  Henry  IV. 

BELLOl,  Peter  Laurence  Buyrelte  du,  a  co- 
median and  tragedian  of  France,  who,  by  his 
pieces,  obtained  the  applauses,  not  only  of  the 
king,  but  of  the  whole  French  people,  died  in 
1775 

BFLLONI,  Jerome,  a  banker  at  Rome,  en- 
nobled by  Pope  Benedict  XIV.,  and  author  of 
a  valuable  essay  on  commerce,  died  in  1700. 

BELLORI,  John  Peter,  a  celebrated  antiqua- 
rian of  Rome,  died  in  1696. 

BELLOTTI,  Peter,  an  admired  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Venice,  died  in  1700. 

BELLUCCI,  Anthony,  .xpainter,  bom  at  Ve- 
nice, in  1664,  and  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
emperor  Joseph. 

BELOE,  William,  an  estimable  divine,  critic, 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  and  for  several  years 
one  of  the  librarians  of  the  British  museum,  was 
born  at  Norwich,  and  died  at  Kensington,  April 
11,  1817,  in  his  00th  year.  His  works  are  very 
numerous  ;  but  tli9Be  by  which  he  most  distia- 
guished  himself  were,  "  A  Tranolation  of  Hero- 
dotus," another  of  "AuIusOellius,"  and"Anec- 
dotes  of  Literature  and  Scarce  Books,"  0  vols. 
8vo. 

BELON,  Peter,  M  D.,  travelled  in  Judea, 
Greece,  and  Arabia,  and  published  an  account 
of  his  tra\ ds ;  he  also  wrote  on  natural  liistory; 
be  was  assassinated  in  1564. 

BELOT,  John  de  Blois,  an  advocate  of  Pari% 
and  of  the  privy  council  of  Lewis  XIV. 

BELSUNCE,  the  benevolent  bishop  of  Mar- 
seilles, worthy  to  b«  recorded  as  the  friend  and 
benefactor  of  mankind.  During  the  plague  ot 
1720,  he  was  constantly  visiting  his  poor  flock, 
to  whom  he  became  a  physician  and  an  almo- 
ner, as  well  as  a  spiritual  director.  He  died 
1755,  with  the  blessings  of  all  good  men  upoa 
him. 

BELU3,  founder  of  the  Babylonian  empitc, 
1322  B.  0.  He  was  deified  by  his  son  and  suc- 
cessor, Ninus. 

BELYN,  a  British  prince,  who  ia  said  to  have 
served  under  the  famous  Caractacua. 

BELYN  O  LEYN,  a  British  chief,  illBstrioti* 


BK_ 

Air  his  vi^rorous  opposition  to  the  attacks  of  Ed- 
win, iuO'^. 

liKMKO,  Peter,  a  Venetian  cardinal,  liisto- 
rif.ii,  and  poet,  bom,  1470,  ditd  1517. 

HEME,  or  BKSME,  a  domestic  of  the  (Juisps, 
born  in  Bohemia.  He  murdered  Coligni,  tor 
whicli  he  was  rewarded  hy  the  cardinal  de  Lor- 
raine with  the  hand  of  one  of  his  danghter.s  ;  ht 
was  afterwards  killed  bv  the  l'rote.sianti!  in  1.57.'i. 
BR.MJtJVV,  .lohn,  a  celebrated  Enulisli  admi- 
ral, born  IfiTitt,  died  of  his  wounds,  170-2. 

BE.N'HOW,  John,  son  of  llic  admiral,  was 
sliipwrecked  on  tin?  coast  of  Madag;:scar,  anil 
lived  a  lonj:  time  anmnK  the  natives  ;  he  after- 
ward.'' escaped,  and  died  soon  after  his  return. 
DE.VCI,  or  liKXCK »,  a  .lesuit  of  Italy,  author 
of  several  poems,  died  in  l.')!!!. 

HENClRE.Wt,  Joseph,  died  at  Florence,  .lulv 
31,  180rt,  aped  80.  He  had  disiintruished  liim.seir 
both  in  the  belles  Irtlres  and  public,  alfairs  :  had 
tilled  s<.-veral  important  situatioivs.  and  had  been 
director  of  the  pallcry  at  Florence.  He  wrote 
a  "  Historical  Es.<-ay"  on  that  (lallery,  several 
euloijies  of  illustrious  persons  in  Tuscany,  and 
a  "  Life  of  Dante,"  which  is  in  high  estimation. 
BEiVU.'V,  Georpc,  a  native  of  Kohenua,  wa 
distinguished  for  his  musical  talents.  He  died 
in  17'.)5. 

HENDrSH,I?rid2et,wif.' of  Thomas  Hcndish, 
Esq.,  was  the  daugliler  of  General  Ireton,  and 
graiid-daufrhter  of  Oliver  Oomwell.  In  many 
points,  her  character  stronnly  resembled  his. 
She  fiossessed  stronc  powers  of  mind,  and  a 
princely  dignity  of  matiiiers,  which  ensured  re- 
spect and  admiration,  but  she  died  in  obscuritv 
in  17-27. 

BE\nLOWEt5,  Edward,  a\iihor  of  many 
poetical  pieces,  was  born  in  ]tii:l,  and  died  in 
great  want,  arising  from  imprudenrr,  in  IRWj. 
He  was  a  great  patron  of  the  poet.s  of  his  time, 
as  may  be  seen  by  the  many  dedications  aiul 
poems  addressed  to  him.  The  chief  poem  writ- 
ten by  himself,  however,  is  entitled, "  Theophi- 
la;  or.  Love's  Sacrifice,"  Iblio,  1G.tJ. 

ltEXEDETTO,Ie,or  HENEOICT  C.ASTIO- 
LIONE,  a  native  of  (lenoa,  known  as  the  pupil 
of  Pagi  Ferrara  and  Vandyke,  and  eminent  as 
a  painter  and  encraver,  died  in  l()70. 

BE.VEDICT,  a  celebrated  abbot  of  the  7th  cen- 
tury, of  a  noble  Saxon  family.  He  introiluced 
many  improvements  in  architecture  into  F,?ig- 
land,  from  the  continent.  He  founded  two  mo- 
nasteries, and  was  cano\iizcd  after  his  death. 

BENEDICT  I.,  pope,  surnamed  Bonos'js, 
succeeded  Johi\  HI.,  and  died  in  ,'»78 

BENEDICT  II.  succeeded  Leo  II.  in  the  pa 
pal  chair  G,''4,  and  died  in  IW5. 

BENEDICT  IH.  was  made  pope  after  Leo 
IV. ;  he  died  in  ?5a. 
BENEDICT  IV.  died  in  903. 
BENEDICT  V,  was  elected  pope  in  opposi- 
tiion  to  Leo  VIH. ;  he  was  carried  to  Tlamburp 
by  the  emperor  Otho,  where  he  died  in  06,5. 

BENEDICT  VI.  was  strangled  by  his  rival, 
antipope  Boniface,  in  974. 

BENEDICT  VH.,  successor  to  Donas  n.,  died 
in  983. 

BENEDICT  VIII.  was  opposed  by  Cregory, 
and  successfully  supported  by  the  emperor, 
Henry  II. ;  he  was  an  able  politician,  and  a 
brave  warrior ;  be  utterly  exterminated  the 
Saracens,  who  had  invaded  Italy  in  lOlG,  and 
died  10^. 

BENEDICT  IX.  was  elected  pope,  when  only 
12  years  old,  by  the  intrigues  of  his  father, 
Uie  duke  of  Tusculum,  and  compelled  to  abtU- 


BE 

rate  by  the  Romans  on  account  of  his  debatich- 
ery  :  he  died  I0.">4. 

BENEDRTr,  X.,  antipope,  w.as  placed  in  the 
papal  chair  by  .some  factious  Romans,  but  his 
election  was  disputed,  and  Nicholas  II.  chosen 
in  his  place ;  he  died  1059. 

BENEDICT  XI.,  Nicholas  Bacosin,  chosen 
pope  after  Boniface  VIH.,  was  poisoned  by  Ilia 
cardiials  in  i:t03. 

BENEDICT  XII.,  James  de  Nouvean,  sur- 
named ihe  Baker,  a  doctor,  of  Paris,  and  cardi- 
nal, elected  to  the  chair,  in  11*34.  His  conduct 
was  firm  and  dignified,  and  entitled  him  to  uni- 
versal respect  ;  he  died  in  l.14'2. 

BEM'.DICT.  XIII.,  a  native  of  Rome,  of  the 
loble  family  of  Ursini ;  was  adominican  of  Ve- 
nice, and  bishop  of  Benevenio,  where  his  palace 
was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  and  he  narrow- 
ly e.«ica()ed  ;  he  was  chosen  iiope  17-24,  died  1730. 
BENEDICT,  XIV.,  archbishop  of  Theodosia 
nul  Bologna,  and  a  cardinal,  was  elected  pope, 
1740.  He  was  the  niunilic<  nt  patron  of  learned 
men,  encouraged  the  tine  arts,  and  was  a  vigi- 
lant, impartial,  and  di:-tinguished  prelate;  lie 
died  in  I7.1S/ 

IIUXKDICTITS,  Alex.tndcr,  an  It.ilian  an.ato- 
mist,  of  rlie  1,5th  centurv. 

BENEFIELl),  8eba.siian,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  and  tlienlo^ijcal  writer,  and  profepsor  of 
divinity  at  (Xvford,  died  in  M"M. 

BF;NE/ET,  t^t.,  a  sbepln  rd  of  Vivarais.  who 
pretended  to  be  inspired  to  build  the  bridge  of 
Avignon,  four  arches  of  which  only  remain,  died 
in  1184. 

BKNKZET,  Anthony,  a  native  of  France, 
belonged  to  the  .society  of  Friends;  teacher  of 
tin-  Friends'  Engli-ih  si^liool  in  Philadelphia,  af- 
terwards of  Ihe  blacks  ;  he  died  in  178-t. 

BENH.\DAU  1.,  king  of  Damascus  or  Syria, 
940,  K.r. 

BENHAD.VD  H.,  son  and  successor  of  the 
prectMling,  'KM)  B.  C  ,  slain  by  liis  minister  Ila- 
zael,  who  succeeded  liim. 

BENIIADAD  HI.,  succeeded  his  father,  Ha- 
7.acl,83ti  B.  C.,  he  was  defeated  and  ruined  bv 
.losiah,  king  of  Judah. 

BIJ.N  I,  Paul,  a  native  of  Ihe  island  of  Candia, 
and  professor  at  Padua,  died  in  lf)25. 

HKNINl,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Coloqua,  phy- 
sician at  Padua,  died  in  1704. 

BENIVIENI,  Jerome,  an  admired  poet  ©f 
Florence,  died  in  1519. 

BENJAMIN,  youngest  of  the  twelve  sons  of 
Jacob,  born  about  1738  B.  C,  he  died  in  Egj'pt, 
aged  111  years. 

BENJAMIN,  a  rabbi,  of  Navarre,  who  travel- 
led over  llie  world  to  examine  the  syu.igogues 
and  ceremonies  of  bis  natimi,  died  in  1173. 

BENNAVIDIO,  Marcus  Mantua,  profes.sorof 
law  .at  Padua,  highly  esteemed  by  Charles  V. 
and  pope  Pius  IV. ;  ho  died  in  1,58-2. 

BENNET,  Henry,  eari  of  Arlington,  a  zeal- 
ous royalist,  during  the  civil  Wars,  was,  after  the 
restoration,  minister  to  Madrid,  and  secret arj-  of 
Slate  to  Charles  II.,  and  atterwards  his  charnbcr- 
larn :  he  died  in  lCtS5. 

BENNET,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  native  of  Salisbu- 
ry, was  an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  at 
Colchester,  and  afterwards  in  London ;  lie  died 
in  17-2ft. 

BE.NNET,  Christopher,  a  disiinpuished  phy- 
sician, of  London,  and  a  writer  on  medical  sub- 
jects, died  in  iri55. 

BENNET,  Robert,  B  D.,  rector  of  VVaddes- 
den,  Bucks,  author  of  a  theological  concord- 
ance, dipd  in  ItiPT. 

65 


BL 

BENNET,  Richard,  succeeded  Sir  Willian 
Berkley  as  governor  of  ll)e  colony  of  Virginia, 
and  retained  Ihe  place  until  1654,  whtn  lie  wab 
appointed  an  agent  of  the  colony  to  England 

BENOIT,  Elie,  a  proifstaniminiBterof  Fari?, 
who  (led  to  Holland  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  (if  Nantis  ;  he  died  in  17-J8. 

BE?;otT,  falhi-r,  a  learned  Maronite,  cduca- 
»ed  at  Rome,  was  profesbor  of  Hebrew  at  Pisa, 
and  died  in  1T4". 

KENSERADE,  Isaacde,  a  French  poet  of 
•he  17ih  century,  b<rn  at  Lyons,  near  Rouen, 
(lied  lO'JO. 

nENSOV,  Dr.  George,  a  very  distiryrMi.Klied 
pawtor  among  the  Entilish  dist^eniere,  wa.s  horn 
att-rcatSalkeld,inCuniberlan(l.  lli'.Hj,  and  died 
17(>H.  In  1740  lie  became  colleague  with  Ur. 
Lardncr,  at  Crulched  Friars,  and,  on  his  death, 
had  the  sole  pastors-liip  iutrtLsted  to  him.  C)f  his- 


BE 

IJENWELL,  William,  an  able  and  distin- 
guished English  divine,  and  an  elegant  scholar, 
diiil  in  170(i. 

BENYOWSKY,  Count  Mauritius  Augu*tu« 
de,  an  extraordinary  adventurer,  born  in  1741, 
at  Vtpbowa,  in  Hungary,  and  killed  atlhe  islfi 
of  France,  May  2.1,  17B6.  His  very  evenlfiil 
life  has  been  published  in  2  vols.  4to  ;  hui  n 
good  abstract  of  ii  will  be  found  in  Mr.  C'lul- 
nier's  Biographical  l>ictioiiary,  ;'2  vols,  fc'vo. 
Our  liniiir.  prtclnrin  oven  an  analysis  of  it. 

liE.NZEI^H'.S,  Eric,  an  obscure  native  of 
West  Goihland,who,  by  his  great  merit,  became 
t"'or  to  the  sons  of  the  chaiiretlor  of  ywerien, 
Ui.d  arclibi.sliopof  I'psal ;  he  died  in  1709. 

BENZIO,  Trifone,  an  elegant  Italian  po^ 
called  by  his  cotemporaries  the  Socrates  oi 
Rome  ,  lie  died  about  l.'>70. 

BI'"OTEO,  Aiigelo,  sunianied    Ruzzanfe,  a 


writings,  the  principal  are  "  A  Defence  of  the  poet,  bom  at  Padua,  died  in  1542 
Rcatonableness  of  Prayer  ;"  "An  Illustration       BER.M'LD,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans,  of 
of  such  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  as  Mr.  Locke  liadMlie  Itith  century,  eminent  lor  his  great  learning, 


not  Explained  ;"  "A  History  of  the  First  Plant- 
ing of  Christianity,"  2  vols.  4to.  "  Tracts  on 
Persecution  ;"  and  "  A  hfe  of  Christ." 

BEXT,  .Tohn  Van  de,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
i^hose  landscapes  are  much  admired  ;  he  died 
in  ir.90. 

BENTHAM,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Litchfield 
and  Coventry,  under  Elizabeth,  died  in  1578. 

BEXTHAM,  Edward,  an  English  divine, 
profes-sor  of  ilivinity  at  Oxford,  died  in  1770. 

BENTHAM,  James,  prebendary  of  Ely,  and 
rector  of  BowBrirkhill,  in  the  county  of  Buck- 
incham,  well  known  in  the  learned  world  as 
author  of  "  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Conventual  and  Cathedral  Church  of  Elv  :" 


and  his  acipiaintancc  with  Erasmus  and  other 
learned  men. 

BERCHET,  Peter,  a  Frencli  painter,  died  in 
1720. 

BERCHEUR,  Peter,  nbeiicdicUne,  translator 
of  Livy,  bv  order  of  king  John  of  France,  died 
in  i:«2. 

BERENGARII'S,  Jacobus,  a  surgeon,  emi- 
nent for  an  original  mode  of  practice,  in  parti- 
cular cises,  died  in  l.')27. 

BERENGEK,  archdeacon  of  Angers,  died  in 
10^8. 

BERENGERI,sonofEberard,dukeofFriulo, 
caused  himself  to  b'  proclaimed  king  of  Italy, 
and  afterwards  emperor  of  Germany ;  he  was 


he  was  horn  in  Ely,  1718,  and  died  Nov.  17,  17(11. ;!r>)iposed  by  riyals  during  his  reign,  and  tinally 
BENTICK,  William,  first  earl  of  Portland.!  rissassiii.tted  in (124.  His  grandson,  Berengcr  II,, 

the  early  and  devoted  friend  of  William  ofi.kiiic  of  Italy,  died  in  ItGO. 

Orange,  came  with  him  to  England,  and  was  by      BERENGER,  Peter,  a  disciple  of  Abelard, 

him  ennobled;  he  died  in  170(i.  land  opposer  of  St.  Bernard. 

BENTICK,  William  Henry  Cavendish,  thirdji     BEl!  ENICE,  dausliior  of  the  king  of  Judea, 

duke  of  Portland,  chancellor  of  the  university!  and  wife  of  Poleniun,  king  of  Cilicia. 

«f  Oxford,  secretary  of  b<   'e  for  the  home  de-  ,     BEUENfCIUS,  a  knife  grinder  and  chimney 

partment,  and  first  lord      '  tlie  treasury,  dicdilsweep,  in  Holland,  1070,  wonderful  for  his  re- 

1800.  tentive  memory.      He  could   repeal  by  heirt 

BENTIVOGLIO,    Guy,  cardinal,  born    at  Virgil,  Horace,  Homer,  Aristophanes,   Cicero, 

Fcrrara,  in  1579,  died  104-i.    He  has  left  several!  and  could  translate,  extempore,  into  Latin  ajid 

works  :  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are,  his  iGreek. 


"  History  of  tijo  Civil  Wars  of  Flanders,"  his 
"  Account  of  Flanders,"  and  his  "  Letters  and 
Memoirs." 

BENTFVOGLTO,  Hercules,  distiniuished  as 
a  poet,  was  a  native  of  Bologna,  esteemed  and 
patronised  by  the  duke  ef  Ferrara,  his  relation, 
died  in  1.58:)." 

BENTLEY,  Richard,  an  eminent  critic  and 
divine,  horn  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  in  1602, 
died  1742.  His  literary  character  is  known  in 
all  partsof  Europe  wherever  learning  is  known. 
In  fcis  private  character,  lie  was  hearty,  sin; 
cere,  and  warm  in  his  frietulships ;  loved  hos- 
pitality and  respect;  and  in  conversation, ^ he 
tempered  the  hard-mouthed  severity  of  the  cntic 


BERETTN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  emi- 
jnent  as  a  painter,  died  in  lOtiO. 

BERG,  Matthias  Vanden,  a  painter,  the  dia- 
ciple  of  Rubens,  died  in  1087. 

BERG,  John  Peter,  a  divine,  born  at  Bremen, 
jdied  in  l^JOO. 

I  BERG  A. MO,  James  Philip  de,  an  Augustine 
monk,  inithor  of  a  Latin  chronicle  of  the  world/ 
from  th»;  creation  to  his  own  time,  1434. 

BERGHEM,  Nicolas,  a  painter  of  Haerlem, 
died  in  1084. 

BEBGIER,  Nicolas, historiographer  of  France, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  the  great  roads  of  the 
Roman  empire,  died  in  1023. 

BERGIER,  Nicolas  Sylvester,  a  principal  of 


with  a  peculiarstrainofvivacity  and  pleasantry, I  ^ffe  college  of  Besancon,  professor  of  theology, 
BENTLEY,Thomas,npphew  to  the  preceding,  i  Itid  canon  of  Paris  cathedral ;  and  had  he  cho- 
author  of  "  The  Wishes,"  acomedy,  and  other  sjn,  might  have  obtained  higher  preferments  ; 
dramatic  pieces,  died  17812.  :    !  >  died  in  1790. 


BENTLEY,  William,!).  D.,  a  minister  of  3 
church  in  Salem,  was  distinguished  as  a  scholar, 
philosopher,  a*  id  politician.  He  edited  the  Es- 
sex Register  nearly  twenty  years,  and  died  in 

lem. 

BEWr.VUTI,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  of  Leghorn, 
profteBor  of  mathematics  at  Rome,  died  in  HfiCl. 
*)6 


-jBERGLER,  Etienne,  a  learned  German  eti- 
lic  of  the  18th  century ;  he  died  a  Mahometan, 
in  Turkey. 

BERGMAN,  Torbem,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician and  chymist,  of  Sweden,  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy, 
and  rector  of  (he  university  at  Vpsal,  died  1784 


I 


BK 

theinatics  and  natural  pliilusopliy,  and  rector 
of  the  university  at  L'|»sal,  died  in  J784. 

BERIGAKU,  Claude,  processor  ol' plulosopliy 
at  Padua  and  Pl°a,  died  in  1G<>3. 

BKRI31G,  Vitus,  professor  at  Copenliagcn, 
iiisloriograplier  to  the  king,  and  eminent  as  a 
Latin  poet,  in  the  ITtli  cciilury. 

BERING,  Vi:us,  a  native  of  Denmark,  and 
commodore  in  i lie  scrvio' of  Russia.  H«?  ^v,^^ 
employed  in  exploring  tlie  north  coasts  of  Ame- 
rica, where  lie  died,  after  tiaving  made  some  iin- 
portani  discoveries.  Bering's  island  and  strait, 
derive  the  name  from  him. 

Bt;RKELK\',  Dr.  Georpo.  the  learned  and 
ingenious  hishop  ot  I'loyne,  in  Ireland,  w.is  born 
in  tliat  kingdom,  at  Kilorin.  near  Tlioniastown, 
the  l-2th  of  Miirch,  ItH^A,  and  died  Jan.  14,  17.W. 
The  excellence  of  his  moral  sharacter  is  con- 
spicuous in  his  wriiiiies,  wl^icli  \v»re  cliiefly  in 
defence  of  the  C'hritHiiii  religion  against  ,\ihe- 
ists  and  Inlidels.  His  iihilnsopliical  discoveries, 
particularly  of  the  medical  virtues  of  tar-water, 
were  of  great  service  to  mankind.  Dr.  B.  was 
certainly  u  very  amiable,  as  well  as  a  very  great 
man ;  and  Pope  is  scarcely  thought  to  iiave  said 
too  much  wlien  he  ascribes  to 

"  Berkeley  every  virtue  under  Heav'n." 

BERKELEY.  George,  L.  L.  D.,  second  son 
of  the  bisliop  ol  Cloyne,  was  an  eminent  Ens 
lish  divine,  cliancellor  of  Brecknock,  and  pre 
beridarvof  Canterljurvcatlietlral ;  he  died  1795, 

BERKEf.EY,  Giwe,  earl  of,  a  privy  coiin 
scllor  of  Charles  II.;  descended  from  the  royal 
family  of  Denmark,  died  :b  Ui'Jt'. 

B1:RKELEY,  t!ir  Willi.un,  vice  .idmiral  of 
tlic  while,  fell  in  a  dreadful  engagement  with 
the  Dutch  in  ir>Ori. 

BERKELEY,  Georee,  bishop  of  Cloyiir,  in 
Ireland,  a  distinguished  benefactor  of  Yale  Col 
lese  ;  an  author  of  great  reputation,  denied  the 
existence  of  matter ;  visited  .'\inerica,  but  died 
in  Ireland,  in  IT.tX 

BERKHEYDEX,  Job  and  Gerard,  two  Dntrli 
painters,  of  Haerlein,  the  first  of  whom  was 
drowned  in  l(iI)P,  tiie  other  died  in  lfi93. 

BERKLEY,  Sir  William,  a  native  of  London, 
was  covernor  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  and 
wrote  an  account  of  the  country ;  he  died  in 
Knsland,  in  1CT7. 

BERKLEY,  William,  royal  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. noaHy  forty  years ;  in  general  "  an  excel- 
lent governor,"  altlmu'ili  attached  to  the  royal 
prerogative ;  he  died  in  England,  in  1677. 

DERKLEY.  .Vorhorne,  baron  de  Bofetonrf,  a 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  patron  of  VVillJain 
and  Mar\-  College  :  he  died  in  1770. 

BERKEXMOUT.   Dr.    John,    distinguished 
in  the  literary   world   for  his    productions  in 
various  sciences.     He   had  experienced  many 
ditferent  situations  in  life,  having  in  his  yontii 
been  a  captain  both  in  the  Priis.sian  and  EiiL'lisli 
service  ;  and  in  the  year  I'fi.'i,  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  at  Leyden.    He  went  with  thi' 
commissioners  to  .\merica,  where  he  was 
prisoned  by  the  congress;  on  which  ac 
afterwards  eiijovcd  a  pension  from  go* 
and  died  .\pril  .1,  1791,  aged  IV). 

BERN.\ERT,  iXicasuis,  a  Dutch  r 
in  Ififhl. 

BERNARD,  ft.,  one  of  Uie  fai  of  the 
church,  born  1091,  in  the  village  ofN  imtaine, 
in  Burgundy,  died  ll.lH,  after  having  founded 
1(50  monasteries,  wrought  innumerable  miracles, 
and  become  one  of  the  great  saints  of  the  Ro- 
mish communion. 


BE 

BERNARD,  Sir  Thomas,  a  philanthropist, 
liorn  at  Lincoln,  1750.  He  was  bred  to  the  law, 
and  in  1795  was  appointed  treasurer  to  the 
Foundling  Hospital ;  the  estates  belonging  to 
which,  were  vastly  improved  by  his  manage- 
iiieiit.  He  was  tlie  chief  institutor  of  "  The 
Society  for  bettering  the  condition  of  the  Poor." 
He  also  promoted  various  other  societies  and 
iiarities,  particularly  the  Royal  Institution,  tlie 
British  Gallery,  &c.  tec,  and  died  at  Learning- 
ton.  Spa,  Warwickshire,  Itiie. 

HERN.ARD,  of  Mentlion,  an  ccclesi.nstic  of 
Savoy,  founder  of  two  monasujnes  in  the  pass- 
es of  the  A  Ips,  for  the  relie^^'f  pilgrims  and 
travellers,  which  still  leumui  as  monuments  of 
his  benevolence;  born  in  yiS. 

BERNARD,  Edward,  Savilian  professor  of 
astronomy,  at  Oxford,  wliich  he  rejiigned  for  the 
living  of  Brightwoll,  was  distinguished  early  in 
lite,  fur  his  profound  classical  acnuirements,  and 
his  intense  ap()iicntion  to  his  studies  ;  a  charac- 
r  which  lie  maintained  till  his  death  in  1G%. 
UERN.ARD.  James,  of  Geneva,  professor  at 
the  Ifiiniie,  and  afierwards  minister  at  Leyden, 
lied  in'nis. 

BERNARD,  Catherine,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
wrote  poetry  with  ease  and  elegance,  and  ob- 
tained the  poetical  prize,  at  the  French  acade- 
Itiiy,  3  times,  and  a  pension  from  Lewis  XIV. ; 
Ishedied  in  17li. 

BER.X/UID,  a  hermit,  who,  at  the  close  of  the 
lOth  centiffy,  alarmed  tlie  public  by  predicting 
the  immediate  end  of  the  world. 

BERX.ARD,  Francis,  gov.  of  New-Jersey, 
afterwards  of  Massachusetts.  His  zeal  for  the 
authority  of  the  crown,  contributed  to  hasten 
(he  revolution.  He  was  recalled,  and  died  in 
17?.t. 

BERNARD,  Sir  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  for  many  years  eiiiplojicd  in  the  manage- 
ment of  different  cliartties,  aiuk distinguished 
himself  by  a  constant  attention  to  their  iniprove- 
iiinnt,  no  less  than  bv  his  pure  philanthropy; 
he  died  in  IPlii  r 

BERN.ARD,  a  pa  er  of  eminence  at  Brus- 
sels, in  the  Ifuli  cenfurv. 

BER.VMU),  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Greno- 
ble, author  of  some  operas,  and  other  lighter 
pieces,  which,  for  tlieir  ease  and  elegance,  pro- 
cured iiim  the  name  of  le  gentil  Bernard.  He 
died  in  1775. 

BERN.ARD,  Dr.  Francis,  physician  to  James 
II.,  eminent  for  his  learnins,  and  for  hiii  valua- 
ble collection  of  books,  died  in  1697. 

BERNARD,  Rirharn,  an  English  clerg>inan, 
author  of  a  valuable  concordance  of  the  bible, 
died  in  1641. 

BERN.VRD,  Samuel,  a  historical  painter, 
died  .It  Paris,  in  1687.  His  son,  of  the  same 
name,  was,  oii  account  of  his  riches,  called  the 
Luciillus  of  h?s  .ige. 

BERN.ARD,  John  Baptiste,  an  ecclesiastic, 
died  1772. 

BERXARDI,  .Tohn,  an  artist  of  Italy,  of  ex- 
traordinary skill  in  cutting  crystals,  died  in 
1555. 

BERXARDINE,  an  ecclesiastic,  and  very 
jiopiilar  preacher,  born  at  .Massar.  He  was  the 
founder  of  300  monasteries  in  lialy,  ^and  was 
canonized  bv  pope  Nicholas  :  he  died  in  1444. 

BERXAZZANO,  an  eininem  fainter,  of  Mi- 
lan, in  the  16th  century :  a  frui:  piece  of  his  is 
said  to  have  been  destroyed  by  the  frciiiicnt 
pecking  of  birds. 

BJORXERS,  Juliana,   prioress  of   Sopewell 
iniinnerv,  near  St.  Alban's,  one  of  the  earliest 
67 


BE 


BE 


female  writers  in  Knciand,  was  ilaugliar  uf  !^ir|,a-e  ot  Alexancier  the  (in  al,  wrote  a  histury  «f 
James  IJcrners,  of  Kcdini,'  r>erners,  in  Kbsix,' (lia)ili  a,  some  fragments  of  wliiih  are  jircstrvci) 
(wlio  was  beheaded  in  the  reign  of  Kicliard  Il.jj  ui  Jr>sf[Jiiis. 

She  was  very  beautiful,  of  preat  spirit,  and  lovtdii  liKlvUllAJ,  Arnaud,  a  French  niiscellaneoiia 
masculine  exercises,  such  a?  hawking,  Imining,!;  wntir,  whose  ]iri/uipal  woiks  nic  w  ell  known 
&.C. ,  audeo  thoroughly  wasshcskilled  in  them. I  in  ihi- counir>-,  waa  l>oni  at  liordtuux,  about 
thatfhewTotetrealii'esof  hunting,  hawking,  and;  1740,  and  difd,  Deccmbtri!!,  IT'.tl.     IJe  distin- 


heraldry,  printed  at  St.  .Mban's,  folio,  148<i.  Sh 
was  bom  about  the  beginning  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, but  the  time  of  her  decease  is  unknown. 
Nothing  can  more  strongly  mark  the  barbarian]  of 
the  titiK'S  in  which  she  lived,  tiian  th<'  indelicate 
expressions  used  by  this  lady,  equally  incompati- 
ble with  her  sex  and  profession. 
BERNIA,  or  BERM,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic, 


guished  himself  by  his  "  Idyls,"  but  is  much 
better kiKJWii  ainong  usby  his  "Amides  EnlatiS. 
(TheChildren's  Friend,)"  whieh  ha»beeii  traiis- 
laled  into  niany  languages,  and  was  honoured 
with  the  prize  given  by  ilie  Frcmli  Rrailppiy  lot 
the  most  useful  book  that  apiiearrd  in  17i^4.' 

BERCiUlN,  Lewis  dc,  a  gentleman  oi  Artiis, 
known  as  a  cuu  rtier  at  the  ro  m  of  France,  wa.s, 


of  Florence, disliufuished  for  his  satirical  jjoems./as  a  protestant,  twice  imprisoned  by  the  papists, 
died  iu  151X  ;|aiid  tinallysii angled  and  bunit  in  Idtt).    He  was 

BERNIER,  Francis,  suniamed  the  Mogul.  on'Uie  friend  of  Frasnius. 
accoiuitof  his  voyages  and  residence  in  the  flio-it     l!ERl;ETOUl,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  died  in 
eul's  country,  born  at  Angers,  in  France,  died  at'!  IfcC.    His  historical  piece.s  are  miirh  admired. 
Paris,  tfitSi.  |     BERRIMAK,  William,  D.  D.,  chaplain  lo 

BERXIER,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  physician  I  Use  bislmp  of  London,  and  rector  of  St.  An- 
10  some  of  the  roval  family,  died  in  JOGS.  Idrcw,  T  ndei-shaft,  died  in  IT.'iO. 

BERNINI,  or'BERNlN,  John  Lawiciice.l  BERRL  YEK,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  died  in 
commonly  called  Cavaliero  Beniin,  i)orn  aij  ITSS.  His  writings  are  on  theological  subjects. 
Naples,  was  famous  for  his  skill  in  painting..'  BERRY,  Sir  John,  was  a  distinguished  naval 
sculpture,  architecture,  and  mechanics;  aiidj  officer  of  England,  who  saved  James  H.,  when 
died  at  Rome,  1680.  I'duke  of  York,  finm  shipwreck,  at  the  mouth  of 


BERNIS,  caidinal,  one  of  the  most  remarka 
ble  men  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.,  as  acourtier, 
a  man  of  letters,  and  a  negotiator,  was  born  1714, 
and  died  at  Rome,  November.  1794 

BERNOl^LLI,  James,  a  native  of 'lasil,  was 
a  celebrated  mathematician  and  prol>ssor.  His 
discoveries  in  mathematics,  particularly  the  pro- 
perties of  the  curve,  have  immortalized  his 
name ;  he  died  in  17(15. 

BERNOULLI,  John,  brother  to  James,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Groningeii,  and  af- 
terwards at  Basil,  where  he  died  in  1748.  Hel 
was  equally  distinguished  as  his  brother,  and! 
enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Newnoii,  Leibnitz,! 
arid  the  other  great  men  of  Europe.  | 

BERNOUILLI,  Daiiifl,  a  very  celebrated 
philosoplii'r  and  mathematician,  born  at  flro- 
ningeii,  February  9,  170(),  died  in  March,  1782. 
He  was  extremely  respected  at  Basil ;  and  to 
bow  to  Daniel  Bernouilli  when  they  met  him  in 
tlie  streets,  was  one  of  the  first  lessons  which 
every  father  gave  hi?  children. 

BERNSTORFF,  John  Harting  Ernest,  count, 
descended  from  a  noble  fumily  in  Hanover ;  af- 
ter travelliiic  over  Europe,  he  settled  in  Den- 
mark, where  he  became  the  friend  and  favourite 
of  Christian  VI.,  his  ambassador  abroad,  and 
finally  his  prime  minister,  in  this  situation,  he 
successfully  devoted  the  whole  (-nersies  of  his 
powerful  mindtothe  iniprovenienlof  his  adopledl 
country,  and  after  a  life  devoted  to  the  prosperity! 
and  ho'iif.ur  of  Denmark,  died  at  Hamburg,  1772.1 

BEKNSTORFF,  count  de,  a  celebrated  states- 1 
man,  and  many  years  prime-minisler  of  Den- 
mark, was  born  in  Diiimark  1735  ;  he  concili- 
ated, in  his  high  oflicc.  the  love  and  esteem  of 
all  men.  and  dud,  June  21,  1797. 

HEKOALDrs,  I'liilip,  of  a  noble  family  of 
Bologna,  was  professor  of  belles  lettrcs  there, 
till  his  death  in  1505. 

BERO.-VLDUS,  Philip,  librarian  to  the  Vati- 
can under  Leo  X.,  was  a  succe.ssfiil  writer  of 
paneg>'rics,  ciiisrams,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1519. 

BEROALDUS,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Paris, 
died  a  Calvinist.  at  (Jeneva,  in  1584. 

BERO.\LDUS,  Francis,  son  of  Matthew,  died 
in  lfiI2. 

BEROSUS,  priest  of  Belus,  at  Babjion,  in  the 
68 


I  the  Hiiniber  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

BERRYAT,  John,  a  physician  at  Paris,  died 
in  1754. 

BERSM.ANN,  George,  a  German ;  among 
other  works,  he  translated  the  Psalms  of  David 
into  Latin  verse  :  he  died  in  IGll 

BERTAUD,  John,  chaplain  to  Catherine  de 
Mcdicis,  and  bishop  of  Seez,  died  in  1611. 

BERTIIEAU,  Charles,  a  French  protestant, 
admitted  minister  at  the  synod  of  Vigan,  diet!  in 
1732. 

BERTH  ET,  John,  a  learned  Jeeuit  of  Pro- 
vence, died  in  IC',12. 

BERTHIER,  Giiillaume  Francois,  a  Jesuit, 
known  as  the  conductor  of  the  Journal  of  Tre- 
vaux  for  many  years ;  afterwards  librarian 
royal,  and  preceptor  to  Lewis  XVL  and  his  bro- 
ther :  he  died  in  17S2. 

BERTHOLET-FLAMEEL,  Bartholomew,  a 
pninier  of  Leiize,  settled  at  Paris,  died  in  1675. 

BERTHOLON,  N.,  an  eminent  French  writer, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Montpelicr,  diedin  1799. 

BERTHOUD,  Ferdinand,  an  eminent  me- 
chanic, born  at  Plancemont,  in  Ncufchatel,  died 
in  1807. 

BERTI,  John  Laurence,  a  learned  Augustine 
monk  of  Tuscany,  author  of  several  volumiiioLS 
French  works,  died  at  Pisa,  in  ]7(i(i. 

BERTIER,  John  Sleplien,  a  native,  asa  au- 
thor, of  Provence,  died  hi  1783. 

BERTIN,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at  Paris, 
p.itronised  by  Lewis  JCIV.  and  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, died  in  1736.  His  pieces  which  are  pre- 
served, possess  great  merit- 

BERTIN ,  Exupere  Joseph,  a  native  of  France, 
for  some  time  physician  to  the  hospodar  of  Wal- 
lachia:  he  returned  to  France,  and  there  pub- 
hshed  his  Osteologj' ;  he  died  in  1781. 

BERTIN,  Anthony,  a  French  officer,  and  a 
poet  of  some  merit,  died  at  St.  Domingo,  in  1790. 

BERTIN  AZZI,  diaries,  an  actor  of  merit  in 
the  Italian  theatre,  died  in  17fi3. 

BERTH'S,  Pe;er,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Leyden,  afterwards  of  mathematics  at  Paris, 
and  cosmographer  to  the  king ;  he  died  in  1629. 

BERTON,  Peter  Montan  le,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician, settled  at  Paris,  and  employed  as  mBpa" 
ger  of  the  operas  there,  died  in  J  780 


BE 


BE 


BERTRADE,  daiiiiliK.T  of  tiie  rminl  of  Mom 
fort,  ami  wifoorilu'Couiiiot'Aiijdu,  from  whom 
elio  was  divorced,  to  marry  I'liiiip  I.  of  Frnncf 
BERTRAM,  Cornel.  Boiiavciiture,  a  native 
of  I'oitoii,  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Genoa  and 
Lausanne,  died  in  17U4. 

BERTRAM,  John,  a  farmer  of  Pennsylvania 
who,  liy  intense  apiilitation,  rose  to  preat  emi- 
nence us  a  botanist.  Lintia;ii.s  is  said  to  have 
declared  him  the  jn'eatest  natural  botanist  in  the 
world  ;  he  died  in  1777. 

BEKTRAND,  John  Baptist,  a  physician, 
known  for  his  intoresiing  account  of  the  plague 
at  .Marseilles,  died  in  175i. 

lil'.UTllAND,  Nicholas,  a  physician  of  dis 
tinclion  at  I'aris,  died  in  1780. 

BERULLE,  Peter,  a  celebrated  cardinal,  who 
founded  the  congrepation  of  the  Oratory  ii 
Prance.  He  was  born  near  Troyes,  in  t'ham 
pa?nc,  1575,  greatly  distinguished  iiimself  by  his 
piety,  his  moral  virtues,  and  his  learning,  and 
died  while  performing  mass  at  the  altar,  Octo- 
ber 2,  1629. 

BERWICK,  James  Fit/.  J.ime?,  Duke  of,  a 
natural  son  of  James  II.  by  .\rabplla  Churrliill, 
born  August  21, 1()70.     He  was  one  of  the  great- 
est generals  of  his  age  ;  and,  for  his  services  to 
•he  crown  of  France,  was,  in  the  j'car  \~0i\, 
created  marcschal  of  that  kingdom.'   "  It  wa 
impossible,"  says  Montesquieu,  "  to  behold  him, 
and  not  to  love  virtue,  so  evident  was  tranquil 
lity  and  happiness  in  his  soul.     He  loved  lii; 
friends.    He  used  to  render  them  services,  with- 
out mentioning  them.    It  was  an  invisible  hand 
that  served  you.     He  had  a  great  fund  of  rell 
gion,  and  was  fond  of  the  clergy,  but  would  not 
be  governed  by  thcin.     No  man  ever  practised 
relicion  so  much,  and  talked  of  it  so  little.    He 
never  .«poke  ill  of  any  one,  nor  bestowed  any 
praise  upon  those  whom  he  did  not  think  de 
served  it.     In  the  work  of  Plutarch  I  Iiave  seen, 
at  a  distance,  what  great  men  were ;  in  him  I 
behold,  at  a  nearer  view,  what  they  are."     He 
died  A.  D.  1734,  in  the  field  of  glory;   being 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Philipsburgh.     He  left  he 
liind  him  his  "  Memoirs,"  a  verv  valuable  work 
BERYLHIS,  a  bishop  of  Arabia  in  the  3d 
century. 

B  ES  i  ,ER,  Basil,  of  Nurembers,  a  dist  inguished 
botmiical  writer,  was  born  in  1501. 

BESEEY,  John,  a  learned  French  antiqua- 
rian, and  kine's  advocate,  died  in  164-1. 

BESOtJNE,  Jerome,  a  doctor  of  iJie  Sorbonne, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  Port  Royal,  &c.,  died 
in  1763. 

BESOLDE,  Christopher,  a  professor  of  l.iw 
at  Tubingen,  died  in  1638. 

BESPL.AS,  Joseph  Mary  Anno  Gros  de,  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  known  as  an  eloqiient 
preacher,  died  in  1763. 

BESSARION,  a  native  of  Trebizond,  titular 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and  a  c.irdinal,  il- 
lustrious as  one  of  the  restorers  of  leariiinir  in 
the  15th  century.  He  died  of  grief,  in  conse 
quence  of  being  grossly  insulted  by  Lewis  XI. 
while  an  aniba.ssador  at  his  court. 

BESfET,  Henry  de,  comptroller  of  public 
works  in  France,  and  author  of  the  lii>-torj-  of 
the  campaign  of  Rocroi ;  lie  died  in  1603. 

BF.THAM,  Edward,  B.  D.,  fellow  of  Kings 
College,  and  aftcrw.irds  of  Eton  College,  was  a 
liberal  donor  to  the  universitv. 

BETHENCOI'RT,  Je.in  de,  discovered  the 
Canarv  Islands,  and  conquered  them  with  the 
aid  of  Henrv'  III.  of  Castile. 


BBTHUNE,   Philip  de,   ambassador   fr(5in*lcause,  in  1794 


Franco  to  Rome,  Scotland,  and  Germany,  died 
ui  1(549. 

BETIS,  governor  of  Ga/a,  cruelly  treated  by 
AJcxMiiilrr,  tor  bravely  defendinc  the  place. 

BETPERTON,  Thomas,  a  famous  Engli!»b 
actor,  generally  styled  the  Enclish  Ko!:Cius,  born 
ill  Tothill-.slreet,  Weslmineler,  iri."."!,  made  his 
fir!»t  appjarance  on  the  sla,'e,in  ItiTHior  1657,  ai 
(lie  opera-house,  in  Charter-house  Yard,  iimlev 
the  direction  of  Sir  William  D'.^vtnant ;  and, 
hiiving,  lor  many  years,  borne  away  the  palm 
from  all  his  competitors,  died  April,  1710.  and 
was  iiileiTcd  in  Wi  smins-tcr  .Mibey.  t'ee  Cili- 
Ixr's  Apology,  Tattler,  No.  167,  and  Davies' 
Dramatic  Miscellanies,  for  a  particular  account 
of  I  his  eminent  man. 

BETTIN  ELU,  Xavicr,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  was 
a  teacher  in  France,  and,  on  the  suppression  ol 
liis  order  became  a  prol'essor  of  rhetoric  at  Mo- 
dena.     He  died  180H. 

BETTINI,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter  of 
Florence,  died  in  1705. 

BETTr',  John,  M.  D.,  physician  to  the  king 
after  the  ristoration. 

Bl',Ti;!-i6l,  Joseph,  an  Italian  jwet,  of  Bassa- 
no,  lioni  ill  15-U 

liEVERIDGE,  William,  a  learned  Fngli.sh 
divine,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  born  at  Barrow,  in 
I.firesieishire,  1638,  died  1707,  leaving  behind 
liini  iiKiiiy  learned  and  valuable  works. 

r.l'A  I  :i;L.^ND,Hailrian, a  native  of  Zealand, 
kiiouii  for  his  great  abiliiies,  his  profligacy,  and 
the  inimuiality  and  obscenity  of  his  writinge; 
the  time  o»'  his  death  is  not  known. 

BEVERLEY,  John,  abbot  of  St.  Hilda.  bi?hop 
of  Hcvhani,  and  arclllli^llopof  \'ork,ditd  in7Jl. 
BI'.V'EREY,  R.,  a  native  of  Virgiuia,  and  au- 
thor of  a  historv  of  ih.it  colony. 

BEVERiMNCK,  Jerome  Van,  an  able  Dutch 
statesman,  ambassador  to  Cromwell,  died  in 
1G90. 

BEVERWICK,  John  de,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician, and  able  writer  of  Dordrecht,  died  in 
1647. 

BEWICK,  John,  of  great  excellence  in  the 
art  of  engraving  on  wood,  and  brother  to  Tlio- 
inas  Bewick,  an  artist  of  equal  or  superior  me- 
rit, still  living.  These  ingenious  brothers  have 
carried  their  art  to  a  state  of  perfection  which 
will  not  easily  be  surpassed.  The  first  work 
that  attracted  the  notice  of  the  public,  and  at 
once  established  their  reputation,  wa.s,  a  "  His- 
tory of  Quadrupeds,"  8vo.,  1790,  with  figures 
on  wood.  It  was  eagerly  sought  after  by  the 
curious,  and  has  been  followed  by  many  other 
proofs  of  their  abilities,  the  last  of  wliich  is.  a 
"History  of  British  Birds," 8vo.,  1797;  on  which 
jjohn  was  engaged  in  conjunction  with  his  bro- 
ther, when  a  consumption  carried  him  off,  De- 
cember 5,  1795. 

BEUF,  John  le,  a  learned  antiquary,  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  belles  bttrcs,'at  Pa- 
ris, a  writer  on  the  history  and  topography  of 
France,  died  in  17l>0. 

BEURS,  William,  a  celebrated  Dutch  pointer 
of  flowers,  landscapes  and  portraits,  born  in 
16.56. 

BEXON,  Scipio,  assisted  Buffon  in  his  natu- 
ral history,  and  was  himself  an  author;  he  died 
at  Paris,  in  1784. 

BEYS,  Charles  de,  a  French  poet,  died  in 
1656. 

BEYSPER,  John  Michael,  in  early  life  a  tra- 
veller, afterwards  a  general  in  the  French  rcvo- 
ilution  ;  he  was  eifi:;>tp(i.  wi;Jiout  an  adcquatf 


♦i9 


BI 

BKZA.  Tlieodore,  a  most  zeakms  proniotui 
aiui  (loftiuiir  of  the  reformed  rluircli,  born  at 
Ve/.elai.  in  Hurpundy,  June  04,  1519,  di' d  lti05 
BK'/IF,RS,  Michael,  an  eccli-siastic,  known 
for  liis  laborious  researches  in  liislory  ajid  anti- 
quity, ditd  in  l~f2. 

BCZOUT,  Stephen,  a  writer  on  mathcniaticb. 
naviiialion,  and  algebra,  di<'d  in  178t{. 

BIANCAM,  Joscpli,  a  JeEuit  and  matheua- 
tician  of  Bolozna.  died  in  1644. 

Bl.AXCHI,  f'rancis,  a  painter,  master  to  Cor- 
regici,  died  in  !  J-.;0. 

BIANCHI,  Peter,  an  eminent  Roman  painter, 
died  in  17:19. 

BI.WCHJN,  John  Fortunatis,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Padua,  and  a  medical  writer,  died 
io  1779. 

BIANCHIXI,  Francis,  a  native  of  Verona, 
eminent  for  his  crea*  learning,  was  patronit^ed 
by  pope  Alexander  VIII.,  and  received  marks 
of  respect  from  the  Koman  Senate  ;  he  died  in 
1729. 
BI.VN'CUINI,  Joseph,  a  Veronese  orator. 
HI  AN(  "OLELLI,  Pierre  Francois,  an  eminent 
player,  and  a  writer  of  plays,  died  in  1734. 

Bl.VRi),  Peter,  a  sculptor  of  celebrity,  at  Paris, 
died  1609. 
BI.VS.  called  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 


BI 

BIE,  Adrian  de,  a  ponrait  painter,  ^<elUed  at 
Rome,  about  HKH). 

lUKFlKLD,  James  Frederick,  baron  de,  sec- 
retary of  leiial  ion  in  the  service  of  Frederick  of 
Prussia,  preci'inor  to  his  brother,  and  after- 
wards a  privy  counsellor,  died  in  1770 

BIKLKK,  .\.,  haron  de,  a  Swedish  gentle- 
ni.iii,  enRa'.'fd  with  Aiikerstrocm.  m  the  conspi- 
racy ajjaih'-^t  the  king  of  Sweden :  when  detected, 
he  look  poison,  and  died  in  1792. 

BIE^'^  E,  John,  an  eminent  printer,  of  Paris 
died  in  1jS8. 

BIERVE,  N.  Marechal,marnuisde,aFrench- 
,nian,  known  lor  his  ready  wit,  and  as  an  author 
ol  p'.ajs,  died  in  1769. 

BIEZ,  Oudard  du,  a  native  of  Artois,  whose 
great  bravery  and  pre^ence  of  mind  in  the  field 
|of  battle,  were  particularly  conspicuous.  He 
was  in  the  service  of  Francis  1.,  and  died  in  Pa 
ris,  in  loSS. 

BIEZELINGEN,  Chrisuan  Jans  Van,  a  por 
trait  painter,  of  Delll,  died  in  WOO. 

BIFIELD,  Nicholas,  niinister  of  St.  Peters, 
Chester,  died  in  W>2 

BIGELOW,  Timothy,  a  distinguished  lawyer 
of  Massacluise'.ls,  was  for  more  than  twenty 
years  a  representative  or  senator  in  the  legisla- 
uie  ot  his  native  stale,  and  for  eleven  years, 


Greece,  born  at  Priene,  a  town  of  Caria,  about!  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  over 
r.70B.  ('.  Though  bom  to  great  wealtli,  he  i  which  he  presided  with  dignity  and  ability,  died 
lived  without  splen^ur,  expending  his  fonunejileSl. 


in  relieving  the  net?f%'.  On  one  occasion,  cer 
tain  pirates  brought  several  young  women  to  sell 
a?  slaves  at  Priene.  Bias  purchased  th-^m,  and 
maintained  them  until  he  had  an  opportunity  ol 
returning  ihcm  >  their  friends.  This  generous 
action  caustid  him  to  be  styled  "  The  Prince  ol 
\Vi.~(  Men," 

BIBB,  William  Wyatt,  a  native  of  Georgia, 
and  physician,  after  representing  his  native 
state  in  both  brancli«  of  the  national  congress, 
was  chosen  first  governor  of  the  stale  ol  .\lab;i 
ma,  by  the  people,  in  1819,  and  died  the  follow- 
ing year. 

i;iRIEJ«.\,  Bernardo  de,  a  Roman  of  obscure 
origin,  wiio,  by  his  intri"  nromoted  the  elec- 
tion of  Leo  X.,  for  whic.  -  was  made  a  cardi- 
nal ;  he  died  in  1520. 

BIBIEXA,  Ferdinand  GaUi,  a  celebrated  ar- 
rr  ^ct  and  painter,  of  Bologna,  patronised  by 
the  .hike  of  Parma  and  the  emperor,  died  blind 
in  1713. 

BIBI,IA.\DER,  Theorloie,  professor  of  theo- 
logy at  Zurich,  died  in  ISIVI. 

BICfl.AT,  Marie  Frances  Xavier,  medical  pro- 
ies.sor  at  the  Hotel-Dieu,  Paris,  and  author  of 
several  valuable  works  on  medical  subjects,  died 
i^  IPW. 

BIDDER,  John,  one  of  the  most  eminent  En- 
glish writers  among  the  Sociniaiis,  was  born  at 
VVotton-under-Edge,  Kilo.  Though  a  pious, 
honest,  well-meaning  man,  he  siifl'ered  various 
persecutions  for  his  adherence  to  some  singular 
notions  about  the  Trinity,  and  died  1(;G2.  One 
of  his  hooks  was  burnt  bv  order  of  parliament. 

BIDDLE,  Nicholas,  a  rialive  of  Philadelphia, 
and  a  captain  in  the  American  navy,  was,  witli 
his  crew,  blown  up,  in  an  action  with  a  British 
64  gun  ship,  in  1778. 

BIDLAKE.  John,  an  English  divine  and  poet,  |:  Brussels,  died  in  1783. 
died  in  1814  ;  he  published,  besides  some  ser-l'     BILSON,  Thomas,  early  distinguished  as  a 
mens,  a  number  of  poems,  &c  j  poet,  afterwards  as  an  able  divine  and  eloquent 

BIDLOO,  Godfrey,  an    eminent    physician   preacher,  bishop  of  Worcester  and  Winchester, 
and  anatomical  writer  of  Amsterdam,  professor,,  died  in  1616. 

at  the  Hague  and  at  Leydeo,  aud  pbyaician  toj     BINDLEY,  James,  an  eminent  antitiuarian 
king  William,  died  1713.  ijaud  founder  of  the  society  of  Antiquarie»,  In 

70 


BIGNE,  Grace,  de  la,  a  poet  of  Bayeux,  ac- 
[compaiiicd  king  John  to  England  alter  the  bat- 
tle of  Poictiers,  and  died  in  1374. 

BIGNK,  Marquerin  de  la,  of  the  same  family 
'as  the  preceding,  was  a  doctor  of  the  Sorhonne, 
ieuiineiii  as  a  man  of  letters;  he  died  in  1591. 

BIGMfOUKT,  Simon  de,  a  counsellor  of 
Rheims,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  ancient 
and  modern  literature,  died  in  1775. 
I  BIGNON,  Jerome,  distinguished  for  his  early 
attainments,  was  a  counsellor  of  state  and  ad- 
vocate genera!  lo  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and 
an  able  statesman  ;  he  died  in  1056. 

BIGOT,  Emeri,  a  native  of  Rouen,  eminent 
for  his  learning,  and  his  acquaintance  with 
learned  men,  died  in  1G89. 

BIUDERBEK,  Christopher  Laurent,  a  Hano- 
verian lawver.  died  in  1749. 

BILFINGER,  George  Bernard,  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Petersburg,  and  afterwards  at  Tu- 
bingen, miitient  for  his  writings,  died  in  1750. 

BILLAUT,  Adam,  a  joiner,  of  Nevcis,  a 
man  of  strong  powers  of  mind,  and  of  consider- 
able talent  and  merit  as  a  poet,  died  in  1CG2. 

BILLI,  Jaquesde,  a  native  of  Guise,  eminent 
for  his  learning  and  his  poetical  talents,  died  in 
1581. 

BILLI,  Jaques  de,  a  Jesuit  of  Compiegne,  au- 
thor of  several  valuable  mathematical  treatises, 
died  in  ll!79. 

BILLINGSLEY,  Henry,  a  merchant  of  Lon- 
don, who  acquired  immense  wealth,  and  rose  to 
the  highest  city  honours,  and  was  knighted 
while  lord  mayor.  He  was  a  profound  mathe- 
matician, and  published  the  first  English  trans- 
lation of  Euclid  ;  he  died  in  1606. 

BILLIONI,  N.  Bussa,  a  celebrated  and  much 
admired  actress,  at  the  theatres  of  France  and 


4 


BI 

■England,  died  in  1818.  Hiscollection  of  books, 
prints,  and  medals,  was  very  extensive  and  valu- 
able. 

BINGHAM,  George,  a  fellow  of  All  Soul's 
CollcKe,  Oxford,  and  rectorof  Pimpcrn,  in  Dor- 
set, died  in  1800.  He  WMtc  and  published  seve- 
ral theological  works,  which  were  collected  in 
two  volumes,  alter  his  death. 

BINCJU.\M,  Joseph,  born  at  WakefieM,  in 
Yorkshire,  10tJ8.  He  wrote  a  learned  and  labo- 
rious work,  "  Oricini's  Kcr.lesiastica-,  or  the  An- 
tiquities of  the  Christian  Church  ;  the  first  vo 
ume  of  which  w;ih  published  1708,  in  8vo,  aii(l| 
it  was  completed  afterwards  in  9  volumes  more. 
He  died  Auijust  17,  17-.i3. 

BINiiH.WI,  Joseph,  son  of  the  precedins, 
was  educated  at  Oxfoid,  wliere  hedied  at  the  ago 
jf  ii-2,  in  consequence  of  excessive  application. 

BIiVNING,  Hugh,  an  eloi|uent  preacher,  and 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow,  died 
1G54. 

BKIIRNSTAHL.  professor  of  oriental  lan- 
guages at  L'psal,  died  in  1779. 

UIO.V,  of  -Jaiviiia,  a  Greek  bucolic  peet,  flou- 
rished about  238  11.  C. 

BION,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  disciple 
of  Crates,  and  afterwards  of  Theophrastus. 
about  240  B.  C. 

BION,  Nicholas,  an  able  engineer  ami  mathe 
malician,  died  at  Paris,  in  173;i. 

BlONDl,  Francis,  Sir,  auihor  of  a  valuable 
liistory  of  the  civil  wars  of  the  houses  of  York 
and  Lancaster,  in  Italian. 

BIONDO,  Flavio.  vid  BLONDUS. 

BIRAGUE,  Clement,  an  engraver  of  Milan 
said  to  have  discovered  the  means  of  engraving 
diamonds,  lived  at  the  court  of  Philip  li.,  of 
Spain. 

BIRAGUE,  Rene  de,  a  native  of  Milan,  went 
fo  France  and  became  a  favourite  of  Chart 
IV.,  who  made  him  keeper  of  the  seals,  and 
chancellor  of  the  realm  ;  although  a  cardinal 
111'  died  little  respocted,  in  15S-2. 

BIRCH,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  historical 
and  biographical  writer,  boni  in  the  parish  of 
,  St.  John,  Clerkenwell,  London,  Nov.  Si,  170j, 
of  parents  who  were  quakers.  His  death  vvii,« 
occasioned  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  and  liappen 
eil  Jan.  9,  nOfi.  Of  his  various  publicaiious 
the  principal  was  "The  General  Dictionary 
Historical  and  Critical,"  in  10  vols,  folio:  Ihi 
first  of  which  was  published  in  1734,  the  last  in 
1741. 

BIRD,  William,  known  as  an  excellent  com 
poser  of  music,  died  in  Xd-Zi. 

BIREN,  John  Ernest,  a  person  of  mean  birth, 
elevated  to  the  highest  dignities  by  Anne,  em 
press  of  Russia,  who  made  him  her  prime  rai 
nister,  and  duke  of  Courland.  On  her  death, 
he  assumed  the  reins  of  government,  but  was 
exiled,  by  the  nobles,  to  Siberia.  He  died  in 
1771. 

BIRINGCOCCIO,  or  BIRINGCUCCI,  Van 
muccio,  an  able  niathcmattcian  of  Italy,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  fusing,  and  of  casting 
metal  for  cannon,  published  in  1.540. 

BIRKRNHRAD,. Sir  John,  L.  L.  D., professor 
of  moral  philosophy  at  Oxford,  a  zealous  royal 
ist,  and  a  popular  courtier :  he  died  in  1679. 

BIRON,  Armand  dc  Gonrault,  baron  de,  page 
to  queen  Margaret  of  Navarre,rose  through  the 
gradations  of  tlie  army  to  the  rank  of  mareclial 
of  France.  He  distinguished  hiniseit  in  the 
gervice  of  his  sovereign,  and  was  killed  by  a 
annon  ball  at  the  siege  of  F.pernai,  in  1592. 

BIRON,  Obarles  De  Gonratrit  due  de,  son  ofj 


BL 

the  preceding,  was  admiral  and  marechal  of 
France,  and  a  favourite  of  Henry  IV.,  who  mailc 
him  a  duke,  and  sent  him  amba.ssadoi  to  En;;- 
land.     He  was  beheaded  for  tri.ason,  in  IGOi. 

BISCAINO,  Barlliolomcw,a  painter  of  Genoa, 
died  in  10.57. 

BISCHOP,  John  dc,  an  eminent  landscape 
and  historical  painter,  died  in  Kx-^O.  Another, 
called  Cornelius,  a  painter,  died  in  1674. 

BISHOP,  Samuel,  high  master  of  Merchant 
tailors'  School,  a  learned  divnic  and  very  re- 
,^p(N-tal)le  poet,  died  Nov.  17,  171)5. 

BISI,  Bonavunturc,  an  admired  painter,  of 
Bologna,  died  In  1G6'2. 

BISSET,  Charles-,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  ser%'e'J 
several  years  as  engineer,  in  Flanders,  aiul  wrote 
on  fortifications,  and  on  medical  subjects.  Died 
in  1791. 

BIS.SET,  Dr.  Robert,  a  biographer,  historian, 
and  novelist,  born  iv  Scotland,  1759,  died  at 
Knightshridge,  May  14,  1805.  His  principal 
literary  productions  were,  an  edition  of  the 
Spectator,  with  Lives  of  the  several  .\utliors  ; 
a  "  ijili-  of  Edmund  Unrke ;"  a  "  History  of  the 
lleign  of  (ioorge  the  Third,"  several  novels,  and 
some  political  tracts.  His  "  History"  h.as  the 
strong  merit  of  bein'.;  faithful  and  imparlial.  It 
is  preceded  by  an  able  review  of  the  progressive 
Improvement  of  England  in  Prosperity  and 
Strenglli,  to  the  .Accession  of  George  HI.,  and 
lennlnates  at  the  Peace  o^^miens,  180-. 

HITAUBE,  Paul  Jcreimlh,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  at  Konigsberg,  was  a  member  ot 
the  Berlin  Academy,  with  a  pension  from  Fre 
di'rick  H.  ;  some  oi"  his  poems  have  been  trans 
laied  into  English.     He  died  IBi-*. 

niTO.\,  a  mathematician,  lived  about  340 
I?.  C 

BIZOT,  Peter,  canon  of  a  church  in  Bourges, 
and  aniliorof  the  valuable  "  Histoiie  mcd^iSique 
de  la  finllandc,"  died  in  lfi9f;. 

BIZF.LLI,  John,  a  historical  portrait  painter, 
died  at  Rome,  in  1612. 

BL.'VCK,  Dr.  Joseph,  a  very  celebrated  cliy- 
mic.ll  writer,  and  professor  of  that  science  in 
the  university  of  F  '■'"''•Veh,  w.as  born  at  Bor- 
deaux, in  France,  m..  ^t  17-i7,  and  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, No\ .  l.sno.  His  disciireries  relative  to 
macnesia  and  other  alkaline  bodies,  have  given 
birth  to  many  important  facts  in  the  new  systfliiVi 
of  chyniistry.  A  memoir  on  the  subject  of  tlitSe 
bodies,  w:is  read  by  him,  in  June,  1755,  before 
the  liiierary  Society  of  FJdinburgh,  which  has 
been  considered  as  a  model  of  composition,  rea- 
soning and  arrangement.  Many  other  important 
discoveries  have  been  communicated  by  him  in 
his  lectures,  wliich,  if  he  had  committed  them 
to  the  press,  would  have  more  m.aterially  pro- 
moted the  cause  and  extension  of  science. 

BLACKBUR.V,  William,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect and  survej'or,  of  London,  died  in  1790.  He 
obtained  a  medal  from  the  Royal  Society,  and 
the  commendation  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  for 
the  best  drawinff  of  St.  Stephens,  Walbrook. 

BLACKBURNR,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rich 
mond,  was  clui|)lain  to  the  archbishop  of  York, 
prebendary  of  his  cathedral,  and  archdeacon  oi 
Cleveland.  His  writings  corresponded  with  his 
priv.ite  sentiments  in  favour  of  the  dissenters; 
he  died  in  1787. 

RLVCKHALL,  OlTspring,  D.  D.,  rector  of 
St.  Marv'H,  London,  chaplain  to  King  William, 
and  bishop  of  Exeter,  was  an  able  scholar,  and 
emin,-nt  divine  ;  he  died  in  1716. 

BLACKLOCK,    Dr.  Thomas,    an    eminent 
Scottish  pwi  ar. '  divin".  whose  talents,  vcrv 
71 


^ BL 

rc.->|icctal)le  in  llicinscl vo9,  were  roiidtrod  ex- 
iraiirdiiiary  by  the  circtiiiistaiicc  of  liis  liaviiifi; 
totally  lost  his  sight  by  the  small  pox  at  six 
months  old.  He  was  Imrii  at  Aiiiiaii,  IT'il,  and 
died  at  Edinbiirjih,  July,  1791. 

BL.VCKMORi;,  Sir  Richard,  a  pliysician,  and 
an  indetatipahlu  writer,  who  has  lelt  a  great 
number  of  works,  theological,  poetical,  and  (iliy- 
slcal.  Pryden  and  Pope  have  treat<xl  the  poeli- 
i-al  performances  of  6?ir  Richard  with  great  con 
tempt.  I!ut,  notwithstanding  Sir  Richard  has 
been  so  much  depreciated  by  these  wits,  he  cer- 
tainly had  merit.  His  "  Poom  on  the  (Creation" 
is  hi:i  most  celebrated  performance,  and  on  the 
recommendation  of  Dr.  Johnson,  haslali'ly  been 
inserted  in  the  "Collection  of  the  English  Poets." 
Ft  has  oppeared  that  spleen  and  ri'scntnient  had 
been  the  cause  of  that  severity  with  whicli  he 
was  treated  by  Drydcn  and  Pope.  Sir  Richard 
was  horn  at  Corsham,  Wilts,  (in  what  year  is 
uncertain,)  and  died  October  9,  1T2U. 

BLACKSTONE,  Sir  William,  an  illustrious 
ihiglish  lawyer,  born  17i3.  His  father  was  a 
silkinan,  in  Cheapside,  and  died  bctbre  the  birth 
of  hi.')  son  WiUiam,  who,  in  1730,  was  put  to  the 
<  'harter-house  school,  and,  in  1735,  admitted 
npon  the  tbundation  there.  Noveinbcr,  1738,  he 
was  entered  a  commoner  of  Pembroke  Collcire, 
Oxford,  and  elected  by  the  governors  to  one  of 
'he  Charter-liouse  exhibitions.  At  tlie  age  of 
■M,  he  compiled  a  treatise,  entitled  "  Elements 
of  Architecture,"  intended  only  for  his  own  use, 
but  mncli  approved  by  those  who  have  perused 
it.  Quittinc,  however,  with  regret,  these  anuis- 
ing  pursuits,  he  engaged  in  the  severer  studies 
of  the  law,  and,  November,  1746,  was  called  to 
the  bar.  In  1749,  he  was  elected  recorder  of  the 
borougii  of  Wallingford,  in  Berkshire.  April, 
1750,  he  became  doctor  of  laws,  and  puhlished 
his  "  Essay  on  Collateral  Con.sangiiinity,  rela- 
tive to  the  exclusive  claim  to  fellowships  made 
by  the  founder's  kin  at  .^ll-souls."  October  20, 
1753,  he  was  unanimously  elected  Vinerian  pro- 
fessor of  the  common  law,  and  on  the  2,")ih,  read 
)iis  Introductory  Lecture,  since  prefixed  to  his 
*'  Commentaries."  In  1702,  he  collected  and  re- 
published several  of  his  pieces,  under  the  title 
of  "  Law  Tracts,"  in  2  vols.  8vo.  In  1763,  he 
was  chosen  solicitor-general  to  the  queen.  No- 
vember, 1764,  he  published  the  1st  volume  of  his 
lectures,  under  the  title  of  "  Commentaries  on 
che  Laws  of  England  ;  and  in  the  four  succeed- 
ing years  the  other  three  volumes.  May,  1770, 
iie  became  a  junior  judge  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bertch  ;  and  in  June  was  removed  to  the  same 
situation  in  the  common  pleas,  which  office  he 
retained  till  his  death,  which  happened  Febru- 
ary 14,  1780. 

BLACKSTONE,  John,  an  apothecary  and 
botanist,  of  London,  died  in  1753. 

BLACK  WALL,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Derby- 
shire, and  author  of  a  most  celebrated  work,  en- 
titled "  The  Sacred  Classics  defended  and  illus- 
trated; or,  an  Essay,  humbly  offered  toward 
proving  the  purity,  propriety,  and  true  elo- 
quence of  the  writers  of  the  New  Testament." 
He  died  at  Market  Bosworth,  in  Leicestershire, 
(where  he  was  for  some  years  liead  masf"  ■  of 
the  free  school,)  April  8,  i730. 

BLACKWELL,  Alexander,  a  native  of  A 
Ueen ;  not  succeeding  as  a  physician  at  ho      , 
he  went  to  Sweden,  where  he  sttcceedod  fi    a 
time,  but  being  suspected  of  a  conspiracy,  was 
tortured  and  beheaded  in  1748. 

BLACKWRLL.Thomas,  an  e"iinent  Scottish 

writer,  son  of  a  minister  at  .Aberdeen,  and  born 

72 


BL 

there,  August  4,  17U1.  In  1737,  was  published 
jat  London,  but  without  his  name, ''  An  Inquiry 
{into  the  l^ife  and  Writings  of  Homer,"  8vo.,  a 
l.second  edition  of  which  appeared  in  1736;  and 
'not  long  after,  "  Proofs  of  the  Inquiry  into  Ho 
mer's  Lite  and  Writings  ;"  which  was  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Greek,  Latin,  Spanish,  Italian,  and 
I'rench  ni>l(:.s,  subjoined  to  tlie  original  work. 
VVij  agree  with  those  who  esteem  this  the  best 
of  our  author's  performances.  In  1748,  he  pub- 
lished "  Letiei-s  concerning  Mythology,"  8vo., 
without  his  name  also.  The  same  year  he  was 
made  principal  of  the  Marischal  Colfeae  in  Aber- 
deen. March,  17.'i2,  be  look  tin-  degre*"  of  doctor 
of  laws;  and,  in  the  year  followiiij,  came  out  the 
1st  volume  of  his  "  Memoirs  of  the  court  of  Au- 
ynstns,"  4to.  The  2d  volume  appeared  in  1755; 
and  the  3d,  which  was  posthumous,  and  left  in- 
complete by  the  author,  was  fitted  for  the  press 
by  John  Mills,  Esq.,  and  published  in  1764.  He 
died  March  1,  1757. 

BL.ACKWOOD,  Adam,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  civilian,  and  divine,  but  par- 
ticularly as  the  warm  advocate  of  Mary,  quoen 
of  Scots;  he  published,  in  1757,  an  accountof  her 
martyrdom,  addressed  to  the  princes  of  Europe, 
and  (lird  at  Poirtiers,  in  1613. 

BLADEN,  Martin,  a  gentleman  of  Abrey 
Hatch,  in  Essex,  formerly  a  lieutenant-colonel 
in  Clnren  Anne's  reign,  but  more  disiinsuished 
by  a  translation  of  "  Casar's  Commentaries," 
which  he  dedicated  to  his  general,  the  great  duke 
of  .Marlliornnyh.     He  died  in  174G. 

BLAEIJ,  or  JANSSEN,  William,  a  learned 
printer,  the  friend  of  Tycho  Brahe,  died  in  1638. 

liL.'VCJR.AVE,  John,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, who  flourished  in  tlie  16th  and  17th  cen- 
turies, and  died  IGll. 

BL.AGRAVE,  Joseph,  a  famous  astrologer 
of  Reading,  Eng.,  died  in  1G88. 

BLAIR,  John,  chaplain  to  Sir  William  Wal- 
lace. He  wrote  an  elegant  Latin  poem  on  his 
detith,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce. 

BL.'VIII,  James,  M.  A.,  a  minister  of  the  epis- 
copal church  in  Scotland,  was  sent  by  the  bishop 
of  liondon  as  a  missionary  to  Virginia,  in  1085. 
He  procured  a  patent  for  the  erection  of  a  college 
there,  and  was  its  first  president  for  nearly  50 
years  ;  he  was  also  president  of  the  council  of 
Virginia,  and  died  in  1743. 

BLAIR,  Samuel,  a  learned  minister  in  Penn- 
sylvania, for  several  years  at  the  head  of  an 
academy  at  Fog's  manor,  Chester,  died  about 
1751. 

BLAIR,  John,  brother  and  successor  of  Sam- 
uel Blair  in  the  church  and  seminary  at  Fog'* 
manor,  afterwards  professor  of  divinity  in  New- 
Jersey  College. 

BLAIR,  John,  one  of  the  associate  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  died  in 
1800. 

BLAIR,  John,  president  of  the  council  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  a  judge  in  that  colony,  died  1771. 

BLAIR,  Patrick,  a  surgeon  at  Dundee,  who 
first  acquired  some  reputation  by  the  dissection 
of  an  elephant,  and  afterwards  by  his  essays  00 
botany  :  time  of  his  death  unknown. 

BLAIR,  Robert,  an  elegant  poet,  born  about 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and 
was  ordained,  in  1731,  minister  of  Athol  Stane- 
ford  in  East  Lothian,  where  he  resided  till  hie 
death,  in  1746.  His  poem,  called  "  The  Grave," 
has  been  extrelnely  popular,  and  passed  through 
many  editions. 

lUiAIE  Dt  John  sn  eminent  divine,  bom  in 


»L 


RL 


Scotia. Ill,  but  settled  la  BiiKlaiid,  wlinre  he  pre- 
sented the  world  with  a  vt-ry  valuable  publica- 
f  ioii,  under  the  title  ot"  "  Tin-  Chronology  and 
History  of  the  World,  from  I  he  Cremation  to  the 
Year  of  Christ  1753,  illustraled  in  5t)  tables." 
In  I'fW,  he  published  an  improved  edition  of  his 
"  Cronological  Tables;"  lo  wliicli  were  annexed 
"Fourteen  Maps  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Geo- 
graphy, for  iliubtratin;:  the  Tables  o«'  Chrono- 
logy and  History.     He  died  .luae  24,  nd'i. 

BLAIR,  Dr.  Hugh,  a  celebrated  Sioitish  di- 
vine, was  the  son  of  a  respectable  merchant  in 
Edinburgh,  and  born  in  that  city,  April  7,  1718. 
On  the  loth  of  June,  175.'',  he  was  made  one  of 
the  ministers  of  the  high  church  of  Kdinhursli ; 
and  his  subsequent  ministerial  lal>ours  and  con- 
duct ill  that  conspicuous  and  didicult  station,  for 
a  period  of  more  than  4i)  years,  amply  evinced 
the  propriety  of  the  choice.  .Vs  an  author.  Dr. 
Blair  is  well  known  by  his  "  Lectures  on  Rliet'i- 
ric  and  the  Belles  Lettres,"  delivered  in  his  of- 
fice as  regius  professor  in  the  uni  versiiv  of  Kdin- 
burgh.  These  are  eminently  distiii^^uished  by 
laborious  investigation,  sound  sense,  refiiie(1| 
taste,  and,  above  all,  by  thai  lucidus  ordo  which! 
always  proves  a  writer  lo  be  master  of  his  sub-| 
jecu  In  short,  this  work  may  justly  be  said  to 
have  established  an  unequivocal  and  sure  stand- 
ard of  taste.  His  "  Sermons,"  however,  of 
which  five  volumes  are  b.'lore  the  public,  havi- 
experienced  a  success  unp,-ii'alleted  in  the  annals 
of  pulpit  eloquence,  though  justly  merited  by 
their  purity  of  sentiment,  justness  of  reasoning, 
and  grace  of  composition.  They  have  circu- 
lated in  numerous  editions,  wherever  the  Englibh 
longue  extends,  and  have  been  translated  into 
almost  all  the  lantiuazes  of  Europe.  Dr.  Blair 
died  December  27^  1800. 

BL.\IZE,  a  bishop,  martyred  by  the  emperor 
Dioclesian  ;  hut  more  celebrated  as  the  inventor 
of  wool  combing. 

BLAKE,  Robert,  a  famous  English  admiral, 
born  August  15,  1.590,  at  Bridi:ewater,  in  Somer- 
setshire, where  he  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school.  Having  served  some  years  in  the  par 
liament  ariisy,  he  was,  in  Febuary,  164''-9,  ap 
pointed  to  command  the  fleet,  in  conjunction 
with  Colonel  Deane,  and  (>>lonel  Pophaiu 
During  nine  years  actual  service  in  the  na\n,', 
he  performed  exploits  that,  for  the  skill  with 
which  they  were  conducted,  and  the  success 
that  attended  them,  were  never  surpassed  till 
the  days  of  Howe,  St.  Vincent,  Duncan,  and 
Nelson.  He  died  as  the  fleet  was  entering  Ply 
mouth,  the  17th  of  August,  li'.)7.  aged  58.  Hi 
body  was  conveyed  to  Westminster  .'\bbey,  and 
interred  with  great  funeral  pomp  in  Henry  the 
Vllth's  chapel :  but  removed  from  thence,  iu 
1G61,  and  re-iuterred  in  St.  Margaret's  church- 
yard. 

BLAKE,  John  Bradley,  a  native  of  London, 
after  acquiring  a  profound  knowledge  of  chy- 
mistry  and  mathematics,  and  of  his  favourite 
study,  botany,  went  to  China  in  the  ser\-ice  of 
the  India  company,  where  he  collected  and  sent 
to  Europe,  all  the  valuable  seeds  and  plants  of 
the  country  ;  he  also  began  a  collection  of  ores 
and  tossils,  but  his  application  destroyed  his 
health,  and  he  died  in  1773. 

BLAKE,  James,  a  preacher,  native  of  Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts,  author  of  a  volume  of 
lermons  of  merit,  died  1771. 

BL.MtE,  Joseph,  sovernor  of  the  province  of 
South  (^arolina,  in  1694.  He  contributed  much 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  colony,  iiy  the  wisdom 
•f  his  adminiatratlom. 


I  BLAMONT,  Francis  Colin  de,  a  French  mu 
isician.  died  in  17iiO. 

BLAMPIN,  Thomas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  Picardy,  died  in  1710. 

BL.-VNC,  John,  a  noble  of  Perpignan,  Known 
for  his  brave  defence  of  his  native  town,  against 
the  French  l)esieging  army,  in  1474. 
I  BL.ViN'C,  Francois  Le,  author  of  a  valuable 
■  took  on  ilie  coins  of  France,  died  in  16".i8. 
I  BL.VNC,  Claude  Le,  a  miiiisterof  France, con- 
fined two  years  in  the  IJasiile,  on  mere  suspi- 
cion of  mal-praciices,  w.is  released,  and  died  in 
\lri->.  His  brothers  were  bishops  of  Avraiiches 
and  of  Sarlat. 

I  BL.ANC,  Thomas  Le,  a  Jesuit  of  Vitri,  died 
I  at  Kheiiiis,  in  1669. 

I  RLANC,  John  Bernard  Le,  an  ingenious  and 
learned  man,  historiographer  to  the  Delia  Crusca 
academy,  died  in  1781. 

nL.\iSiC,  Antony  de  Oiiillet  dc,  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Avignon,  and  afterwards  of  ancient 
laimuages  at  Paris,  died  in  1799. 

BI.A.NC,  N.,  an  eminent  French  artist,  died 
in  ls|i-,>. 

i;laNC\.  N.  IjC,  a  young  woman  who  was 
found  wild  at  Sogny,  near  Chalons,  in  1731, 
when  about  10  years  of  age.  She  wtis  placed 
ill  a  ronvcut,  where  she  became  a  nun,  and  died 
ill  1760. 

BL.WCA,  Francis  Le,  a  Frenchman,  author 
of  a  tienTal  acc'iuiit  of  the  moneys  of  France, 
pul>lislied  by  order  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died  in 
1698. 

BL.\N('H.VRD,  James,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1600,  died  1688. 

BL A  \CH ARD,  Francois,  a  lawyer  of  Paris, 
died  iu  1650. 

BLANCHARD.  Guillaume,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, equallv  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  died  in 
1724. 

BLANCH.\RD,  Elias,  a  native  of  Langrea, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  in  1755. 

BLAXCHARD,  John  Baptist,  professor  of 
rhetoric  in  the  Jesuits  college,  at  MetZj  and  at 
Verdun  ;  wrote  the  Temple  of  the  Muses,  and 
died  in  1707. 

BLANCHE.daiiehterofAIphonsoof  Castile, 
married  Lewis  VIH.,  of  France.  After  hi<i 
death,  and  durinz  the  minority  of  her  son,  she 
W.1S  made  regent  of  the  kingdom,  which  she 
governed  with  spirit  and  ability  ;  slie  died  in 
12.52. 

BLANCHE,  a  native  of  Padua,  who  destroy- 
ed herself,  rather  than  submit  to  the  embraces 
of  her  conqueror,  I2;!3. 

BLANCHE  de  BOCRBON,  wife  of  Peter. 
king  of  Castile,  by  whom  she  was  imprisoned 
ami  poisoned,  1361. 

RL.\.\'CHF,LANDE,  Philihert  Pranois  Rotf- 
xelle.  de,  a  native  of  Dijon,  distinguished  in  the 
\iiierican  war,  and  at  the  taking  of  Tobago, 
died  m  1703. 

BL  A  NCHET,  Thomas,  an  eminent  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  of  Paris,  died  in  16,*». 

BL ANCHET,  Abbe,  censor  royal,  and  libra- 
rian of  the  kins's  cabinet :  he  retired  from  pub- 
lic life  to  solitude,  and  ditd  in  1784. 

BL.WCOF,  John  Teiini?,,  a  painter,  born  at 
A''^?aer:  his  sea-pieces  and  landscapes  ar« 
n       .  admired  •  he  died  in  I  70. 

I,  \\n,  Elizabeth  wife  of  Nathan  Bland, 
t  ien  draper.of  London,  eminent  for  her  learn- 
ing', and  acquaintance  with  ihf  Hebrew. 

BL.'Wr),  Richard,  a  political  writer  of  Vir- 
i<rinia.  anri  principal  member  of  the  house  of 
burgesses,  at  H"  close  of  1770. 

7  73 


BL 

BLAND,  Theodoric,  a  patriot  and  statesman, 
colonel  in  the  war  of  the  rf  volution,  member  of 
the  state  legislature  of  Virginia,  &c.,  ditd  in 
1790. 

BLANDRATA,  G'.orgc.  an  Itslian,  who  es- 
poi)M,'d  the  doctrines  ol  Anus,  with  respect  to 
the  Triuity.  To  avoid  the  inquisition,  he  fltd 
to  Poland,  where  the  king  made  him  a  i)rivy 
coiintieUor.  He  was  afterwards  strangled  by  hi;^ 
nepliew,  in  1593. 

BLASCO  MJNNES,  a  Spaniard,  who,  bv 
seizing  iheistlnnusof  I)arit'n,lacililated  the  pro- 
gress of  Pizarro  to  the  conquest  of  Peru.  Me 
was  belicadcd on  pretence  of  ambitious  views. 

BLAl'UER,  Ambrose,  a  follower  of  Luther, 
whose  doctrines  he  spread  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, died  in  15f>7. 

BL.VVET,  M.,  a  musician  in  the  opera  at 
Paris,  disiinguished  by  his  taste,  and  tile  supe- 
rior merit  of  hii-  pieces,  died  in  1T68. 

BLAYKEY,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
English  divine,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  at 
O.xford,  died  iii  180L  He  was  distinguished  as 
an  able  biblical  critic,  and  writer. 

BLEDDYN,  joint  king  of  North  Wales,  with 
his  brother  Rhiwallon,  becatne  sole  monarch  in 
1068,  and  fell  in  battle  four  years  after. 

BLEDDYN,  a  British  bard  of  the  13tli  cen- 
tury, some  of  whose  pieces  are  still  preserved. 

BLEDRI,  a  bishop  of  Landalf,  called  the 
wise,  from  his  great  learning  ;  he  died  much  re- 
spected, in  1023. 

BLEECKER,  Ann  Eliza,  a  lady  of  some  lite- 
raiy  celebrity,  born  in  New- York,  1752. 

BLEEK,  Peter  Van,  an  eminent  painter,  died 
in  nw. 

BLEGNY,  Nicholas  de,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  who  lectured  and  wrote  on  subjects 
connected  with  his  profession  ;  he  died  at  the 
Close  of  the  17th  centurv. 

BLEGWRYD,  brother  to  Morgan,  the  Gla- 
luorgan  chief,  was  chancellor  of  LandafT,  and  a 
man  of  great  learning  ;  he  went  to  Rome  in  92(), 
with  Bowel,  surnamed  the  Good. 

BLESS,  Henry,  an  admired  landscape  painter, 
born  at  Rovine,  died  in  I'fiSO. 

BLETERIE,  John  Philip  Rene  de  la,  born 
at  Rennes,  entered  early  into  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory,  and  was  there  a  dislinguisheil 
professor.  From  thence  he  went  to  Paris,  wliert 
his  talents  procured  him  a  chair  of  eioquence 
in  the  College  Royal,  and  a  place  in  the  Acade- 
my of  Belles  Leltres.  He  published  several 
works,  which  have  been  well  received  by  the 
public,  and  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1772 

BLINMAN,  Richard,  first  minister  of  New- 
London,  Conn.,  1C48;  author  of  a  work  in  an 
Bwer  to  Mr.  Danvers,  on  Baptism. 

BLOCK,  Dr.  Marc  Eleazer,  a  Jewish  physi 
Cian,  and  very  celebrated  ichthiolocist,  born  at 
Anspach,  in  1723,  died  at  Carlsbad,  August  ti, 
1799.  His  "  Natural  Histoiy  of  Fishes,"  with 
coloured  plate>,  in  large  4to,  is  one  of  the  most 
admirable  publications  of  the  time. 

BLOCK,  Daniel,  a  porlr<tit  painter  of  Pome- 
rania,  died  in  1661.  One  of  his  brothers  excelled 
8S  an  architect,  the  other  as  a  historical  painter. 
BLOCKLAND,  Anthony  de  Montfort,  an  ele- 
gant painter,  died  in  1.583.  Hie  brothers,  Peter 
and  Herbert,  were  his  pupils,  and  were  also  dis 
tingnished  as  painters. 

BLOEMART,  a  painter,  born  at  Gorcum,  in 
Holland,  1567,  and  died  1647  A  vast  number 
of  prints  have  been  engraved  after  his  works. 

BLOEMEN,  John  Francis,  an  eminent  Flem- 
uh  painter,  died  at  Rome,  in  1740. 
74 


BL 

BLOND,  Jean  Le,  a  poet  of  inferior  merit,  in 
the  16th  century. 

BLOND,  Jaino9  Christopher,  a  painter,  of 
Frankfort,  on  ilie  Maine,  who  invented  a  mode 
of  engraviii','  in  colours;  he  died  In  1741. 

BLO.MIEAl',  Claude,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  at  the  close  of  the  17lh 
cenlniy. 

BLONDEL,  David,  a  protcstant  minister, 
born  at  Chalons,  whose  wri'ings  on  tlii-ological 
subjects,  are  highly  valued.  He  was  professor 
of  history  at  Anisierdam  after  Vossius,  and  died 
in  1655. 

BLONDEL,  Francis,  eminent  for  his  know- 
ledge of  geometry  and  belles  Icttres,  was  profes- 
sor of  niaiheniaiics  and  aichiteclure,  and  pre- 
ceptor to  the  dauphin  of  France;  he  died  in  16^6. 
BliONDEL.  John  Francis,  nephew  of  Fran- 
cis, was  eiiually  eminent  as  an  architect,  and  as 
H  writer  on  architecture;  he  died  in  1774. 

BLONDEL,  Peter  James,  a  nati\e  of  Parip, 
and  a  writer  on  the  truth  of  the  christian  reli- 
gion, died  in  1730. 

BLONDEL,  Lawrence,  author  of  some  books 
on  devotion,  died  in  1740. 

r.HWDEL,  N.,  a  pliysician,  and  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  uiineral  waters  of  Scgrai,  &c-, 
died  in  1759. 

BLONDIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Picardy,  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist,  died  in  1714. 

BLONDUS,  Flavins,  an  Italian,  secretary  to 
Pope  Eugenius  IV.,  and  his  two  successors,  diefl 
in  1463. 

BL(50D,  Thomas,  an  English  adventurer, 
who  contrived  a  plot  for  stealing  the  regalia 
from  the  tower,  and  was  actually  taken  w  itli  the 
crown  in  his  possession  ;  he  died  ItwtO. 

BLOOT,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  died  ii» 
1667. 

BLOSIUS,  or  DE  BLOIS,  Lewis,  a  Benedic- 
tine, abbot  of  Licssies,  in  Hainault,  refused  the 
aichbishoiiiic  of  Cambray,  and  died  in  15CG. 

BLOUNT,  Thomas,  an  English  barrister  at 
law,  distinguished  lor  his  talents  and  learning, 
and  as  a  respectable  writer,  died  in  1679. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Henry,  al'ter  completing  his 
education  at  Oxford,  travelled  over  Europe  and 
a  part  of  Asia,  and,  on  his  return,  published  an 
account  of  part  of  his  travels,  was  tutor  to  the 
(jriiices,  and  a  zealous  royalist;  he  died  ui  16J?2. 
BLOUNT,  Charles,  younger  son  of  Sir  Henry, 
was  distinguished  as  a  zealous  advocate  for  li- 
berty, and  as  a  man  of  great  learning.  His  writ- 
ings, some  of  which  prove  him  a  deist,  are  nu- 
merous. He  died  of  wounds  inflicted  on  him- 
self, in  1693. 

BLOUNT,  William,  governor  of  the  territory 
south  of  the  Ohio,  and  a  member  of  the  United 
States'  senate,  from  which  he  was  expelled  in 
1797  ;  he  died  at  Kno.vville,  in  1810. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  an  eminent 
English  writer,  born  at  Upper  Holloway,  in 
Middlesex,  September  12,  1649.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning,  and  well  vereed  in  the  best 
writers;  of  which  he  gave  a  proof  in  his  famous 
work,  "  Censuria  Celebriorum  Anthorum,"  &c. 
He  wrote  also  a  work  on  poetry,  "  De  RePoeti- 
ca,  or  Remarks  upon  Poetry  ;  with  characters 
and  censures  of  the  most  considerable  poets, 
whether  ancient  or  modern,  extracted  out  of  the 
best  and  choicest  critics  ;"  he  died  in  1697. 

BLOW,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  musician,  bom 
at  Collingham,  in  Nottinghamshire,  about  the 
year  1648.  In  1674,  he  was  appointed  master 
of  the  children  of  the  Royal  Chapel ;  in  1685, 
composer  to  his  majesty ;  in  1C87,  almoner  anii 


BO 

master  of  the  choristers  of  St.  Paul's  ratliedral 
L'pon  th-;  doccasc  of  Purcell,  in  Itifto,  lie  bi-caine 
organist  of  Wesuiiinster  AbNcy.  U<;  (Jii;<l  Octo- 
ber 1, 1708,  and  was  buricU  iu  the  nonli  ai«Ieof 
VVi'stminster  Abbey. 

BLOWERS,  Tlionia.';,  a  good  scholar,  and 
minister,  in  Beverly,  .Masiacliu.-.i  tts,  died  in  1729. 
BLUCHI^R,  Gebtciial  Lchrirht,  Prince  Von, 
a  most  celi-brated  Prussian  tidd  marshal,  bnni 
at  Rostock,  Decembor  lli,  1742,  distinguislird 
himself  by  his  crca'.  skill  and  success  in  niiiiMry 
tactics.  He  crossed  the  Rhine,  January  1,  IoJ4, 
and  entered  the  French  territory.  A  decisive 
victory  at  haoii,  February  9,  opened  the  way  to 
Paris,  which  was  entered  by  the  allied  sove- 
rei;ns,  .March  HI.  He  went  in  the  company  of 
the  nionai'chs  to  England,  where  liie  enthnsirLsm 
of  the  people  afibrdiKl  him  the  most  brilliant  tri- 
umph. The  landing  of  Buonaparte  fr(im  Elba 
again  called  liini  to  the  field  ;  when  he  greaily 
assi.sied  in  deridin?,  on  the  IHlh  of  June,  1815, 
the  eventful  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  Uie  fate  of 
Napoleon.  Then,  with  the  same  rapidity  as  he 
had  conquered,  he  followed  up  his  victory,  and 
the  .second  lime  obiained  peace  in  Pari^.  .Al- 
most all  the  great  powers  in  Europe  honoured 
him  with  orders  of  knighthood.  Ili^  own  sove- 
reign named  him,  in  memory  of  the  lirst  of  his 
victories.  Prince  of  Wahlsstadt,  with  a  suhable 
donation,  and  bestowed  on  him,  cvclusively,  a 
particular  mark  of  honour:  viz.,  an  iron  cros:: 
surrounded  with  golden  rays;  declaring,  that 
"  he  knew  very  wi;ll  that  no  golden  rays  could 
lielghten  the  splendour  of  his  services ;  but  that 
it  gave  him  pleasure  to  make  bis  sense  of  them 
evident  by  a  suitable  mark  of  dislinciion."  He 
ha<l  been  45  years  in  the  army  ;  and  his  celerity 
in  the  tield  obtained  him  the  name  of  "Marshal 
Forwards."  He  died  at  Kriblowitz,  almost  in 
the  presence  of  his  king,  who  attended  him  in 
his  last  sickness,  September  liJ,  1819. 

BLUM,  .loachin,  riirisiian,  a  l.'ernian  poet, 
who  retired  from  public  ali'airs  to  devote  liim- 
self  lo  the  muses :  he  died  in  I7i)0. 

BLUT.AEU,  Dom.  Raphael,  an  eminent 
preacher,  born  in  London,  of  French  parents. 
Went  to  Lisbon,  where  he  wrote  a  Portuguese 
and  Latin  dictionary ;  he  died  in  1734. 

BOADICEA,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  in  Britain,  a 
most  intrepid  heroine,  who,  being  dcleated  and 
ill-used  by  the  Romans,  after  having  behaved 
with  exemplary  bravery,  despatched  herself  by 
poison,  A.  U.  .VJ. 

BO.\TE,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 
settled  in  Ireland,  and  wrote  a  n.'itural  history 
of  the  country. 

BOB  ART,  a  German,  first  keeper  of  the  bo- 
tanical garden  at  Oxford,  died  in  1679. 

BOCCACE.  John,  an  eminent  writer,  born  at 
Certaldo,  in  T^uscany,  1.11.3,  dicti  1375.  He  lefi 
several  works,  some  in  Latin,  and  some  in  Ital- 
ian ;  but,  of  all  his  compositions,  his  "  Decame- 
ron is  the  most  famous :  it  was  received  so  fa- 
vourably by  foreign  nations,  that  every  one| 
would  have  it  in  their  own  tongue ;  and  it  was 
Muclit  after  so  much  the  more  eagerly,  as  pains 
were  taken  to  suppress  it ;  his  stories  being  too 
licentious,  and  satirieni  on  the  monks. 

BOCCAC;,  orBOCCACINO.  Camillo.  a  por- 
trait and  historical  painter,  of  Cremona,  died  in 
1546. 

BOCCAGE,  Marie  .\nne  Lepage  dii,  a  cele- 
brated French  poetess  and  dramatic  writer,  often 
mentioned  by  Lord  Chesterfield  in  his  letters  to 
his  son,  wa.s  born  at  Rouen,  October  22,  1710, 
«ad  died  at  Paris.  August  ltX& 


no 


I  BOCCALI>'I,  Trajan,  a  satirical  w1t,  bom  hi 
Rome,  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
Ilia  •'  Ragguagli  di  Parnasso"  has  been  trans- 


iHis 

lated  into  English,  and  many  other  languages. 
Boccalini  was  ussaRsinatod  at  Venice,  being 
beaten  to  death  witli  sand  ba^. 

BOCCAMA/,7.A,Angehis,bisbopofC«tanJa, 
Sicily,  died  in  l-29ti. 

HOt'l.riEKLM,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
distinsuished  as  a  composer  of  music,  died  at 
-Madrid,  in  IkOH. 

liOCCHUS,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  who  b« 
trayed  hisson-in  law,  Juguriha,  to  the  Romans, 
l(K)  B.C.  ' 

BOCCI ARDI,  Clemente.  a  painter,  of  Genoa 
died  in  105^. 

BOCCOLD,  John,  a  fanatic  tailor,  commonly 
called  John  of  heydeii.  In  company  with  John 
.Matthias,  a  baker,  of  Ilaerlem,  at  the  head  of 
Ills  followers,  sei/.ed  Munster,  assumed  the  of- 
fice of  king  and  of  prophet,  and  began  to  reform 
the  laws,  and  new  model  the  government ;  he 
was  at  last  taken  and  put  to  dcalli,  in  the  28tll 
year  of  his  age. 

B'K'COM,  Sylvio,  a  celebrated  natural  his 
toriun,  born  at  Palermo,  in  .Sicily,  1G;13,  died 
DetenilxrK.  1704.  He  left  many  curious  Work?. 

BtJCCOKIS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  is  said 
lo  have  driv  en  the  Jews  from  his  dominions,  to 
cure  himself  of  the  leprosy,  according  to  an 
oracle. 

BOCHART,  Samuel,  a  leameti  French  pro- 
testaut,  born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy,  1599,  died 
suddenly,  while  he  was  spcuking  in  the  acade- 
my of  Caen,  (of  which  he  was  a  uicmber,)  May 
6,  1(«7. 

BOCHEL,  Laurent,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  whose  works  on  law  and  hia- 
Itory  are  valued  by  leartied  men  in  France,  died 
in  16-29. 

BOCHIU3,  John,  born  at  Brussels,  in  155i. 
He  w-as  a  good  Latin  poet,  and  thence  styled  the 
Virgil  of  the  Low  Countries.  He  died  January 
1.3,  Ii")09. 

Btx'KHORST,  J  Jin  Van,  an  eminent  por 
trait  and  historical  painter,  bom  about  1610. 

BOCariLLOT,  Lazarus  Andrew,  an  advo- 
cate of  Dijon,  afterwards  an  ecclesiastic,  emi- 
nent for  his  learning  and  pietv,  died  in  172<5. 
He  wrote  the  life  of  Chevalier  Bayard,  &c. 

BODl.\,  John,  a  native  of  Anders,  who  ac- 
quired reputation  and  the  notice  of  his  sovereien, 
by  his  wit  and  merit.  He  settled  at  Lunn,  where 
he  rose  to  eminence  as  a  lawyer  and  public 
speaker:  he  died  1596.  His  writings  are  nu- 
merous and  respectable. 

Bf )DLEV.  Sir  Thoina.s.  from  whom  Ilie  Bod- 
leian library  at  O.vford  takes  its  name,  waslKini 
at  Exeter,  .March  2,  l.'>44.  In  1585,  he  was  made 
irentleman  usher  to  Ciueen  Elizabeth.  From 
this  time  till  l.';'.l7,  he  was  honourably  and  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  embassies  and  ne-jotia- 
tions  with  foreign  powers ;  and  on  his  final  re- 
vocation, in  that  year,  he  set  about  the  noble 
work  of  restoring  the  public  liiirary  at  Oxford, 
which  in  two  years  time  he  brought  to  a  good 
degree  of  perfection.  He  funiifihe.l  it  with  a 
large  collection  of  books,  purcha.sed  in  foreign 
countries  at  a  creat  expense  :  and  ibis  collertinn 
in  a  short  time  became  so  greatly  enlarged,  by 
the  generous  benefactions  ol  several  noblemen, 
bishops,  and  others,  that  neither  the  sliel\  es  ncnr 
the  room  could  contain  them.  Whereupon, 
Bodley  offering  to  make  a  considerable  addition 
to  the  building,  the  motion  was  readily  embraced, 
mid  July  19,  IGIO,  the  first  s'one  of  tlie  new 
75 


BO 

foundation  was  laid  niili  gieai  ^leniniiy,  and 
a  bpL-i-cli  iiiudc  upon  the  occa.sion.  ISiii  hr  did 
not  live  to  see  this  part  of  his  plan  complund, 
lliougli  lie  left  Buificicnt  to  do  it,  witli  wiim:  ol 
hiR  tricnds  in  trust.  Sir  Dlionias  dini  January 
28,  lt)13,  and  was  buried  witb  prtal  solemnity  ai 
tUe  upiMjr  end  ofMerton  College  clinir.  An  an 
nual  speech  in  liie  praise  is  Mill  made  ai  Oxiord, 
Koveniber  8  ;  al  which  lime  is  the  visiialion  of 
the  library. 

BOiCE,  or  BaCTHirP,  Hector,  a  native  of 
Dundee.     Vid.  BCETHIL'S. 

BCECLER,  John  Henry,  professor  of  history 
atSirasbourt.'.  was  honoured,  for  his  great  learn- 
ing, by  licwis  XIV.,  and  Christina  of  Swi-den, 
who  made  him  her  historiographer  ;  he  died  in 
](>8P. 

BCEHMEN,  Jacob,  a  Teutonic  philosopher, 
and  noted  visionao',  born  in  a  village  ol  Ger- 
many, near  Gorlitz,  3575,  died  November  Iti, 
lO-M. 

BCEHMER,  George  Ralph,  profcsser  of  Iwia- 
Oy  and  anatomy  at  Wiiun.berg.  died  in  ISO:;. 

BCERHAAVE,  Herman,  an  illustrious  p'ly- 
Mcian  and  professor  at  Leyden,  born  Deccn  bi  r 
31,  IfiGS,  at  Voorhoot,  a  small  village  in  Holland, 
about  two  miles  from  tliat  city;  died  Sepicm- 
ber  23,  1738.  No  professor  was  ever  attended, 
in  public  as  well  as  private  lectures,  by  so  great 
a  nuniber  of  i-tudents,  from  such  distant  ami 
diflferent  parts,  for  so  many  years  sllcce^■^i\  ely 
none  heard  him  without  conceiving  a  veneralioii 
for  his  person,  at  the  same  linie  that  they  ex- 
pressed their  surprise  at  his  prodigious  attain- 
ments; and  it  may  be  jnsfly  attirnjed.tlial  none 
in  so  private  a  station  e\  er  attracted  a  more  uni- 
versal esteem.  So  unmoved  was  he  by  detrac- 
tion, (from  whicli  the  best  of  men  are  not  ex- 
wmpt,)  that  he  used  to  say,  "The  sparks  of 
calumny  will  be  presently  eilinct  of  themselves, 
tuiless  you  blow  them." 

BffiL,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  pupil  to  Com. 
dc  Waal,  at  Rome,  died  in  lf)80. 

BQiTHIE,  Etienne  de  la,  eniinent  as  a  scho- 
lar and  translator  of  PImaieh  and  Xenoplion ; 
he  died  near  Bordeaux,  in  1503. 

BCETHirS,  or  HCETIfS,  Flavius  Anicins 
Manliue  Torquatus  geverinus,  a  prose  as  well 
as  poetical  wiiier  of  the  Ctli  cent  my,  boiti  of 
one  of  the  noblest  families  in  Rome.  Having 
remonstrated  with  great  spirit  againt  the  tyranny 
of  Theodoric,  he  was  belieadeil  in  prison,  by 
command  of  that  king,  in  .524.  BaMliius  wrote 
many  philosophical  works,  the  greater  part  in 
the  logical  way  :  but  his  ethic  piece,  "  De  Con- 
solatione  Philopophise,"  is  his  chief  perform- 
ance, and  has  always  been  justly  admired  both 
for  the  matter  and  for  the  style.  Mr.  Harris,  in 
liih  Hermes,  has  observed,  that  "with  Bceihius 
the  Latin  tongue,  and  the  last  remains  of  Eonian 
dignity,  may  be  said  to  have  sunk  in  the  western 
world." 

BCETHIt'S,  BCECE,  or  BCEIS,  Hector,  a  fa- 
mous Scottish  liisioiian,  born  at  Hundee,  in  the 
shire  of  Angus,  about  1470.  He  wrote  in  Latin 
a  Hisiorv  of  Hrotland,"  and  died  1520. 

BOFFKAND,  Germain,  born  al  Nantes,  ac- 
quired such  a  reputation  as  an  architect,  that  se- 
veral princes  employed  him  in  the  erection  of  pa- 
laces and  public  edifices ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1755. 

BOG.\N,  Zachary,  a  learned  English  divine, 
died  in  ]f>59. 

BOGARDTTS,  Everardus,  fir.st  minister  of  the 
refbniied  nntch  church  in  New- York. 

BOOORIS,  first  Christian  king  of  t)ie  Bulga- 
»uiis ;  he  embraced  Christianity  in  865. 
76 


BO 

BOIi.MUN.  a  learned  Arabian,  the  favourite 
of  Salad  ill,  and  the  historian  ol  his  life;  in  which 
he  gi\  es  an  account  of  tlie  crusades,  and  of  the 
liii  laiiite  ol  the  I2th  century. 

HOHFiMONIi,  prince  of  Antioch,  with  his 
father,  in\adrd  the  eastern  cmjiire,  and  twice 
difiati.'d  the  (  nirernr  Alexius.  He  afterwards 
embarked  for  ihe  e.'usarif >,  and  took  Antioch  ; 
but  being  taken  prisoner  and  released,  n^tiirncd 
to  Fnropc,  where  he  prepared  to  raise  a  large 
army,  and  di"d  in  1111.  He  was  succeeded  at 
.Antioch  by  bix  princtu,  successively  bt  aring  the 
.>^anie  name. 

BOHN,  John,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  eniimnt  ae 
a  physician,  prolesvor,  and  ehynimt,  died  in  17IS. 

BOIA RDO,  Martoo-Mai ia,"a uovernorof  fieg- 
gio,  known  as  the  author  of  Orlando  Inamorato, 
1!,  tnniinuHtion  ot  which,  Aiiosio  wrote  his  Or- 
lando Furioso.  He  was«a  man  ptx-rcssi  ri  of 
great  poetical  talents,  a  strong  and  lively  iniagi- 
nat'on,  and  bold  and  animated  conceptions;  he 
died  in  )4y4. 

BOI LEAU,  Giles,  translator  of  Epictetus,  &c., 
died  in  1(«9. 

BOILEAU,  James,  a  doctor  of  the  Porbonne, 
dean  ol  ihe  faculty  of  divinity,  and  canon  of 
the  holy  chapel,  died  in  1716. 

BOllI'AU, Sieur  I)f*;preaui,  Nicholas,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  poet,  born  at  Paris,  November 
1,  1630.  He  wnte  satires,  wherein  he  e.tposed 
the  bad  tasie  of  his  time,  and  was  e,\lrem€ly 
severe  against  vice  and  the  corrupt  manners 
of  the  age.  Boileau's  satirical  pieces  raised 
him  many  enemies :  his  "  Satire  against  the 
\\  omen"  in  particular,  was  much  talked  of, 
and  occa.'^ioneri  guat  clamour.  So  highly  did  he 
rank  among  French  writers,  that  Bruyere,  in  a 
speech  delive.ed  at  the  French  academy,  said 
"Boileau  excels  Juvenal,  comes  up  to  Horace, 
s-eems  to  create  Ihe  thoughts  of  another,  and  to 
make  whatever  he  handles  his  own.  His  verses 
w  ill  be  read  even  when  the  language  is  obsolete, 
and  will  be  the  last  ruins  of  it."  Dr.  W'arlon, 
also,  sajs,  that  Boileau's  Art  of  Poetry  is  the 
best  compiigition  of  that  kind  extant.  He  died 
March  2,  1711. 

BOILEAU,  John  James,  an  ecclesi.nstir,  of 
St.  Honore,  al  Paris,  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  highly  esteenu-d  by  the  cardinal  de  No- 
ailles  :  he  died  in  1735. 

BOILEAU,  Charles,  abbeof  Boileau,  an  emi- 
nent preacher  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.,  died 
in  1700. 

BOINDIN,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Paris,  enter- 
ed the  army  at  the  age  of  20  ;  his  ill  health  com- 
pelling him  to  relinquish  the  service,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  literary  pursuits,  and  vi'as  cele- 
brated as  a  writer  of  eomedies ;  he  died  in  1751. 

BOIS,  Jean  du,  a  Parisian  ecclesiastic,  be- 
cam«  so  conspicuous  in  the  military  service  of 
Henry  III.,  as  to  acquire  the  name  of  F.mperor 
of  monks.  On  resuming  his  clerical  character, 
he  became  eminent  as  a  preacher,  but  incurring 
the  resentment  of  the  church,  he  was  confined 
at  Rome,  where  he  died  in  1C26. 

BOIS,  Gerard  du,  a  native  of  Orleans,  known 
as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  the  church  of 
Paris,  died  in  1696. 

BOIS,  Philippe  du,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
died  in  1707. 

BOIS,  Philippe  Goibaud,  a  dancing  master,  of 
Poictiers,  died  in  lfi04. 

BOIS  D'ANNEMETS,  Daniel  du  author  of 
\iemoirsof  a  Favourite  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
was  killed  in  a  duel  at  Venice,  in  1827. 

BOIS,  Cardinal  du,  an  eminent  French  states- 


bo 

mail,  ami  priim;  miiiisicriijuJur  the  re^fiit,  duke[jsiable  ol   IJuver.  and  «as  st-ar  uu  sovtral  uii 
of  Orleans,  died  iii  l'--li. 

«>)(.>  OK  LA  PIEKRE,  Louise  Marie  dii,  a 
lady  Ml"  \oriiiaiidy,  wrote  memoirs  lor  a  liistory 
oC  X.innaiidv   ice...  and  died  in  1730. 

HOIrtMORAKDJ  abbe  (Jiliroii  de,  a  writer  of 
eminence,  di'd  at  Paris,  in  I74fi. 

UOl.SKOBf.R  r,  Fiaiicis  le  Aletel  de,  a  native 
of  i^ien,  .nowii  liir  bis  wit  and  keen  same, 
became  the  favourite  and  bulfoon  of  Cardinal 
de  Riclielieu  ;  he  died  in  lOOi. 

B'ilS.SARl),  John  .lames,  a  ranioii3antii]imry, 
horn  at  Bcsincon,  in  P"raiic<;,  Ij-Jj*,  died  at  Metz, 

liOIS:?AT,  Pierre  de,  a  native  of  VIenne  ;  at 
dilferent  periods  of  his  lite,  he  was  a  uiouk,  a 
soldier,  and  a  hermit;  he  died  in  l>>l>2. 

BOItSSllORB,  .iiiseph  de  la  Fontaine  de  la,  an 
ecclesiastic,  of  Dieppe,  died  at  Pans,  in  IT.'Ji. 

BOISSICU,  Ueiiis  de  Salvain^  de.  a  lawyer: 
in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIII.,  died  In  ItiKJ 


jba^isies;  and  wiieii  Uie  nalbriunulc  Aiuie  lell 
liuio  disuruL-e,  he  too  \va-  degraded,  and  bci 
Iniailed,  on  a  false  ai'cu.satiun,  lii  I0.16. 

P.uLL\»;i5R<jh.t;.    See  S.VINT  JOHN. 

BUj^i.AiVUU'S,  John,  a  Jeauil  01  Flanders, 
pos,-ms3ed  oi  judgment,  learning,  and  sagacity, 
was  apiKjinted  lo  collect  luaiejials  fur  the  live* 
of  the  saiiiu,  but  died  wlieu  lie  had  cuiupicted 
but  5  vols.,  Ib(i5. 

BOLOliNE,  Jean  de.  a  pupil  of  Michael  An- 
:;elo,  died  at  Floreiice,  in  1(K)0. 

liOLOfiN'EsjK,  Francisco,  ihc  assumed  name 
of  Francis  i^riinaldi,  the  piipil  of  Aiiibal  Caracci, 
died  in  iti^i. 

UOLSEC,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite,  of  Paris,  for- 
sook his  order,  and  Hed  to  Italy,  and  then  to 
Geneva,  where  tie  lived  as  a  vhV^'ciaii.  He 
ihere  embraced  the  doctriness  of  Pelagius,  and 
inveighed,  wiili  so  niucli  bitlerness  and  violence, 


I  against  Calvin,  that  he  was  expelled  from  llie 
Bl)(SSIK(J,  Bartholomew  Camillede,  an  emi-|jci!y.  He  returned  to  France,  where  he  dieil  in 
nent  physician,  and  writer  on  medical  subjects,  I5f4.  liis  lives  of  Calvin  and  Beza  are  a  col- 
died  in  1770.  Ijlei-ilonof  talsehood  and  abuse. 

BOI.SSY,  Louis  de,  a  popular  Parisian  writer,  I     m  )L.S VVERD,  Sheidt,  an  eminent  engraver, 
who  chose  to  starve  with  his  wile  and  cliilil.'iof  Fc.iikIhis. 

rather  than  solicit  the  charity  of  his  admirers  or  BOL  I'U.V,  Edmund,  an  insrenious  English  an- 
frieiids.  They  had  nearly  perished,  wln-ii  their  tiquary,  who  hved  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
situation  was  discovered  by  a  friend,  and  they  century,  and  wrote  a  very  curious  historical 


were  relieved,  and  afterwards  supported  by  a 
pension  :  he  died  in  l~5S. 

BOIVl.V,  Francis  de,  baron  de  Villers,  ac- 
com|ianieil  inarechal  de  Brissac  into  Piedinom, 
and  wrote  an  authentic  account  of  the  wars  of 
the  country  ;  he  died  in  ltil8 

BOI  Vli\,  John,  Greek  profes.sor  at  Paris,  and, 
librarian  to  the  king,  died  in  17-.M. 

BOI  VI\,  Louis,  brother  of  John.died  in  1734. 
Some  of  his  writings  are  still  preserved. 

B(JI/^  VRO,  John,  a  man  of  abilities,  employed 
in  the  mint  at  Paris,  died  about  the  close  of  the! 
17ili  century.  | 

BOL,  John,  a  Flemish  painter  of  eminence,! 
died  in  I't'Si.  ] 

BOL,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  painter,  the  pupil; 
of  Rembrant,  died  in  ItiHl.  j 

BOLLAN,  William,  acent  to  Great  Britain 
from  the  province  of  Ma.ssarhiisetts,  10  solicit 
the  reimbursement  of  the  expen-^es  in  the  expe-j 
dition  a^inst  ("ape  Breton,  in  1745. 

BOLANGEK,  John,  a  pupil  of  Giiido,  emi- 
nent as  a  hisiorical  painter,  died  in  l(><iO. 

nOLESLACS  I.,  first  king  of  Poland,  sue-! 
ceeded  his  father,  duke  .\ficislaiis,  in  969.  oilioi 
til.  made  Poland  an  independent  kingdom,  andi 
nave  lilni  the  title  of  king,  in  1001 ;  he  died  inl 
UHTt.  1 

BOLESLArs  II.,  called  the  bold  and  the' 
«rnel,  succeeded  his  father,  Casimir  I  ,  in  1IJ.W.' 
During  his  invasion  nl  Russia,  the  Polish  women, 
•  •nrazcd  at  the  absence  of  their  husbands,  be- 1 
stowed  their  favours  on  their  slaves,  Boleslaus 
returned  with  his  army  to  avenge  the  insult. 
.tnd  a  lone  and  bloody  servile  contest  ensued. 
He  was  alterwards  excommunicated,  and  died 
ill  (lunearv,  in  lOeO.  1 

BOLEY.V.  Anne,  wife  of  Henry  VIIT.,  king 
of  England,  and  memorable  for  giving  occasion! 
to  the  Reforinatinn  in  that  country,  was  born  in! 
1507.  Being  accused,  (falsely  it  is  believed,)  of  I 
conjugal  infidelity,  siie  was  beheaded,  May  19, 
1J36.  I 

BOLEVN,  George,  brother  to  Queen  Anne 
Boleyn,  admired  for  hi.<  wit  and  learning.  Hisl 
elevation  followed  that  of  lus  sister ,  be  was! 
made  k'peer,  Wy  the  title  cM'  Lord  Rocbfort,  con-| 


work,  called  "Xero  Caesar,  or,  monarcliie  de- 
praved;" fol.  lii->4. 

BOLTON,  Robert,  dean  of  Carlisle,  and  a 
celebrated  writer  of  moral  and  religions  letters 
and  tracts,  was  born  in  Northamptonshire,  WJd, 
and  dieil  I7ti:t. 

BOLTO.V,  Robert,  a  puritan,  distinguished 
for  his  learning  and  his  eloc|uence.  He  was  a 
profea.sor  at  Oxford,  and  sustained  his  liigh  re- 
putation by  his  numerous  writings ;  he  died  in 
16'Jl. 

BOLZ.\NI,  Urbano  V^aleriano,  a  monk  of  the 
order  of  the  .Minorites,  born  at  Belluno,  travelled 
through  Greece,  Pali-.sline,  &c.,  and  twice  as- 
cended yl-;ina,  to  survey  its  crater.  He  first 
wroie  a  grammar  of  the  Greek  language,  in 
Latin,  and  died  in  l.'i-.>4. 

BO.MltELLl,  .Sebastian,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
died  in  l»iH,V 

BOJfbERG,  Daniel,  a  printer,  of  Venice,  fa- 
mous for  the  number  and  correctness  of  hit 
books,  died  in  1549. 

BO.\  UE  ST.  HILAIRE.  Francois  Xavier. 
president  of  the  chamber  of  accounts  of  Mont- 
pelier,  anthorof  a  treatise  on  silk  warms,  and  on 
the  Maroons  of  India,  died  in  17(3l. 

BOXA,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Piedmont, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  and  his  love  of  soli 
tilde,  was  promoted  to  places  of  honour  by  Pope 
.\le\ander  VII..  and  lautly  a  cardinal :  he  died, 
much  respected,  in  1674. 

BON'.'VC,  John  Louis  d'  Usson,  marquis  de 
a  French  nobleman,  sent  by  Lewis  XIV.,  a.<<  am 
bassador  to  Sweden,  Poland,  tJpain,  Constant! 
nople,  &c.,  died  in  1738. 

BO\.ACIN.\,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Mi- 
lan, in  tlie  service  o(  Pope  Urban  VIIl.,  died  in 

itai. 

BONASrV,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lou 
vres,  historiographer  of  Paris,  known  for  bis 
learned  dissertations  and  tiis  amiable  character, 
died  in  1770. 

BON.\NiVI,  James,  a  noble  of  Syracuse,  au- 
thor of  "  Syracusa  Illnstrata,"  died  in  1636. 

BON.ANNI,  Philip,  a  learned  Jesuit,  euiihor 
of  several  bo<jk3  on  antiiiuitiei  and  hisiory,  tHtd 
at  Rome,  in  1723. 

77 


BO 

BONARDI,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  learned  doctur 
of  tlic'  Siirl)i)iii;c,  died  al  Paiis,  in  1756 

KONAKL^LI^liUuy  Uhuldo,  a  nobleman,  born 
at  Urbiiio,  known  as  a  poliil'i.'vi  in  llic  iservir.f 
of  ilie  duke  of  Ferrara,  and  is  liic  autliur  of  put- 
torals,  died  in  1C08 

BONAKOTA,  or  BUO.VAROTI,  Buuianicd 
Michael  Anjielo.     Vid.  AJS'<;ELO. 

BO\AVEiNTl'RE,  John  Fidau/^,  a  ccle 
brated  dm  tor,  cardinal,  and  sanit,  of  the  chnrch 
of  Rome,  born  in  Tns'jauy,  I'iiil.  His  work 
were  printed  at  Rome,  in  155'^,  in  8  vols,  folio. 
Excepting  bis  Commentary  upon  the  Mosiur  of 
the  S«!ntences,  tliey  aie  chiefly  U|Kjn  pious  and 
mystical  subjects,  and  have  gained  liini  tlic  naim 
of  the  Seraphic  Doctor. 

BOi\  A  VE.XTURE,  of  Padua,  a  cardinal,  born 
in  that  ciiy,  I'Xfi.   He  was  the  author  of  several 
works:  as  "  (.'onnncntaries  uikjh  the  Epistles 
of  tit.  John  and  St.  James,"  "  Lives  of  tli 
Saints,"  "  Sermons,"  "  Speculmn  Maria-,"  &.c. 

BON'BELLEt?,  Henri  Francis,  Comte  de,  a 
French  otiicorof  rank,  died  in  ITlJO. 

BtiNCERF,  a  French  writer,  of  great  popu 
larlty  at  the  revolution,  who  soon  after  fell  into 
discraee,  and  died  of  a  Inoken  heart. 

BOMD,  .fohn,  an  eminent  coimucutator,  and 
preceptor  at  Taunton,  died  in  1G12. 

BOND,  Thomas,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Phiiadclphia,  in  1T63,  or  1764. 

BONli;F.-\CiO,  V'cnetiano,  an  Italian  i)aiiiter, 
died  in  1K30. 

BO\ET,TheophiIus,  a  famous  medical  writer, 
born  at  Geneva,  lOiO,  died  in  1689 

BONFADIUS,  Jame.s,  a  polite  writer,  of  Italy, 
in  ihe  Ifith  century.  Having,  in  his  office  of 
lii.storiographor  of  Genoa,  spoken  too  freely  of 
some  powerful  families,  they  rei-olved  to  ruin 
him,  and  brought  a  charge  of  unnatural  propen- 
sities against  him  ;  on  which  charge  he  was 
executed,  in  1500. 

BONFIN'lUS,  Anthony,  a  historian,  born  in 
Italy,  went  to  Hungary  by  invitation  of  the  king, 
and  wrote  a  history  of  that  country,  in  45  vols.; 
he  died,  as  is  supposed,'  in  1502. 

BO.N'FRERIUS,  James,  a  Jesuit,  and  theologi- 
cal writer,  died  in  1G4'J. 

BONGARS,  James,  amb.issador  of  Henry 
IV.  at  several  German  courts,  and  employed  in 
his  service  as  a  siatesmau  and  negotiator  for 
nearly  30  years  ;  lie  died  in  1G12. 

BOlVICHON,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Au- 
gers, died  in  1662. 

BOXIF.\CE,  the  ajmstle  of  Germany,  was 
sent  by  Gregory  11.  to  convert  the  barbarians  of 
the  north  to  cliristiaiiiiy,  and  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful, for  which  he  was  loaded  with  honours 
by  the  pope  ;  he  was  killed  in  Friezland,  in  754. 

BOMFACE  I.,  St.,  pope  of  Rome,  died  in  422. 

B<')N1F.\CE  II.  was  elected  pope  in  5'JO,  and 
died  in  532. 

BONIFACE  III.  was  made  pope  in  GOfi,  and 
died  the  same  year,  ile  established,  by  means 
of  the  emperor  Pliocai*,  the  superiority  of  the 
iwpcs  over  the  patriarchs.  He  w3s  immediately 
Succeeded  by  Boniface  IV.,  who  died  in  614. 

BOaNIPACE  v.,  of  Naples,  was  elevated  to 
the  papacy  in  617,  and  died  in  625. 

BONIFACE  VI.  was  pope  for  15  days,  in 896. 
He  was  elevated  and  deposed  by  a  faction. 

B0NIF.\CE  VII.  raised  himself  to  the  papal 
ehair,  and  died  four  months  after.  As  he  was 
a  monster  of  cruelty,  his  remains  were  treated 
with  the  greate.st  indignity  by  the  people. 

BONIFACE  VIII.,  Benedict  Cajelan,  a  cardi- 
nal, and  afterwards  pope,  in  1894.    His  anibi 
78 


BO 

tion  was  unbounded ;  lie  hurled  the  thunder  of 
the  Vatican  agnuisi  the  kings  of  Denmark  and 
France,  and  dxcJared  Uiat  God  had  made  htm 
lord  over  kiiigs  and  kingdoms.  Philip,  despising 
his  threats,  had  hiin  seized  by  force,  but  ei«:ap- 
ing  from  iiis  guards,  he  fled  to  Rome,  where  he 
died  in  VMi. 

IJONIF.ACE  IX.,  a  native  of  Naples,  pope,  in 
i:t8(i,  died  in  14U4. 

BOMFACE,  llyacinthc,  compiler  of  the  de- 
creesof  the  parliajiient  of  Provence,  died  in  lti95 

IIONIF.ALI',,  a  txmnt  of  the  Roman  empire, 
who  revolted  against  the  emperor,  but  wn^  af- 
terwards reconciled  to  him  :  he  fell  in  a  battle 
witli  .Aciins,  his  rival,  in  432. 

BONlFAt  lO,  Baltliazar,  professor  of  law  al 
Padua,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Caso  d'Istria, 
died  in  DS^O. 

BONJOCR,  Guillaume.  an  Augustine  monk, 
who  assisted  Clement  XI.  in  correcting  the  errors 
I  the  Gregorian  calendar,  died  while  a  mission- 
ary in  China,  in  1714. 

BONNE,  the  mistress  and  wife  of  Peter  Bni- 
noro,  a  warrior  of  Parma.  She  displayed  great 
courage  in  the  field,  and  with  her  husband,  de- 
fended Venice  against  the  duke  of  Milan ;  she 
di.  d  in  I4Ctj. 

BONNECORSE,  a  native  of  Marseilles,  consul 
for  France  in  Egypt,  died  in  1706. 

BONNECI'ElL,  Joseph  Duranli  de,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, of  Aix,  wlio  translated  some  of  the 
works  of  ?t.  Chrvisostom,  &c.,  died  in  I7.tG. 

BONNKFONS,  John,  a  nativatel  Auvergne, 
wa^  disiiiiguishcd  as  a  successful  iinnattKot  the 
poeirv  01  Catullus;  he  died  in  1614.  \ 

HONNKFON.S,  Amable,  a  Jesuit,  of  l^in, 
liuilior  of  several  devotional  tracts,  died  in  "  " 

BONNELfj,  James,  a  religious  writer,  boi.. 
1053,  died  lti!i9. 

BONNER,  Edmund,  bisliop  of  London,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  and  Queen 
Mary,  was  the  son  of  an  honest,  poor  man,  and 
horn  at  Hanley,  in  Worcestershire  He  was  a 
most  violent  and  cruel  bigot,  and  was  the  oc- 
casion of  several  hundreds  of  innocent  persons 
•eiiig  put  to  death  for  their  *inii  adherence  to 
the  protestant  faith.  Upon*  ieen  Elizalielh's 
accession,  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance and  supremacy  ;  for  which  reason  he  was 
deprived  of  his  bishopric,  and  committed  to  the 
llarslialsea.  After  having  lived  in  conlinemeiit 
ome  years,  he  died  September  5,  J  569. 

BONxVET,  Charles,  an  eminent  natural  phi- 
Insoplier  and  metaphysician,  born  at  Geneva, 
March  13,  1720,  died  May  20,  1793.  A  complete 
edition  of  his  works  was  published  at  Ncufcha- 
tel,  9  vols.  4to.,  and  18  8vo.  ■ 

BONNEVAIi,  Claudius  Alexander,  count  de, 
of  Limousin,  allied  to  tiw  royal  family  of  France, 
whose  service  he  left  fo  hat  of  Turkey,  where 
he  was  made  a  bashaw  of  three  tails,  and  died 
in  1747. 

BONNEVAL,  Rone  de,  an  inferior  writer,  and 
poet  of  Mans,  died  in  1760. 

BONNIER  D'ALCO,  N.,  a  Frenchman, 
known  in  the  national  assembly  for  his  strong 
republican  principles;  he  was  assassinated  in 
1799. 

BONOMI,  Joseph,  an  artist,  distinguished  par- 
ticularly by  his  architectural  knowledge  and  ge- 
nius, was  a  native  of  Italy  ;  but  died  in  Lon- 
don, March  16,  1808.  He  was  an  associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  warmly  patronised  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

BONOSUS,  bishop  of  Naissus,  in  Dacia,  ac- 
cused of  heresy,  condemned,  and  died  in  410. 


BO 

BONTEKOE,  Corneille,  a  Dulchman.  phy- 
sician to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  and  aii- 
llior  of  several  works. 

BONTEMPl,  George  Andrew  Angclini,  mi- 
nister of  tlie  chapel  of  tlie  elector  oi  Saxony, 
known  as  a  good  musician,  and  author  of  a 
work  on  music. 

BONTKMS,  Madame,  a  woman  re.^pecteil 
for  her  wit,  understanding,  and  kiiowlcdpe  ;  .she 
puhiishcd  a  translation  of  Thompson's  Seasons, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  I'CS. 

BONTIUl?,  James,  a  Dutcli  physician  at  Ba- 
tavia,  autliorof  the  Botany  and  iNatura!  History 
of  India,  printed  at  Lcyiien,  in  104'2,  and  Am 
eterdam,  1G58. 

BOiNTITJS,  Gerard,  medical  professor  at  Ley- 
den,  where  lie  died  in  15ii9.  He  Invented  some 
famous  pills,  the  serret  of  which  was  long  un- 
known. 

BONVINCINO,  Alejbmder,  an  Italinn  paint- 
er, ...  ii;.~i.ii<U'  oi  1  luuii.  His  works  are  highly 
esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1564. 

BONWICKE,  Ambrose,  a  nonitirinp  clergy- 
man, educated  at  St.  John's  rollcge,  Oxford, 
was  e.xpelled  from  his  employment,  in  1091,  for 
refusing  lo  take  the  oaihs  of  iilltaiancc.  •  I 

BOODT,  Anselni  Von,  a  physician  of  the  em-l 
peror  Rodolph,  known  by  a  Latin  tract  on  jc\v-' 
eLs,  diid  in  ItlCO.  l 

BOOKER,  John,  a  hnherdasher,  afterwarrisH  BORELLl,  John  Alphonsus,  born  at  Naples, 
an  a-strologer  ;  wrote  the  "  Bloody  Irish  Al-jland  distinguished  as  a  philosopher,  and  naihe- 
nianac,"  and  died  in  lOliT.  Ilmatician.    He  wrote  thirteen  treatises  in  Italian 

BOONE,  Daniel,   a    Dutch    painter  whoseijaiul  Laiii>,  and  died  in  1679. 
piece<^re  valuable,  diedjn  Fnplnnd,  in  Ifrit?.     |      liOKGARrTIlS,  Prosper,  an  Italian  ply^i- 

BOONE,  Thomas,  an'nhle  and  faiihfiil  (.'0-|  clan  of  the  16th  ctntnry,  who  gained  celebrity 
%'ernur  of  New-Jersey,  and  aflerwaidsof  South]  as  an  anatomist  at  Padua  and  Paris. 

tiiin,  until  17(;x  BORGHESE,  Paul  Guidolto,  an  Italian  poet 

iBO0NF^N,ArnQld,Hneminent  portrait  painter,  land  painter,  who,  though  acquainted  with  14 
adiscipjc  of  Shalken,  died  in  I7'J9.  ^  iditl'erent  trades,  died  poor  and  neglected  in  KiiG 

~ .      ..  .         -       KORGHIM,  Vincent,  a  learned  Benedictine 


appointed  tanner  general.  He  wrote  several 
'.earned  works,  and  was  guilk>tiuid  by  Robes- 
pierre, in  1794. 

BORDENAVE,  Toussaint,  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  Paris,  known  for  his  elements  of  physio- 
liigv,  he  died  m  17c2. 

BORDES,  fharlcs,  a  poet  and  pliilosophcr, 
of  Lyons,  died  in  1781. 

BORUEf'.TIieophilns,  a]>hysician  who  gain- 
ed greni  reputation  at  Paris  ;  he  published  nine 
medic.Hl  works^  and  died  in  1776. 

BOP,I)L\(;irs,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Danish 
poet,  whose  works  were  published  at  Copen- 
hagen, in  I7:<8. 

IIORHLEY,  John  Beslr,  niembor  of  tlic  ex- 
ecutive council  of  Maryland,  a  writer  on  agri- 
cnhure.  died  IHM 

BORI10NE,  Paris,  a  painter,  of  Venice,  and 
the  favourite  of  Francis  L,  celebrated  for  his 
portraits  ;  died  in  ]5f-7. 

BORE,  (allierine  Von,  a  nun.  who,  on  the 
disseniinatinii  of  Luther's  principles,  quilled  the 
veil.  Her  heroic  conduct  attracted  the  notice 
of  Luther,  who  afterwards  uiarried  her.  She 
was  a  woman  of  delicacy  and  virtue,  and  died 
in  1.W2. 

BOH  EL,  Peter,  physician  to  the  Frenc^i  king, 
and  author  of  several  valuable  works,  died  in 
i!l(i^'9. 


BOOT,  Arnold,  a  Huich  physician,  author  of 
a  defence  of  the  Hebrew  text  of  Scripture,  and 
also  some  medical  works  ;  died  at  Paris,  in 
1653. 

BOOTH,  Barton,  a  famous  English  ac^r,  who 
chiefly  excelled  in  tragedy,  was  horn  in  the 
county  of  Lancast^  r,  IfiHl',  and  died  Jlay  10, 
17;i2.  His  charael'4'  a.«  an  actor  has  been'cele-| 
bratcd  by  some  of  tiie  best  judges.  See  Cibbcr's  | 
Aoology,  &c. 


monk,  born  at  Fli'reiice.  He  had  the  niagnani- 
niity  to  refuse  the  archbishopric  of  Pisa,  and 
di:d  in  16H). 

BORGHINI,  Raphael,  a  Florentine  writer  of 
coifiedies. 

BORGIA,  Stephen,  a  cardinal,  eminent  for 
his  piety  and  learning,  died  at  Lyons,  in  lt04, 
while  attending  Pius  VI.  on  his  joi'irney  to  Paris. 

BORCIA,  t'asar,  a  natural  son  of  Pope  .Mcx- 


BOOTH,  Hei^ry,earIof  Warrinpion.asfatee-iiander  VT.,  a  man  of  such  conduct  and  charac- 


maii,  and  inenjber  of  parli.iment  under  Charle."! 
II.  He  strenuously  opposed  popery,  and  after 
the  revolution  was"  promoted  to  high  offices  by 
king  William  ;  he  died  in  1694. 

BOOTH,  George,  earl  ofWarrington,  wrotea 
tract  on  marriage,  recommending  divorce  when 
tempers  disagree  ;  he  died  in  1758. 

BORBONIL'S,  NicholaSj,a  Latin  poet  and  fa- 
vourite of  Francis  I.  HeVas  connected  with 
Sir  Thomas  More,  Erasi  A'ls,  and  other  learned 
men  of  the  16ili  century.  His  poems  appeared 
in  1540. 

BORDA,  John  Charles,  an  eminsnt  French 
mathematician,  who  made  a  voyage  io  America, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  utility  ol  certain  instru 
nieuts  for  determining  the  latitude  and  longi- 
tude;  of  which  he  published  an  account  in  two 
vols.  4to.  1778.  He  was  born  17J5,  and  died  at 
Paris,  May,  1799. 

BORDE,  Andrew,  an  Englishman,  born  in 
1500,  educated  at  Oxford,  studied  physic,  and 
entered  the  order  of  Carthusians.  In  his  cha- 
racter he  was  extremely  whimsical ;  he  died 
in  1549. 

BORDE,  John  Benjamin,  a  French  writer 
valet  to  Louis  XV.,  tipon  whose  tleath  he  was 


ter,  that  Machiavel  has  thought  fit  to  propose 
him,  in  h's  famous  book  called  "The  Prince," 
as  an  original  and  pattern  to  all  princes  who 
would  act  the  part  of  wise  and  politic  tyrants 
He  was  killed  in  battle,  March  12,  1507. 
I  BORGIANI,  Orazio,  an  eminent  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  a  native  of  Rome ;  died  in 
luei. 

BORIS,  Gudenou,  a  repent  of  Muscovy  under 
Foedor,  whom  he  assassinated  and  thus  obtain- 
ed the  sovereign  power  out  afterwards  met  a 
like  fate  himself. 

BORLACE,  Edmund,  M  D.,  son  of  a  lord 
chief  justice  of  Ireland,  was  educated  at  Dub- 
lin, studied  at  Leyden  and  Oxford,  and  acquired 
great  reputaiion;  he  died  at  Chester,  in  1662. 

BOKL.ASE,  William,  a  very  ineeiiious  and 
learned  writer,  was  of  an  ancient  family  in 
Cornwall,  and  born  at  Pendcen,  February  2, 
1695-6.  Having  perpetuated  his  name  by  bia 
deep  researches  into  the  natural  history  of  Ihs 
native  country,  Dr.  Boi lase  died  Aug.  31, 1 ,  (3. 

BORN,  Ignatius,  a  German  baron,  resided  ai 
Praeue,  devoted  himself  to  the  sciences,  wrota 
a  satire  on  monks,  whom  he  classed  after  the 
sv3temof  Iiintnp'ia.  and  died  in  1791. 


BO 


BO 


I  noSCAWKN,  William,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
tiT  antl  po«l,  of  considerable  uicril,  eon  of  gene- 
ral Georpf-  BoscR\ven,anU  nei)lic\v  of  the  adnii- 
lal.  was  born  Aug.  28,  1752.  lie  was  educated 
ai  Eton  school  and  at  Exeter  college,  Oxturd  ; 
was  called  to  the  bar  as  a  nieinbt-r  of  the  Mid- 
dle Temple,  and  became  a  coniinL«<'ioner  of 
liankriipis  :  and  in  1785  was  a|. pointed  one  of 
ihe  cominis>>ioncrs  of  the  victnalin?  office.  He 
was  an  excellent  scholar,  ard  ibesides  other  po- 
cnisi  published,  in  two  vols,  ttvo,  a  new  transla- 
tion fif  Horace,  which  is,  in  the  judcment  of 
cla,>*-iiical  men,  in  manyet^sential  joints  of  merit, 
very  superior  to  that  of  Dr.  Francis.  Mi.  B. 
was  a  most  amiable  man,  and  died  May  6, 1811. 

B<")St'H,  Balthazar  Vaiiden,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, whose  pieces  are  much  admired,  died  in 
171.5. 

BOSCH,  Jacob,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam,  died 
in  ir.75. 

BOSCHAERTS,  Thomas  Willebos,  a  Flem- 
ish painter,  patronised  by  the  prince  of  Ormge, 
died  in  Itifi? 

BOSCOLI,  Andrew,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
whf>se  execution  and  colouring  were  much  ad- 
mirr'd. 

BOSCOVirH,  Joseph  Boper,  a  Jesuit,  and 


BOBNIER,  Philip  de,  a  lawyer  of  Montpelier, 
and  author  of  two  learned  works,  died  in  171 1. 

BUEREL,  John,  an  erclesiasilic,  well  versed 
in  geometry,  died  in  1572. 

BOKKI,  Joseph  Francis,  an  artiul  impostor 
of  Milan,  who  practised  upon  the  credulity  of 
merchants,  as  well  as  princes,  whom  he  deluded 
out  of  .real  sums  of  money,  under  a  pretences 
of  discovering  the  philosopher's  stone  ;  he  died 
in  I6'.)5 

BORRICHIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  profe«or  at 
the  university  of  Copenhagen.  He  visited  the 
ditferent  ccuntries  of  Europe,  and  acquired  the 
friendship  of  their  literati  ;  hedied  in  Ki'JO. 

BORROMEO,  Charles,  a  cardinal,  archbisho|i 
>f  Milan,  and  saint  of  the  Ronli^h  church,  was 
an  example  of  meekness  and  piety,  and  endea- 
voured to  reform  the  abuses  of  the  clergy ;  he 
died  in  1594,  and  was  canoni7.ed  in  1710. 

BORRO.MEO.  Frederick,  cousin  to  the  last, 
and  also  a  cardinal,  and  archbishop  of  Milan, 
founded  the  .Ambrosian  librarv;  hedied  in  lti32. 

BORROMI.M,  Francis,  an 'architect  of  Bis- 
■one,  acquired  much  reputation  at  Rome ;  he 
died  16C7. 

BOKZONI,  Iiuciano,  a  native  of  Genoa,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  at 


Milan, in  1645.  His  three  sons  were  equally  creat.    professor  of  mathematics  at  Rome,  Pavia,  and 
BOS,  John  Baplist  du,  a  celebrated  member, |  Milan.    His  works  were  on  mathematical  sub- 
and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  French  academy,  ij  jects.  though  he  wrote  elegant  poetry  ;  he  died 
oorn  at  Beauvais,  1670.     His  principal  work  is  |in  1TP7. 

"Critical  Reflections  upon  Poetry  and  Paint- |     30PI0,  James,   a   monk  of  Milan,   chiefly 
inp."     He  died  at  Paris,  1742.  jkrtowii  for  his  history  of  the  knights  of  Malta. 


BOS,  Lambert,  Greek  professor  at  Franekcr, 
where  lie  died  in  1717.  He  was  the  author  of 
•everal  learned  works. 

BOS,  Charles  Francis  dii,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Lucon,  died  in  1724.  He  was  a  man  of  learning 
and  piety. 

BOS,  Jerome,  a  Flemish  painter,  died  in  1500. 

BOS,  Lewis  Jansen,  a  Flemish  painter,  cele- 
brated for  his  beautiful  leaves  and  flowers,  died 
1507. 

BOSC,  James  du,  a  native  of  Normandy  and 
an  author. 

BOSC,  Pierre  du,  a  protestant  minister, 
Caen.  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nair. 
lie  fled  to  Holland,  and  became  minister  of  ti 
Church  of  Rotterdam  ;  he  died  in  1C92, 

BOSCAGER,  John,  a  native  of  Beziers,  thi 
author  of  several  law  works,  died  in  l()84, 

BOSCAN  John,  of  Barcelona,  introduced 
the  Italian  rhjine  into  the  poetry  of  his  country. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  poems,  a-id  died 
in  1543. 

BOSCAWEN,  Edward,  a  celebrated  Enclish 
admiral,  son  of  Hugh,  lord  viscount  Falmouth, 
was  bom  about  1711.  He  signaliztd  himself  in 
many  important  contests  with  the  French ;  in 
which,  one  circumstance  of  his  success  will  ap- 
pearisingular ;  namely,  that  of  having  ut  three 
diflf-tient  times,  in  1744, 1747,  and  1755,  taken  M. 
Hoquart,  a  French  commander,  prisoner. — Mr, 
B.'s  eminent  services  merited  and  obtained  the 
approbation  and  gratitude  of  his  country.  On  the 
12th  Dec.  1758,  the  thanks  of  the  house  of  com 
mons  (the  greatest  honour  that  can  be  done  to 
any  subject)  were  given  him  in  hi?  place  by  the 
speaker ;  in  that  year  also  he  was  appointed 
admiral  of  the  blue;  and  in  Dec  1760,  general 
of  marines,  with  a  salary  of  3000?.  per  annum, 
and  a  seat  in  the  privy  council.  This  rank  and 
honour,  however,  he  did  not  long  enjoy,  dying 
January  10,  1761.  Some  interesting  stories  of 
this  great  commander  will  be  found  in  "  Se- 
ward's Anecdotes." 
80 


BOSIO,  Anthony,  known  by  his  description 
of  the  tombs  and  epitaphs  of  the  early  Chris- 
tians at  Uonii-. 

BOSON,  count  of  Aries,  made  king  of  Pro- 
vence, in  879. 

BOfQUET,  Francis,  bishop  of  Montpelier, 
wrote  the  lives  of  the  popes  of  Avignon,  and 
history  of  the  Galilean  church  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

BOSSE,  Abraham. a  Frenchinan,distinguished 
as  an  entrraver  and  architect,  died  in  W'O. 

BOSST:,  Rene  Le,  born  at  Paris,  16;<1,  died 

l*i80.     His  principal  work  was,  "  A  Treatise  on 

"oic  Poetry,"  which  gained  him  great  repnta- 

T>.     Boilrau  says,  it  is  one  of  the  best  Cfunpo- 

5  on  this  subject  that  ever  appeared  in  the 

h  laneiiaL'e. 

iSSIJET.  James,  bishop  of  Meaux,  born  at 

I  ijon,  1(>27.     His  "  Discours  snr  I'Histoire  Uni- 

verselle"  was  published  in  1681,  and  has  been 

consider''d  as  a  valuable  work,  and  of  great 

authority.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1704, 

BOS?rS,  Ma  tin,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Verona, 
who  wrote  several  Latin  works,  died  in  1502, 

BOSTON,  Tlomas,  M.  A,,  a  ^'cnichman  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  known  as  the  author  of 
"  Human  Nature  in  its  Fourfold  state,"  Died  in 
1732. 

B08WELL,James,  an  eminent  miscellaneous 
writer,  but  chiefly  disiinguished  as  the  literary 
companion  and  biographer  of  the  celebrated 
Dr,  .lolmson.  He  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct. 
29, 1740,  and  was  the  son  of  lord  Auchinleck, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  sessions  in 
Scotland,  In  1763,  Mr.  B.  came  to  London,  anA 
had  what  he  always  called  the  singular  felicitj 
of  being  introduced  to  Dr.  Johnson.  Soon  affei 
'his  he  set  out  on  a  tour;  and  having  visited  the 
most  remarkable  cities  in  Italy,  sailed  to  Cor.eica, 
travelled  over  every  part  of  that  island,  and  re- 
turned to  Scotland,  in  1766,  when  he  became  an 
advocate  at  the  Scotch  bar.  The  celebrated 
Douglas  cause  being  at  that  time  a  subject  of 
general  discussion,  Mr.Boswell  took  a  very  ac 


BO 

live  and  successful  part  in  ii  :  he  piiblislieii  a 
patnpiilct,  enlitled  "  The  Essence  of  the  Doug- 
las (^luse,"  which  was  suppn^^cd  to  liave  pro- 
cured Mr.  Douglas  the  popularity  heat  thai  tune 
posscsst'd.  In  n')8,  Jlr.  B.  pulilishrd  his  '■  Ac- 
counl  of  Corsica,  with  Memoirs  ol' General  Pao- 
li."  Of  this  priiitf-d  performance,  I)r  Johnson 
thus  expresses  himself:  "  Your  journal  is,  in  a 
very  high  degree,  curious  ami  dcligluful.  1 
know  not  wnelticr  t  could  name  any  narrative, 
by  which  curiosity  is  hotter  excited,  or  better 
gratitii'd  "  In  1785,  he  published  "  A  Journal 
of  a  Tour  to  the  Hebrides  with  Dr.  Johnson," 
which  had  a  success  shnilar  to  his  account  of 
Corsica.  This  year  Mr.  Boswell  removed  to 
London,  and  was  soon  after  called  to  ilie  Enj; 
lish  bar ;  but  his  professional  business  was  in- 
terrupted bv  till'  preparing  of  his  miKtcelcbraicd 
worlv,  "  The  Life  of  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.  1).," 
in  '2  vols.  4to.  This  was  published  lu  ITilll.  and 
was  received  by  the  world  with  wonderful  a\  i- 
dity.  It  is  a  faithful  history  of  Johnson's  lite, 
exhibits  a  most  inicrcsiing  "picture  of  the  cha- 
racter of  that  illustrious  moralist,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  instructive  and  cntertainiM-i  bonks  in 
the  E,i2lish  langiiase.  The  prepm  atioii  of  a  se- 
cond edition  of  this  work  was  the  last  literary  pei- 
formanceof  .Mr  Boswell,  rtho  died  May  19,r!l5. 

BO.S'l'WICK,  David,  an  cniiiienl  minister  of 
New- York,  author  of  several  sermons,  &c., 
died  in  I'Cd. 

BOT.VL,  Leonard,  physician  of  Henry  in, 
of  France,  recommended  frefiuent  blecdingd  in 
fe\ers.  which  others  condemiiiHl. 

BfrrERO,  John,  secretary  of  Borroineo,  died 
in  IIWH. 

BOTH,  John  and  Andrew,  two  Flemish  pain- 
ters, who  generally  executed  their  pictures  in 
common. 

BO  rHLA.\,aChristian  physician, of  Basdaf, 
who  visited  E!;ypt,in  1047,  to  bc(;ome  acquaint- 
ed with  his  riviil  in  medicine,  Ibu  Uodhwan. 

BOTH  VVELL.James  Hephurn,rarl  ofknown 
in  Scottish  history,  fur  his  marriage  with  queen 
Marv  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

BOTK^ELLI,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  F 
rence,  died  in  l.'il.'i.     His  two  pictures  of  y> 
are  much  admired. 

BOTT,  John  de,  a  French  architect, 
public  edifices  at  Dresden,  where  he  » 
1745,  are  monuments  of  his  architectural  C,-. ,  u^. 

BOTT,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Derby,  IGSS,  died  1753,  leaving  several  ingenious 
tracts  on  religious  subjects. 

BOCHAKD,  David,  a  famous  chieftain  of  Hen- 
ry IV.,  of  France,  was  governor  of  Periiiord, 
and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Lisle,  in  1.30'^. 

BOUCHARDON,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Ii.tlv, 
devoted  to  the  study  of  sculpture.  He  adorned 
Paris  with  monuments  of  his  genius,  and  wasj 
honoured  by  the  kins  ;  he  died  in  KuS!. 

BOUGH. \TJD,  Matthew  .Xmhony,  a  native 
of  Paris,  and  pro'essor  in  the  university,  dis- 
tinguished by  his  publications  and  articles  in  the 
Encyclopedia,  died  in  1804. 

B(3rTCHE,  Honorius,  an  ecclesiastic,  author 
of  a  histoiv  of  Provence,  died  in  If.'l. 

BOUCHER  D'ARGIS,  AntoineGaspavd,  horn 
Jnl708,  an  advocate  of  Paris,  and  aurhor  of  se- 
veral law  publications. 

BOUCHER,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter  to 
Lewis  XV. 

BOUCHER,  John,  a  seditious  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  during  the  French  civil  wars.  He 
died  dean  of  the  chapt>^r  of  Toiirnav,  in  1(>44. 

BOUCHER.  Jonuihaii,  vicar  of  Epsom,  Sur- 


BO 

rey,  was  born  at  Blencoco,  Cund)erland,  1738, 
and  educated  at  the  grammar  school  of  \Vi;,'ion. 
-\'  the  age  of  IG  he  went  to  North  .\merica, 
where  he  discharged  the  duties  of  a  clergyman, 
till  1775,  when  thr  war  drove  him  back  tii  Eng- 
land. Sf  r.  Boucher  wrote  many  iract-s  and  ser- 
mons ;  but  the  leisure  of  the  last  Iburteen  years 
of  his  life  wa.s  principally  devoted  to  the  com- 
pletion of  a  Glossary  of  Provincial  and.Vrcha'olo- 
iiical  words,  intended  as  a"  Supplement  to  Dr. 
Johnson's  Dictionary."  He  died  at  Epsorn, 
.'\pril  27,  1804  ;  and  the  laborious  work  just 
mentioned,  (partly  prepared  for  the  press)  was 
placed  in  the  able  hands  of  Sir  Fretbirick  Mor- 
ton Eden,  hart.,  who  has  since  d"ceased. 

BOU('HER.A.T,  iicwis,  a  Frenchman,  who, 
by  his  talents  and  integrity,  raised  himself  to 
be  chancellor  of  France,  died  in  liUtO. 

BOUCHET,  John,  procurer  of  Poitiers.  He 
wrote  annals  of  Aquiiaine,  Poitiers,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1.5.50. 

BOUCHET,  John,  a  nnitre  de  hotel  to  the 
king  of  France,  died  in  1('64. 

BOUCHET,  GuiHaume,  a  judge,  consul  of 
Poitiers,  died  in  lli(l7. 

HOI 'CHEUL,  John  Joseph,  an  advocate  of 
Doiat,  <lieil  in  17->0. 

1{'.)U('I111;r,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, the  lirst  person  who  encouraged  printing 
in  England,  di.-d  in  14>?l>. 

BOUCIC.'VUT,  mareclial  de  France,  and  vis- 
count Turennc,  an  eminent  warrior,  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Agiiicoiirt,  and  died  in 
England,  in  14-21. 

BDUDEWI.NS,  .Michael,  a  learned  physician 
of  .Vntwerp,  where  he  died  in  IfiBl. 

HOUDIER,  Rene,  a  native  of  Trelly,  remark- 
able for  his  cro'il  accomplishments  and  volup- 
tuousness, ilied  in  1733. 

BOUniN'OT,  Elias,  L.L  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer of  the  state  <if  New-Jersey,  w.tj;  a  member 
and  president  of  C'mgres.s  in  1732,  and  after- 
wards director  of  the  national  mint,  an  office 
which  he  relinquished  for  the  retirement  of  pri- 
vate life.  He  was  the  uniform  and  sincere 
"riend  of  religion,  and  of  the  different  religious 
•^iTid  charitable  associations  of  the  country;  a 
^liberal  benefactor  of  Princeton  College,  and,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  in  18-21,  first  president  of 
the  American  Bible  Society. 

BOUDON,  Henry  Marie,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Evrcux,  who  wrote  several  devotional  booke, 
died  in  17(>2. 

BOUDOT,  .John,  a  learned  bookseller  and 
printer,  of  Paris,  author  of  a  Latin  dictionary  in 
14  vols.  4to.,  died  in  1754. 

BOUFLERS,  Louis  Francois  due  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished mihiary  character,  opposed  to  prince 
Eujene,  and  celebrateri  for  his  defence  of  Lisle. 
He  served  under  marshal  Villars,  and  died  at 
Fonlainlileau,  in  1711. 

BOUFLERS,  Eonis  de,  a  native  of  P  ardy, 
horn  in  1.534,  known  for  his  remarkable  bi.ength 
ai\d  aiiilitv 

BOUGAlNVn.LE,  .Tohn  Peter  de,  a  Prenc.h- 
tnan  of  sreat  learninir,  and  author  of  severe 
works,  died  in  17G3 

BOUGAINVILLE,  M.  de,  a  native  of  France, 
whom  impartial  posterity  will  deservedly  rank 
high  in  the  list  of  circuinnavisalors  •.  his  merits 
havinr  b<vMi  almost  equal  to  those  of  the  justly 
•elebratfd  captain  Cook.  He  was  killed  by  a 
nob  in  Paris,  the  10th  of  Aucisf,  1792. 
BOUGE  ■\  NT,  Guillaiime  Hvacinth,  a  .Jesuit,  of 
■n?aai'ig  ma.iners  aid  real  wit,  author  of 
several  works :  died  at  Parie,  in  1743. 
8t 


BO BU 

BOUGEREIi,Jospph,ai»ecr,Iesiat-iic,aut)iorof||a  tliou<aml  persons.  As  ihe  improver  of  (lit 
Gasseiidi,  &.c.,  died  at  Pari£,  in  ITjII.  jUtcain  oiiiiint,  ul  ilie  apparatus  lor  rai^uig  waiiT 

HOUUOWiNi;,  :jijnou,  a  potl  at  the  counj'ainl  dUicr  tlinc!«,  uiid  ilic>  uiauuiai'lurer  ol  our 
of  Louis  XII.  jjcDijp;  r,  ami  so'iic  ofoiir  silvor  com,  lie  has  iili- 

BUUliUER,  Peter,  a  Frenchman, disliigui:^,'i-!iiioriaii/.<"d  his  name.  Wu  lili:  nan  an  uiiiuter- 
ed  I'd  liiii  matlieinatiial  knowledge  and  worlu  ;l  rnpt>.-d  appln-atiua  to  tbe  a'!van>-<:nio!ii  ot'  lite 
died  111  17.j8.  I  iLsclul  an  ,  and  totiie  prountiionuriD-coninicr- 

BtJIIlEK,  John,  presidfiit  of  the  parliami-nt'lcial  iiiLi:rtr».->  of  the  coiiii;r\ .  Mr.  liuultou  died 
of  Dijon,  an  emiueiit  lawyer  and  scholar,  diud;'ai  Polio,  .^ii-^i'.n  17,  l^(^^  and  wab  iiuerred  at 
in  IT-JO.  Illandnnorlh  ;  (trine  li>:i<.w-d  tu  the  ara- e  by 

BOt.'HOURS,  noininiqnn,  a  celebrated  French  IlitXI  ni  lii^  worknieii,  who  liml  each  a  silver  nie- 
critic,  hum  at  i'aris.  IHM,  diod  in  I'thi.  dal  p.tscnted  to  itiui,  wliji  h  hud  heeu  struck  Ibi 

BOL'ILL.VRD,  Dnn.Iaines,  a  learned  Bene-  the  i-r'adion. 
dictine,  died  in  IT-aj  B01  dllKR.WT,  n  i<"sro  of  St.   Domingo, 

BOL'ILLi.'VL'D,  Ismael,  a  native  of  London, ''(los.'^i'j.sed  of  courage,  sagacity,  and  eloquence, 
disiinjiuishedinev' ry  brain  h  of  s'i«.  nee,  and  theji  raised  liim^cirio  consequence  uinoiig  his  leliuw^ 
author  of  poveral  work;),  died  in  lii'j4.  Ilwas  kill'id  in  17*11. 

BOIJILLR,  .M.  Ic  inarquia  de,  a  French  ec-[|  BOL'Cil'IvT,  Don  Mariiti,  a  Benedictine,  made 
neral  of  jreat  celebrity,  descended  from  a  nohlcjla  u^el'ul  <"jlleriionof  the  iiisto^aus  of  France  ; 
family.     He  ofipo^ed  ilie  revolution,  and  wa.-;  a  i  he  died  in  1751. 

friend  to  the  king  and  monardiy  ;  he  died  ini-     I'UUUl'K'f ,  Madame,  celebrated  for  her  hn- 
London,  in  1800.  Ijnianity,  in  C4nicealing  some  of  ihtr  proscribed 

BOIJILLET,  John,  a  French  physician,  re-  during  the  French  rovoiution,  ji^f'  for  the  conr- 
ppected  as  a  professional  man,  and  author  of  |  age  with  which  she  sulferedi^j-iitli  in  cmisc- 
Bevi-ral  works,  died  in  1777.  iquence. 

BOUILLO.N,  Emaimcl  Thcndopins,  nephewjj  BOUQTJET,  Ileniy,  a  hrave  colonel  in  the 
ofTurenne,  a  cardinal  and  ambasbador  of  Loui»  lBritii>h  army,  in  IToli,  ifc^ngiiialied  for  se\.  .al 
XIV'.,  at  Home,  died  in  171.5.  |lvictories  over  the  Indians,  under  Gejieral  Am- 

B01,'L.\I,  Ca;sar  Egassc  du,  register  and  his-i  herst,  died  in  177fj,  being  then  a  brigOTier-^eue- 
toriographerof  the  nniversiiyof  Paris,  and  pro-'  ral. 
fessor  of  riietoric   in  the  college  of  iN'avarre.lj     DOURRt^.N,  Charles,  due  de,  son  of  Gilbert, 


The  work  for  which  ho  is  chiefly  to  he  n  uicin 
hered  is  "The  History  of  the  L'Mi\ersity  of 
Paris,"  6  vols,  folio.     H«?  died  ii^i'>'!i. 

BOt'LALV  VILLI  ERS,  Henry  de,  an  eminent 


count  of  Wontpen.<ier,  constable  of  France, 
where  through  intrit'iie  he  was  disgraced.  He 
entered  the  Mcrvice  of  Chnrh's  V.,  ttas  made 
general  of  Hk  armies,  and  killed  in  battle,  in  1.507 


French  writer,  born  al  St.  Saisc,  I'i.'i^.  Jle  was]!  BOL'RIK  )N,  (^liarles  de,  son  of  Charles,  duke 
ftuthor  of  "  A  Hi:itory  ot  the  Arabians,"  and  of  [of  Vendome,  was  a  cardinal,  and  archbishoy  of 
several  portions  of  French  history,  and  died  172-2.|i  Rouen,  and  was  raised  to  the  throne  of  France 
After  his  deailtwas  published  his  "  ]>llVof  Ma-  on  the  death  of  H»irj  HI. ;  he  died  in  IJOO. 
hornet,"  which  has  made  him  pass  for  no  very!'  BOURBON  CO.N'DF,,  Louis,  due  de,  a  French 
good  believer.  :  general  of  some  reputation,  died  1740. 

BOULA.NGER,  Nicholas  Anthony,  eminent"    HOUR  HOI*  .\icliolas,aFr(1ichmau, employed 


as  a  mathematician,  architect  and  engineer, 
died  in  1750. 

BOCL.VNGER,  a  famous  Augustine  preacher, 
died  at  Paris,  in  lb7.5. 

BOUL.V.VGER,  or  BOtfLLEXGF.R,  Claude 


in  educating  the  mother  of  Henry  IV.  He  re- 
'tired  from  the  intrigues  of  the  court  to  literary 
'ease,  wrote  hooka  of  epigrams,  and  died  in  the 

Ifitli  century. 
'      BOURCHENEU  DE  VALBt:)NAIS,  John 


Francois  Fi'ii.v.  a  native  of  Amiens,  an  advocatv^:  Peter,   a  m.^^istrate  of  Grenoble  ;  he  wrote 

at  Paris,  and  a  iiia:i  of  extensive  erudition,  dicdj  bistorv  of  Dauphiiie,  and  died  in  1730. 

in  I7;>8.  ji     r><JL'RCHIER,  Jniin.  Lord  Bcrners,  in  the 

BOULAY.  Edmund  du,  a  herald  at  arma  to,  reiu-ii  of  Edward  IV.,  was  eijuaf.    famous  for 
the  duke  of  Lorrain,  in  the  10th  century.  rvaiour  and  learning.     Henry  VH\    made  him 

BOULLEGER.    Vid.  BOULANGER.  'chancellor  of  the  exchequer  for  life.     He  also 

BOCLLK.sOIS,  Louis,  an  advocate  of  the 'became  governor  of  Calais,  where  he  die<i  in 
parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  17l)2.  !  1532,  aged  fi3.     He  wrote  a  conutdy,  called  "  lt» 

BOTLLIER,  David  Renand,  born  atTItrecht,||in  vineam  moam,"  and  translated  the  Chronicle 
and  minister  of  .\m3terdam  and  Leyden.     Ilisjjof"  Froissart"  into  English, 
writings  are  respectable  ;  he  died  in  1759.  !!     BOURDALOl'E,  Louis,  justly  esteemed  the 

BOI.'LLO.VGNE,  Louis,  ,->.  French  painter  of  Ij  best  preacher  that  France  ever  produced,  was 
merit.    Several  of  his  pieces  are  jireserved  in!  born  at  Hoiirgi-s,  l(i:^2,  and  died  in  1704 


Ihe  churches  at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  1674 

BOULLONGNE,  Bon,  son  of  the  precediiig.i 
With  his  father's  talents,  he  possessed  greater; 
versatility  of  genius,  was  patronised  by  Lewis! 
XIV.,  he  died  in  173:1.  | 

BOULTER,  Dr.  Hush,  archbishop  of  Ar-j 
»ia;h,  in  Ireland,  died  in  London,  174-2,  leaving; 
behind  him  patriotic  establishment.s  and  bene- 
factions, particularly  'o  'he  protestant  schools, 
and  other  strong  testimouies  of  a  truly  charitable 
disposition.  ' 

BOULTON,  Matthew,  a  most  ingenious  and 
enterprising  mechanic  and  engineer,  born  at 
Birrnlngham,  September  <,  I  ;2H.  The  manu-i 
factory  at  Sobo,  tiear  Birmingham,  was  er'c:ied 
by  him,  and  in  its  operation?  he  employr;d  ueurly^ 
82 


BOL'RDEILLES,  Peter  de,  bi-tter  known  by 
thenameof  Brantonie,  a  French  courtier  in  the 
service  of  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III.,  died  in 
1614. 

BOIIRDEILI-Ef!,  Claude  de,  gr.ind  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  in  the  service  of  Gaston 
of  Orleans,  retired  from  court,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1663. 

BOURDELON,  Lawrence,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, who  wrote  for  the  theatre,  but  with  little 
success,  died  in  1730. 

BOURDELOT,  John,  a  learned  French  critic 
and  commentator,  who  lived  at  the  end  of  tha 
16th,  and  ;  ho  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

BOURDIGNE  Charles,  an  ecclesiastic,  ©f 
.Vngera,  died  in  the  Itiih  century. 


IIO 

li(  U  ItUlA,  Mauricu,  ami  pope  in  111!^,  iiikIlt 
the  iKiine  of  Gregory  Vtll.  He  w;»s  taken  by 
his  rivnl,  and  died  in  prison,  in  11*^1 

BOHKUON,  Ame,  a  native  of  Cambray,  wlio 
acquired  great  reputation  a^  a  physician,  died 
in  ITOti. 

HOIJRDO.X,  Sebastian,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  born  KilO.  lie  hiid  a  genius  so  lit  ry, 
that  it  would  not  let  him  nileci  Milhiienily,  nor 
study  the  essential  of  Uis  an  sn  niucli  as  was 
necessary  to  render  liiin  iierli  1 1  iti  it.  Ilavinu 
once  laid  a  wtqier  willi  a  friend  that  he  painted 
]C  heads  after  tlic  life,  and  as  lurce  as  the  lite 
in  one  day,  lie  won  it,  and  these  heads  arc  said 
to  be  among  the  best  tliuiys  he  ever  did.  lie  died 
in  167:!.  » 

BOURDONNAYE,  Bernard  Francis  Mahe 
de  la,  a  native  of  St.  Malo's,  distint'iiislied  as  a 
warrior  and  negotiator,  was  governor  of  the 
isles  of  France  and  liourhon.  and  died  in  1T.')4. 

BOl'KUOT,  Charles  Anthony,  a  l.jarnid  ad- 
vocate of  Paris,  died  in  17.'t5. 

HorUO,  A  '  'u,  a  learned  cnnnsellor  of  the 
purliainenfof  i ..  •;;,  was  burnt  by  lli'nry  II.  for 
embracing  I  he  doctriucsof  Calvin,  in  1."':V.),lhou(;h 
.several  princes  intuestedthemsdvis  lor  him. 

lUllTKGKLAT,  Claude,  ot  the  aca.h'iny  of 
Berlin,  was  of  jrrcal  scr\  ic'c  to  Itussia,  liy  pro- 
moting the  estabiiehinent  of  veterinary  schools ; 
iic  died  in  1779. 

BOURtJEOIS,  Lnitis  le,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
<  'outarices,  wrote  some  poetry  in  the  17ih  cen- 
liuy. 

BOURGEOI.S,  Sir  Francis,  a  paiiuer  of  con- 
siderable reputation,  born  in  Lomlon,  175(1,  died 
January  8, 1811 ;  bequeathing  his  line  collect  ion 
of  pictures  to  Dulwich  College  ;  and  10,000/.  for 
kcepinc  the  jrallery  in  oidtr. 

BOt'RGKT,  doni.  John,  a  Benedictine,  of 
Sorz,  eminent  for  learning  and  piety,  was  a 
nteinher  of  the  London  antiquarian^ociety,  atid 
died  in  1770. 

B( )l"  RG GT,  Clemence  de,  a  lady  of  respocta- 
h!e  parents  at  Lyoii.s.  As  a  writer,  nnisician, 
and  pr.etcss,  she  posse.s.seU  merit  ;  she  died  in 
Ihe  llith  century. 

IinDHGOING,  Edmund,  an  ecclesiastic,  whn 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Guises  duriitg  tin: 
French  civil  wars,  and  was  torn  to  jneces  by 
four  horses,  in  1500. 

Btil'RGOl  Sg,  Francis,  a  native  of  Paris,  au- 
thor of  some  homilies.  His  funeral  oration  was 
t;ronounred  hv  BoAuet,  in  l()0'i. 

BOrRGITET,  L(!wis,  lied  to  Switzerland  on 
the  re\ocalion  of  tiie  edict  of  Nantes,  and  e.'- 
tablisheri  ihi.'re  the  manufacture  of  silk,  &c.  H 
was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Neufcliatel,  and 
died  in  17.12. 

BOURGUEVILLE,  Charles  de,  lieutenant 
general  of  Caen,  and  author  of  a  history  of  that 
town,  died  in  1593. 

BOITRIGNON,  Antoinette,  a  famous  enthu- 
siast, of  the  female  se.v,  horn  1010,  at  I, isle,  in 
Flanders.  She  came  into  the  world  so  very  de- 
formed, th.tt  a  consultation  was  held  in  the  fa 
mily  some  days  about  stifling  her  as  a  monstrous 
birth.  But  if  she  sunk  almost  benealli  humani- 
ty in  her  exterior,  her  interior  seems  to  have 
heen  raised  as  much  above  it ;  for,  at  four  years 
of  age,  she  not  only  took  notice  that  the  people 
of  I, isle  did  not  live  up  to  the  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity which  they  professed,  but  was  thereby 
disturbed  so  much  as  to  desire  a  removal  into 
aome  more  christian  country.  Hir  pro^jress 
thrniinti  life  was  suitable  to  this  bejinninir.    She 


died  at  Fraachcr,  in  Holland,  lOSO.    Her  raain||  governor  gumsral  of  the  fml 


lit> 

principles  of  religion  were  nearly  the  same  with 
those  of  the  Quiet isis,  excluding  all  external 
divine  worship,  and  requiring  a  cessation  of 
reason,  wit,  and  understanding,  that  God  might 
spread  his  divine  light  over  them,  or  cause  it  to 
revive  in  theui ;  without  which,  the  Deity  is  not 
sullii'iL'nllv  known. 

ItolHLKT  l)i:  V.\UXCELLES,  Simon  Je- 
rome, a  French  writer  of  emiiiei'.ce,  died  at  Pa- 
ris, in  17!«t. 

ii<iUlll,IE,  Antoine  de  Cuiscard,  a  native  oT 
Perii.'ord,and  pensioner  of  (iuuen  Anne,  of  Eng 
lain!,  was  accused  of  treason  there,  JUid  died  in 
.Newgate. 

lUU.'RX,  .Samuel,  Wiis  educated  at  Glasgow, 
minister  ot  a  iiis.senting  congregation,  and  after 
wards  assistant  to  Ur.  J.  Taylor,  of  Norwich 
He  was  the  author  of  some  sermons,  and  died  in 
1790. 

Bt»,'RNE.  Richard,  a  missionary  among  the 
Indians  at  Marshpre,  died  in  10!?8. 

llorK.M',  Joseph,  also  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians at  !\I;irslipee,  died  1707. 

H(IL"K.M;  Uiiijainin,  L.  L.  D.,  a  native  of 
Klioile  Island,  cunspiciions  for  his  talents,  was 
a  nniubcr  of  Congress  and  a  judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  the  United  Slates;  he  died  IHOS. 

BOURNE,  Vincent,  an  amiable  writer,  and 
tVllow  of  Trinity  (,'ollege,  Cambridge,  wrote  a 
volume  of  elecant  poems,  and  died  younp. 

BorKNi;,  Edmc  Bernard,  an  eccl»MasUc  and 
dutlmi  o'f  scrmona,  died  at  Dijon,  172^. 

l;<  »(!!;<,  I'et4U\  episcopal  minister  in  Morblc- 
heaii,  died  in  17(H. 

BOUKSAUl.T,  Edmund,  born  in  Burgundy, 
li")>'  ;  had  received  little  or  no  education,  yet 
attained  to  a  good  style  of  writing,  and  produced 
several  dramatic  pieces  which  are  still  in  esti- 
mation. He  also  wrote  romances  and  letters, 
the  latter  under  the  assumed  name  of  Babet 
lie  died  in  1701. 

BOl'R!?IER,  Lawrence  Francis,  a  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne;  he  wrote  several  controversial 
hooks  on  divinity  and  other  works,and  died  1749, 

BOURSIER,  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic  of  P.iris, 
and  author,  died  in  1708. 

H<Ui|{V.\LAIS,  Paul  Poisson,  .1  fanioits 
French  linancier,  rose  from  obscurity  to  opu- 
lence ;  he  died  in  1719. 

BOUK/.EI^,  Amahle  de,  an  ecclesiastic  whose 
pen  was  employed  by  Richelieu  and  Ma/.arin. 
lie  wa.i  the  author  of  some  theological  tracts, 
and  died  in  KA^. 

BOUSSARD,  Godfrey,  chancellor  of  the  uni 
versity  of  Paris,  died  153B. 

B(ji'SSE.\U,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
died  at  Madrid,  in  1740. 

BorSSET,  John  Baptist  de,  a  native  of  Dijon, 
celebrated  as  a  musician,  died  in  i  TOO. 

BOUSSET,  Rone  Drouard  de,  a  Frenchman, 
eminent  as  a!ijiisician,died  at  Paris,  in  1700. 

BOUTARD,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  r.com- 
niended  to  Louis  XIV.  by  Boussuet,  died  1720. 

BOUTAUI,  Francis  de,  a  professor  of  law 
at  Toulouse,  died  in  1733. 

BOUTAULD,  Michael,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris,  and 
author  of  theological  works :  died  in  10a8. 

BOUTERONE.  (.'laude,  a  learned  antiquarian 
of  Paris,  died  1090. 

BOUTHRAIS,  Raoul,  a  native  of  Chateau- 
dun,  author  of  some  hooks  on  law,  died  in  10,10 

BOUVART.  Mich.nel  Philip,  a  celebrated  pro 
fes.«or  of  medicine,  ai  Paris,  died  in  17S7. 

BOVADILLA,  or  BOH ADfLLA,  Don  Fran- 
cisco de,  a  Spaniard,  riisi  d  from  obscurity  In  he 


in  l.-itH). 


H? 


HO 


ISO 


sent  Colnnitius  a piisonerio  tiirope,  inier  wlmn  l|iiev«;r  I'olluwed  his  profession.  Having  toimed 
he  was  rcralled.  IroiHii  houk  in  Knclaiid,  hi;  came  to  London. 

BOVERK'K,  an  ingenious  English  clock- l.i'id  through  the  inirodurtion  ol  Mr.  Kicliara 
makprol'ihe  17th  century  llliiirJie,  bccaiiif  acquainted  with  the  n;ost  cele- 

BOVKRU'S,  Zacharius,  n  Capuchin  and'ihraicd  hn'rar)  chaiactcts.  In  17V.Mie  inarritd 
author  ot  a  Latin  dlctionar>°,  died  at  Cenoa,  in  iIh  lady  ol  considerable  fortinii' ;  tj.ji  liisliabitof 
IW?.  I  i-xtravacauce  coniinuio;;,  oblijjod  liiin  to  acconi- 

BOVETTE  UE  BLEMUR,  Jaquehno,  f:ariy   pany  Inn)  Macannr-y  to  India,  in  the  lapariiy 


embraced  a  religious  life,  and  wrote  theological 
works.     He  died  al  Chaiillon,  in  10i(6. 
BOVEY,  t'ail«irine,  married  at  the  earlv  ase 


ol  a  second  secrttaiy  ;  ;li(iiis;h  he  aitcrwards 
obtained  a  more  lucrative  uppointnieni,  which 
he  retained  till  his  decease,  in  17'M      He  \va» 


of  15,  to  a  geniteinan  of  opulence.    To  great  j  auihir  of  several  (Wlitical  wrilinjis ;  andtliece- 


personal  charms,  she  uniied  a  benevolent  cha- 
racter, and  dird  in  IT-JH. 

BOWER,  Archiliald,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
neat  Dundee,  in  !>cotland,in  l(jfit),and  died  Pipt. 
2,  1766.  His  principal  work,  was  "  A  History 
of  the  Popts,"  in  7  vol.^.  4to ;  concerning  which, 
as  well  as  his  connexion  with  the  Jesuits,  he 
stood  accused  of  much  imposture.  He  alst) 
c  /ntributed  to  the  compilation  of  "  The  l.niver- 
sal  K'lsiorj' ;"  but,  as  is  said,  not  much  to  the  ad- 
vantapo  ot'  the  work. 

BOVV'LE,  John,   rector  of  Idniinston,  irear  : 
Salisb..rj',  horn  in  i72.5,had  the  honour  to  be  one  |; 
cf  the  li'rsi  detectors  of  Lauder's  forporifs.     lie 
edited  a  Spanish  edition  of  '•  Don  Ciui-xotte," 
and  also  Marston's  Satires,  and  other  old  ICng- 
lith  poetrv,  and  died  in  1788.     tree  LAl'DEK. 

BOVVYER,  William,  a  very  learned  Entliih 
printer,  born  hi  White  Friars,  London,  i09'.t, 
died  1777.  To  his  literary  and  professional  abi- 
lities, he  added  an  excellent  moral  chaiacur, 
the  strictest  probity,  and  the  geatcsi  lihetality. 
He  was  in  liabits  of  correspondence  and  in- 
timacy with  the  urealest  men  of  liis  lime;  and 
many  minute  particulars  o(  him,  tliat  do  not 
come  within  on r  plan,  may  be  seen  in  the  "  Anec- 
dotes of  l\\i  Life,"  publisl:ed  by  his  partner  and 
successor,  Mr.  Nichols.  To  the  journeymen 
of  his  profession,  he  left  by  will,  sonio  valuable 
be<jiiests  for  the  reward  of  merit,  and  the  com- 
fort of  old  age:  the  trust  forever  is  vested  in 
the  Stationers'  Coinpany. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  L.  L  D.,  governor  of 
Mass.,  a  philosopher  and  statesman ;  he  held 
various  distinguished  offices  in  hi."  native  stale 
till  17!?7,  assi.'itcd  in  forming  the  American  aca 
demy  of  arts  and  sciences,  al  Boston,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  president :  one  of  the  founders, 
and  president  of  the  Massachusetts  bank. 

BOWF.N,  Jabez,  L.  L  D  ,  chancellor  of 
Brown  Univer.-^ity,  jndje  of  the  supreme  court,, 
and  lieutenant  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  died 
in  1815. 

BOWIE,  Robert,  an  officer  of  tlie  revolutiona- 
ry army,  and  for  many  years  governor  of  Mary- 
laud,  was  liiL'hly  esteemed  for  his  integrity,  libe- 
rality and  putriotism  ;  he  died  in  1814. 

BOXHORN,  .Marc  Zuerius,  a  profes.sor  at 
Lcyden,  and  author  of  several  works,  died 
in  lfi.S... 

BOYCE,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  musician 
and  composer,  chiefly  of  sacred  pieces,  born 
1709,  died  1779 

BOYD,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  educated  at 
Saiimur.  James  i.  wished  to  appoint  liini  prin- 
cipal of  the  university,  but,  as  he  favoured  the 
puritans,  he  preferred  to  become  the  minister 
of  his  native  parish.    He  died  in  ir.2!l. 

BOYD,  Mark,  Alexander,  a  warrior,  lawyer, 
and  Latin  poet,  born  at  Galloway,  in  Scotland, 
in  1.562,  died  in  IGOl. 

BOYD,  Hugh,  born  in  Ireland  about  ]74fi,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  bred 
to  the  law  ;  but  being  of  a  dissipated  turu,  he 
84 


lebrated  Letters  ol  Junius  have  been  with  n>uch 
coniidence  ascribed  to  him  ,  but  the  evidence 
adduced,  is  by  no  means  conclusive.  In  17'.;:<, 
he  published  '•  The  Indian  oUsencr,"  a  periodi- 
cal pap(  r,  which  \%  as  the  hist  attempt  of  the 
kind  in  India,  and  gained  him  great  reputation. 
These  es^avs  were  aftcrnaros  lollecled  and 
printed  a:  Calcutta,  in  8vo,  1795,  and  tcprinicd 
in  London,  I7y8. 

BOYD,  Sit  Robert,  governor  of  Gibraltar,  who 
from  a  private  soldier,  raised  hinifelf  merely  by 
nierit  lo  the  highes;  rank  in  the  nnlidiry  profes- 
jsion,  died  in  May-  i'l^J-i 

I  BOYD,  Robert,  lord,  a  Scotchman,  son  of  Sir 
JThomas  Eoyd,  of  Kilinaincck,  was  made  a 
peer  by  James  II.,  and  one  of  the  legents.  lie 
carri(;d '.ft' Uie  king,  and  declared  himself  sole 
reg(«t  during  his  minority,  and  afterwards,  on 
account  of  his  mi.sconduct,  fled  to  Antwerp, 
where  iie  died  1474. 

BO^  D,  William,  a  highly  celebrated  preach- 
jer,  settled  at  Laniingtcn,  died  18oy. 

BOVDELL.  John,  a  very  worthy  alderman 
of  London,  and  most  distiiiguislied  cncourager 
(if  the  arts  of  painting  and  engraving,  was  born 
at  Dorriiigion,  in  Shropshire,  Jan.  19,  1719,  and 
in'er.ded  for  a  land  surveyor,  wliich  was  the 
profession  of  his  father;  but  chance  havinj; 
thrown  in  liis  way,  "  Baiideley's  Views  of  dif- 
t'erent  Country  Seats,"  he  deiemiined  ou  quit- 
ting the  pen  for  the  graver ;  and.  at  above  20 
years  of  age,  put  himself  apprentice  for  seven 
years  to  Mr.  Toms,  whom  he  served  six  years, 
and  bougtit  up  the  seventh.  He  then  applied 
losely  till  he  had  engraved  152  prints,  which  lie 
published  in  a  book  at  the  price  of  live  guimas. 
Viilhthe  profits  of  this,  he  set  about  encoiira- 

iig  other  professors  of  the  art;  he  discovered 
the  talents  of  VVooilet,  and  employed  him  to  en- 
grave the  two  famous  pictures  of  "  Niobc"  and 

Phaeton."  He  soon  commenced  a  great  for- 
eign irade  in  English  prints,  and  realized  by  his 
pirit  of  industry  and  enterprise  a  considerable 
fortune.  Having  at  length  established  what 
might  be  called  an  English  school  of  engravinir, 
he  conceived  the  noble  idea  of  raising  also  an 
English  school  of  painting ;  and,  selecting  all 
the  first  artists  in  the  kingdom,  collected  in  the 
coiirseof  alewyears,  at  vast  expense,  the  paint- 
ings which  formed  the  well-known  "Shakspeare 
Gallery."  The  longduraiion  of  the  French  war, 
however,  having  almost  wiiolly  stopped  his  e.x 
port  trade,  in  which  he  had  embarked  large 
sums  ol  money,  he  was,  in  the  spring  of  1804, 
induced  to  crave  permission  of  parliament  to 
dispose  of  the  Shakspeare  Gallery,  &c.  by  lolte- 
ry.  He  had  the  graiiticalion  of  living  lo  see 
every  ticket  sold,  but  died  before  the  decision  of 
the  wheel.  The  worthy  alderman  caught  his 
death  by  a  too  eager  attention  to  his  official  du- 


lies ;  for,  arriving  on  the  8th  of  December,  1804, 
at  the  sessions  honsrfin  the  Old  Bailey,  before 
the  fires  were  lighted,  and  standing  at  a  fireplace 
while  one  was  kiiidl«i},  tha  damps  were  drawn 


BO 

oul  fruiii  tile  fluor  ;  coiil  and  iMllamiiialinii  of  llit- 
luncs  ensued,  and  carried  liiniuli  on  the  J~(li  of 
tlie  :>ain>^  montli,  in  tile  81UI1  year  ot  his  age. 

BOYKNVAL,  Peter  Joseph,  a  wortlilcijscha- 
racl^ir,  employed  to  denoiiiice  the  viciiins  in  the 
Luxembourg,  at  last  BulFeied  on  the  scallblil, 
in  1795. 

BOYER,  Abel,  a  well-known  !»lo=^ngraplier, 
born  at  (Ja.slres,  in  France,  l(i»;4,  diediVov.  172'.). 
'I'll  ■  work  he  is  chiefly  known  by,  is  n  very  ex- 
cellent Frencli  and  Knglisll,  and  English  nniK 
French  Dictionary.  He  wrote  also"  a  French' 
Orainmar''  in  Ensiish,  wliicti  still  rctaias  a  high 
rank  in  our  .schools.  • 

BOYER,  Claude,  known  as  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  at  Paris,  IfilW. 

BOYER,  John  Baptist  Nichols.^,  a  phy.sirian, 
distiniruislied  tor  his  Kki II  and  humanity  display- 
ed duriui!  the  plague  at  Marseilles,  in  1720;  lie 
died  at  Taria,  17f>H. 

BOYLE,  Richard,  an  eminent  Gni;lish  states- 
man, distinpuishcd  by  the  title  of  the  ij;reat  earl 
of  Cork,  born  in  Canterbury,  ISfiti,  died  1643  ;j 
iiaving  spent  the  lavt  as  he  did  the  first  years  of  liisi 
lite,  in  support  of  the  crown  of  England  acaiiist| 
Irish  rebels,  and  in  the  .service  of  his  connfr\ . 
BOYLE,  Roger,  earl  of  Orrery,  fifth  son  of 
Richard,  earl  of  Cork,  born  1021.  was  creaicit 
baron  Brogliill,  in  the  kinsdoni  of  Ireland,  when 
but  seven  years  old.  Fie  died  Oct.,  1079,  le.ivitig 
behind  him  the  character  of  an  able  general, 
statesman,  and  writer.  Of  his  ^vritinsrs,  the 
principal  are,  six  tragedies,  two  comedies, "  Par- 
thenissa,"  a  romance,  and  acollecrionof"  State 
Letters,"  published  in  folio,  1742. 

BOYLE,  Robert,  a  most  distinguished  philo- 
sophic and  chymisi,  and  an  exceedin^''y  good] 
man,  wa."  the 7th  son,  and  I4th  child,  of  Richard! 
earl  of  Cork,  and  born  at  Lismore,  in  Ireland,! 
1626-7.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  air-pump  :j 
and  his  numerous  philosophical  writinss  have 
secured  him  immortal  fame.     He  died  1691. 

BOYLE,  Charles,  earl  of  Orrery,  2d  son  of 
Roger,  2d  earl  of  Orrery,  was  born  1676,  and  died 
ITHi .  He  was  eminent  as  a  statesman  ;  hut  bet- 
ter known,  at  the  present  day,  for  his  literary 
controversy  with  Dr.  Bentley  on  the  authentici- 
ty' of  the  epistles  of  Phalaris.  He  was  also  an 
insenious  mathematician,  and  inventor  of  the 
ni.-ichine  repre<cntiii2  the  solar  system,  which 
is  still  named  after  his  title,  the  Orrerv. 

BOYLE,  John,  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery,  was 
the  only  son  of  Charles,  the  subject  of  the  pre 
cedinf?  article,  and  horn  1706-7.  He  took  his 
•eat  in  the  house  of  peers,  Jan.  17:11-2;  but, 
though  he  distinguished  himself  hy  some  speech- 
es, he  did  not  creatly  cultivate  the  biusiness  of 
parliament,  "the  delicacy  of  his  health,  his 
pa.ssion  for  private  life,  and  the  orc.isions  h 
sometimes  had  of  residing  in  Ireland,  seem  to 
have  precluded  him  from  any  regular  attend- 
ance in  the  English  house  of  peers.  "  When- 
ever (says  he,  in  a  private  letter  to  a  friend)  we 
«ep  out  of  domestic  life  in  search  of  felicity, 
we  come  back  aiain  disappointed,  tired,  anil 
chagrined.  One  day  pa.ssed  under  our  own  roof 
with  our  friends  and  our  family,  is  ^vorth  a 
thousand  in  another  place.  The  noise  and  bustle, 
or  (as  they  are  foolishly  called)  the  diversions 
of  life,  arc  despicable  and  tasteless,  when  once 
we  have  experienced  the  real  delight  of  a  fire- 
side." His  principal  works  are,  a  translation 
of  "  Pliny's  Letters,  with  ob.servations  on  each 
Letter,  and  an  Es,=ay  on  Pliny's  Life,"  and 
^'  Remarks  on  the  Life  aad  Writings  of  Swift." 
H«  died  in  1762. 


8 


BOVLSI'ON,  Zabdiel,  F.  K.  S.,  an  eminent 
|)iiysiciaii,  of  Boston,  wtui  n  particularly  known 
a.-i  having  first  introduced  inoculation  of  the 
-mall  pox  into  the  British  dominions,  in  1720; 
lie  died  in  176*5. 

BOYLSTOX,  Nicholas,  died  in  Boston,  1771, 
aued  56 ;  he  bequeathed  to  Harvard  College 
laOO/. 

BOYLPTOX,  John,  merchant,  of  Bos;ton. 
dii'd  in  17it5,  and  left  a  legacy  to  his  native 
town. 

IJOY.S,  .Tohn,  an  English  divine,  educated  at 
(/"ainhridge,  and  dean  of  Canterbury,  author  of 
theological  works,  died  in  1625. 

BOYS,  William,  born  at  Deal,  in  Kent,  173.^. 
was  bred  a  surgeon,  but  d(!voted  inncli  of  his 
lime  to  antiquarian  researches,  and  published, 
besides  other  works,  an  elatiorate  and  valuable 
"  History  of  Sandwich,  with  Notices  of  oilur 
Cinque  Ports,  and  of  Richborough,"  4to,  17;ivJ. 
He  died  .March  15,  1B03.  > 

ROY.SE,  BOY.S,  or  BOIS,  John,  one  of  the 
trai,flaior:4of  the  Bible,  in  the  n-jgnof  James  ]., 
was  born  at  Nettlrstcad,  in  Siill'olk,  in  KVH).  and 
liid  104!1,  leaving  a  great  many  manuscripts  l;.-- 
Iiiiul  him,  particularly  a  commentary  on  alnin-t 
all  the  books  of  the  New-Testament.  When  lie 
was  a  youiii;  student  at  Cambridge,  he  received 
from  the  learned  Dr.  Whiiaker  three  rules  for 
avoiding  tho.-jf  distempers  which  usually  atteml 
a  sedentary  life  ;  to  which  hecotistaiitly  ad  iiered: 
the  first  was,  to  study  always  Ftaiiding ;  the  se- 
cond, never  to  study  in  a  window  ;  the  third, 
never  to  go  to  bed  with  his  feet  cold.  Sir  Henry 
[Saville  styles  him  ingeniosissimum  ct  doctissi- 
mnni  Boi.sium. 

BOY.SE,  Samuel,  a  very  ingenious  person, 
but  .IS  remarkable  for  imprudence  as  for  ingenu- 
ity, was  born  in  Dublin,  \~0'*.  In  1731,  he  pub- 
lished, at  Kdiiiburgh.a  volume  of  pocnis,addre9- 
sed  to  the  countess  of  Eglinton.  He  wrote  also 
an  Elegy  upon  the  death  of  lady  Storinont,  enti- 
tled, "The  Tears  of  the  Muses  ;"  with  which 
lord  Stormoiint  was  so  much  pleased,  that  he 
ordered  Boyse  a  handsome  present.  These  pub- 
lic.itions,  and  the  honourable  notice  taken  of 
tlioin,  were  the  means  of  recommending  him  to 
very  high  persons,  who  were  desirous  of  serv- 
ing him  :  but  Boyse  was  not  a  man  to  be  served. 
He  made  an  improper  use  of  these  recommen- 
dations, and  had  often  recourse  to  the  meanest 
arts  to  procure  benefactions.  At  some  times  he 
would  raise  subscriptions  for  poems  which  did 
not  exist  ;  at  others,  ordered  his  wife  to  inform 
people  that  he  was  just  expiring,  to  move  the 
coinpa-ssion  of  his  friends,  who  were  frequently 
surprised  to  meet  the  man  in  the  street  to-day, 
who  was,  yesterday,  said  to  bt-  at  the  point  of 
"eath.  In  M.ay,  1740,  however,  he  died,  after  a 
lingering  illness,  in  obscure  lodgings,  near  Shoe- 
lane,  where  he  was  buried  at  the  expense  of  tlie 
parish.  He  was  a  melancholy  instance  of  the 
wretchedness,  contempt  and  disi/race,  to  which 
the  most  ingenious  persons  may  reduce  them- 
selves, by  an  abuse  of  those  powers  with  vvhicJi 
nature  hath  endowed  them.  The  most  celebra- 
ted of  his  performances,  was  his  poem,  called 

Deity,"  which  is  styled  by  Hervey,  "  a  beau- 
tiful and  instructive  poem;"  and  is  also  men- 
tioned by  Fielding,  as  "  a  very  noble  one." 

BOYSE,  Joseph,  a  dissenting  minister,  borr 
in  Yorkshire.  He  became  a  popular  preacher 
in  London  and  Dublin,  but  was  engaged  ia  theo- 
logical disputes,  and  died  in  1723. 

BOZE,  Claude  Gros  de,  born  at  Lyons,  was 
distinguished'  bv  his  knowledge  of  antiqtiitiw 
85 


BR 

and  mt'ilals,  and  rtspectoU  fur  his  |jrivate  clia- 
racter,  died  iti  1753. 

BRACClOLLMjdell'  api  Francis,  an  Italian 
poet;  liij  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  died  in 
1C.4J. 

13RACT0N,  Henry,  a  celebrated  EnRlisli  law- 
yer, in  the  13Lh  century,  chiefly  known  by  Im 
learned  work,  "  Ue  Legibua  et  Consuetudinibub 
Anplia"." 

CRACKETT,  Joshua,  M.  I).,  president  of  the 
New-Hanipsliirc  Medical  Society,  di^'tillgnishc•(l 
for  his  zeal  and  activity  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
died  in  lHO-2. 

BADBURY,  Theophilus,  judge  of  the  supe- 
rior court  of  Massachusetts,  died  1803. 

BRADBURY,  Th.>nias,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  with  Dr.  Watts;  he  was  a  bold  and 
eloquent  preaclier,  and  died  1757. 

ERADDOCK,  Edward,  major-general,  and 
commander  in  chief  of  the  Brilish  forces  in 
America,  in  1755,  was  defeated  in  an  exjiedition 
atrainst  Fort  Du  Ciuesne. 

'BRADFORD,  Samuel,  rector  of  Mary-Ie-how, 
horn  ^  'Jlackfriars ;  he  edited  Tillotson's  ser- 
niar  vas  tutor  to  the  primate's  cliildren,  and 
(K.     n  nSl. 

BRADFORD,  John,  an  English  martyr,  in 
Queen  Mary's  reign. 

BRADFORD,  Joim.  a  Welsh  poet  of  merit, 
died  in  17?f). 

BRADFORD,  William,  second  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  removed  to  America  with  the 
tirst  settlers :  he  was  governor,  excepiiiig  a  few 
years,  till  his  death,  1057,  aged  69.  He  wrote  a 
IlLstory  of  the  Plymouth  colony  from  100-2  to  1040; 
but  it  was  lost  in  1775. 

BRADFORD,  William,  an  eminent  printer, 
came  to  America  in  1680,  was  printer  to  the 
government ;  lie  die  d  in  1752. 

BRADFORD,  William,  an  eminent  printer, 
for  many  years  editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  Jour- 
nal, died  in  1791. 

BRADFORD,  William,  born  in  Pinladclpliia. 
1755,  attorney-general  of  the  Unitcu  otates,  &lc. 
He  was  an  author  and  poet,  and  died  in  ]7!i5. 

BRADFORD,  William,  a  physician,  aiicr 
wards  a  lawyer,  of  eminence,  in  Rhode  Island, 
was  a  warm  and  active  friend  of  the  revolution, 
and  later  in  life  a  senator  in  congress,  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Rhode  Island,  died  it-OS. 

BRADICK,  Waller,  author  of  "  Cliolielcth, 
or  Royal  Preacher,"  a  p*em  of  considerable 
merit :  he  was  a  merchant  of  Lisbon,  and  died 
in  1794. 

BRADLEY,  Dr.  James,  Savilian  professor  of 
asrronomy  at  O.vfoid,  and  astronomical  observa- 
tor  at  lhe''i.^  al  observatory  at  Greenwich,  was 
horn  at  Shireborn,  in  Gloucestershire,  1692,  and 
died  1762,  in  the  same  county.  His  observa- 
tions are  extant  in  perfect  order,  in  13  vols,  folio, 
and  2  4to.  in  MS. 

BRADLEY,  Richard,  F.  R.  S.,  professor  of 
botany  at  Cambrid."e,  but  his  abilities  were  not 
adequate  to  the  situation  ;  he  died  in  1732. 

BRADSHAW,  Henry,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
of  Chester,  in  the  14th  century,  and  author  of  a 
poem,  called  the  Life  of  St.  Werburgh. 

BRADSH.4W,  John,  serjeant  at  law,  was 
torn  in  Cheshire,  and  nominated  president  of 
the  sheriff's  court,  in  London,  on  the  trial  of 
Charles  I. 

BRADSTREET,  Simon,  born  in  London, 
1C03,  came  early  to  America,  held  several  im- 
portant ofltces,  and  rendered  many  services  to 
lAic  colony,  was  elected  governor,  and  died  in 

S6 


.     I'.R 

lili  \ns  TKl'.K'r,  .■-'luion,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Massii  liusin-,  dii  d  in  1741. 

HR.ADSTKI  I:T,  Siii.(.n,  minister  of  Marble- 
head,  Mas^achuseils,  distinguished  for  his  claa- 
sical  attainments,  died  in  1771. 

BRADSTREET,  John,  lieutenant-govenior 
of  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  took  Fort  Oswego 
and  Fort  Fronlinac,  w  iili  great  military  stores; 
lie  was  ap|)uinied  majc.i -general  by  the  king  of 
England,  atid  died  in  1774. 
I  BUADW  ARDLN,  Tliomas,  confessor  to  F,d- 
|ward  III.  during  his  wars  in  France,  became 
larchbi'ihop  of  I'arutrbury,  in  VMS. 

BRADY,^r.  iNicholas,  an  English  divine,  of 
good  parts  and  learning,  born  at  Bandon,  in  the 
jcounty  of  Cork,  1(559,  died  1726.  He  translated 
ithe  .^neid  of  Virgil ;  but  what  he  is  likely  to  be 
the  longest  remembered  for,  as  indeed  he  is  now 
best  known  by,  is  '"A  new  Version  of  the  Pbaluis 
ol  David."  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Tale. 

BRADY,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  emi 
nent  as  a  physician  ;  he  died  in  1C60. 

BK.AHI''.,  Tycho,  a  celebrated  astronon  -. 
torn  at  Knudstorp,  in  Denmark,  1546,  died  if/01. 
He  was  the  inventor  of  a  new  system  of  the 
world  ;  but  it  did  not  succeed,  though  he  had 
nianyfiillowcrs.  I'l-  was  very  superstitious  with 
regard  to  presages,  and  very  positive  and  impa- 
tient of  coiHiariicrion  to  his  senliments. 

BR  A ICHWAITE,  John,  the  well  known  con- 
structor 1,1  a  nivins-bell ;  by  which,  in  1783,  he 
desceiKied  into  the  Royal  George,  sunk  at  Spit- 
head,  and  brought  up  tlie  sheet  anchor,  and 
iiiany  of  the  guns.  In  1788,  he  recovered  from 
the  rinitwell.  East  Indiaman,  lost  olfone  of  tlit; 
CapedeVerd  Islands,  L-i8,000Mn  dollars ;  70tiO 
pigs  ol'  lead,  and  360  boxes  of  tin.  In  ]80(i,  he 
recovered  from  the  Abergavemiy,  East  India- 
man,  lost  ort"  Portland,  75,000/.  in  dollars,  and 
other  valuables,  worth  30,0U0L  He  died  about 
June,  1818. 

BR.MLLTER,  Peter,  an  apothecary  at  Lyons, 
and  anthci  of  a  curious  book  on  the  abuses  and 
Ignorance  of  physicians,  1557. 

l!R.Ah\EUD,"David,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
;in  eminent  preacher,  and  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians. He  published  a  narrative  of  some  part 
of  his  missionarv  l.ibours,  and  died  in  1747. 

BRAINT  HIR,  supported  his  unc'e,  Cadwal 
Ion,  king  of  North  Wales,  against  Edwin,  king 
of  England,  in  620,  and  was  defeated. 

BR  A  K  ENBXTRO.  Reinier,  a  painter,  of  Haer- 
leni,  died  in  1649. 

HRAM.AH,,Toseph,  a  very  ingenious  engineer 
and  mechanist,  died  at  Pindico,  near  London, 
December  9,  1814. 

BRAMANTE  D'URBINO,  Lazarus,  a  dis- 
tinguished architect,  at  Naples  and  Rome.  It 
was  according  to  his  plan,  that  Pope  Julius  II. 
began  to  rebuild  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  but 
he  died  before  it  was  completed,  1514. 

BRAMER,  Leonard,  a  disciple  of  Rembrandt, 
born  at  Delft,  in  1596. 

BRAMHALL,  John,  a  native  of  Pontefract, 
in  Yorkshire,  succeeded  to  the  living  of  York ; 
he  was  persecuted  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  and, 
after  the  restoration,  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Armagh,  &c.;  he  died  1663. 

BRAN,  son  of  Lyr,  father  of  Caractacus, 
king  of  Britain,  is  said  to  have  assisted  in  estab- 
lishing an  elective  monarchy  in  Britahi ;  he  died 
about  80  A.  D. 

BR ANCAS,  Villeneuve  Andrew  Francis,  ab- 
be of  Auhiav,  born  in  the  Venaissin,  died  in 
1758.  His  works  are  correct  in  matter,  but 
neither  elegant  iii  style,  or  in  tho  choice  of  ideas. 


Gil 

BRAN'f'KKR,  Tliomas,  a  math  matician, 
rector  of  TilsUm,  Cliesliire,  &c.,  died  in  Ifi7(j 

BRANDEL,  Pcier,  apaiiiler,  born  ar  Pra-^iie: 
and  educated  uniiur  :?clir»cif'r,  died  in  i'l'XJ. 

BRANUl,  llyariiitli,  a  paiiiicr,  (he  pupil  of 
Lanfrac,  horn  near  Rome,  diod  in  IG'Jl. 

BRANMULLHR,  .lohn,  proiessor  ot"  Ilebrpw. 
at  Banil,  dud  in  IVJli;  ne  wrote  lunetal  orations 
from  llK'  Bible.  His  s  >ii  and  grandson  also  svrotf 
some  valuable  works. 

BRAN'UMU'LLKR.  Orpgory,  a  painter,  of  Ba 
sil,  died  in  16'.)1.  He  .vjk  a  pupil  ul'  Lchruii,  atid 
obtaiiied  the  prize  at  the  I'aris  aradiauy. 

BRAN'DOl-I.Vi,  Aarclio,  a  iia'.ivc  of  Florence, 
emiiiciit  as  u  pool. 

BRA\UO.\,  Ctiarles,  duke  of  SutTolk,  a  fa 
vourile  of  Henry  ViU.,  of  Rnglaiio  ;  lie  married 
Mary,  the  sister  of  Henry,  and  died  in  1545. 

BRANDT,  Rev.  John,  secretary  to  ihc  society 
of  aiiiiqua.ies,  was  born  at  Newcastleiijxm 
Tyne,  1743,  and  educated  al  Liiiroln  t'olieu'e. 
O^foid.  In  1777,  he  published  "  Obser\a>  ions 
on  Popular  .\iitiquiticd,  incaidin?  the  wli  ili'  of 
Mr.  ISiiurn's  '  Antlquiiates  Vuluarc,'  with  ad- 
denda toeverj'  chapierof  that  work,"  &c.,  Hvo. 
In  1T89,  lie  ^mblis'lied  "The  Hi.story  and  Anti 
quitie.-i  of  Neweastlc-tipon-Tyne,  3  vols.  4to. 
Mr  Brand  died  suddenly,  in  his  study,  Sepleiir 
ber  13,  180>). 

BRANDT,  Gerard,  a  prntestant  divine,  aiidj 
inini.stcr  of  Anuierdam,  died  at  Rotterdam,  in ^ 
1695.  He  was  aiitiior  of  a  "  History  of  the  Re-i 
formatii>nof  the  Low  Countries,"  in  4  vols.  4to. 
It  iij  wriitcn  in  Fleini.sh  ;  and  the  grand  poii- 
aioncr  Fajel  said  once  to  Bishop  Burnet,  that  it 
was  worth  learning  Flemish,  merely  to  read 
Brandt's  History. 

BR.VNDP,  John,  secretary  of  Antwerp,  emi- 
nent for  his  erudition  and  patronage  of  science, 
died  in  IfftO 

BR.VNDT,  Scbasli.in,  counsellor,  of  Siras 
bur^h,  professor  of  law,  and  poet,  died  in  Ij-ai. 

BR.\iVDT,  Sebastian,  achy  mist,  of  Germany, 
who  (Mnployed  a  great  portion  of  his  life  in 
search  of  the  philoi^opher's  stone ;  he  died  in 
15-21. 

BR.WOT,  Colonel,  a  famous  Indian  chief, 
sided  with  Great  Britain,  was  engaged  in  the 
massacre  of  Wyoming,  on  the  Susquehannali. 
and  in  an  attack  on  Minisink,  New- York  ;  be 
died  in  1807. 

BRV.VTOME,  vid.  BOITRDEILLES. 

BRAS.WOL.A,  .\nionius  Mnsa,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Ferara,  was  physici-in  to  the  iiopes 
and  other  princes  of  Italy,  to  Francis  I.  of 
France,  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  and  Charles 
V.  of  Gernianv  ;  he  died  in  I5.>>. 

BRASBRIUGE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Norlli- 
hamptonshirc  ;  he  was  a  physician  and  divine, 
about  151)2. 

BRASID.\S,  a  general  of  Lacedaemon,  who 
conquered  several  of  the  allied  cities  of  Athens, 
424  B.  C. 

BRATHVVATTE,  or  BRAITHWAYTE, 
Richard,  an  English  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  at  \Varcop,  near  Appleby,  \Vest- 
morol  ind,  in  1588,  died  at  Appleton,  near  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  May  4,  11173.  His  works  are 
numerous,  but  the  principal  of  them  are  "  The 
English  irentleman,"  and  the  "  The  English 
Gentlewoman  ;"  "  Mercurius  Britannicus," 
and  "  Re^icidium,"  tragi-comedies. 

BRATTLE,  Thomas,  merchant,  of  Boston, 
and  principal  founder  of  the  church  in  Brattle- 
street;  died  in  1713 

BRATTLK,  Willi.-im,  fellow  of  Harvard  Col- 


BR    

Icje,  minister  of  Cambridge,  published  a  work 
on  logic,  and  died  in  1717. 

BRATTLE,  WILLIAM,  a  preacher,  lawyer, 
and  physician  ;  he  w'as  a  member  of  tlic  general 
court,  and  of  the  council,  and  inajor-gtilcral  of 
miliiia  in  Mass. ;  he  died  in  177H. 

Bli.\U\VER,  .Adrian,  a  painter,  born  at  Her- 
leiii,  died  in  lU^Sri. 

BR.VY,  Solomon  ds,  a  native  of  HErlem, 
eminent  as  a  p|ortrait  painter,  died  IG64.  His 
son,  J.tcob,  a  historical  painter,  died  at  the  end 
of  the  17ih  century. 

BPw.XY,  riir  Reginald,  who  wa'  instrunnrnral 
:u  '.he  advuncemen!  ol  flenry  VII.  to  the  tin  one, 
and  afterwards  made  high  trea-surer  to  tli.it 
inonaich.  He  had  grctit  sKiil  in  arcliitectiiri', 
as  appriirs  iVoni  Henry  the  Seventti's  Chapt*!  in 
Wesiniiiister  Abbey,  and  liie  chap<"l  of  St. 
Georgi!  at  Wind.sor,  as  he  had  a  principal  con- 
cern and  direction  in  the  buiUlingof  the  Ibrrner, 
and  the  riiiishing  and  bringing  to  pcrteclion  of 
the  latter,  to  which  he  w.ls  also  a  liberal  benc- 
tacior.  Polydore,  Vergil,  Hall,  ice,  say.  thai  iie 
was  a  very  father  of  his  country;  a  sage  and 
grave  person  ,  a  fervent  lover  of  justice  ;  and 
one  who  would  often  admonish  the  king  when 
he  did  any  thing  contrary  to  justice  or  equity 
;i.t(lied  .\ugusl2,  1601. 

RR.\Y,  Thom.ts,  an  English  divine,  horn  at 
Marlon,  in  Shnqisiiiro,  H>.5<'i,  died  17.10,  having 
made  himself  eminent  by  his  nnwcarii-d  atten- 
tion to  the  practice  of  benevolence.  Most  of  llie 
religious  societies  and  good  designs  in  Londt.M 
are  in  a  great  measure  formed  on  th."  plans  th;ii 
he  projected  ;  particularly  the  chanty  .scbooN. 
the  society  for  reforniaiion  of  manners,  and  thai 
for  the  relief  of  poor  proselvles,  &.c. 

BREARLEY,  David,  a  member  of  the  con 
volition  for  t'raming  the  constitution  of  the  V. 
S.  in  1787  ;  he  died  in  I7!K). 

BREBEITF,  George  de,  a  French  poet,  l)om 
at  Torigni,  in  Lower  Normandy,  Ifil''.  He  was 
<listiiiguisl"^d  chiefly  by  a  translation  of  Lucan  ; 
but  the  bt».,  and  as  it  should  seem,  the  most 
edifying  of  his  works,  is  the  first  hook  of  Lucan 
Travestied.  It  is  said  o''  Brebeuf.  that  he  had 
a  lever  upon  him  for  more  than  20  years.  He 
died  in  If<6l. 

BREBEUF.  Jean  de,  a  distinguished  mission- 
ary in  Canada,  was  burnt  bv  the  savages,  lt>l9. 

BRECOURT,  Guillaume"  Martoureau  de,  a 
French  poet  and  actor,  died  in  ItWo. 

BRED.\,  Peter  Van,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
died  in  1681. 

BRED.\,  John  Van,  a  Flemish  painter  who 
exercised  his  profession  in  England,  died  in 
1750. 

BREDENBACK.  Matthias,  a  controversialist 
writer  of  Kerpon,  died  in  1550. 

BREENBERG,  Barthol,  a  painter  of  some 
di.itinclion,  born  at  Utrecht,  in  ItJ-iO. 

BREESE,  Mary,  a  singular  character,  bom 
at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  17'21.  She  regularly  took 
out  a  shooting  license,  kept  as  good  greyliounds, 
and  was  as  sure  a  shot,  as  any  in  the  county 
She  never  lived  out  of  the  parish  in  which  she 
was  born  and  where  she  died  September,  1799. 
By  her  desire,her  dogs  and  favourite  mare  were 
killed  at  her  death,  and  buried  in  one  grave 
with  her. 

BRECK,  Robert,  minister,  of  Marleboroush, 
Mass.,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  He- 
brew ;  he  died  in  1731. 

BRECK,  Robert,  a  minister  of  Springfield, 
Mass.,  possessed  of  .superior  intellectual  endow- 
ments, died  in  17'J4. 

87 


i7k  

j5ia;CKKNRIDGE,Joliii,siiiai<.i  iiit..a>!iisj 
frniii  Koiitutky,  distinguuliud  for  his  elo<)ui'iice. 
dici]  in  l?lil. 

BRECi'V,  Cliarlolfe  Siuiiiiasr.  do  Cliaiiziii, 
cnnipu'sse  di,  a  maid  of  honour  to  Arm  of  Aus- 
tria, f.'ifdin  JtiSH. 

BIlCITKOPr,  John  Oottlieb  Eiiiaimel,  a  wri- 
ter and  i)rimtr,  nf  l,ei|isic,  difd  in  17'.14. 

ISRI-MONT,  Francois  do,  a  Parisian,  made 
secretary  Id  the  Royal  London  Society,  atiil  ad- 
mired lor  liis  iahoriouif  applicalioii  and  critical 
discernnierit :  he  died  in  J742. 

BRENNER,  Honry,  a  native  of  West  Both- 
nia, was  made  keeper  of  the  royal  library  at 
Stockliolin,  died  in  I7:i2. 

BRENNUS,  a  jir.neral  of  Gaul ;  he  invaded 
Thessaly,  &c.,  and  killed  himeelf  in  278  B.  C. 

BRENNUS,  a  fjeneral  of  (iaiil,  celebrated  for 
the.  siejjc  and  seizure  of  Rome,  was  defeated 
and  totally  desiroycil  by  Camilliis,  ."it's  B.  C. 

BREN'i',  Sir  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  VVoolford, 
Warwickshire,  educated  nt  iMertoii  College  of 
which  he  became  the  warden,  and  was  knight- 
ed by  Charles  I,  at  Wnml.-^lock  ;  lie  died  in  11)52 

BRENTIUS,  or  BRENTZEN ,  John,was  born 
in  SWahia,  a  distinfiuislied  friend  and  follower 
of  Luther,  died  in  1570. 

BRENTON,  William,  lieutenant-governor 
and  governorof  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  died 
at  Newport,  iri74. 

BREUUIGNV",  Lewis  George  Eduard  dc, 
author  of  the  history  of  the  revolution  of  Genoa, 
&c.,  died  1705. 

BREREWOOD,  Edward,  a  learned  antiqua- 
ry and  the  first  astronomical  professor  of  Gres 
ham  College,  died  in  1013. 

BRET,  Anthony,  author  of  the  life  of  Ninon 
de  I'EncIos,  and  many  other  works.  He  was  a 
native  of  Dijon,  and  died  in  1792. 

BRETON,  Nicholas,  a  writer  of  ballads  and 
interlude!',  in  the  age  of  Elizabeth. 

BRETONNEAU,  Franci.-s,  a  Jesuit  of  Tours, 
author  of  a  life  of  James  11.,  &c.,  died  in  1741. 

BRETONNIER,  Barthol  Josei)h,  an  advo 
rate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  author  of 
some  law  tracts,  died  in  1727. 

BRETTEVILLE,  Etieime  du  Boise,  a  Jesuit 
of  Normandy, author  of  some  theological  tracts, 
died  1C?8. 

BRETTINGER,  John  James,  a  native  ol' 
Zurich,  profefS'T  of  Hebrew  and  author  of  an 
ediiion  of  tlie  "(CW  Testament  from  the  septua- 
gint :  he  died  in  1776. 

BREUGEL,  Peter,  usually  styled  Old  Breugel, 
an  eminent  Dutch  painter,  chiefly  of  rural 
sports,''"  marches  of  armies,  &c.,  was  born  at 
Bruegd    ■•  >ar  Breda,  in  1563,  and  died  1596. 

BRf.  J  jEL,  Peter,  son  of  the  preceding,  sur- 
passed in  the  description  of  magicians  and  de- 
vils, Whence  he  is  called  "  Hellish  Breugel." 

P  EUGEL.John,  2d  son  of  old  Peter,  excelled 
in  '  nting  flowers  and  fruits,  and  died  in  1642. 
Ano  ner  of  that  name  calKul  Abraham,  born  at 
Antwerp,  e.xcelled  as  a  tlower  and  landscape 
painter,  and  died  in  1672. 

BREUL,  James  du,  a  Benedictine  monk,  au- 
thor of  the  antiquit.es  of  Paris,  &c.,  died  in 
1164. 

BREVAL,  John  Durant  de,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain  under  the  great  Marleborough.  He 
was  an  author  of  some  merit,  and  died  in  1730. 

BREVtNT,  Daniel,  made  dean  of  Lincoln,  in 
1081,  died  in  1695. 

BREWER,  Anthony,  a  poet  highly  esteemed 
among  the  wits  and  courtiers  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  1. 

8S 


BK 

BREWSTER,  William,  a  very  distinguished 
member  and  ruling  elder  of  the  church  of  Ply- 
mouth ;  lie  died  in  1644. 

BREYMUS,  James,  of  Dantzic,  auUior  of 
Planiarum  exolicaruin  centuria,  &.C.,  died  in 
1697. 

BRIANT,  Solomon,  an  Indian,  and  minister 
to  the  Indians  at  Marshpcc,  in  Bariisiuble,  Mass., 
died  1775. 

BRIDAINE,  N.,  a  famous  French  preacher  of 
the  diocess  of  IJzcs,  compared  to  Dtmosilienes 
and  Bossuet,  died  in  1767. 

BRIDAULT,  John  Peter,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  manners  and  customs  of  the  Romans, 
&.C.,  died  in  1701. 

BRIDGE,  William  a  leading  preacher  among 
the  independents  of  England,  died  in  1670. 

BRIDtiE,Thomas,  a  very  worthy  minister  o( 
the  1st  church  in  Boston,  died  in  1715. 

BRIDGEWATER,  Francis  Egerton,  duke  of, 
opened  a  communication,  by  a  canal,  between 
Slanchcsier  and  Worsely,  which,  together  with 
the  M'^rsey,  lacilitated  the  commerce  beiwecu 
Liverpool  and  Manchester.     He  died  in  1603. 

BRiDGMAN,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  chap- 
lain to  James  I.  During  the  civil  wars,  he  was 
a  great  suti'erer  in  person  and  property. 

BRIDGMAiS',  Sir  Orlando ;  after  the  restora- 
tion he  was  made  lord  chancellor :  he  was  weak 
and  irresolute,  and  died  in  1672. 

BRIENNE,  Walter  de,  a  native  of  Champag- 
ne, distinguisiied  for  his  courage  at  the  siego  of 
Acre,  against  the  Saracens  ;  he  was  afterwards 
king  of  Sicily :  his  son  and  successor,  of  the 
same  nan.e,  also  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Saracens ;  he  was  put  to  death  in  1251. 

BRIENNE,  John,  made  king  of  Jerusalem,  in 
1210,  which  he  resigned  ;  he  afterwards  tilled 
the  throne  of  Constantinople. 

BRIETIUS,  Philip,  a  learned  French  geogra 
pher,  and  universal  clironologist,  born  at  Abbe- 
ville, in  16UI,  and  died  librarian  of  the  Jesuit's 
College,  at  Paris,  1608. 

BlUGGS,  Henry,  an  eminent  mathematician, 
born  at  Halifa.\,  in  Yorkshire,  1556.  When 
Gresham  College,  in  London,  was  established, 
he  was  chosen  tlie  first  professor  of  geometry 
there,  in  1596.     He  died  in  January,  1630. 

BRIGGS,  William,  a  native  of  Norwich,  an 
emincntphysiciaii,of  St.  Thomas'  hospital,  died 
in  1704. 

BRIGHAM,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Oxford- 
shire, eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  poet,  died  in 
1559. 

BRIGHT,  Francis,  first  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  returned  to  EUgland  id 
1630. 

BRIGHTMAN,  Thomas,  rector  of  Hawnes, 
Bedfordshire,  wrote  Latin  commentaries  on  the 
canticles  and  apocalypse,  died  in  1607. 

BRILL,  Matthew  and  Paul,  natives  of  Ant- 
werp, and  good  painters ;  born  in  15.50,  and 
1554,  and  eminent  for  performances  in  history 
and  landscape  ;  Matthew  died  in  1584  ;  Paul  in 
1626. 

BRINDLEY,  James,  a  most  uncommon  ge- 
nius for  mechanical  inventions,  and  particularly 
excellent  in  planning  and  conducting  inland  na- 
vigations, was  born  in  1710,  at  Tunsted,  in 
Derbyshire,  and  died  at  Tiirnhurst,  in  Staftbrd- 
shire,  September  27,  1772,  having  shortened  hij 
days  by  too  intense  application ;  for  he  never 
indulged  or  relaxed  himself  in  the  common  di- 
versions of  life,  not  having  the  least  relish  for 
them  ;  and  though  once  prevailed  on  to  see  a 
play  in  London,  yet  he  declared  that  ha  would 


BR 

on  no  aci'oiiDt  be  present  at  anntlicr,  because  it 
so  disturbed, Ills  ideas  lor  several  days  alter,  as 
to  render  liim  iintit  for  business.  V\'lien  any 
extraordinary  dilhculty  occurred  to  liini  in  Die 
execution  of  Ins  works,  he  generally  retired  lo 
bed;  and  lias  been  known  lo  lie  there  one,  twi>. 
or  three  days,  till  lie  had  surmounted  it  Mr 
would  then  get  up,  and  execute  his  design  wiili- 
out  any  drawiii!;  or  model ;  lor  he  liad  a  pm- 
di;;ious  nieniory,  and  carried  every  thing  in  his 
head. 

BRIXSMEAn,  William,  first  minister  of 
Marlborouj^li,  Massacliusells,  died  in  170J.  lie 
lefiiseil  bapllsin  lo  infimts  born  on  the  l^abliatli. 

BRliWlLLlBKS,  iMarin  Mar-^aret  d  Aubrai, 
inarrhioness  of,  a  French  lady,  known  for  her 
intrigues  and  crimes;  she  poisoned  her  falher, 
two  brothers,  and  her  sister,  was  condemned  to 
have  her  hea<lcutoir,  and  afterwards  to  be  burnt ; 
the  senlerire  was  executed  in  11)76. 

BRIUIIKM.AUT,  and  (  AVAGNES,  twoi)ro- 
testants,  crui-lly  put  todeath  soon  after  the  mas- 
sacre of  S(.  Hartlioloniew,in  France,  in  1572. 

URI^SOMIS,  Bariiaby,  a  lawyer  of  en»i- 
ncnce,  in  France,  was  ambassador  of  lJenr>'  111. 
in  England,  and  died  in  I.'iitl. 

BKlSSOT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Fontenay  If 
Compte,  in  Poictou,  eminent  as  a  physician,  died 
in  ^o-ii. 

BRISSOT,  .T  P.,  a  very  eminent  French  writer 
on  pliilosophy,  politics,  and  l(<;:islation  :  hut,  not 
contenting  himself  with  ;i  hisili  de-rree  of  literary 
fame,  he  timk  a  distinjiiiislied  part  in  the  French 
revolutionary  (rovernmcnt,  and  snflered  by  the 
guillotine,  November  30,  1793,  at  the  age  of  3it. 

BKTTAWK'IS,  John,  an  Italian  crilic  and 
grammarian,  w:is  horn  at  I'ala/.zolo,  near  Bres 
cia,  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century,  and 
died  in  1.510. 

BRITANNICUS,  son  of  Claudius,  poisoned 
by  his  mother-in-law,  who  wished  to  raise  her 
son  Nero  to  the  throne,  A.  D.  .55. 

BRITO,  Bcrn.irdode,  a  ninnkof  Almeyda,  in 
Portugal,  author  of  a  historical  account  of  his 
country,  died  in  lfil7. 

BRITTON,  Thomas,  the  famous  musical 
amall-coal  man,  was  born  at,  or  near  Ilialiam 
Ferrets,  in  Northamptonshire,  about  the  middle 
of  tlie  17th  centur)-,  and  went  from  thence  to 
London,  where  he  bound  himself  apprenrice  to 
a  small-coal  man.  He  served  seven  year.-s,  and 
returned  to  Northamptonshire,  his  master  giving 
him  a  sum  of  money  not  to  set  up ;  but  after  this 
money  wns  spent,  he  relumed  acain  lo  London, 
and  sel  upthe  trade  of  small-coal :  which  he  con 
tinued  i  the  end  of  his  life.  Some  time  arter 
his  setting  up  in  the  coal  business,  he  applied 
himselftochymistry ;  and,  by  the  help  of  a  mov- 
ing elaboratory, contrived  by  himself,  performed 
such  things  in  that  profession,  as  had  never  been 
done  before.  But  his  principal  object  was  music : 
in  the  theory  of  which  he  was  v^'ry  linowing :  in 
the  practice  not  inconsiderable.  lie  was  so  much 
addicted  to  it,  that  he  pricked  with  his  own  hand 
very  neatly  and  accurately,  and  left  hphind  him 
a  collection  of  music,  mostly  pricked  by  himself. 
which  was  sold  for  near  lOOZ.  He  left  an  excel- 
lent collection  of  printed  books,  both  of  chyniis- 
tryand  mu.-ic;  not  to  mention  that  he  had,  some 
years  before  his  death,  sold  by  auction  a  col- 
lection of  books,  most  of  them  in  the  Uosicru- 
■ian  faculty,  of  wliich  ho  was  a  great  admirer. 
But  what  distinguished  liim  most  of  all,  w.is  a 
kind  of  musical  meeting,  held  at  his  own  small 
house,  and  kept  up  at  his  own  charges,  for  many 
yews.    This  society  was  frequented  by  gentry, 

M 


UK 

;veu  those  of  the  best  quality,  with  whom  he 
onversed  fannliarJv,and  by  whom  he  was  much 
esicemed;  lorBriuWi  wasas  respectable  lor  moral 
|cndowment.s,  §fi  he  was  curious  for  intellectual. 
The  circumstances  of  his  death  are  not  less  re- 
markable iliaii  iho^  of  his  life.  There  was  one 
lloneyniaii,  a  blacksmith,  who  was  famous  for 
speaking asifhis  voice  proceeded  from  somedis- 
tani  part  of  the  house,  (a  vent  riloquist,  or  speaker 
from  his  belly,  as  these  persons  are  called.)  This 
man  was  secretly  introduced  by  Kobe,  a  Middle- 
sex justice,  who  frequeiitly  played  at  Briiion's 
concerts,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  terrifying  Brit- 
lon;  and  he  succeeded  in  it  entirely;  for  lloney 
man,  without  moving  his  hps,  or  seeming  to 
speak,  announced,  as  from  afar  ofi',  the  death  of 
poor  Britton  within  a  few  hours;  with  an  intima- 
tion, that  the  only  way  to  avert  liisdo<nn,  was  to 
fall  on  his  knees  immediately,  and  say  the  Lord'.s 
i'rayer.  The  poor  man  did  .so;  but  it  did  not 
avert  his  doom  ;  for,  taking  to  his  bed,  he  died 
in  a  few  days,  leaving  Justice  Robe  to  enjoy  the 
iVnits  of  his  mirth.  His  death  happened  in  Sep- 
tember, 1714. 

iUtl/.ARD,  or  BRIT.VRD.  John  Baptiste,  a 
Fir]j<li  nclor,  emincMit  in  lomedy,  died  in  1790. 

I'lKr/.IO,  Franci.sto,  a  land.scape  painter,  of 
cmiiiiMi.-,  of  B,ilogna,di<d  hi  1623. 

lilUK'ARnr.-^,  James,  a  wild  visionary  of 
(Venice,  cmbparrd  protestantiiin,  and  violently 
'attarki  (I  popery. 

I!i(<n  K,  .lohn,  a  useful  minister,  in  Reading, 
Ma.-sacliiisi  tts,  died  in  11*8. 

r.ROCKLKSBY,  Dr.  Richard,  an  eminent 
Knulish  physician  and  medical  \iriter,  died  at  a. 
very  advanced  age,  Ueceniber  12,  17!I7.  beloved 
and  re:!reited  by  the  most  dislinguifhed  charac- 
ters, in  rank  and  science. 

BRODEAIT,  John,  born  at  Tours,  in  1500, 
rose  to  great  eminence  as  a  schola 

BKt)|)E,\U,  Julian,  a  native  oi  ours,  wrote 
a  life  of  Charles  du  Moulin,  and  died  in  1543. 

BROF,(  Kin  YSE.orBROUKHUSIlS, John. 
Vid.  BROUKlirSirS. 

BROEK,  FliasVandccn,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
distinguished  for  the  m.isterly  manner  in  which 
lie  introduced  reptiles,  &c.,  into  his  pictures  of 
(lowers  .ind  landscapes,  died  in  1711.  , 

BROGEIO,  Victor  Maurice,  count  d' ,  marshal 
of  France,  distinguished  himself  in  the  service 
of  Lewis  XIV. 

BltOiJNl,  John  de,  a  swtno-hord,  bom  ai 
Brogiii,  in  Savijy  ;  he  was  raised,  by  Pope  t"le 
mont  VII. ,  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal,  .and  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  virtues,  and  piety; 
he  died  in  1421).  .,,j 

BR<>KESr.V,  Francij,  rector  ol  I  -(Wley,  in 
Yo/ksliirc,  auilior  of  "  A  Life  of  J. .  uiiChrist,  ' 
niid  apiincipal  assistant  to  Mr.  Nelson  in  com- 
piling his  "  Feasts  and  Fasts  of  llie  Church  of 
F.ngland."  He  w.is  also  author  of  "  A  istory 
of  the  Government  of  the  Primitive  CI  ch," 
&c.,  and  died  iu  1718, 

BROME,  Adam  de,  a  favourite  of  Edward  IT., 
the  founder  of  Oriel «  olletg-,  Oxford.  >'i<'l  ;n  13.32. 

BROME,  Alexander  de,  born  in  lti2ti.  and  dieil 
in  1606.  He  was  a  warm  cavalier,  and  author  of 
innnnieralile  odes,  sonnets  and  little  pieces,  in 
which  the  round-heads  are  treaied  Avith  great 
keenness  and  severity.  These  with  his  epistles 
and  epi2r.Tins,were  all  primed  in  one  voluine8vo. 
after  tin.  restoration.  He  pnlilished  alsoaversiou 
of  Horace,  by  himself  and  others;  with  a  comedy, 
called  ''The  Cunnins  Lovers,"  lt>51  ;  and  tlie 
world  is  indebted  to  hiiti  for  two  voluines  of  the 
plays  of 

89 


BR 


ilR 


BROMG,  Ilirliard,  who  lived  a^o  in  tlie  rei(;ii   prnHi:,  in  conjuiictiun  with  Ozcll  and  Oldiswonh. 


ef  Cliarlos  1.,  and  was  wtL-mporRry  wiili 
Decker,  Ford,  Sliii  IfV,  &c.  His  mi  rariion  wa 
mean,  tor  he  was  ori):inally  no  utriicr  than  a 
menial  nurvuni  lo  Ben  .lohuBOii ;  lu;  wrote  hini- 
scU"  However  int<>hi::li  rcpuie.  His  ijiMiius  wa.-^ 
entirely  turned  to  cuaiedy,  and  we  have  15  of 
Ms  productions  in  tliii<  way  remaining.  One 
these  "The  Jovial  Crew,"  has  with  a  little  al- 
teration, been  revived,  and  exhibited  with  great 
and  repealed  success.     He  died  in  U).Vi. 

BKO.MFJICbU,  Kdward,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, of  Hi>slon,  distin^uislied  for  his  piety  ; 
he  died  in  1 

BROMFIELD,  Edward,  a  yonng  man  of 
uneojumon  mechanical  genius,  of  Uoslun,  died 
ill  17itj 

BKOMPTOX,  John,  a  monk  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.    The  Chnmicon,  wliich  passts  un-l 
der  his  name,  is  probubly  the  work  of  some  un 
known  author. 

BROXCIIOKST,  .lohn  Van,  a  painter,  of 
Flanders,  in  the  17th  century. 

BRO.NCHORST,  John,  a  painter,  born  at 
Leyden,  excelled  at  painting  anhnals  and  birdsj 
in  water  colours,  died  in  lUtil. 

BRONCHORS  r,  Peter,  a  native  of  Delft,  eiui 
r.ent  as  a  painter,  died  in  IGGl. 

BRO.N'GNIART,  Augustus  Lewis,  an  enii 
jieiit  cliyniist,  dii:ii  al  Paris,  in  180-1. 

BUONKHL^SIA.^, or  I3R0EKHmZJ::N,  John, 
a  learned  Uutchmau,  died  in  1797. 

BRONSSON,  f;ia;idi',  an  elegant  advocate,  and 
warm  supporter  of  tlie  protestants  in  France  in 
t)ic  reign  of  Lewis  Xi  V. 

BRO.N'ZINO,  Agnolo,  a  painter  at  Florence 
died  in  l.>dO. 

BROOK,  Ralph,  York  Herald,  known  forth, 
errors  which  he  discovered  in  Camden's  Bri- 
tania,  died  in  IC-). 

BROOKE,  Sir  Robert,  an  eminent  judge  in  tlu 
reign  of  Mary,  born  al  Claverley,  in  Shropshire, 
died  in  IS-W. 

BROOKE,  Sir  Rol)ert,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent lawyers  of  liis  lime,  and  lord  chief  justice 
of  the  conimuit  pleas,  wrote  "  .-Vn  Abridgment,! 
tnntaining  an  Abstract  of  the  Year  Books  (ill  Uiei 
limeof  Uueen  Mary,"  "  Cases  adjudged  froiii| 
1'ie  tith  of  Henry  VHI.  to  the  4lh  of  Queen: 
.Mary,"  and  "  Reading-  on  the  Statute  of  Linii  | 
mions,  made  Hi-'d  of  Henry  VIIL  c.  !J." 
Robert  died  in  15.38. 

BROOKE,  Henry,  who  gained  great  reputa- 
tion as  a  writer,  by  the  "  Farmer.s  Letters."  pul) 
Ijsbed  in  Ireland,  during  the  rebellion,  in  iniila- 
tion  of  Swift's  "  Drapier's  Letters."  He  wa: 
ai.so  author  of  "  The  Fool  of  Quality,"  a  nove 
of  more  than  ordinary  merit.  His  dramatic 
works,  of  which  the  most  celel  rated  are,  "  (>u.s- 
tavus  Yasa,"  and  "The  Earl  of  Esse.v,"  were 
tiollected,  with  his  other  writings,  in  4  vols.  8vo. 
1778.     He  died  October  10,  1783. 

BROOKE,  Mrs.  France.-i,  a  lady  as  remarka- 
ble for  her  virtues,  as  for  her  great  literary  ac 
fomplishments.  Her  principal  works  are, "  Jii 
lla  Mandeville,"  and  Emily  Montague,"  novels ; 
the"  Old  Maid,"  a  series  of  periodical  papers 
"  Virginia,"  and  "The  Siege  of  Sinope,"  tra 
rrcdios;  "  Rosina,"  and  "Marian,"  musical 
drain.n<!,  and  f^cveral  much  esteemed  trans 
Uiions  iVoni  the  French.  She  died  Januarv  2.1, 
i78rt. 

BROOME,  William,  born  in  Cheshire,  as  is 
said,  of  very  mean  parents.  He  was  educated 
upon  the  foundation  al  Eton,  and  appeared  early 
in  (he  world  as  a  translator  of  the  Iliad    into 


He  wa.s  alterwards  introduced  lo  Mr.  Pope,  and 

1  saiiiid  so  much  of  his  esteem,  that  he  was  ein- 
ployid  to  make  e\tracis  Iri.in  Kustailiius,  for 
llie  notes  to  the  translation  of  the  Iliad  ;  and  in 
the  volumes  of  poetiy  published  by  Liniot,  coin- 
iinmly  called  "  i'ope's  Miscellanies,"  many  of 
his  early  pieces  were  inserted.  When  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Iliad  gave  encoiirugrineiit  lo  a  ver- 
sion of  the  Odyssey,  Po|)c.  weary  of  the  toil, 
called  Ffiuon  and  Broome  to  his  a.ssisiance  ;  and 
lakiiig  otdy  half  the  work  upon  him.seir,  divided 
the  other  half  between  his  partniTS,  giving  foul 
books  to  Fenton,  and  eight  to  Broome.  To  the 
lot  of  Broome  fell  the  >i<l,  tith,  8th,  11th,  I2th, 
IGth,  18tli  and  23d ;  togellier  with  the  burden  ol 
writing  all  the  notes.  The  price  al  which  Pops 
purciiascd  tins  assistance  was  300/.  paid  to  Fen- 
ton, and  500/.  lo  Broome,  with  as  many  copies 
as  he  wanted  for  his  friends,  which  iinionnted  to 
101)/.  more.  Broome  died  at  Bath,  November 
lli,  1745. 

BROOKS,  John,  L.L.  D.,  governor  of  Mass. 
was  <listinguished  as  the  early  friend  of  the 
,\nierican  revolution,  as  a  brave,  active,  and 
judicious  officer  of  the  American  army  ;  as  an 
able  and  sound  statesman,  and  a  truepatriol. 
The  friend  of  Washington,  he  enjoyed  tliccoii- 
tidence  and  resi)tct  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and 
died,  lamented  by  his  country,  in  1825. 

BROOKS,  Eleazer,  a  brigadier  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  and  was  in  the  battle  of  White 
Plains  in  1770,  &c. ;  he  died  in  ISOti. 

BROSHI,  Carlo,  a  celebrated  Italian  singer 
died  in  1782. 

BROSS.ARD,  Sebastian  de,  a  canon  of  Meux; 
he  excelled  as  a  musician,  and  died  in  1730. 

BROSSE,  (Juy  dela,  a  physician,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  virtues  of  plants,  founded  a  gar- 
den of  medicinal  plants  ai  Paris,  in  102ti. 

BROSSES,  Charles  de,  president  of  the  pnr- 
hauient  of  Burgundy,  who  wrote  letters  on  tlie 
discovery  of  Horculaneuni,  &c.,  diwl  in  1776. 

BIIOSSETTE,  Claude,  born  at  Lyons,  167L 
publishod  the  works  of  Boileau  and  of  Eeguier 
Willi  historical  illustrations  ;  wrote  "  L'Hisioire 
alncgce  de  la  Ville  de  Lyons,"  with  elegance 
and  precision,  and  died  there  in  1741). 

BROSSIER,  Martha,  a  very  remarkable  wo- 
man, who  pretended  lo  be  possiissed  by  the 
devil,  and  had  nearly  occasioned  great  disorders 
in  France  toward  the  latter  end  of  the  ICthccn- 
turv. 

BROTFER,  L'AbI).*,  an  illustrious  and  ami- 
able Frenchman,  and  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tincuished  ornaments  of  the  bell"s  lettrcs  in 
that  count ry,  born  at  Tanay,  1722,  diid  1789. 

BROI'E,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
friend  of  Bo-snet,  died  in  1720. 

BROUCHTO.V.  Hugh,  a  very  learned  divine, 
born  in  Oldbnry,  Salop,  1.549,  died  J012,  leaving 
a  very  laborious  work  behind  him,  called  "  The 
Consent  of  Scriptures,"  which  he  dedicated  lo 
queen  Elizabeth. 

BIIOUCHTON,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine, 
aii'lior  of  the  "  Bibliotheca  Ilistorica  Sacra," 

2  vols,  folio,  1739,  and  one  of  the  original  writers 
of  the  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  (in  the  first  edi- 
tion of  which  work  his  papers  were  marked 
T.)  was  born  at  London,  July  5,  1704,  in  the 
parish  of  St.  .-Viidrew,  Holborii,  of  which  Ilia 
father  was  minister,  and  died  vicar  of  Bed- 
minster,  near  Bristol,  1774. 

BROUGHTON,  Thomas,  a  counsellor  anS 
lieutenant-governor  of  South  CeroliiHi  while  t 
British  colony,  died  in  1T37. 


PR 

UROUiVt-'KEIi,  William,  viscount,  a  native 
of  Castle  hyoi'i  •"  Irolaiul,  born  JOJO,  died 
1<>84,  havinjj'distiiifiuishoil  liiniself  cliicDy  as  a 
tnatheiuaiician  liy  his  "  sierics  t'or  tlie  Uuudia- 
lureofthe  Hv|ierliola." 

BROUVV'KK,  Adrian,  a  cplcbiatcd  Dutch 
painter,  born  ai  lliirliin,  in  U'Mii.  Frans  Halts 
took  liiui  from  bua^iins  in  tlie  streets,  and  in- 
structed liiin  ill  ibcj  nidinD^ntsofpaiiitiiiu.  Hii 
niour  was  his  proper  sph(^re  ;  and  in  little  pieces 
lie  used  to  roprcsi'iit  his  pot  companions  drink 
inij.  smoking  tobacco,  ganiiiig,  liglitinfi,  &cr. 
lltTjlid  this  with  a  ponril  so  tender  and  1km-,  so 
inn'cli  of  naturo  in  his  expression,  such  cvccllont 
drawiii'^  in  all  the  particular  pans,  and  good 
kcitpinj;  in  the  whole  together,  that  none  of  his 
couniiym.Mi  Juivc  over  been  comparable  to  him 
on  thai  subject.  Ho  scorned,  however,  to  work 
as  loMt;  as  lie  had  any  money  in  liis  pocket  ;  de- 
clared lor  a  short  life,  and  a  merry  one  ;  and,  re- 
solvinir  to  ride  post  to  his  grave,  by  the  h'-lp  of 
Winn  and  brandy,  he  !;ot  to  his  journey's  end,  in 
I0:w,  at  only  30  years  of  age.  He  died  so  very 
poor,  that  contributions  were  raised  to  lay 
him  privately  in  the  ground  :  from  wlience  he 
was  soon  al'ter  taken  up,  and,  a«  it  Is  commonly 
said,  very  handsomely  interred  by  Kubens,  who 
was  a  great  admirer  of  his  haiipy  genius  for 
painting. 

HR(J\V>f,  Robert,  a  famous  srhiamalir,  from 
whom  the  sect  of  the  llrownisis  derived  its 
name.  He  died  lli-'M).  This  sect  equally  con- 
demned episcopacy  and  proshytery,  as  to  tlie 
jurisdiction  of  consistories,  cla-sses,  and  synods; 
and  would  not  join  with  any  other  reformed 
eliurdi,  because  they  were  not  sutRciently  as- 
."urcdof  the  sanctity  and  probity  of  its  members, 
holding  it  an  impiety  to  conimnnicalc  with  sin- 
ners. Their  form  of  cliunli  eovermnent  was 
deniocraticifl.  Such  as  desired  to  be  momlii'isj 
of  ihoir  cliurcli  made  a  coiilVssiini  of  llicir  I'ailh.' 
,ind  signed  a  covenant  nblisi'ijj  lhf>mselves  lol 
walk  t'>2LMlRT  in  the  onirr  of  ilu:  giispi-l.  | 

UUl  )\V.V,  Thomas, nf  laceiious  memory ;  but 
^•hose  wit,  being  grraicr  than  his  pruilenrc. 
brought  him  frctpiently  within  danger  of  star\  - 
ing.  Toward  the  latter  end  of  Hiown's  life, 
however,  we  are  inlormed  by  Mr.  Jacob,  that 
he  was  in  favour  with  thcearUif  Dorset,  who  in- 
vited him  to  dinner  on  a  Christmas-day.  with 
Diyd"n,  and  othe-r  gentlemen  celebrated  for  in- 
genuity ;  when  Brown,  to  his  a'.'iveable  surprise, 
t'oind  a  bank  note  of  Mil.  under  his  pl.tte .  and 
Dryden,  at  the  same  time,  was  prfst'iiied  with 
another  of  1110/.  IJrown  was  horn  ia  Shrop- 
shire, died  in  London,  1701,  and  was  interri'd  in 
the  t.'loisterof  Westminster  .\bbey,  near  the  re- 
in.ains  of  Mrs.  Helm,  jvith  whom  he  was  inti- 
mate in  his  life  time.*  His  whole  works  were 
printed  in  17117  ;  consisting  of  "  Dialogues,  Ks- 
says,  Declamations,  Satires,  Letters  from  the 
Dead  to  the  Living,  'rianslatioiis,  Amusements, 
&c."  in  4  vols.  Much  humour,  and  not  a  little 
learniug  are  scattered  every  where  tliroii!:!i. 
out  them;  but  those  who  think  they  want  deli- 
cacy, have  certainly  abundant  rca.son  on  their 
side. 

BROWN,  .Tohn,  an  iiiL'enious  English  writi-r, 
born  at  Rolhbury,  in  Northumberland,  1715. 
Having  taken  orders,  and  made  himself  emi- 
nent by  many  excellent  sermons,  he  fell  under 
the  notice  of  Dr.  Osbaldiston,  who,  when  raised 
to  the  see  of  Carlis^le,  made  liim  one  of  Ws 
chaplains.  It  was  probably  about  this  time  that 
be  wrote  his  poem  entitled  "  Honour,"  to  show 
nat  true  honour  ran  only  be  founded  in  virtue ; 


mi 

it  was  inscribed  to  lord  Lonsdale.  His  neil 
poeiic-il  production,  though  not  immediately 
published,  was  his  "  Rssay  on  Satire,"  in  three 
parts  ;  it  was  addre.sscd  to  Dr.  Warburton,  who 
Ipre/ixedit  toljiesecniid  volunieof  Pope's  Works 
'by  Warburton  ;  with  which  it  still  continues  to 
be  printed  :  as  Well  as  in  Dodsley's  Collection. 
Brown  now  beg;ui  to  tigure  as  a  writer :  and,  in 
17.51,  published  his  "  Essays  on  Sliaftsbury'a 
Characteristics;  a  work  written  with  eleganctj 
ami  spirit,  and  so  applauded  as,  in  a  short  time, 
to  an  thi'jougli  five  editions.  His  next  appear- 
ance in  the  world  was  as  a  dramatic  writer ; 
ftnd  in  1755,  bis  tragedy  of  "  Harbarossa,"  was 
produced  upon  the  stage ;  and  afterward.^  his 
"Athel.stan,"  in  17.5(i.  Our  author  had  taken  his 
doctor  of  divinity's  degree  in  1755.  In  1757 
came  out  his  .•'anious  work,  entitled  "  An  Esti- 
mate of  the  Manners  and  Trinciplcs  of  the 
Times,"  8vo. ;  famous  we  call  it,  because 
seven  editions  of  it  were  printed  in  little  more 
than  a  year.  In  1758,  he  publi.shed  a  second 
volume  of  "  The  Estimate."  Dr.  B.  put  an  end 
to  his  life  in  a  tit  of  insanity.  Sept  23, 1766,  in 
his  .T  1st  year. 

1!R<)\V\,  .Moses,  an  Engli.sh  divine,  author 
of  "  Suiidav  Tliouchts."  "  Piscatory  Eclogues,' 
&;c.,  born  ]"70:<,  died  17HX 

TlROWiV,  Lancelot ;  sometimes  professional! V 
jdistinauishcd  by  the  itrirnnmni  CArABILITY'; 
who,  by  the  intuitive  force  of  his  own  gcniue, 
invented  a  new  horticultural  system,  and  carried 
ornamental  gardening  to  high  perfection ;  was 
ibt)rii  at  Kirkharle  in  ihe  county  of  Northumber- 
land, in  .Vu'.rust,  171.5.  .'\t  an  early  period  of 
his  life  hec.inie  to  London,  and  was  patronised 
by  lord  viscount  Cobliam,  the  celebrated  Iriend 
and  patron  of  I'ope;  and  it  is  generally  under 
stood,  that  scooping  out  the  beautiful  valley 
opposite  the  temple  of  concord,  at  Ptowe,  was 
Itlie  liiiit  of  his  undertakings;  but  Richmond, 
Rleiilieiin,  Croome,  Luton,  Trentliam,  Red- 
jgiave,  Wimbleden,  .\'uiieliain,  the  approach  to 
Ithe  bouse  through  the  park  at  Caversham,  &c. 
jwill  for  affe<  st.iiid  memorials  of  his  superior 
taste  and  ubilitii's.  He  possessed  a  cultivated 
mind,  and  bis  soi  iety  was  courted  by  men  most 
considerable  for  their  rank  or  genius.  Respect- 
ing tlie  term  Capability,  by  which  Mr.  Brown 
was  freipiently  distinguished,  we  have  heard, 
that  it  arose  tVom  a  custom  he  had,  when  he 
came  to  a  spot  which  he  thou<!ht  might  be  im- 
proved, of  saying  that  the  plnce  had  its  capa- 
iiilities.  This  may  in  part  be  true  ;  but  in  the 
pre-eminence  of  .Mr.  Brown's  own  talents  may, 
perhaps;  be  found  the  real  grounds  for  the  com- 
phmentary  title.  Mr.  Brown  served  the  otfice 
of  high  sherilV  for  the  counties  of  Huntingdon 
and  ( 'ambridv'c,  in  the  year  1770,  and  died  sud- 
denly in  the  streets  of  London,  on  his  return 
from  a  visit  to  th>:  carl  of  Coventry,  or.  the  fitli 
of  February,  178H.  His  remains  are  deposited 
in  the  chancel  of  Fenstanlon  church,  in  the 
county  of  Huntingdon. 

BROWN,  John,  many  years  profes-;or  of  di- 
vinity among  the  burgher  seceders  of  Scotland, 
was  born  at  the  village  of  Kerpoo,  in  Perth- 
shire, M-iri,  and  died  at  Haddington,  June  19, 
178?;  having  published  several  works  of  high 
repute  in  the  reliirious  world  ;  particularly,  u 
"  Self-Iuierpreling  Bible,"  2  vols.  4to. ;  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible  ;"  and  a  "  Body  of  Di- 
vinity. 

BROWN,  John,   a   very   eminent  English 
landscape-engraver,  and  a.ssociate  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  born  1741,  died  Oct. 2, 1801.    In  bdd- 
91 


BR 

ness,   brilliancy,    and    bcaiiiiful    variety,  3ir.|i 
Erowii  cannj  very  nigli  to  VVotillct,  whom,  in- 
deed, lie  assisted  in  !K>tae  ut'  liis  must  I'aiuuus 
pieces. 

BKOWN,  Dr.  John,  distinguished  himself 
much  in  Scotland  by  liis  nitdical  writings  und 
opinions,  and  was  the  an  horot'ancw  Sysiciii 
ot°  Medicine,  wliich  has  lutuly  been  translated 
into  £n);lish,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  It  is  a  singular 
performance,  discovering  much  originaiily,  and 
coutaininz  many  iinportam  obscr\  ations ;  iJiou^h 
in  some,  he  may  be  thought  to  carry  his  peculiiir 
opinions  too  far.     He  died  Oct.  7,  ITcfS. 

BUUVViX,  William,  editor  of  "  Reports  in 
Chancery,"  and  '■  Cases  of  Apjieals  to  Parlia- 
ment," 5  vols.  1700  ;  died  AprU  20, 1794. 

BROWN,  Nicholas,  an  emineni  merchant,  of 
Prondence,  R.  I.,  died  ui  1791,  patron  of  tlie  col-i 
lege  in  Uial  place. 

BROWN,  Andrew,  was  in  the  battles  of  Lex-i 
ingtoii  and  Bunker-hilJ ;  he  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  establit-iitd  the  Federal  Gazette,  and' 
died  ill  1797. 

BKOWN,  Moses,  a  brave  officer  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  J5tate>,  died  in  1«<03. 

KP-OWN  riysse?,  Maximilian  de,  an  eminent 
general,  in  the  imperial  aimie?  ;  he  was  mortal- 
ly wounded  in  the  liattle  of  Prague,  in  1757. 

BROWN,  Francis,  D.  D..  a  liaiive  of  Ncw- 
Hanipsliirc,  was  pastor  of  a  congiei;ational 
church,  in  Maine,  chosen  p!of',;sor  of  languages 
in  Darlmouth  college,  and  afterwards  president 
of  that  instilulion  ;  he  died  in  1K20. 

BKOWN,  Charles  Brockdcn,  a  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  disiinsuished  as  holding  a  high. 
rank,  among  the  American  novehsis,  died  in 
1810. 

BROWN,  Thomas,  M.  D.,  professor  of  moral 
philo.-'jphy  in  the  university  at  Fdinburgh,  and; 
an  eminent  metaphysician,  died  in  1820. 

BRtJWN,  Joseph,  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy, in  Brown  university,  was  distinguished! 
as  a  man  of  profound  niatheniatieal  and  philo-, 
sophical  uttahimcnts.     He  died  in  17('5.  I 

BUOW.N,  George,  archbishop  of  Itubliii,  and 
the  first  prelate  who  embraced  the  reformation 
in  Ireland,  was  originally  an  Austin  friar,  of 
London,  and  afterwards  became  provincial  of 
the  Austin  monks,  in  England.  After  reading 
some  of  Luther's  writings,  he  began  lo  incul- 
cate into  the  people,  that  ihey  ought  to  make 
their  application  .-.olely  to  Christ,  and  not  to  the 
Virgin  Mary,  or  the  saints.  This  recoininended 
him  to  Henry  Vlll.,  who  promoted  him,  in 
March  1534-5,  to  the  arclibisliopriek  of  Dublin. 
He  was  deprived  of  his  arclibisliopriek  in  1554, 
the  first  of  queen  Mary,  under  pretence  of  his 
Dcing  married,  but,  in  truth,  on  account  of  his 
zeal  in  promoting  the  reformation,  and  died 
about  the  year  1556. 

BROWNE,  William,  an  English  poet,  born  at 
Ta'.  isiock,  in  Devonshire,  died  ]ii4.5. — An  edi- 
tion of  his  works,  v,'hich  were  beconn;  extreme- 
ly scarce,  was  published  in  1772,  in  three  small 
volumes;  the  principal  article  in  which,  is 
"  Britannia's  Pastorals." 

BROWNE,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  writer, 
and  physician,  born  in  Cheapside,  It'O.").  His 
most  celebrated  piece,  called  "  Religio  Medici," 
the  Religion  of  a  Physician,  was  published  in 
1G35.  In  lt)46,  he  wrote  his  "  Treatise  on  Vul- 
gar Errors."  Wood  informs  us,  that  his  prac- 
tice as  a  physician,  was  very  extensive,  and  that 
many  patients  resorted  to  him.  In  1655,  he  was 
ehoscn  honorary  fellow  of  the  College  of  Pliy 
■icians,  as  a  man  "  virtute  et  literis  ornatissi- 
92 


BK 

mus,"  eminently  embeUished  wiili  literature 
and  virtue.  He  died  on  liis  birthday,  October 
19,  li'<j2. 

BROWNE,  Edward,  an  eminent  physician, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  torn  about  lt>42,  and 
died  in  August,  1708.  King  Charles  11.,  whose 
physician  he  was,  said  of  him,  that  "  lie  was 
as  learned  as  any  of  the  college,  (of  which  he 
died  president,)  and  as  well  bred  as  any  at 
court." 

BROWNE,  Simon,  a  dissenting  minister,  of 
uncomraon  talents,  born  at  Shepton  Mallet,  in 
Soniersetsliire,  in  l(i80.  Grounded,  and  excell- 
ing, in  grammatical  learning,  lie  early  became 
qualified  for  the  ministry,  and  actually  began  to 
preach  before  he  was  211.  But  the  death  of  his 
wilt  and  only  son,  which  happened  in  1723,  af- 
lected  him  so  as  to  deprive  him  of  his  reason  : 
and  he  became,  from  that  time,  lost  to  himself^ 
to  his  family,  and  to  tlie  world:  he  sunk  into  a 
settled  melancholy,  quitted  the  duties  of  his 
function,  and  would  not  be  persuaded  to  join  in 
anv  act  of  worship,  public  or  private.  He  died 
in  1732. 

BROWNE,  Peter,  bishop  of  Cork  :  in  the  pa- 
lace of  which  See  he  died,  in  173.S,  after  having 
disiineuished  himself  by  some  writings ;  the 
best  known  of  wliicn  is,  "  The  Progress,  Ex- 
tent, and  Limits  of  the  Human  Understanding." 
BRtJW'NE,  Isaac  Hawkins,  an  ingenious 
English  poei,  born  at  Burton-ujion-Treni,  Staf- 
fordshire, Jan.  21,  1705-(i.  His  "  Pipe  of  1'obac- 
co,"  an  imitation  of  Cibber,  Ambrose  Philips, 
Thomson,  Young,  Pope,  and  Swift,  who  were 
then  all  living,  is  well  known,  and  is  reckoned 
one  of  the  most  pleasing  and  popular  of  his  per- 
fonnances.  In  1754,  he  published  what  has 
been  deemed  his  capital  work,"  De  Animi  Ini- 
Imortaliliitc,"  in  two  books.  The  universal  ap- 
j  plause  and  popularity  of  this  poem,  produced 
[several  English  translations  of  it,  in  a  very 
!  short  time ;  the  best  of  which  is  that  hy  Soanie 
IJeiiyns,  esq.,  printed  in  his  "  Misceilanics." 
I  Another  translation,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lettice, 
I  was  published  in  1795.  Mr.  Browne  died  14th 
Feb.  17riO. 

BROWNE,  Sir  William,  a  physician,  (and 
I  some  time  president  of  the  college,)  distingtiish 
ed  by  many  lively  essays,  both   in  prose  and 
;  verse,  in  Latin  aiid  in  English,  died  March  10, 
1 1774.    The  active  part  taken  by  Sir  William 
Browne,  hi  the  contest  with  the  licentiates,  oe- 
Jcasioned  his  being  introduced  by  Mr.  Foote  in 
his  "  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks."    Upon  Foote's 
[exact  representation  of  him  with  liis  identical 
I'wig  and  coat,  tall  figure,  and  glass  stifly  applied 
!  to  his  eye,  he  sent  him  a  card,  complimenting 
iFnoteon  having  so  happily  represented  him; 
but,  as  he  bad  forgot  his  muff',  he  had  sent  him 
his  own.    This  good-natured  method  of  resent- 
ing, eftettually  disarmed  the  mimic. 

BROWNE,  John,  a  painter,  of  very  conside- 
rable estimation  in  Scotland,  died  Sept.  12, 1787. 
Mr.  Browne  was  author  of  "  An  Essay  on  tlie 
Music  of  the  Opera." 

BROWNE,  Arthur,  episcopal  minister  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  11.,  died  in  177.3. 

BROWNE,  Arthur,  born  in  Newport,  R.  L, 
educated  in  Ireland,  made  professor  of  Greek 
in  Triiiitv  college,  Dublin,  W05. 

BROVVNE,  Sir  Anthony,  born  in  Essex,  made 
sergeant  at  law,  in  Mary's  reign,  a  violent  pa- 
pi<«:  be  favoured  the  succession  of  Mary,  queeu 
of  Scots. 

BROWNE,  Edward,  an  English  divine,  1690. 

BROWNE,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Irclant),  took 


BR 

his  d«t;iee  of  M.  D.,  at  Loydeii ;  losiiicd  some 
years  iii  ihf  West  Iiidii's,  and  publislifd  a  liis- 
torv  01'  Jiuii.iic;i,  &c.,  in  175G. 

IJROVV.NWUKi,  Ralph,  wa.s  nominated  bi- 
shop of  JCvi'tcr,  in  l(i41.  lli;  once;  Imldly  ad- 
vised Cromwell  to  restore  Charles  II.  to  liis 
tiirone. 

BRUCE,  Robort,  a  celehratcd  Scotch  j;en<Tal, 
wlio  wa3  elected  liins;,  in  i:(Oti,  and  was  consi- 
dered as  ihe  df liverer  of  lii.--  coiiiitiy,  al  that 
time  ill  subjection  to  Edward  I.,  ot'  Hnsland, 
and  lalionrin:;  under  many  npprcssioiis.  in  lliI4.| 
Robert  dcleatid  ilii:  F,ii)»li>li  army,  and  gained 
the  raniousbaillcol  rSaniiHck's  Unrn  ;  the  I'.nL'- 
lisli  forces,  according  to  !lie  Scotch  liisloriaiis, 
consisted  of  iOO,0(H)  men,  ciimmanded  liy  Ed- 
ward n.,  and  Bruce  had  but  :«J.O(lll.  l>r  llie 
English,  50,000  were  slain,  and  •.!U,llOO  lak.n 
prisoners.  In  ilie  reign  of  Edward  111.,  lie 
made  reprisals  in  England;  and  surprised  thai 
njonarch  in  his  tent,  who  narrowly  escaped  be- 
ing taken  prisoner;  and  obliged  him,  in  KJiH,  to 
sign  a  treaty  of  [wace,  in  which  he  renounci'd 
all  rigid  and  title  to  ;>cotIai!d,  for  himself  and 
his  iieirs.     Bruce  died  in  V.ti'.K 

BRUCE,  .Michael,  an  elegant  Scotch  poei 
born  at  Kiniiesswood,  ITlti,  died  17(')7,  leaving 
behind  him  many  beautiful  poems,  which  wen 

EubUshed,  with  others,  in  a  volume,  at  Ediii- 
uiffh,  1770. 

BUrCE.  James,  of  Kinnaird,  near  Falkirk, 
in  Scotland,  a  celebrated  travellw  into  Abyssi- 
nia; who,  aller  having  encountered  inimniera- 
ble  perils  in  distant  regions,  in  search  of  the 
source  of  the  river  Nile,  met  an  untimely  de.ith 
by  a  fall  down  a  staircase,  at  his  seat,  at  Kin 
naird,  .\pril,  17114.  The  account  of  his  travels 
which  occupied  a  space  of  lU'ar  0  years,  from 
17(>8  to  177;!,  was  published  in  five  vols.  4to 
1790,  and  abounds  with  event.^  .■so  eviraordinary, 
and  prc;sinits  instances  of  perseverance  and  in 
ircpidi'.y,  so  wonderful,  that  were  it  the  prodiic 
tion  of  a  man  whose  character  was  les.s  dispu 
table,  it  would  appear  lo  be  the  fabrication  of  a 
romantic  brain.  From  the  discoveries  of  Mr. 
Bruce,  however,  geography  has  received  mate- 
rial improvements;  and,  tliat  natural  history 
has  acquired  new  and  valn.ible  information,  is 
attested  by  the  celebrated  Freni:li  natnralisi,  the 
count  de  Bntfon,  in  an  advertiscineiit  prefi.\ed 
to  the  3d  vcilume  of  his  History  of  Birds. 

BRI'CIOEF,  Aniliuuy,  a  native  of  Florence, 
hanished  for  op[ir>siiig  the  house  of  Medicis; 
he  translated  tlie  Bible  into  Italian,  in  V>M. 

BRUCKER,  Jolin  .lames,  author  of  Ilistoria 
Crilica  l'liilo<:ophia-,  tc. ;  member  of  the  acade- 
inv  of  sciences,  at  Berlin,  died  in  1770. 

BRUERE,  Charles  dc  la,  a  French  writer, 
possessed  wit  and  genius,  died  in  17.'i4. 

BRUEYS,  David  .Augustin,  a  French  w'riter, 
of  singular  history  and  character,  was  born  at 
Aix,  in  ICtO,  and  tr.Tincd  in  Calvinism  and  con- 
troversy ;  but  his  airy  spirit  not  rightly  accomo- 
dating itself  to  serious  works,  he'quitted  theo- 
logy for  the  theatre.  He  died  at  Monipelicr,  in 
1733,  and  all  his  dramatic  pieces  were  collected, 
173.1,  in  three  vols.  limo. 

BRITGES.  .lolHi  of,   See  VANEYCK. 

BRU(;iA.\TlN(1,  Vincent,  an  Italian  poet 
of  inferior  merit,  in  the  16th  centurv. 

BRU(;UIERi:r=,.Tolin  William,  a  botanist  and 
mineralogist, a  native  of  Montpdier.died  in  1790. 

BRUGNATEEEIS,  Lewis,  M.  D..  a  distin 
guished  physician  and  chyniist,  and  j)rflfessor 
of  chymisiry  and  medicine,  in  the  university  at 
Pavia,  bis  native  place,  died  in  1S18. 


BR 

I  BRUHfER,  d'Ablaincoun,  Jean  Jaqucs,  a 
[prolitic  writer,  and  ini;enious  physician  of  Beau- 
vais,  (lii;ii  III  iTjt). 

BRl'IX,  John  de,  an  ingenious  professor  of 
pliild.-oiiiiy  and  mutliematics  al  Utrecht,  died  in 
h)75. 

BRUIX,  Chevalier  de,  a  French  writer,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  easy,  elegant,  and  facetious 
powers  of  diction,  died  in  1760. 

BRi;i,.\UT,  Niclinlas.  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
.iKMit  lor  his  services  in  diplomatic,  and  political 
affairs  under  Heiirv  IV. 

BRl'EART,  Fabio,  a  bishop  of  Soissons,  au- 
thor of  sonic  treatises  on  eloquence,  tec,  died 
in  1714. 

BRULEPER,  Stephen,  an  ecclesiastic  of  St. 
Maloes,  author  of  some  learned  treatises,  in  the 
IM\  century. 

BR rMOY,Peter,a  very  distinguished  French- 
man, born  at  Rouen,  in  1(188,  died  174J,  after 
having  signalised  himself  by  his  literary  pro- 
ductions; the  chief  of  which  is,  "  Lo  Theatre 
des  Grecs,  &c."  or  "Theatre  of  the  Greeks, 
i-ontaining  translations  oft  I'reek  Tragedies,  with 
disccinrscs  and  remarks  u|>on  the  Greek  Thea- 
tre." ;!  vols.  4to. 

BIUT.N.  ('Iiarl's  Ic,  an  illustrious  Frenrli 
painter,  of  Scmiisli  extraction,  bom  1(',19.  His 
fatliiT  was  a  st.itiiary  by  profession.  It  i.s  re- 
ported, that  at  three  years  of  age,  he  drew  fi- 
gures with  charcoal:' and  at  twelve,  he  drew 
the  picture  of  his  uncle  sowell,  tliat  it  still  pass- 
es for  a  line  piece.  He  was  author  of  a  curioiis 
treatise  "  ( >f  Physiognomy ;"  and  of  another, 
"  Of  the  Characters  of  the  Passions  :"  and  died 
in  IfiiKi. 

BRI'N',  Anthony,  a  native  of  Dole,  a  politi-  , 
cian  and  ambassailor,  died  ni  Iti.'VI. 

BRUN,  Lawrence  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
.\antes.  wrote  Virgilius  Christianas,  &c.,  and 
died  in  \r,:,:i. 

BRI'N,  Jean  Baptist  le,  aFrench  writer,  died 
in  1731. 

BRUN,  Anthony  Lewis,  a  French  poet,  of 
inferior  note,  died  in  1743. 

BRUN,  William  le,  a  Jesuit,  author  of  a 
Latin  and  French  dictionary,  died  in  17.i8. 

BRUN,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Provence,  au- 
thor of  some  works  of  merit,  an  ecclesiastic, 
died  in  17-20. 

BRUNCK,  Richard  Philip  Frederick,  a  cele 
bratcd  scholar  and  writer,  of  Strasburg,  died  ir 
1803. 

BRI'NEHAUT,  a  d.tughfer  of  Athanagild, 
king  of  tlie  Visigoths,  married  Sigeberl  I.,  king 
'  Auslr.nsia.  ."lOH. 

BRUNELLSCHI.  Philip  a  nativcof  Florence, 
originally  a  clockniaker,  ai'terwards  distinguish- 
ed for  his  knowledge  of  architecture,  died  in 
1444. 

BRUNET,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Provence, 
an  able  writer  on  ecclesiastical  affairs,  born  in 
1717. 

BRUNETTO,  Latini,  a  poet  and  historian 
of  Florence,  died  in  ViQrt. 

BRUNI,  Anthony,  an  Italian  poet,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  duke  d'Urbino,  died  in  1035. 

BRUNNF^R,  John  Conrad,  a  learned  physi- 
cian of  Switzerland,  author  of  several  treatises 
on  medicine,  in  I^atin,  died  in  17-27. 

BRUNO,  a  Romish  saint,  founder  of  the 
Chartreupe,  died  in  1101. 

BRt'.NO,  Jordano,  anativeofNola,  the  friend 
of  Philip  Sidney,  and  Fulkc  Greville,  he  wn« 
an  atheist,  and  w.is  burnt  at  the  stake,  in  lf>C0. 

BIUJ.N-'KELL',  Uiho,  a  physician,  born  at 
93 


BR 


UC 


Mttz,  who  embraced  llic  uiuiiiuus  ol   Lutlicr,  as  uiiecaHii^  as  tiny  wiro  Kaliftacturj'-     Hi* 
died  in  15:<4.  i. studies  were  cliiefly  dircctwl  lo  oiiu  object,  the 

BRUJ>;S\VICK,  prince  Leopold  of,  pnn  of  the  develoin'incnl  and  e.si'iblisliniunl  of  universal 
then  reigning  duke.  Ilavinjj  j^one  upun  llie, truth;  which  he  knew  could  only  be  ctt'ecied 
waters  ai  Frankfort,  upon  the  Oder,  on  the  t!7th  ]by  removing  the  douUs  ol  the  sceptic,  and  soft- 
of  April,  1785,  to  relieve  toe  iuliabitanis  of  a  ening  the  heart  of  the  infidel.  To  this  end  lie 
village  that  was  overllowed,  the  boat  ovcrsct,:'tienlflil  liiHiearniniiand  powers,  ilis  lirsiavow- 
and  his  royal  hi^hneca  was  drowned  ;  ihiis  dy-i|i-d  publication,  wa.-*  a  quarto  volume,  which  ap- 


as  he  had  lived,  in  the  higliest  exeicj:< 
humanity. 

BRL'NTOX,  Mary,  a  native  of  one  of  the 
Orkney  islaiid.s,  aiid  wife  of  Dr.  Alexander 
Brunton,  minister  at  Ediubnrjih,  authoress  of 
"  Self  Control,"  "  Discipline,"  &.C.,  died  in 
1818. 

BRI■SCHrL^S,  Caspar,  a  I.alin  historian  and 
poet  of  Hohemia,  ilied  in  15511. 

BRUSONl,  Domitius,  author  of  a  facetious 
treatise,  called  "  Speculum  Mundi,"  edited  at 
Rome,  in  1518. 

BRL'SOiN'I,  Jerome,  a  Veneliaii  writer,  died 
in  ]i;:-0. 

BRUTUS,  a  brother  of  Ascanius,  said  to  have 
settled  in  Albion,  lo  which  he  gave  liie  name 
of  Britain,  soon  after  the  Trojan  war. 

BRUTUS,  Lucius  Junius,  the  avenger  of  the 
rape  of  Lucretia.  and  founder  of  the  Koman  re- 
public, flourished  509  B.  C. 

B  Rt.'TUS,  Jiarcus,  a  brave  general,  but  blind 
pc'litiiian,  who  hastened  llie  ruin  of  the  Roman 
republic,  by  the  assassiiialion  of  Julius  C'a;sar. 
He  slow  himself  42  B.  C. 

BRUTUS,  John  .Michael,  a  very  learned  Ve- 
netian, born  about  15J8,  was  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Florence,"  printed  at  Lyons,  in  1562. 

BRUTUS,  Peciinus  Albinus,  conspired  with 
his  relation,  Marcus  Brutus,  auainst  his  benefac- 
tor, Julius  (^asar. 

BRUTUS,  John,  ;m  ecclesiastic  of  Paris,  died 
in  170r 


peared  in  ]7ti7,enliiled  "  Observations  and  In- 
quiries ri'laiini!  to  various  parts  of  Ancient  His- 
tory, &.C.,  with  an  account  of  li^gypt,  in  its  most 
early  slate,  and  of  the  Shepherd "Kin{!S."  The 
next  was  his  immortal  work,  in  3  vols.  4to,  1774, 
177t),  called  "A  New  Sxsieni,  or  an  Analysis 
of  .Ancient  Mythology  :  wherein  an  attempt  is 
made  to  divest  Tradition  of  Fable,  and  lo  re- 
duce Trulh  to  its  origiiiiil  Purity."  He  also  pub- 
lislied  "  A  Treaiis/;  on  the  Authenticity  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Ileli- 
U'ion,"  8vo,  1792.  One  of  Uie  latest  of  his  im- 
inerouR  w  orks,  was  "  A  Dissertation  concerning 
the  War  of  Troy,  and  'lie  expedition  of  ihe 
Grecians,  as  described  by  Homer;  professing  to 
show  that  no  such  exiiedilion  was  ever  under- 
taken, and  that  no  such  city  in  I'hrygia  exist- 
ed," 4to,  1796.  Mr.  Bryant  died  of  a  mortilica- 
tion  in  his  luc;,  occasioned  by  a  razure  against  a 
chair,  in  reaching  a  book  froiii  a  shelf,  in  his 
filth  \ear,  at  Cvpenham,  near  Windsor,  Nov. 
14, 1804. 

BRYt'HAN,  one  of  the  Frish  kings,  father  of 
one  of  the  three  holv  families  of  iJritain,  died 
in  45(1. 

BRynONK,  Patrick,  author  of  a  "  Tour 
through  Sicily  and  Malta,"  and  of  some  papers 
in  the  I'hilotoiihical  Transactions,  died  in  IJcr- 
wicksliiro,  June  1!',  Ic'18. 

BRVF..\.\US,  Mcephorus,  the  hu.sband  of 
.Anna  Conieua,  refused  the  throne  of  Constan- 
iiiople,  and  died  in  1137. 


BRUyP.RK,  John  do  la,  a  celebrated  Fienchi'     BUC,  George,  a  learned  English  antiquary. 


author,  born  at  Dourdan,  in  1644,  wrote  "  Cha 
racters,"  and  described  the  manners  of  Jiis  age. 
Ill  imitation  of  Theophraslus ;  which  chaiai-ters 
iv.-ri^  not  always  imaginary,  but  descriptiv.;  ol 
re.il  pfisons.     Ho'  died  in  Kiilfi. 

iiRUVN,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague,  published  an  account  of  his  travels,  the 
best  rditioB  is  that  of  Rouen,  1725. 

BRUYS, Francis,  born  atSeirieres,  published 
a  liistorv  of  the  popes ;  ho  died  in  1738. 

lilU'YS,  Peter  do,  foundi.'r  of  the  sect,  called 
Petro-Brnissiaus,  a  native  of  Laiiguodoc,  was 
burn!  alive  in  IKIO. 

BRUZEX,  de  la  Maitinicle,  Anthony  Augus- 
tine, educated  at  Paris,  under  the  famous  Rich- 
ard .Simon,  his  uncle,  and  died  iii  1749. 

BUY,  Theodore  de,  a  painter  and  engraver, 
died  at  Frankfort,  on  the  Maine,  in  1.508. 

BllY.AN,  Francis,  or  Briant,  an  Englishman, 
accompanied  lord  Surrey,  the  English  admiral, 
against  Fiance,  iti  1522,  and  was  kiughttd  fori 
his  bravery.  j 

BRY.AN,  George,  a  native  of  Ireland,  enii-; 
grated  to  Pennsylvania ;  delegate  to  congress  in] 
1765 ;  and  afterwards  governor  of  Pennsylvania; 
he  died  in  1791.  j 

BRYANT,  Jacob,  a  learned  writer  on  ancient 
history  and  mythology,  was  born  at  Plymouth, 
1715,  and  educated  at  Eton  ;  whence  he  proceed- 
ed to  King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  devoted  his 
whole  life  to  learned  research  ;  and  the  constant 
result  ofliis  labours  was,  to  settle  him  firmly  in  a 
conviction  of  the  truth  of  the  Christian  laith. 
Tlwugh  beliinsing  to  the  lay  part  of  the  com 


j  In  the  reisn  of  .lames  I.,  he  was  ap|iointed  mas 
I  tor  of  the  revels  ;  on  which  art  he  wrote  a  irea- 
;iise.  He  was  the  first  vindicator  of  Richard  III., 
I  and  published  "The  Great  Plantagejicl,"  ahia- 
.lorical  poem,  in  1(>35. 

I  BUCi'.R,  Martin,  bom  in  1491,  at  Pchelstadt, 
I  ii  town  of  .'Vlsace.  He  is  looked  upon  as  one  of 
I  the  first  authors  of  the  reformation  ur  Stras- 
jburgh,  where  he  taught  divinity  for  twenty 
jyears,  and  was  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  town. 
iin  lo'lS,  Cranmer,  archbishop  ol  Canterbury, 
I  gave  him  an  invitation  to  rome  over  to  England, 
Iwiiich  he  readily  accepted.  In  1549,  a  hatnlsome 
aparlnient  was  assigned  him  in  the  university 
|of  CambridL'i',  and  a  salary  to  teach  theology. 
I  He  died  in  1.551,  and  was  buried  at  Cambridge. 
I  BUCH.'\i\,  ElsiiRih,  or  Elizabeth,  a  luodcrn 
fanatic,  her  followers  were  called  Buchanites; 
they  travelled  through  several  parts  of  Scotland  ;- 
their  doctrines  were  e.vtrcmely  fa-scinating  lo  tlte 
vulgar.    Mrs.  Buchan  died  in  1791. 

BUC'HAN,  Or.  William,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, and  medical  writer,  born  at  the  village  of 
.Vnkruni,  in  Ro.'cburghshire,  1729,  was  educated 
at  the  grammar-school  of  Jedburgh,  and  after- 
wards matriculated  at  the  univer.-sity  of  Edin- 
burgh, with  a  view  to  the  clerical  profession; 
but  he  preferred  that  of  phj'sic, which  he  pursued 
through  life.  In  1771,  appeared  his  well-known 
work,  entitled  "nomestic  Medicine,"  which  baa 
had  a  degree  of  success  not  equalled,  perhaps, 
by  any  other  book  in  the  Engli.^h  language,  hav- 
ing passed  through  above  twenty  editions,  (of 
we  believe  5000  or  6000  each,)  and  been  transla- 


nninity,  his  rfforta  in  the  cause  of  religion,  were,  ted  into  cvcrv  European  language.  It  drew  upon 
94 


BIj 

liiin,  however,  iho  dUUkc  and  persecution  of 
the  less  liberal  part  of  the  faculty  ;  liut  wlieu  it 
is  considered,  that  tlie  intention  of  its  publica- 
tion was  not  to  supersede  the  use  ol  a  pli)  si- 
ciaii,  buitosupjily  his  jilace  in  situations  where 
iuc<iiral  assistance  could  not  be  easily  obtained, 
and  to  render  llie  medical  art  more  extensively 
beneficial  to  mankind,  the  Jenloiisies  and  l'<  ars 
of  the  faculty  were  surely  unbcconiiiig  the  pro- 
fessors of  a  liberal  pcieiice.  Dr.  liuchan  pulili>h- 
ed  several  other  medical  works,  and  died  in  I'er- 
cy-stroel,  Oxford-road,  l\b.  i),  It'OS. 

BUCHANAN,  Claudius,  I).  D.,  of  Queen's 
Colleee,  Cainbridpe,  W.  A.,  ITUC.  In  Scriptural 
erudition,  he  hau  very  few  Kui)criors.  Deeply 
versed  in  tlie  Oriental  languaf;es,  he  conceived 
that  he  should  best  promote  the  honour  of  Cod, 
and  the  liappiness  of  mankind,  by  enablin" 
"  every  nian  to  read  the  Holy, "Scriptures"  in  his 
own  toufiiie.  lie  died  at  Bioxbourne,  Herts, 
Feb.  P,  If-lo,  while  eiu)>lojod  in  superintcndin}; 
an  edition  of  the  Scriptures  for  the  use  of  the 
Syrian  Cbristiaj'.s. 

Ul'CHA.NAN,  Gofir-e,  an  eminent  jtoef  and 
historian,  born  no:r  i.ellcrne,  in  the  shire  of 
Lenox,  in  Seo'.liii,  ;,  in  l5IXi.  He  was  tutor  to 
James  I.,  of  '"iif  .'ai;d,  and  employed  the  last  I'J 
or  13  ycat-.  v"  is  lite  in  writing  the  history  oi' 
his  couivri'  ;  it  which  he  happily  united  ilje 
force  ail.  In  vity  of  Sallust,  with  the  p>-rspi- 
cuitya  •(.  "ii'saiuT  ol  Livy.  He  died  at  Kdiu- 
burgh,  .''ept.  )if,  15*i.  Sir  Jaim.s  Mclvil,  w  ho 
was  of  the  opposite  party  to  him,  and  therefore 
cannot  be  .supposed  tobepartialinhisfavour,tells 
us,  that  Buchanan  "  was  a  stoic  philosopher, 
who  looked  not  lar  before  him  ;  a  man  of  iiotabli 
endowments  for  his  leariiint:  and  knowlcdpe  it 
Latin  poetry ;  mtich  lionound  in  other  couii 
tries,  pleasant  in  conversation,  rchearsinp  at  .ill 
occasions,  moralities,  stiort  and  instructive 
whereof  he  had  abundance,  inventing  where 
he  wanted."  Dr.  Burnet,  in  his  "  History  of  th* 
Keformation,"  saysof  him,  "  he  is  justly  reckon- 
ed the  greatest  and  best  of  our  modern  writers." 

BUCHNKR,  Augustus,  professor  of  poetry 
and  eloquence,  at  Wittemberii,  died  in  1&(>1. 

BlClKiLTZKR,  Abraham,  pastor  at  Kiies 
tndt,  author  of  a  valuiible  work  entitled  "  Inde.v 
I'liionologicus  IJtriusque  Testamenti."  He  died 
in  l')t^. 

UfCKELDn'S,Wiillam,  a  native  of  Voider; 
he  invented  an  ingenious  mode  of  curing  her- 
riiijR:  with  salt,  and  died  in  1449. 
Bl'CKElilDGE,  John,  born  near  Urarlborouph, 
preached  before  Klnp  James  at  Hampton-court, 
and  was  ir^ade  bishop  ol  Itoclnsier,  in  1611. 

BfCKHOLP,  John,  a  butcher,  of  Levden, 
headed  the  tanaiical  mob  of  anabaptists  at  Mun- 
ster  :  he  was  put  to  d(  alh  in  1536. 

P.l  (Kl.NGHAM.  See  VlLLIERSand  8HEF- 
FIKLD. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Thomas,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  ministers  in  Connecticut,  settled  in 
Hartfoid ;  he  died  In  1731. 

Bl'CKMINSTER,  Joseph  Stevens,  a  native 
of  rorlsmouth,  New-Han)p.shire,  was  a  distin- 
guished and  eloquent  preacher,  of  Brattle-street 
church,  Boston,  and  lecturer  on  Biblical  criti- 
cism at  Harvard  College:  he  died  in  1H12. 

BT.'CQL'ET,  John  Michael  Baptist,  a  physi- 
cian, of  Paris,  died  in  17P0,  a  victim  to  excessive 
application. 

BrD.,'EUS,  William,  a  critic  and  commenta- 
tor on  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  bom  at  Paris, 
1467,  died  1540.  Erasmus  called  him  "  Poitcn- 
wm  Gallie,"  The  Prodigy  of  France. 


BU 

lil  Dl».ii;CS,  John  liaiicis,  sui  cessivel)  prc>- 
fessor  of  Coburg  Halle  and  .kna,  enuneiil  for 
clearness,  judgment,  and  taste,  died  in  1729. 

Bl  DUELL,  Eustace,  a  very  ingenious  and 
entertaining  writer,  born  at  St.  Thomas,  near 
Exeler,  1685.  He  was  concerned  wiiJi  Steele 
and  Addison  in  writing  the  Tattler.  The  Spec- 
tator being  .set  on  foot  in  17K»-]1,  Mr.  Bud^'cU 
had  likewise  a  share  with  them,  all  the  papers 
marked  with  an  X.  bein;;  written  by  hiui  ;  as 
was  indeed  the  whole  t*tji  volume  by  Addi.sou 
and  himself,  without  Uie  assistance  of  Steele, 
t  pon  the  laying  down  of  the  Spectator,  the 
Guardian  was  set  up ;  and  in  this  work  our  au- 
thor had  a  hand  along  with. A  dduson  and  Steele. 
In  the  preface,  it  issaid,  that  those  papers  niarked 
with  an  asterisk  were  wriltt  ii  by  Mr.  liudgell, 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  after  having  si'rved 
the  otlicc  of  undcr-secreiary  of  state,  and  held 
other  high  situations  in  the  government  of  Ire- 
land, lie  returned  to  England,  where  he  became 
involved  in  law-suits,  which  reduced  him  to  a 
very  unhappy  situation.  On  the  4lli  of  May, 
1737,  he  took  a  boat  at  Somerset  stair.s,  after 
fillins  his  pockets  with  stones,  and  ordered  the 
waterman  to  shrot  London  bridge;  but  while 
the  boat  was  going  under,  he  threw  hinisell  into 
ilie  river,  where  he  perished  immediately.  Upon 
his  bureau  was  loiir.d  a  slip  of  paper,  on  which 
were  written  these  words: 

"What  Cato  did,  and  Addison  approv'd, 
"  Cannot  be  wrong." 

BT'ELL,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  prcsbyterian  minis- 
ter on  liong  Island,  much  distinguielied  for  ids 
piety,  died  in  17'.'8. 

Bl'FALMAC(),nonamico,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  w  bo  died  in  J340.  He  was  the  first  who 
put  labels  with  sentences  into  the  n/ouilis  of  his 
figures:  since  followed  by  bad  inasters,  but  more 
frequently  in  caricature  engravings. 

BUFFET,  Margaret,  a  Parisian  lady,  wrote 
Ian  interesting  eulogy  on  learned  women,  &c. 
I  BUl'FIEK,  Claude,  a  French  writer,  chiefly 
|on  belles  letlres,  bt>ni  in  Poland,  KilU,  died  1737. 
[There  are  many  works  of  this  author,  which 
show  deep  penetration,  and  accurate  judgment : 
the  principal  of  which  is,  "  L'n  Cours  des  Scieii 
ces,"  &c.  that  is,  "A  Course  of  Sciences  upon 
I  principles  new  and  simple,  in  order  to  form  Lan- 
guage, the  Undeistanding,  and  the  Heart,  173'2," 
in  tolio. 

BUFFON,  George  le  CIerc,.cnunt  de,  lord  of 
Montbard,  marquis  of  Rotigemont,  viscount  of 
Uuincy,inteiidantof  the  French  king's  gardens 
and  cabinets  ot  Natural  History,  was  one  of  the 
most  elegant  writers  in  France,  in  point  of  style; 
a  man  of  uncommon  genius,  and  surprising  elo- 
quence, and  the  most  astonishing  interpreter  of 
nature  that  perhaps  ever  existed.  He  was  bom 
at  Montbard,  in  Burgundy,  September  7,  1707, 
and  died  April  16,  178B.  Ilis  writings  on  "  Na 
tural  History"  are  invaluable,  and  will  perpetu- 
ate his  name. 

nUGENHAOEN,  John,  a  native  of  Ponir.ra- 
nia,  the  adversary,  and  afterwards  the  friend 
and  missionary  of  Luther,  died  in  1558. 

BU<;iAI!niNl,Juliano,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
esteemed  bv  Michael  Angelo,  died  in  IfiSe. 

BUIS'i'F.R,  Philip,  a  scnlptor,  of  Brussels, 
died  in  16^. 

BUKFRTOP,  Henry  de,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Antwer^i,  who  wrote  various  works  of  contro- 
versy, died  in  1716. 

BUKHARI,  a  learned  Arabian  of  Mecca, 
author  of  a  book  containing  traditions  on  the 
95 


BO 

Maliuiiiedun  religion,  died  in  'ijii  of  the  he- 
gira. 

BUMCLEY,  Potor,  first  minister  of  Concord, 
Masiacliusclls,  died  in  IG59.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent scholar,  and  published  the  "  Gospel  cove- 
nant opened." 

BULK  [jKV,  John,  son  of  Peter  Biilklcy,  prac- 
tised physic  in  Ensland  :  ho  dii'd  in  11)89. 

BULiKLEY,  Gcisliiini,  an  eminent  minister 
of  \e\v-LiiiKlon,  Connecticut,  afterwards  of 
AVeatliiTsficId,  died  in  171H,  disiinj^ishcd  for 
Iiis  knowk'dce  of  chyniisiiy  and  languaut^- 

BULiKLI->Y,  John,  first  minister  of  Colches- 
ter, Conneclirnt,  die<l  in  17.'n  :  cla^^scd  hy  Ur. 
Chauncy  among  tlin  three  most  emiiicnl  for 
strenf:th  of  genius,  wliom  J<ew-England  had 
produciid. 

BULL,  John,  a  celebrated  mnsician,  born  in 
Sonierselsliire,  I'ld'i.  He  was  greatly  admired 
for  his  lino  hand  upon  the  organ,  as  well  as  for 
his  compositions.  Upon  the  establishment  of 
Gresham  College,  he  was  chosen  the  first  pro- 
fessor of  music  tliere ;  and.  not  being  able  to 
speak  L.itin,  was  permitted  to  deliver  his  lec- 
tures in  English.  It  is  uncertain  where  or  when 
he  died ;  but  there  is  a  picture  of  him  yet  re- 
m.Tining  in  the  music-school  at  Oxford. 

BULL,  George,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  a  ver>' 
eminent  writer  and  preacher,  born  at  Wells, 
Somersetshire,  March  2o,  1G34,  died  JFebruarv 
IT,  1700. 

BULL,  William,  speaker  of  the  assembly,  and 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  colony  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, died  in  175,5. 

BULL,  William,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  the  first 
American  wiio  obtained  a  degree  in  medicine  ; 
lie  died  in  179L 

BULL,  Henry,  a  native  of  Great  Britain,  came 
to  New-England,  and  with  several  others, settled 
at  Newport,  Uliode  Island.  He  \vas  afterwards 
governor  of  the  colony,  and  died  in  1(193. 

BULLER,  Francis,  an  English  judge,  pub- 
lished an  introduction  to  the  law  of  Nisi  Prius, 
and  died  in  1800. 

BULLET,  John  Baptist,  dean  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Besancon,  his  works  are  learned  and 
useful,  but  display  neither  srace  of  diction,  nor 
eloL'ance  of  style,  lie  died  in  177.5. 

BULLEYN,  William,  a  very  learned  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  born  in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Henry  Vlil.,  died 
1576. 

BULLTALDU9,  Ismael,  an  astronomer,  born 
in  the  Isle  of  France,  died  in  1*594. 

BULLIARD,  \.,  a  French  botanist  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1793. 

BUL  LINGER,  Henry,  a  celebrated  contro- 
versial divine,  of  Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  in  the 
Itjth  centnrv. 

BULLOCK,  Archibald,  of  Georgia,  was  a 
member  of  the  first  American  Congress,  during 
the  memorable  year  1776.  lie  died  the  year 
following. 

BULLOCK,  Christopher,  an  eminent  English 
actor  of  low  comedy,  and  author  of  two  come- 
dies and  four  farces,  died  1724. 

BULTEAU,  Louis,  a  native  of  Rouen,  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  as  secretary  to  the  French  king, 
and  wrote  an  abridged  history  of  the  Benedic- 
tine order.     He  died  in  1G93. 

BULWER,  John,  an  English  physician,  of 
the  16th  century,  author  of  several  works  on 
phvsiocnomv,  &c. 

BUN  EL,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  distin- 
guished as  a  correct  writer  of  the  Latin  lan- 
goage,  died  in  1546, 
96 


BO 

BUNEL,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Blois,  155tj,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter. 

BIJ.XEL,  William,  a  physician  of  Toulouse, 
published  in  1513,  a  treatise  on  the  pla(:ue. 

BU.WICK,  John,  aFlemish  painter,  excelled 
in  hi.slorical  pieces,  died  in  17-27.  His  brotlicr 
Jacob  was  eminent  in  the  representation  of  sea 
battles. 

BUNON,  Robert,  an  eminent  dentist  at  Paris, 
died  in  1748. 

BUNY.^N,  John,  author  of  the  jiu'tly  admir- 
ed allegory  of  the  "  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  waa 
born  at  Elstow,  near  Bedford,  16-28,  Ilia  parents, 
though  very  mean,  took  rare  to  give  him  that 
learning  which  was  suitable  to  their  condition, 
bringing  him  up  to  read  and  write :  he  quickly 
forgot  both,  abandoning  himself  to  all  manner 
of  wickedness;  but  not  without  fre(iuent  checks 
of  conscience.  One  day,  being  at  play  with  hJa 
coni|)anions,  (the  writer  of  his  lite  tells  us),  a 
voice  suddenly  darted  from  heaven  into  his  soul, 
saying,  "  Wilt  thou  leave  thy  sins  and  go  to 
heaven,  or  have  thy  sins  and  go  to  hell  ?"  This 
put  him  into  such  a  consternation,  that  he  im- 
mediately left  his  sport,  and  looking  to  heaven, 
thought  he  saw  the  Lord  Jesus,  looking  dowu 
ni)im  him,  as  one  hishly  displeased  with  him, 
and  threatening  him  with  some  grievous  punish- 
ment for  his  ungodly  practices.  At  another 
lime,  while  he  was  belching  out  oaths,  he  "was 
severely  reproved  by  a  woman,  who  was  herself 
a  notorious  sinner.  This  coming  from  a  woman 
whom  he  knew  to  be  vx-ry  wicked,  filled  htm 
with  secret  shame,  and  made  him  from  that 
time  very  much  refrain  from  it.  His  father 
brought  iiim  up  to  his  own  business,  which  was 
that  of  a  tinker.  Being  a  soldier  in  the  parlia- 
flient  army,  at  the  siege  of  Leicester,  in  IM^i, 
he  was  drawn  out  to  stand  sentinel;  but  an 
other  soldier  of  his  company  desired  to  take  his 
place,  to  which  he  agreed,  and  thereby  escaped 
being  shot  by  a  musket  ball,  which  took  off  his 
comrade.  About  1055  lu^  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  a  Baptist  congp'galion  at  Bedford,  and 
soon  after  chosen  their  preacher.  In  lOt'iO,  being 
convicted  at  the  session  of  holding  unlawful  as- 
semblies and  conventicles,  he  was  sentenced  to 
perpetual  banishment,  and  in  the  mean  time 
committed  to  gaol,  from  which  he  was  dis- 
charged, after  a  confinement  of  12  years  and 
a  half,  by  the  compa-ssionate  interposition  of  Dr- 
Barlow,  bishop  of  Lincoln.  During  Ins  ini- 
pri>onnient  he  wrote  many  of  his  tracts.  After- 
Nvariils,  being  at  liberty,  he  travelled  into  several 
pa  ,  of  England,  to  visit  and  confirm  the  bretli- 
ren,  which  procured  him  the  epithet  of  bishop 
Bunyan.  When  the  declaration  of  James  II. 
for  liberty  of  conscience  was  published,  he,  by 
the  contribution  of  his  followers,  built  a  meet- 
ing-house in  Bedford,  and  preached  constantly 
to  a  numerous  audience.  He  died  in  London, 
of  a  fever,  1G88 


BUOMMATl 
Florence,  known 
lansuase,  died  in 

BUONACORSl, 
limaco  Esperiente,  h 


lict,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
work  on  the  Tuscan 

p,  called  himself  Cal- 
ls suspected  of  forming 
a  conspiracy  against  P  tl  II.,  and  settled  in  Po- 
land. He  w.  tfj.alife  ji  Attila,  &c.  and  died  in 
1490, 

BUONACORSl,  or  Pr.RRIN  DEL  VAGO, 
an  eminent  painter,  of  Tu.^can/,  suckled  by  a 
goal,  he  died  1.547. 

BUONAFEDE,  Appiano,  a  native  of  Com 
acio,  better  known  under  the  names  of  Appio 
Ameo  de  Faba,  and  Agapisto  Chromazanio ; 


I 


BT 

kiuiwii  ai^o  as  a  poet  and  an  eleganl  wiiier ;  lie 
died  111  17'.i2. 

l!L'0>iAMICI,  Lazarus,  became  professor  of 
belles-lettres  in  tlie  .Sapieiiza  Colli  ge  of  Uiiin 
lie  read  lectures  on  rhetoric  at  I'adua,  and  died 
in  I55*J. 

KUU.VAMICI,  Castriicio,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
at  first  devoted  liinisc'lf  to  the  clerical  profession, 
but  aflervvaids  turned  Ills  altention  to  arms, 
whicli  lie  bore  in  the  service  of  tile  king  ol 
Naples.  He  published  several  valuable  works, 
and  died  in  ITIil. 

BLONAr-AUTE,  Napoleon,  emperor  of 
France,  was  born  at  Ajaccio,  in  the  island  ol 
Corsica,  in  lTt)9,  and  educated  at  llie  iiiiljl:ir> 
schools  of  Biiennc  and  I'aiis.  Ho  comnieiici  d 
his  niiliiary  career  asa  lieutenant  ol  anil  leiy, and 
soon  afterwards  siDdistinguislii'd  himself  al  Ih< 
siegeof  Toulon,  and  diirint;  ihe  civil  ci)ineiiti(iii-< 
at  Paris,  that  he  was  promoted  to  the  c<<niii'aiid 
of  the  army  of  Italy;  with  which  lie  loufini  a 
series  of  battles,  and  gaint^d  a  succession  of  vic- 
tories over  the  oldest  and  ablest  generals  of  Ku- 
rope,  which  astonished  the  world,  and  compel 
led  his  enemies  to  peace.  He  was  for  a  time 
equally  successful  in  l'gyi''i  but  being  repiilMil 
at  the  siege  of  Acre,  by  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  lie 
returned  to  France,  and,  in  ITitO,  was  appoinled 
first  consul  of  the  republic.  During  his  consul 
ship,  he  cominanded  in  the  campaign  of  Italy, 
and  gained  the  glorious  battle  of  Marengo.  In 
18U4,  he  was  crowned  emperor,  by  the  Roman 
pontiff.  From  this  time  his  usual  success  at- 
tended iiim,  and  almost  all  Europe  was  at  his 
control,  until  Ip'1'2,  when  he  invaded  Russi;; 
with  an  army  of  4011,000  men.  The  destruction 
•f  Moscow,  and  the  severity  of  the  climate,  ut- 
terly ruined  his  army  and  compelled  him  to  re- 
treat; he  attempted  boldly  to  retrieve  his  mis- 
fortunes, but  losing  the  memorable  battle  of 
Leipsic,  he  was  driven  to  Fiance,  and  compelled 
to  abdicate  the  throne  lor  the  sovereignty  of 
Elba.  In  less  than  a  year  he  returm-d  to  France, 
and  resumed  his  imperial  authority,  wilhoul 
resistance,  his  old  army  joining  him  with  accia 
inations.  In  June  ibllowiiig,  hosiilities  again 
commenced  between  him  and  the  allies  ;  he  lost 
the  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  terminated  liis  jmiM- 
lical  career.  He  afterwards  retired  on  boaid  a 
British  ship,  and  was  exiled  to  St.  Helena,  where 
lie  was  kept  a  prisoner  until  his  death,  in  Mi-2\. 

BrONAROTTF.sce  MICHAEL  ANGELO. 

BUONDELMONTE,  a  young  Florenime,  in 
»he  beginning  of  the  IHth  century,  who  promised 
to  marry  a  daughter  of  the  family  of  the  Ai  '"dei, 
but  espoused  tiie  more  beautiful  daughter  die 
Sonati.  By  the  intrigues  of  the  slighted  fair  and 
her  relations,  he  was  murdered.  This  murder 
set  the  city  in  commotion,  the  quarrel  b'canie 
general  among  the  nobility,  and  the  animosity 
lasted  many  centuries. 

BlJONFlfiLKI,  .losrph  Constant,  a  Neapoli 
tan,  author  of  the  mod'      ii'   ory  of  Sicily  and 


Venice,  and  the  histor* 

BUONTALENTI, 

rondile,  distinguished 

chitecture,  sculpture,  ■ 

tun»s  and  liistorical  pie 

BUPALUS,  a  sculp) 


<sina,  IPOfi, 
lo,  surnamed   Oi- 
knowledge  of  ai  - 
dso,  for  his  minia- 
;  he  died  in  H'OP. 
of  anlioutty,  540  B.  ( 


BdHCH,  Edward,  anemint  ;t'  English  engra- 
ver, whose  perforiiKinces  are  to  be  found  in 
every  roval  cabinet  i^l  Europe,  died  in  1814. 

HITRCllARlJ,  tutor  of  Conrad  the  emperor, 
made  bishop  of  Worms,  died  lOOIJ. 

BURCHELLO,  Dominico,  a  barber,  of  Flo- 
r«iie«,  hit  wit  auU  genius  made  bim  the  fa- 

N 


liU 

vniirite  if  hiscoiintrvnien;  he  wrote  sonnets  and 
llglilcr  pici .-.,,  :.ijd  died  in  1448 

111  KCK 1 1  .\  H  in\  John  Lewis,  naUve  of  Lau- 
sanne, celebrated  as  a  traveller  in  Africa, 
under  the  pa.roiiage  of  the  African  Association 
Ol  London,  ilied  in  1810. 

BUUDON,  William,  an  ingenious  miscel- 
laneous writer,  born  at  Newiasilr-iipon-Tyne, 
i'lCA,  died  ill  London,  May  M,  1818.  Of  his 
works,  the  best  known  are,  "Materials  for 
Thinking,"  and  a  "  Life  and  Character  of  Ruo- 
napaile." 

lil'RE,  William  dc,  a  bookseller  of  Paris, 
known  for  his  knowledge  of  old,  curious,  and 
valuable  books,  dii'd  in  1782. 

1)1  RE,  Catherine,  a  learned  lady  of  Sweoen  ; 
her  Latin  correspondence  with  another  Swedish 
lady,  Vandelaskylte,  displays  elegance  ol  lan- 
guage, correctness  of  st>  le,  &.C. ;  shcdied  in  lt)79. 

lilKETTE,  IVier  John,  a  pliysiciau  ol  Paris, 
an  ell  gtiiii  and  polished  scholar,  diid  in  1747 

Bl  KGER,  Godfred  AupiisiUB,  a  celebiated 
German  poet,  and  the  writer  of  that  whimsical 
satire,  called  "  Munchausen's  Travels,"  wa3 
iKirn  al  Wolmerswende,  in  the  principality  of 
Ilalheisuidt,  January  1,  1748,  and  died  al  Stut- 
gaiil,  June,  17(14. 

lU  KGES,  Cornelius,  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
al  Oxford  ;  he  was  cliaplain  to  Charles  1.,  and 
died  ill  It-fiS. 

BrR(;H,  T'lick  de,  marquis  of  Clanricarde, 
anihor  of  memoirs  relative  lo  the  Irish  rebellion, 
died  ill  ir.,'S7. 

lUMUill,  James,  a  worthy  and  ingenious  mo- 
ral and  political  writer,  born  at  Madderty,  in 
Perthshire,  1714,  died  1775  Of  niaiiv  excellent 
works  thai  he  left  behind  him,  "  Political  Dis- 
nuisilions,"  3  vols.,  and  "  A'outli's  Friendly  Mo- 
nitor," are  ihe  best  known,  and  most  esteemed. 

Bl'RGOYNE,  Rt.  Hon.  John,  a  privy  coun- 
sellorof  Ireland,  lieutenant  general  in  the'  British 
army,  and  author  of  four  dramatic  pieces,  viz. 
"The  Heiress,"  "  The  Maid  of  the  Oaks,"  "The 
Lord  ol  the  Manor,"  and  "  Richard  Coeiir  de  Li- 
on." He  surrendered  his  whole  army  lo  General 
Gates,  al  Saratoga,  during  rtie  American  revo- 
lution, and  died  .Aug.  4,  1792. 

BI'RIDAN,  John,  a  French  philosopher,  in 
the  Mill  century. 

lU'UIGNY,  Levesqu^de,a  native  of  Rlieims, 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  authority  of  tlie  popes, 
&c. :  he  died  in  1785. 

BURKE,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  orater  and 
statesman,  horn  in  the  coiiniy  of  Cork,  Ireland, 
Jan.  1,  17.10.  After  staying  the  usual  time  at 
the  university  of  Dublin,  he  went  over  fo  Lon- 
don, and  entert  I  hiniself  as  a  student  ol  the 
Middle  Temple.  He  soon,  however,  commenced 
political  writer;  and,  so  masterly  were  his  style 
and  aigumenis,  I  at  his  first  prodni  tions  (pub- 
lished anonymously)  ivere  universally  aftribnled 
lo  lord  Boliiigbrrke.  His  "  Pliiloso|',liical  In- 
ipiiry  into  the  Origin  of  our  Ideas  on  the  Sub- 
lime and  BeaiMii'iil"  soon  made  him  known  to 
the  literati  :  and  he  thenceforth  became  a  piibhc 
man.  In  17()5,  Mr.  Burke  came  into  parliament, 
and  immediately  joined  to  the  character  of  a 
most  elegant  writer,  iliai  of  a  most  eloquent 
speaker;  he  died  Jiilv  8,  17<17. 

BI'RKITT,  Wllliain,  burn  at  Hiicham,  in 
Northamptonshire,  1650,  died  170:<.  He  was  a 
pious  and  charitable  man,  who  wrote  s^'viial 
books. and  amonu  the  rest,  a  "Commentary  upon 
the  New-Testament,"  in  the  same  plain,  practi- 
cal,and  aflectins;  manner  in  wl  icli  he  pn  aelicd. 

BUELiAMAUUI,  John  James,  an  illustrions 
I  97 


BU 


BIJ 


civilian,  bom  at  Geneva,  In  1694,  was  after-  It  would  be  endless  to  transcribo  all  the  high  en- 
wariis  protesjur  of  civil  law  there.  In  his  comiums  that  have  been  passed  nn  this  work 
"Principles  ol'NaniralLaw,"wriueii  in  French, |il)y  varJDiis  einin''iit  authors.  He  di.  d  in  1715. 
be  is  .supposed  lo  have  incorporated  all  the  best  I  bl'RNEY,  Dr.  t'harlca,  an  cniinini  nnisiciaa 
things  t'roiu  (Jrotius,  Pnin  iidorl,  and  tlieir  cum-  [and  fjeneral  scholar,  burn  at  Hi'irMV.-ibury,  .•^pril 
nientalor,  IJarbcyrac.  He  publishid,M)ine  time  |7,  172<"i,  died  ai  Chelsea  Colkui,  oi"  which  lie 
afier,  the  "I'rititipies  oIl'oliikalLaw,"  which  i  was  orpanist,  April  12,  IH14,  in  his  8fiii  year. 


His  "  General  History  of  .Mii-sic,"  4  vols.  4lo; 
his  "  Present  Stale  m' JUisic  in  France,  Uaift 
the  Netherlands,  Hi>ll:ind,  and  Germany;"  aiid 
"  .\cc(Mint  of  tilt  Musical  [XTforniances  In  coin- 
mcmoralionof  Ha:;dcl,"  are  valuable  additions 
to  Uritish  literature,  Ironi  the  knowledge  which 
they  impart,  and  ihe  elepance  uiih  which  they 
are  wriilen.     lie  also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Me- 


was  written  in  the  same  lansrnagc,  and  equally 
well  rt  ceived.     He  died  in  174b. 

BITKLEKilf.    See  CECIL. 

BUIILEY,  VValit-r,  an  Kntilish  priest,  wrote 
comineniarles  on  Arit-inile,  &.c. 

BUKMA.N',  Francis,  of  Leyden,  profes.sor  of 
theology,  ai  Utrecht,  wrote  commentaries  on  the 
Pentateuch,  &c.,  died  in  1U79. 

Bl'UM.VN,  Franci.s,  son  of  the  preceding, Ijtastasio  ;"  a  work  hiehly  eelimable  fur  its  can 
was  uijn  professor  at  L'trecht,  and  wroie  on  the  dour,  inforniatioit,  judtrment,  and  taste, 
perseiiition  of  Dioclesian  :  he  died  in  17ly.  |    Bl'RNEY,  Or.  Charles,  son  of  tl.c  forepoing. 

Bl.'KM.W,  Peter,  professor  of  history  and'lwas  born  at  Lynn,  iNorfolk,  Dc/;.  ti,  17.'i7,  and 
eloquence,  in  the  university  of  Leyden,  and  , bred  at  the  Charter  House,  and  (\tiMs  College, 
editor  of  the  Latin  classics,  of  which,  he  pub-jjCainbridge.  He  greatly  disliirKuished  himself 
lislied  Virgil,  Ovid,  Petronius,  Quii\tilian,  Sue-!  by  the  depth  of  his  literary  researches,  and  by 
toniiis,  Justin,  Vellciu3,  Phsedrus,  &c.,  anddiedlihis  extraordinary  skill  in  the  Greek  language. 
In  1740.  [He  obtained  great  eminence  as  the  master  of 

BURMAN,  John,  of  the  same  family,  profes- 1  classical  academics,  successively  at  Uiuiimer- 
sor  of  Botany  and  medicine  at  Amsterdam,}  smith  and  G.eenwich,  was  D.  D.,  L.  L.  U., and 
published  some  works,  about  r;5R.  F.  U.S.,  rector  of  St.  Paul,  Deptford,  and  of 

BL'UN,  Dr.  Richard,  vicai  of  Orton,inWest-!  Clilfe,  both  in  thecountyof  Uent,  and  died  Dec. 
morcland,  born  at  Winton,  in  that  county,  diedi|28,  1817. 

Nov.  -20,  178.5.     He  was  author  of  two  celehia-i     BURIN'S,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who, 
ted  books,  one  on  the  "  Office  of  a  Justice  of  ijin  the   humble  employment  of  a  plout'liman. 


Peace,"  the  other  on  "  Ecclesiastical  Law ;" 
both  of  which  have  gone  through  several  edi- 
tions. 

BURX,  John,  son  of  the  prec<>diijp,  Yii,ed  his 
father's  works  with  adilitio-is,  i!icd  ir,  1  ^U2. 


[discovered  a  most  extraordinary  genius  for  po- 
etical composition.  Dis-salislicd  with  liis  low 
jStalion,  he  was  about  to  emigrate  lo  Jamaica, 
ito  seek  a  better  fortune  ;  and,  with  a  view  to 
jprocure  money  for  his  passage,  a  coarse  idition 


BURN.^BY,  Andrew.  D.  D.,  ar>  Jpviglish  di-  'of  his  poems  were  published  at  Edinburgh 
vine,  vicar  of  Greenwich,  and  ai-ch  J'jacon  of  j]They  were  soon  noticed  by  the  gentlemen  in 
Leicester.  He  published  his  travels  in  Northijlhat  city  ;  and  some  extracts,  with  an  account 
America,  sermons,  &c.,  and  died  in  1812.  jiof  the  author,  were  given  in  "The  Lounger,"  a 

BURNET,  Gilbert,  bishop  of  i^alisbury,  born  'i»  riodlcal  paper  then  hi  the  course  of  i)ublica- 
&t  Edinbu'sh,  in  lf>4;i.  He  Nva.«  a  very  zealous 'li!)n.  Subscriptions  were  then  set  on  foot  for  a 
promoter  of  the  revolution  wlilcli  finally  placed  'new  edition  of  his  works,  and  Burns  was  made 


the  present  family  on  the  F'teifiiti  throne.     As  a 
writer,  he  is  dislingiiislu  -s  "  History  of 

the  Reformati<Mi,"  publish  -^en  1679  and 

1681,  and  for  which  he  haii  ''s  of  both 

houses  of  parliainein.    In  lb. ..,  lit         "shed  his 
"  Exposition  of  the  39  articles  oi         Church 


in  exciseman,  with  an  income  of  about  50/.  a 
year.  This  pupil  of  nature,  however,  this  poet 
ol'  inspiration,  possessed  in  the  same  degree, 
the  powers  and  the  failings  of  genius.  His  ta- 
lents were  often  obscured,  and  his  constitution 
was  at  length  iinpiiired,  by  excess.  His  manners 


of  Eiii-laiid  ;"  and  after  his  death,        cli  hap-  iiiot  being  capable  of  melioration,  and  his  pro- 
penc-d  in  March,  1714-5,  his  "History  ..1  his  Own  lipensity  to  intemperance  being  ungovernable. 


Tunes,  with  his  Life  annexed,"  was  publishc 
by  his  son,  Thomas  Burnet,  esq.,  al'terwards  S 
Thomas. 

BURNET,  Elizabeth,  third  wife  of  bishop 
Burnet,  published  a  nieihod  of  devotion,  a  book 
of  merit,  and  died  in  1709. 

BUR.NliT,  William,  son  of  the  ceieoratedhi 
■hop  Burnet,  appointed  governor  of  New- York 
and  New-Jersey,  in  1720;  of  Ma^achusetts  and 
New-Hampshire,  in  1728,  and  died  1729. 

BUR.N'K.T,  Dr  Thomas,  a  Scotch  physician 
author  of  Thesauras  iVIedicinsc  Practicie,  and 
other  medical  works. 

BUR.XETT,  Or. Thomas,  amostinceniousand 
learned  witer,  born  at  Croft.  Yorksliiie.  I'i:i5 
His  most  celebrated  work,  "  The  Sacrnl  Theo- 
ry of  the  Earth,'  was  originally  published  in 
Latin,  in  2  vols.  4to  ;  the  first  two  books,  "  con 
eerniug  the  Deluge  and  Paradise,"  in  ItiSl;  the 
two  la.«t,  "  concerning  the  burnins  of  the  world, 
and  the  New  Heavens  and  New  Earth,"  in  lf)8tt. 
The  niiroinmon  approbation  which  this  work 
met  with,  and  the  particular  encouraeement  of 
Charle^  11  ,  who  was  exceedingly  taken  with  it, 
pat  the  author  upon  translating  it  into  English. 
98 


the  attentions  paid  to  him  were  not  lasting ;  and 
le  sunk  under  poverty  and  distress,  leaving  a 
widow  proiinaiit,  and  five  infant  children.  He 
died  July  21,  1796,  in  the  prime  of  life. 

BURRHiS,  Afraiiius,  a  Roman  commander, 
under  Claudius  and  Nero. 

BURR,  Peter,  a  judge,  and  afterwards  chief 
justici*  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  in  I'll. 

BURR,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America,  in  liiiSH,  and  was  settled  in  the  mi 
nislry  at  Dorchester  ;  he  died  in  1641. 
BURRi.Aaronipaslorofthepresbyterian  church 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  ^~i'2  ;  elected  president  of 
Princeton  Collciie  in  1748,  died  in  17.')7.  He  was 
distinguished  lor  his  learning,  &c.,and  publish- 
ed occasional  discourses,  &c. 

BURRILL,  John,  speaker  of  the  house  of  re- 
pre.sentative.s  of  Mass.,  and  member  of  the  couu- 
cil,  died  in  1721. 

BURRILL,  James,  a  native  of  Providence, 
and  a  distinguished  lawyer  of  that  place,  wag 
attorney  general,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Rhode  Island,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  18-20,  a  Ecnalor  In  congreiw. 


BU 

BURRINGTON,i;cufge.]iioprictary(;ovtnior| 
of  North  Carolina,  wa,"  dismissed  from  tiie  of- 
fice for  his  vices,  and  afitrwards  murdered  in 
E(i^la;id,  nboiit  iVM. 

liLRKOU(;ll,  Edward,  a  native  of  West 
nuiri-iaud,  obiainod  from  Charles  If.  ilie  siis 
jiiMisiiin  of  (III  jifisfcution  .ifiuiust  the  quakers 
ill  Ncw-Knfriand. 

Hl'KROl  UllES,  Jeremiah,  a  nonconforniist, 
li''canic  preaclirr  of  .Sitinicy  and  Cniiplcirale 
rliiirclus,  and  died  in  l(i4t). 

HDUIOUGIIS,  George,  a  minister  of  Salcni 
Ma>;s.,  one  of  Die  victims  of  the  w  itclicrafl  de 
liisKin.  ill  Kl'.'O. 

HI  lilii  >\\  ,  Sir  JliTnes,  n^aster  of  tl'e  crown 
o/r»e,  and  >onie  tiiiie  prrsi<li'iit  of  I  lie  Royal  t«o- 
cieiy,  imblisliid  four  volumes  of  •'  UeiHirl!;," 
and  a  voluiiie  of  "  Iierisions  of  the  Oimrt  of 
Kinp's  Bench  upon  Settlement  cases,  fmni  17;t'2 
to  l'*2,  (to  which  was  piibjoined  "  An  Essay  on 
I'linuiiation,")  and  diiV  Nov.  5,  17  j. 

1U"1!T,  John,  niinisK  r  of  Biiki  t.  "l.  I 
daiiii'd  in  17}] ,  died  1775,  a  sound  iivine. 

Ill  RTON,  Henry,  an  ectlrsiaslic,  born  at 
Dirsall,  in  Vorkshiie,  made  H.  D.  at  Oxford. wa 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  prince  Ih  nry.  and  after  his 
death,  to  Cliarlps.  His  writings  are  all  coniro 
versial,  and  generally  full  of  invectives.  He 
died  in  ll!48. 

RlfRTON,  William,  author  of  "  A  History 
of  Leicestershire,"  bom  at  Lindlcy,  in  that 
countv,  III  l.'jTS,  died  in  1^4.3. 

l!U'R'l\)i\,  Robert,  known  to  the  learned  by 
the  nauic  of  lieiiiocriius,  junior,  vvri-i  broilie 
of  the  preceding,  and  born  alsoat  l.ii  Jlry, Feb. 
8,  1570,  died  .Ian.  ]tirir>-40  lie  ws.-  a  man  of 
general  leartung,  a  great  philosopher,  an  exact! 
mathematician,  and  (what  makes  up  fortliepe 
cntiarity  of  his  character)  a  very  curious  ralcu 
lalor  of  nativities,  lie  \^■as  extremely  studious 
and  of  a  melancholy  turn:  yet  an  acieeubii 
companion,  and  very  liuniorous.  "  The  Anato 
my  of  melaiiclioly."  by  Oimociitns,  junior,  at 
he  calls  binisi  If.  allows  that  these  seemingly  (lit- 
fercnt  qualiiles  were  mixed  tosetlier  in  his  com 
position.  This  liook  was  printed  first  in  4io, 
16'21 ,  afterwards  iiiany  times  in  folio,  to  the  great 
profit  of  the  bookseller,  who,  as  Mr.  Woodtells 
us,  f!Ot  an  estate  by  it.  "  Burton  u[)oii  Melan- 
choly," saysaiclibishop  HerrinL',  (Letters,  r<77, 
12mo,)  "  is  an  author  the  pleasantrst,  tJtc  mos' 
learned,  and  the  most  full  of  sterlinp  sense.— 
The  wits  of  queen  Anne's  reiijii,  and  the  beirin 
nine  of  Georpe  I.,  were  (ho  adds)  no?  a  little 
beholden  to  him."  Dr.  Ferriar,  in  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Literary  and  I'hilo.sophical  Society  of 
Manchester,"  published  1793,  and  in  "  Illu.-;lia 
tioiis  of  Sterne,"  published  1799,  has  delected 
in  this  book  the  source  of  many  of  Sieriie" 
most  admired  writings.  Pee  also  an  able  critic 
on  this  subject,  in  the  European  Magazine,  for 
Oct.  and  Nov.  1793. 

Bl'RTON,  William,  an  excellent  critic  and 
antiquary,  died  in  ll>d7. 

ItrKTOX,  William,  a  physician,  but  better 
known  as  author  of  "  A  History  of  the  county 
of  York,"  2  vols.  iVilio.  He  was  born  at  Ripon, 
in  lii97,  and  ilied  at  York,  in  1759 

BI'RTON,  John,  a  learned  divine,  born  at 
■Wenibworth,  in  Pevonshire,  1(!9C,  died  in  1771 
leavinjfsoine  ingenious  wrilines. collected  under 
the  title  of  "  Opuseula  Miscellanea." 

BURTON,  E/.ekias,  prebendary  of  Norwich, 
eminent  for  his  learning' and  piety,  died  in  ItiHl. 
His  discourses  were  published  by  Tillot.son. 


BURY,  Arthur,  D.  I),  at  the  restoration,  he!  taining  only  to  England 


BU 

obtained  a  prebend  of  Exeter,  and  iu  1665,  wai 
made  chaplain  to  the  king. 

BURY,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  captain  Law- 
rence, excelled  in  her  knowledge  ol  mathema- 
tics, and  the  learned  languages ;  she  died  in 
VrJfl. 

BURZI'IE,  a  learned  Persian  philosopher 
and  ph>sician,  ill  the  rei(:n  of  C'hosroes,  sur- 
nuiiied  Nusehirvan  the  Just. 

BUS,  Casarde,  anaiive  of  Cavaillon,  atoned 
for  tile  irretiilarities  of  his  youtli,  by  a  pious 
lili,  devotid  to  tiie  reforMiation  of  the  clergy. 
He  died  in  1(:07. 

Bl  SliJXU'lUS,  or  BUSBEC,  Auger  Gislen, 
born  at  Coniniines,  a  town  in  Flanders,  in  15'J2. 
In  I3.)4,  he  was  appointed  anibatsador  at  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  acquired  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  stale  of  the  Ottonian  empire,  and 
the  true  means  of  attacking  it  with  succi  ss ;  on 
which  subject  he  composed  a  very  judiciout  dis- 
course, entitled,  "  He  re  miliiari  contra  Tuitaxn 
nstiiueiula  consilium."     He  died  in  Oct.  loW. 

r.l  t^liY,  Richard,  born  at  Lutton,in  Lincoln- 
shire, ItiOO.  In  11140,  he  was  appointed  master 
of  Westminster  school;  and,  by  his  skill  and 
diligence  in  this  most  laborious  and  important 
ortice,  for  the  space  of  55  years,  bred  up  liie 
preaies!  niiniber  of  eminent  men  in  church 
and  state,  tiiat  ever  adorned  at  one  time  any 
age  or  nation.  This  great  man.  altera  long  and 
healthy  life,  the  consequence  of  Ids  chastity, 
sobriety,  and  teinperance,  died  April  6,  1695, 
aged  89,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
He  had  c.omiios(  d  several  books  for  the  use  of 
his  school,  and  had  the  reputation  of  being  a 
very  severe  disrjpliiiarian. 

BI'S(Hi;riO  DA  PALICniO,  an  eminent 
architi'Ct  and  inerliaiiicof  the  lUli  century. 

EUSl'HlNG,  Or.  ,\nthony  Frederick,  an  emi- 
nent (lerman,  author  of  "A  New  Treatise  of 
Geography,"  which  has  been  translated  into 
several  languages,  and  particularly  into  English, 
n  ti  vols.  4io.  lie  died  at  Berlin,  in  May,  1793, 
asivl  t!9.  ; 

BUSCKII'P.V  .fflian,  a  German  scholar, 
wrote  some  Laiiv  .,^ems,  and  commentaries  on 
classical  authors.'  ^d  died  in  1,)34. 

lU'PHFLL,  Tlioiiias,  a  native  of  Worcester- 
shire, a  zealous  royalist,  anil  master  of  the  royal 
mines  in  Wales,  dii  d  in  1674. 

BUfLEU)E.\,  Jerome,  a  statesman,  in  the 

rvice  of  Charles  V.,  died  in  1.J17 

Bl'PSIERE,  John  de,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  France,  &.C.,  diid  in  1C78. 

BUSSY,  Roger  Rabiiiin,  count  of,  a  French- 
man, memorable  for  wit  and  misfortunes,  was 
born  in  Burgundy,  April  3,  1('18.  He  wrote 
many  works,  satirical,  historiral,  and  moral; 
but  is  chietly  known  by  his  "  Letters,"  whicli 
are  niticli  esteenied.    He  died  in  IK'S. 

BUTE.  John,  earl  ot".  viscount,  and  baron 
Mountsluart.  &c.  Tltis  nobleman  was,  in  17h.'?, 
appointed  jirime  niiiiislcr.  The  nation  being 
nearly  exhausted  by  a  long  and  exi«nsivg, 
though  successful,  war  with  France,  he  con- 
cluded a  peace,  and  then  mired  to  enjoy  a  life 
of  learned  leisure.  He  was  a  Io\  er  and  encou- 
raeer  of  learning  and  learned  men,  especially 
when  genius  and  respectable  character  were 
united  in  the  sanie  person.  It  was  on  this  prin- 
ciple that  he  asked  and  obtained  of  his  majesty 
a  pension  of  30(1/.  a  year  for  Dr.  John.son. 
-Amone  many  instances  of  his  love  to  the  arts, 
the  earl  of  Bute  primed,  at  his  own  expense,  a 
botanical  work,  in  9  4io.  vols.,  of  plants  ajiper- 


Only  12  C4H>ies  w  ere 
99 


BU 

f Tinted  ;  the  expense  ol"  which  aiiiouiitcil  ;ii 
000?.  Copies  were  pr'  scmcd  to  llie  i|Ui-eii,  !• 
the  lat<'  diui;iiess  ul  Portland,  M.  de  Button,  lady 
Susan  Mackenzie,  lady  Ua.iks,  and  lorUMnuii> 
Stuart.  Those  remaining  were  reserved  tor  le- 
gacies, and  ilie  plaies  were  destroyed.  His  lord- 
ship died  Mur.  h  10,  I7!l2. 

BUTLEll,  U'llliani.  a  physician,  born  at  Ips- 
wich. Some  anecdotes  are  recordi'd  of  liini. 
wiiich  exhibit  liiiu  as  a  capricious  inadmau ;  he 
died  in  li>18. 

BUTLliR,  Charles,  a  native  of  Hampshire, 
author  of  a  popular  work  on  bees,  called  the 
feminine  inoiian  hy,  &<'.   died  in  1047. 

BLTTIjEK,  Samuel,  a  ,oet  oi  a  very  singular 
cast,  born  at  Slrensliara,  in  Worcestershire, 
1612.  He  lived  some  lime,  (though  it  is  no. 
known  in  what  capacity,)  with  Sir  Samuel 
Luke,  a  gentleman  of  un  auci'-m  lamlly  in  Bed- 
fordshire, and  u  famous  coinmander  under  Oli- 
ver Cromwell.  VVliiie  he  resided  in  this  gentle- 
man's family,  i;  is  generally  supposed  that  he 
planned,  if  he  did  not  write,  the  celebialed 
"  Hudibias  ,"  under  which  characier  ic  is 
thousht  he  intended  to  ridicule  tiial  knight. 
When  (his  poem  became  known,  it  was  neces- 
earily  admired:  the  king  quoted,  the  couriiers 
studied,  and  the  whole  party  of  the  royalists 
applauded  it.  Every  ey<  waiched  for  the  goiden 
shosver  which  was  to  fall  upon  the  author.  Bui 
praise  was  his  whole  reward.  It  is  reported, 
indeed,  that  the  king  once  zave  him  :<00  guineas; 
but  o'  this  temporary  bounty  we  find  no  pro.if. 
He  died  September  i5,  ItiriO  ;  and  was  buried  at 
the  private  e.vpense  of  a  Mr.  Longueville,  of  the 
Temple,  in  tlie  church-'-ard  of  Covent  Garden. 
Aboui  60  years  afterwi  Mr.  Barber,  a  printer, 
mayor  of  London,  and  ;  nd  lo  Butler's  prin- 
ciples, bestowed  on  him  ^  lunient  in  VVesl- 
minster  .-Vbbey.     [uthem  ob.scurity  pas.'^ed 

the  life  of  Butler,  a  man  .-se  name  can  only 
perish  with  his  language.  .  ne  mode  and  place 
of  his  education  are  unknown  ;  tlie  events  of 
his  life  are  variously  related  ;  and  all  that  can 
be  told  with  certainty  is,  that  he  was  poor. 

BfT TLiER,  .lames,  duke  of  Ormnnd,  a  very 
celebrated  statesman  and  warrior,  in  llie  reign 
of  Charles  H.,  to  whose  restoration  he  materi- 
ally contributed.  He  was  born  in  London,  1010, 
and  died  in  lO-'S. 

BfJTLER,  .loseph,  bishop  of  Durham,  a  pre- 
late of  most  distinguished  piety,  born  at  Wan- 
tage, Berks,  1092  His  deep  learning  and  coin- 
prehen-iive  mind  ajipear  sutficienlly  in  his  writ- 
ings, particularly  m  a  work  entitled,  "  The 
Analogy  of  Religion,  natural  and  revealed,  to 
the  constitution  and  course  of  Nature."  He 
died  in  17.V2. 

BUTLER,  Thomas,  earl  of  Ossory,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  confined  in  the  tower  eitrht 
months  by  Cromwell.  ,^fler  the  restoration, 
he  abashed  Shaft.-biiry,  by  an  e.vertion  of  his 
powers,  in  the  vindication  of  his  father.  He 
died  in  1680. 

BUTLER,  Alban,a  Roman  catholic,  director 
of  the  English  College  of  St.  Omer's,  died  in 
1782. 

BI.'^TLER,  Richard,  a  brave  officer  during  the 
war  of  the  revolution,  killed  at  the  defeat  of 
General  St.  Clair,  in  1791. 

BfJTLRR,  Thomas,  a  brave  officer  in  the  re- 
volnti niary  war.  In  1797.  he  commanded  in 
Tennessee,  and  brought  the  Indian  war  to  a  suc- 
cessful termination.     He  died  in  180.). 

BUTT,  George,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine,  ac- 
100 


BY 

1  Hired  some  distinction  as  .T  poet.   He  published 
.t  volnmt'  of  sermons,  and  died  in  171)5. 

BUTTS,  Sir  William,  a  physician  to  Henry 
VIH.,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  College 
il  Physicians. 

HI  ;.\.TON,  Jedediah,  a  man  of  most  extraor- 
dinary natural  talents  for  calculation,  born  at 
i:inieion,  a  villaee  in  Derbyshire,  1705.  He  was^ 
never  taught  to  read  or  write  ;  but  could,  by  the* 
force  of  mi^mory,  solve  in  a  very  short  lime  the 
most  complicated  questions  respecting  the  mul- 
iiplication,  division,  reduction,  &.C.,  ol  ligures; 
y  I,  beyond  mere  calculaiion,  his  ideas  were 
iiurdly  above  those  of  infancy.  He  died  about 
1175. 

BUXTORFF,  John,  the  name  of  two  learned 
professors  of  Hebrew  at  Itasil,  father  and  son, 
who  ate  allowed  a  place  among  those  of  the  first 
ank  for  rabbinical  luurning.  The  father  died 
n  10-29,  the  son  in  Vm. 

BCXTtJllI'F,  John,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
:ucceedixl  him  in  the  Oriental  cliair  of  BasU, 
and  was  esicrnied  for  his  extensive  erudition. 
He  died  in  1732. 

BUY  DE  .MORN.\S,  Claudia,  born  at  Lyons, 
authornf  a  valuable  atlas  of  geography  and  his 
lorv,  died  in  178i. 

BCZA.NVAL,  Nicholas  Choart  do,  a  French 
|.>;i'laie,  relinquished  the  profession  of  law  for 
he  church,  and  died  in  1079. 

liU'ZOT,  Francis  Nicholas  Leonard,  one  of 
I  he  heroes  of  tiie  French  revolution,  born  ia 
17!>0. 

BYEFIRLD,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  England, 
sei'Jid  in  Hri-:| -I,  Rhode  Island, and  died  in  H.^o. 

BVFIELI),  Nicholas,  a  naiive  of  Warwick- 
shire, who  wrote  some  voluminous  tracts  on 
divinity;  he  died  in  1022. 

BYLES,  Mather,  D.  D.,  a  poet  and  political 
writer  of  some  note,  minister  in  Boston,  where 
lie  was  horn  in  1700. 

BVN.EUS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
killed  in  classical  and  historical  learning,  died 
in  1098. 

BYNG,  George,  lord  viscount  Torrington,waa 
born  in  IfiO:!.  His  eminent  abilities  as  a  naval 
commander  raised  him  successively  to  the  high 
)iiices  of  rear  admiral  of  Enalan.l,  treasurer  of 
the  navy,  and  first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  He 
was  father  of  the  unfortunate  admiral  John 
Byng,  who,  after  having  given  many  proofs  of 
courage,  was,  on  a  dubious  sentence  for  neglect 
of  duty,  shot  at  Portsmouth,  March  14,  1757. 
His  lordship  died  in  ]7:iJ. 

BYNKERSIIOKK.  Cornelius  Van,  professor 
of  law  at  Leyden,  &c.,  author  of  Observations 
un  the  Roman  Laws,  &c.,  died  in  1743. 

BYRU,  William,  a  naiive  of  Virginia,  died 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  He  col- 
lected a  very  large  and  valuable  Ubrary. 

BYRGE,  Justus,  an  ingenious  mat hematlcian 
and  instrnmini-niaker  in  France,  nourished  at 
ihe  end  of  (he  lOlli  century. 

BYRNE,  William,  a  very  distinguished  land- 
cape  eneraver.  His  best  performances  are, 
The  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain,  after  Hearne; 
Viewsofthe  Lakes  after  Farington;  and  Smith's 
Scenery  of  Italy.  His  chief  excellence  consist- 
ing in  his  aerial  perspective,  and  the  general 
ertectof  hischiaro-oscuro,  he  was  more  agreea- 
bly and  more  beneficially  employed  in  linisliing 
than  inefcliing;  and  hence  he  generally  worked 
m  conjunction  with  his  pupils;  to  whom  his 
■iirong  recommendation  was,  to  study  nature, 
Vivar«e,  and  the  best  examples  of  the  French- 


CA 


VM 


school.  Among  the  pupils  of  Mr.  Byrne,  \vc| 
know  no  one  who  has  done  more  credit  either 
to  hbj  uistructer  in  the  art,  or  to  himself,  than 
Mr.  Laiirfseer,  engraver  to  hi:^  late  majesty.  Mr. 
Byrne  died  Sepieinber  J4,  ISOj,  agi  d  (iU. 

BYRO.M,  Joliii,  a  poetical  writer,  and  inventer 
of  a  new  system  of  shorthand,  born  at  kersal, 
near  Manchester,  Ki'Jl,  died  in  17t>3. 

BYROX,  Lord  Georse  Gordon,  an  Knglish 
nobleman,  distingulslied  as  the  greatest  poet  ol 
liie  age  in  which  he  lived,  author  of  "  C'hildr 
Uaiold,"  "  Don  Juan,"  and  other  |K>cms,  died 
Rt  Missolonghi,  while  as^^isling  the  Greeks  in 
Iheir  glorious  struggle  for  freedom,  in  April, 
18-24. 

BVTHNER,  Victorinus,  a  native  of  Poland, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Hebrew,  died  in 
1664. 

B'/.OVIUS,  Abraham,  a  learned  Polander. 
Tile  chief  of  his  works  is,  "  A  Cominuaiion  uf 
Baroiiius'  Annals  from  liUS  to  1572."  He  died 
in  1637. 


visited  the  Madeira*, 


CA 

CAB,  Ben  Zohair,  an  Arabian  poet,  the  oppo- 
nent, and  afterwards  the  friend,  of  Slahomet  ; 
died  in  ihe  first  vear  of  the  licgira. 

CAB  ADKS,  o"r  COBAD,  a  king  of  Persia,  dc 
posed,  but  afterwards  recovered  his  authority, 
Which  he  lel't  to  his  son  in  o31. 

C.-VB.\NIS,Petpr  John  George,  a  French  phy- 
sician, the  ELssdciat.Mif  Mirabeau,  and  one  of  the 
council  of  SIM)  during  the  revolution,  died  in 
180fl. 

CABASILAS,  Nilus,  archbi-shop  of  Thesa- 
lonica,  wrote  against  the  supremacy  of  the  fiope: 
li«  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew,  Nichola.<:,  in 
the  14th  centurv. 

CABASSOLK,  Philip  de,  chancellor  and 
chief  minister  of  the  (piee-  of  Sicily,  and  cardi- 
nal d'  metropolitan  of  Constantinople  ;  died  in 
1372. 

CAB.XSSUT,  John,  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Avignon,  died  in  U\8o. 

CABEL, -Adrian  ^  andcr,  of  Riswick,  eminent 
(IS  a  painter  ;  lie  died  in  IfiltS. 

CABKSTAN,  or  CABISTAING,  Williairi 
do,  a  poet,  murdered  by  the  husband  of  his  mis- 
tress, who  cat  his  heart  unknowingly,  and  died 
with  grief. 

CABOT,  John,  a  Venetian,  who  first  dis- 
covered the  continent  of  America,  in  1407. 

CABOT,  Spba.»tian,  son  of  the  preredins,  ac- 
companied his  father  in  his  voyage,  iiJfl4y7,  and 
afterwards  made  several  voyages;  he  died  in 
15,i7. 

CABOT,  George,  an  eminent  statesman,  was 
a  member  of  the  Tnited  States'  Senate  from  the 
state  of  Mass.,  and  president  of  the  Hartford 
Convention.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
great  strength  of  mind,  of  sound  and  corrnct 
judgment,  of  unsullied  honour,  and  the  strictest 
•iitcgrity,  and  was  the  friend  and  associate  of 
Washington. 

CABOT,  Vincent,  author  of "  LesPolitiqucs," 
in  4  vols.,  of  the  )4th  centurv. 

CABRAI  .or  C.XBRER.A,  Pedro  Alvares 
Portuguese,  sent,  in  1500,  by  king  Emanuel,  with 
a  fleet  to  the  East  Indies.    He  was  driven  upoi 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  and  gave  the  name  to  Santa 
Cruz. 

CADALOUS,  a  bishop  of  Parma,  made  pope 
under  the  title  of  Honorius  IL,  died  in  1(J04. 

CADAMOSTO,  Lewis,  a  fatnous  Venetian 


navigator,  bom  in  14-.>2 
the  Canaries,  &.C. 

CAUMl'S,  king  of  Thebes,  who  brought  16 
letters  inio  (Jreece.  The  poi-ts  say  thai  lie  left 
hi.^  couiiiiy  in  quest  of  his  sister  Europa,  and 
went  iate  Bu;oiia,  where  one  of  his  cumpunv 
wasdevoiired  by  a  dragon,  which  <  admn.'-slew, 
and  sowed  its  teeth  in  a  held,  whence  sprung 
up  an  army  of  men  who  destroyed  one  anuiher. 

C.VDMUS,  a  Milesian,  author  of  a  history  of 
India. 

C.VDOG,  founder  of  some  churches  in  Wales, 
in  the  15tti  century. 

I'AUOU,  a  bard  of  the  6lh  century,  called  the 
Wi.-e. 

•  'AliOGAN,  William  Bromley,  a  respected 
minister  of  St.  Giles',  Reading,  and  St.  Luke''a ; 
died  in  17!<7. 

CADWALADYR,  last  king  of  the  Britons, 
111  (i<0  lie  was  conquered  by  the  Saxons. 

CADWALADYR,  Cesail,  a  Welsh  bard  of 
some  raeiit.  in  the  Kith  centurv. 

C.\DWALLADER, ,  an  eminent  physi- 

cian  of  Philadt'lphia,  and  among  the  tirM  who 
wrote  on  medical  subjects;  flourished  about 
1740. 

C.\r)WAI,L.\DER.  John,  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  Ameiican  army,  during  the  revolution^ 
difd  in  1766. 

CADWALLON,  prince  of  Noith  Wales,  de- 
feated by  Edwin  of  Encland,  in  ti-U. 

CADWG.AN,  a  prince  of  South  Wales,  was 
assassinated  in  1110. 

C/l'.t  'ILI.A.N'US,  bishop  of  Carthage,  was  ex 
pelli  d  tiiini  ofiite  bv  a  rouiicil,  in  311. 

CAXILirs  STATIU*',  a  comic  poet  in  the 
age  of  l-iinius.  ■'•m 

t  A:MUS  AX'K  rU  it's,  or,  as  some  have 
called  him,  Luciii»t  us  Arianus,  an  ancient 
physician  of  Sicca,  inof  N'umidia,iu  Africa. 

We  are  obligi^d  to  (i  for  tlie  knowledge  of 
many  dogmas  which  are  not  to  be  Ibund  but  In 
his  books  "  De  celeribti.settardis  Passionibus." 
lie  wrote,  as  he  himself  trils  us,  several  other 
works;  but  they  have  all  perished. This,  however, 
which  hasesiaped  the  ruins  of  time  and  barba- 
rism, is  highly  valued  as  being  the  only  monu- 
ment of  the  Medicina  Methodica  which  is  ex- 
tant. He  is  allowed  by  all  to  be  admirable  in 
the  history  and  (le.scription  of  diseases.  Le  Clerc 
places  him  in  tJie  5th  century. 

C/ES.\R,  I'aius  Julius,  an  illustrious  Roman 
general  and  historian,  boin  !I8  B.  C.  By  his  va- 
lour and  eloquence  he  acquired  the  highest  re- 
putation in  the  field  and  in  the  senate ;  beloved 
and  respected  by  his  leilow-citizens,  he  enjoyed 
successively  every  mamsterial  and  military  ho- 
nour that  the  republic  could  bestow,  consistent 
with  its  own  free  constitution :  but,  at  length, 
having  subdued  Ponipey,  the  great  rival  of  hia 
growing  power,  his  boundless  ambition  ctTaced 
the  glory  of  his  former  actions;  for  pursuing  his 
I'avouritc  maxim,  "  that  he  would  rather  be  the 
first  man  in  a  village,  than  the  second  in  Rome," 
he  procured  himself  to  be  chosen  perpetual  dic- 
tator; and,  not  content  with  this  unconstitu- 
tional power,  his  faction  had  resolved  to  raise  him 
to  the  imperial  dignity,  when  the  I.'riends  of  the 
civil  liberties  of  the  republic  rashly  and  baseljr 
assassinated  himinthesenate-house,wheretliey 
should  only  have  seized  him,  and  brought  him 
to  a  legal  trial  for  usurpation.  By  this  impoli- 
tic and  treacherous  measure,  they  defeated  their 
own  purpose,  involving  the  city  in  consternation 
and  terror,  which  produced  general  anarch'y 
9*  101 


CA 

snd  pavcJ  the  way  to  the  revolution  that  Ihoy 
wanted  to  prevent ;  for,  after  his  dculh,  the  re 
public,  though  for  some  lime  it  preserved  the 
fbriiis  of  liberty,  became  an  absolute  monarchy, 
the  constant  fate  of  all  governments,  whaievpr 
t'reedora  rhey  might  once  have,  when  luxury  and 
protiigatc  manners  have  grown  universal.  'J'he 
activity  of  Ca;sar's  s(>irit  wasi!  nuch,  that,  as  he 
himself  said,  "  he  ihoujihi  nothing  done,  while 
there  was  any  thing  lel't  to  do."  How>ver, 
amidst  ail  his  concerns,  civil  and  niili(ary,  he 
found  time  to  be  the  author  oi'  many  works ; 
none  of  which  have  been  preserved  from  the 
ravages  of  time,  except  seven  booka,  "  Dc  Bello 
Gallico." 

C^iiSAR,  Sir  Julius,  a  learned  civilian,  born 
near  'i'ollcnham,  in  Middlesex,  J557,  died  in  lli.)0. 

CiES.\R,\Ll'L\  L'S,  .Andrta-s,  an  eminent  piii- 
losoDiier  and  physician,  born  at  Arezzo,  15j'J, 
died  in  ir,o:i. 

CAFFA,  Melchior,  a  di-iiii?uishcd  sculptor, 
who  adorned  the  cliurcbes  of  Kouie  and  Italy, 
(lied  in  1687. 

CAFF.^RELLI  DU  PALGA,  N.,  a  French 
ofScer  of  great  con  »{re  ;  died  in  1801. 

C.-\FFi.\UX,  D.  Joseph,  a  native  of  Valen- 
cieij'ies,  a  writer  on  history,  music,  &c. 

CAFFIEKl,  Philip,  an  eminent  sculptor,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1755. 

CAGLI.ARI,  Paul,  a  most  excellent  painter, 
born  at  Verona,  ill  ]53'2.  Hewassiyled  by  the 
Italians,  11  pittor  fcUcc,  "  Tlie  happy  painter." 
There  is  scarcely  a  church  in  Venice  which  has 
not  some  piece  or  other  of  his;  and  his  picture 
of  The  Marriage  at  Cana,  in  the  clmicli  of  St. 
George,  is  to  be  dislinguished  from  his  other 
works,  as  being  not  only  the  triumph  of  Paul 
Veronese,  but  almost  the  triumph  of  palniing 
itself.  He  died  of  a  fever  at  Viaiice,  in  1588, 
and  had  a  tomb  and  a  statue  of  brass  erected  in 
the  church  of  f't.  Sebastian. 

C.\GL10.STIIU,  count  Alexander,  a  man  .so 
called,  but  whoso  real  name  was  Jor^epli  ISaUa- 
mo,  was  born  at  Palermo,  174X  His  whole  life 
was  a  series  of  the  most  astonishing  cheats, 
mummeries,  and  impostures  ;  and  his  ingenuity 
in  every  species  of  liction  and  deceit  exceeds  all 
that  has  been  recorded  in  the  annals  of  ancient 
or  modern  roguery.  For  some  enormities  in 
Rome  he  was  committed  to  the  castle  of  Si.  An- 
gelo,  in  whi':h  he  died  toward  the  end  of  1791. 

CAGNACl,  called  (ianlassi  from  hisdeforini- 
ty,  an  Italian  painter  of  the  18th  century. 

C.AGN.\TI,  .'.larsilio,  a  physician  ot  Verona, 
eeltled  at  Rome,  professor  of  philosopliy,  in  the 
age  of  Paul  V. 

CWHAGNES,  James,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Caen,  died  in  1012. 

C.'\nUS.\C,  Lewis  de,  a  Frenchman,  autlior 
of  the  tragedy  of  Pharamond,  and  some  ro- 
mances, died  in  1759. 

C.\IAPII.AS,  the  high-priest  who  condemned 
onr  Saviour,  and  afterwards  commitleil  suicide. 

CAIE'P,  Peter  Victor  Palnia,  a  Fn.'nchman, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  who  from  a  Calvanist 
liecamea  Catholic:  he  was  author  of  a  valuable 
rbronology,  and  died  in  ItiW. 

CAIETAN.Constantine,  a  Benedictine,  editor 
of  the  works  of  Peter  Darien,  died  at  Rome,  in 
1G50. 

CAIETAN,  a  cardinal,  born  in  14G9,  atCaicta, 
a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  His  proper 
name  was  Thomas  do  Vio ;  but  he  took  that  of 
Caietan,  from  the  placeof  his  nativity.  He  gave 
a  hieral  translation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa 
Bients,  from  the  originals ;  excepting  Solomon'o 
102 


CA 

Sling  and  the  Prophets,  whidi  he  had  begun,  but 
did  not  live  to  proceed  tar  in  ;  and  the  Revela- 
;  ions  of  St.  John,  which  he  designedly  omitted ; 
.-aying,  I  hat,  to  explain  them,  it  was  necessary 
lor  a  man  to  be  endued, not  with  parisandlearu- 
ing,  but  with  the  spirit  of  prophecy. 

CAILLEK,  Niciiolas  Lewis  de  la,  a  French 
Miaiheii.:itirian  and  astronomer,  friend  of  Cas- 
siiii ;  died  in  ilyi. 

CAIN,  the  eldest  son  of  Adam,  who  slew  liii 
brother  Abel. 

f^AIIlO,  Francisco,  an  eminent  painter  of  re- 
ligious snbjec's,  born  at  Milan,  in  15MS. 

C. vies, or  K.W  i.ti.Or.  John,  a  dislinguished 
English  physician,  author  of  several  learned 
woiki,  died  in  1573. 

(•AITjS,  Jolm,  poet-laureat  tc  Edward  IV. 

C.VIUS,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  linguist  in 
England,  prebendary  of  Saruni,  died  in  1572. 

t'.AIUS,  a  Roman  saint,  made  bishop  of 
Rom.-  in  283. 

I'.A  L.ABER,  an  ancient  Grrrk  poet,  author  of 
a  siipiilenicMl  to  Homer's  Iliad. 

<  AL.iBliOlS,  Mailhins  Picti,  a  painter,  of 
Calabria,  died  at  M alia,  in  IG99. 

C.\LAMY,  Edmund,  a  very  eminent  divine 
I  among  the  iion-conforniists;  horn  at  London. 
IliOO,  died  vm. 

CAL.AMY,  Benjamin,  an  eniinent  divine  and 
excellent  preacher,  died  vicar  of  St.  Lawrence, 
Jewry,  l()8(i.  The  pieces  that  he  printed  in  his 
lifetime  were, 7  sermons  on  several  occasions, 
13  otlicrs  were  published  in  one  volume,  after 
his  death. 

CAL.A.MY  Edmund,  an  eminent  divine  among 
the  non-conlormists  ;  made  D.  D.  by  the  univer- 
sities of  Scotland.  Me  wrote  several  controver- 
sial works,  and  died  in  1732. 

CALANliiaCCI,  Giacintho,  a  painter,  of 
Rome,  di(  d  in  1707. 

CAliA  NUS,  L  Indian  brahmin,  who  burned 
himself  before  Alexander,  325  B.  C. 

(;AL.\S,  John,  an  unfortunate  merchant,  of 
Toulouse,  unjustly  condenmcd,  on  tlie  charge 
of  murdering  his  own  son,  in  17C2. 

C.\L.\S10,  Marius,  a  Franciscan,  at  Rome- 
auilior  of  a  valuable  concordance  of  the  Hebrew 
Bible,  published  in  1621. 

CALCVtiMiNI,  Celio,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
and  a  distinguished  scholar,  died  in  \r>AO 

CALC.'\R,  John  de,  an  eminent  painter,  at 
Naples,  diid  in  1546. 

CALDKUIM,  Uomizio,  born  at  Toris,  pro 
fessor  of  belles  Icttrrs,  and  traii-slator  of  Pausan- 
ias  into  l.aiiu:  lie  died  in  147S. 

CALDEKO.VI  DE  L.\  BARCA,  Don  Pedro 
a  celebrated  Spanish  otficer,  ecclcfiastic,  antJ 
dramatic  writer.  In  the  latter  character,  he 
mav,  perhaps,  deserve  the  name  of  the  Spanish 
Shakspeare.  He  fiourished  about  1640,  and  his 
dramatic  works  make  9  vols.  4to. 

CALDERVVOIJD,  David,  a  famous  divine  of 
the  church  of  Scotland,  and  a  distinguished  wri- 
ter in  behalf  of  the  presbylerians,  in  the  17th 
century.  He  wrote  "  The  True  History  of 
Scotland." 

C.\LDWALL,  Richard,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  died  in  1.585. 

CALEB,  a  Hebrew,  sent  by  Moses,  with  Jo- 
shua, into  Canaan. 

CALED,  or  K HALED,  one  of  Mahomet's 
friends,  called,  from  his  courage,  the  sword  ol 
God,  died  in  639. 

OALEF,  Robert,  amerchant,  of  Boston,  who 
published  a  work  against  witchcraft,  in  1700;  he 
died  in  1720. 


■Mv 


CA  

OALENDARIO,  Philip,  celebiaied  for  the 
porticofs  which  he  crccitti  round  the  palace  ol 
St.  Mark,  at  Venice,  about  l;i54. 

CAljKiXTIL'S,  Klisiiis,  a  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, preceptor  ol"  Frederic,  son  ol"  the  king  of 
Naples,  and  author  of  many  works;  he  died  in 
1502. 

CALF.PINO,  or  DA  CAI.EriO,  Ambrose,  a 
native  of  Bergamo,  autlior  of  a  vocabulary  of 
tlie  Latin  tongue :  died,  blind,  in  1511. 

C.ALl.WIRI,  Luca,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  sea  views,  landscapes,  &c.;  died  in 
1715. 

CALIGULA,  theBoman  emperor  and  tyrant, 
licgan  hii'  reigti  A.  D.  37,  with  every  appear- 
ance of  liecoiniiig  the  real,  not  the  tiinlar,  father 
of  his  people  ;  but  at  the  end  tif  eight  montlis  lie 
was  eeizeil  with  a  fever,  which,  it  ia  suppos<d, 
left  a  frenzy  upon  his  iiiiiul.  for  his  disposiiicm 
totally  changed,  and  he  conimilttd  the  most  a- 
Irofious  acts  of  inipii'iy,  cruelty,  and  folly  ;  such 
as  proclaihiilig  his  horse  consul,  leeding  it  at  his 
table,  introducing  it  to  the  temple  in  the  vest 
minis  of  the  priests  of  Jupiter,  and  causing  sa 
rrilires  to  be  olfcn  d  to  hiniseif,  his  wife,  and  his 
horse.  After  having  nun  den  d  many  of  his  sub- 
jects witli  his  own  hands,  and  caused  others  to 
be  put  todeaih  without  any  otTence,  he  was  as- 
sassinaied  by  a  tribune  of  the  people,  as  he 
canie  out  of  the  anipliitheatre,  A.  D.  41,  in  the 
39lh  yearof  Ills  age. 

CALLARI),  John  Bapliste,  a  celebrated  au- 
thor, and  prol'essor  in  the  university  of  Caen, 
died  in  1718 

CALLENDF.R,  FJisha,  minister  of  the  1st 
Baptist  Church,  Hoston  ;  of  a  peaceful  disposi- 
tion, and  exemplary  life. 

CALLKNDKU,  John,  a*  eminent  Baptist 
minister  and  wiitcr.in  R  liode  Island;  he  publish- 
ed a  history  of  Kliode  Island,  and  died  in  1748. 

I'ALI.IACH,  M(  liolas,  professor  of  belles 
letlres  at  Padua.  di<d  in  1707. 

CALLK  WATIUAS,  a  Spartan  general,  who 
perished  in  a  naval  battle,  4U.)  B.  C. 

C.ALLIERES,  Francis  de,  an  eminent  states- 
man and  Doct,  in  the  time  of  Lewis  XIV  ,  died 


man  and  yoct 
in  1717.    k 
CALLniA 


ACIIUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
born  a!  (  yieiie,  a  town  in  Africa;  but  w  hen,  we 
cannot  precisely  determine.  Siiidas  relates 
that  Cafliinachus  wrote  above  SMj  pieces,  of 
which  we  have  now  remaining  only  a  few 
hvmns  and  epigrams. 

'CALLIMACHI  S,  of  Cnrintb,  an  architect, 
and  inventor  of  the  Corinthian  order,  flourished 
about  .'i40  B.  C. 

CALLINUS,  of  Ephesus,  an  ancient  Greek 
poet,  the  inventor  of  elegiac  verse,  flourished 
about  770  B.  C. 

C.ALLIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Athenian  astro- 
nomer, the  first  observer  of  tlie  revolutions  of 
eclipses,  flourished  X^  B.  C. 

CALLISTHENES,  a  philosopher,  disciple 
and  relation  of  Aristotle,  by  whose  desire  he  ac- 
companied .Mexander  the  Great  in  his  expedi- 
tions; but  proving  too  severe  a  censurer  of  the 
hero's  conduct,  he  put  him  to  the  torture  (on  sus- 
picion of  a  treasonable  conspiracy,)  underwhich 
he  died  riSHR.  (". 

CALI-ISTl'S,  Johannes  Andronicus,a  native 
ofThessalonica.  and  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Constantinople,  in  H.W;  he  died  in  France. 

C.ALLIXTUS  I,  elected  pope,  in  209;  he  suf- 
fered niarivrdom  four  vears  afterwards. 

rALLIXTi:sn.,Griy.pope,  In  lI19,heldUie 
first  Lateran  council,  and  died  ui  1124. 


CA 

CALLIXTUS  111.,  elected  pope  in  1455;  he 
was  a  learned  and  pious  man,  and  died  in  1458. 

CALLlXTL'y.  George,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
professor  at  Ilemstadt,  founder  of  tbe  sett  called 
Cailixtins  ;  he  died  in  lOSfi. 

CALLOT,  James,  a  famous  engraver,  born 
at  rCaiicy,  in  l.WS.  Evelyn,  wl.'o  was  a  very 
Ic'od  judge  of  his  merit,  £|ieaks  of  him  as  one 
[who  '•  gave  the  utmost  reputaiion  to  his  art  of 
Swiiich  ii  is  cTpable  ;  and  attained,  if  ever  any 
'did,  to  its  sublimity,  and  beyond  which  it  seems 
'not  possilih:  for  human  industry  to  reach."  He 
Idled  in  ir,3r.. 

CALMET,  Aupnstin,  a  Frenchman,  born  in 
1672,  died  17,57.  He  was  a  man  of  vast  erudi- 
tion, and  a  wonderfully  voluminous  writer;  as 
[witnesseth  the  following  list.  1.  "  A  liicral 
commentary  u|Hin  all  the  Books  of  the  Old  and 
jNew  Testament,"  2.'t  vols.  4to.  2.  "  Disserta- 
tions and  Prefaces  ol  his  Commentaries,"  print 
|ed  si'parately,with  19  new  Dissertations,  2  vols. 
j4to.  Perhaps  tliere  are  none  of  his  writings 
.more  useful  than  these.  3.  "  The  History  of  the 
!0ld  and  New  Testament,"  4  '  ols.  4to.  4.  "  A 
iHistorical,  Critical,  and  ChronoIo<:ical  Dictiona- 
ry of  ihe  Bible."  5.  "  Ecclesiasliyal  and  Civil 
iHistory  of  Lorrain,"  3  vol.s.  folio.  6.  "  Bihlio- 
tlieqneof  the  Writer^ofLorrain,  folio.  7. "Uni- 
versal Hislorv'.  sarred  and  prolane,"  15  vols.  4to, 
ol  wliich  eight  only  were  printed.  8.  "  Disser- 
tations upon  Apparitions,  Demons,  Witches., 
&c."  9.  "Literal, Historical, and  Moral  Coninien- 
tary,  upon  the  Rules  of  St.  Bern  dirt,"  4to.  All 
these  works  are  written  in  the  French  language. 

CALMO,  Andrew,  a  Venetian,  famous  as  an 
actor,  and  comic  writer,  died  in  1571.  His  best 
piece  is  Rodiana. 

CALO,  John,  or  Johannitz,  a  Buljarian, 
made  an  independent  king,  by  Innocent  IJI. 

CALONNE,  Charles  .Alexander  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  statesman,  successor  to  Necker,  as 
comptroller  general  of  finances ;  he  died  in  1802. 

CALOVIUS,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Bruns- 
wick, divinity  professor  at  Radstock,  died  in 
IfW. 

CALPRENEDE,  Gamier  de  la,  author  of 
some  curious  romances,  died  in  IfifiS. 

CALPURNIUS,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury, author  of  fc\en  eclogues. 

C.ALV.ART,  Denys,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
whose  pictures  are  admired  for  dignity  and  taste, 
died  in  IfilP. 

CALVERT,  James,  a  non-conformist,  of 
York,  an  author,  and  instrucier  of  some  note, 
died  in  1698. 

I  CAIA'ERT,  George,  a  statesman,  born  at 
Kipling,  in  Yorkshire,  1582,  died  li>:t2.  He  ob- 
tained from  Charles  I.,  a  patent,  to  him  and  hid 
heirs,  for  Maryland,  in  the  north  of  Virginia. 
He  was  private  secretary  to  Pir  Robert  Cecil, 
jafterwards  principal  secretary  of  state  ;  but,  be- 
jcoming  a  Roman  Catholic,  the  king  continued 
him  only  as  a  privy  couijsellor,  and  made  him 
Baron  Baltimore. 

CALVERT,  Leonard,  brother  of  Cecellus 
Calvert,  the  proprietor  and  first  governor  of 
Mary  "end,  in  !6:i3. 

CAkVERT,  Benedict  Leonard,  was  eovemor 
of  Maryland  in  1727.  He  resisned  the  office 
ifive  years  afterwards,  and  died  on  his  return  to 
England,  in  17.T2. 

CALVERT,  Philip,  was  governor  of  Mary- 
land from  1660  until  16C2. 

CALVERT,  Charles,  son  and  heir  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  was  governor  of  Maryland  in  IfifiS. 

CALVERT,  Cha.-los  catrr  lo  Amenta  as  go 
103 


CA 

vemor  of  Maryliind,  in  1720,  and  afterwards 
held  other  offices  i:i  Uie  coloiiv. 

CALVCRT,  P'rederick,  Lord  Rnltiinore,  pro 
prk-tor  01  Maryland,  wa.^  dlHtinpuislicd  ai-  a  man 
of  leariiiii!:,  and  an  author ;  lie  di»-d  in  1771. 

CA  LVI,  Lazaro,  a  fatnuuii  painter,  of  Genoa, 
in  liie  lOili  century 

CALVI.V,  John,  one  of  the  chief  reforriicrs 
of  tlie  church,  in  the  I6th  century,  bnri!  ;it  No 
yon,  in  Pnarily,  July  10,  1503,  dii  d  May  27, 
I5l>4  He  \\a.<  H  man  wiiuiii  (>od  had  endowed 
with  very  i-niincnt  talents;  a  clear  nMdel^lund 
ini:,  a  solid  JndgnieMt,  and  a  happy  nicinoiy: 
he  was  a  j-idirious,  elegant,  and  indelali^'able 
^^viiler,  and  piis<-('??t(l  of  very  extensive  learii- 
ins,  and  ajin-al  Z(  al  for  truth.  His  extreme  ri- 
gour, however,  procured  him  many  enemies. 
Indeed,  it  very  ill  became  a  reformer  lo  defend 
(as  he  did)  the  burning  of  heretics. 

CALVISICS,  Sethus,  a  Ge'-nianidistinguisli- 
cd  a.'^achronoloncr,  born  in  1559. 

C.ALZ.^,  Antonio,  a  painter,  in  tile  17th  cen- 
tury, pupil  to  Carlo  Cignaiii. 

C'A.M.\R(fCV,Mary  Ann  Cupi  de,  a  celebrated 
Biage  dancer,  who  exhibited  at  Brussels  and  Pa- 
ris, died  in  1770. 

CAMASSKl,  or  CAMACE,  Andrew,  an  Ita- 
lian painter,  who  studied  under  the  Sacchics, 
died  in  lf)o7. 

C.\MI{.\CERES,  N.,  an  eloquent  preacher, 
made  archbishop  of  Rouen,  died  in  1808. 

C.VMB AT,  a  French  mu.<ician,  who  first  in- 
trodiictd  operas  into  France,  died  in  1677 

CAMms-VKr.LF,RO.\,.Io.-eph  Lewis  Domi- 
nic, marquis  de,  a  Frencli  nobleman,  born  in 
1700,  dis!iiieui<:hed  for  his  writings. 

CAMBUIDGF.,  Richard  Owen,  an  elegant 
English  poet,  critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1717,  and  educated  at 
Eton  school ;  whence  he  removed  to  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford.  His  poetical  works  are  nu 
nierous;  but  the  most  celebrated  of  them  is  a 
mock-heroic  poem,  called  "The  Scriblcriad, 
in  six  books ;  the  object  of  which  is,  to  expose 
to  ridicule  false  taste  and  false  science  :  it  is  a 
masterly  piece  of  humour,  and  should  be  read 
as  much  for  instruction  as  amusement.  He  al.-io 
wrote  22  papers  in  that  well  known  periodical 
collection  of  essays,  calli  d  "The  World,"  and 
died  September  i7,  180-2.  In  180:f,  a  complete 
collection  of  his  works  was  published  by  his  son, 
in  one  volume  4to.,  and  verv  well  received. 

CAMBVSES,  king  of  Persia,  after  Cyrus;  he 
was  cruel  and  vindictive;  529  B.  C. 

C.\.MDE.\,  William,  one  of  the  most  illu.=- 
trious  men  of  his  age,  born  at  London,  May  2, 
1551.  The  work  which  has  immortalized  his 
name,  is  his  "  Britannia;"  being  "  A  tli.-itory  of 
the  ancient  Inhabitants  of  Britain,  their  Origin, 
Manners,  and  Laws,"  which  appeared  in  158*3, 
in  Latin.  In  159:1,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Edward 
Grant,  as  head  master  of  Westminster  school ; 
and  in  1597,  published  a  new  Greek  Grammar, 
entitled  "Grammatices  Gtxob  Ins'iiutio  com- 
pendiaria,  in  usum  Regis;  Schola;  Westmonas- 
teriensis,"  which  was  received  in  ail  the  public 
schools  of  Eniiland  :  and  its  author  was,  the 
eame  year,  promoted  to  be  Clerencieux  king  at 
arms.  In  1G04,  he  published  his  "  Remains  of 
a  greater  work  concernins  Britain,  the  Inhabit- 
ants thereof,  their  Languaces,  Names.  Sur- 
names, Empresses,  wi.se  Speeches,  Poesies,  and 
Epitaphes."  Tliis  was  a  collection  of  things 
which  had  been  communicated  to  him  while  he 
was  gathering  materials  for  his  "  Britannia." 
InlClS,  Camden  published,  in  Latin,  his  Annals 
104 


CA 

of  Queen  Elizabeth ;  and  iie  died  November  D, 
li'2:t.     A  hisiorual  lecture  was  tbundid  by  him 
ui  <  i.xlord  ;  and,  by  foreigners,  he  has  been  styled 
ihe  Fausanias  ot  England. 
CA.MDE.N,  Ix)rd.    See  PR.\TT. 
C.\.MI.U.\R1I.'S,  Joachimus,  an  exceedingly 
learned  Uerinan,  born  in  1500.    Vosius  calls  him 
"  The  Pliiimix  of  Germany."     He  died  in  1575. 
CAMER.\RIL'S,Juac|jiin,  a  German,  devoted 
:o  the  study  of  medicine,  botany,  &.c.,  died  in 
151.8. 

CAMERON,  John,  a  Scotchman,  professor  of 
Greek  al  (Jlasgow  ;  lie  wa.s  considered  lavoura- 
hie  to  the  catholics  in  his  wriiings,  and  died  is 
1025. 

CAMILLA,  daughter  of  king  Metabus,  cele- 
brated by  Virgil  lor  her  valour. 

C.VMILLI'S,  Marcus  Fucius,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  banished  on  suspicion  of  pecuiaiioiu 
died  305  B.  ('. 

CAMOENS,  Lewis,  a  celebrated  Portuguese 
|ioet,  called  the  Virgil  of  Portugal,  from  his 
much  admired  poem,  "The  Lusiadas,  or  Con- 
juest  of  the  Iiidii  s  by  the  Portuguese,"  was  bom 
at  Lisbon,  in  1527,  and  died  in  1579,  to  the  eter- 
nal reproach  of  his  countrymen,  miserably  poor 
and  unregarded.  His  poem  was,  a  lew  years 
.<iiice,  admirably  translated  into  English  by  \V 
J.  Mickle,  Esq. 

CA.MPANELLA,  Thomas,  an  Italian  phi- 
losopher, of  great  eminence,  who  was  perse- 
cuted by  rivals,  and  put  to  the  torrure,  but  was 
rescued  by  Richelieu,  died  in  1039. 

C.AMPA  ^O,  John  .Antonio,  a  poor  shepherd, 
who  afterwards  became  a  professor  at  Perugia, 
and  a  bishop,  wri>te  the  life  of  Braccio,  and  died 
in  1477. 

C.AMPANO,  Novarese,  an  Italian,  author  of 
commentai  ies  on  Euclid,  in  the  13th  century. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  first  minister  of  Oxford 
Mas.sachusetts,  died  in  17fil. 

CA.VPBELL,  Lord  William,  governor  of 
the  province  of  South  Carolina,  was  mortally 
wounded  in  an  attack  on  Sullivan's  Island,  in 
1770. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,  an  Englishman,  be- 
headed as  a  traitor,  at  Edinburgh,  in  IHfil. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald, son  of  the  preceding, 
was  condemned  for  seditious  measures,  and  be 
headed  in  l(i85. 

CA.MPBELL,  George,  D.  D.,  professor  of 
Church  History  at  St.  .Andrews,  published  seve- 
ral works,  and  died  in  1757 

(.'AMPBELL,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  histori 
cal.  biographical,  and  political  writer,  born  ai 
Edinburgh,  March  8, 1707-8.  Among  many  other 
works,  he  was  either  sole  author  of,  or  princi  • 
pally  concerned  in,  the  following  :  "  Tlie  Mili- 
tary Historv  of  Prince  Eugene  and  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  ;"  "Ancient  I'niversal  History;' 
"  Lives  of  the  English  .Admirals;"  "  llermippits 
Redivivus ;  or,  the  Sage's  Triumph  over  Old 
.Age  and  the  Grave  ;"  "Voyages  and  Travels,' 
2  vols,  folio;  "  B'ographia  Brilannica,"  (in 
which  work  his  papers  may  be  known  by  thfc 
initials  E.  and  X.  ;)  "  The  Preceptor  ;"  "  Prfr 
sent  State  of  Europe  ;"  "  The  Modern  Univer' 
sal  History;"  and  "  A  Political  Surxey  of  Bri 
tain."     Dr.  Campbell  died  December  28,  1775. 

CAMPBELL,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  divina 
and  theological  writer,  of  Scotland,  principal 
and  professor  of  divinity  in  the  Marischal  Co! 
lege  and  I'niversitv  of  .Aberdeen,  born  in  1719, 
died  April  6,  1796,  leaving  several  valuable 
works;  thechief  of  which  are,  "  A  Dissertation 
on  Miracles."  "  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric,"  and 


I 


CA 

"  A  New  Translation  of  the  Four  GospclB  from 
Ihit  Greek,  with  rreliiniiiary  Uisseriations  and 
No!es,"  &.C.  published  in  17fj9. 

CAMrBRlJ^,  Colin,  a  Scotch  architect,  au- 
thor of  "  Vilruvius  Britaunicus,"  in  3  vols., 
Uicd  in  1734. 

CAJUMJELL,  John,  2d  duke  of  ArgylP,  and 
diiko  of  Greenwich,  a  disliiifjnished  military 
character  in  the  time  of  George  I.,  died  in 

CAMTBEUj,  Archibald,  a  Inarned  bi.<liop  of 
/•l-erdcen,  autlior  of  several  celebrated  works, 
<'.icd  in  1741. 

r.\i\irEGGIO,  liorenzo,  a  Roman  cardinal, 
sent  to  l".np,lanil  to  settle  the  ati'air-!  of  Catha- 
rine's divorce,  died  at  Komn,  in  l."):i".». 

CAMl'EK,  Peter,  a  celebrated  physician  and 
naturalist,  of  Leydcn,  author  of  ti  vols.  Svo.  on 
philoso[ihv  and  natural  history,  died  in  1789. 

CAMl'ini  YSEN,  Dirk,  a  painter,  of  Dorcum, 
eminent  in  landscape  pieces,  liorn  in  i:iH>. 

C.\MPI,  Bcrnardin,  an  Italian  painter,  of 
enii))eiice,  died  in  1584. 

CAMPl,  Gali'a/.zo,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  miniatures  and  liistorv,<lie<l  inl-'ilft). 

CA  ,M  I'l  AN ,  1  :duiund,  a  learned  EnsU.-^h  writer, 
wh'i  became  a  Uonian  catholic,  and  was  han^'eil 
for  aiding  the  cause  of  I  he  pope,  in  15H1.  j 

CAMPlS'rUO.\,.1eanGaiberl,  a  distinguished 
French  dramatic  writer,  died  in  J7i.'3. 

CAWPO,  Antonio,  un  Italian  historian,  of 
eminetice,  in  lof*5. 

CAMPKA,  Andrew,  of  M\,  greatly  admired 
for  his  musical  compositions,  died  in  i7')4. 

CXiMP.-*,  I'rancoisde,  a  native  of  Amiens,  au 
thor  of  disserlalidMS  on  mi  dais,  died  in  .17'J3. 

C.'VMPSDN,  Gauri,  an  able  and  humane  sul 
tan  of  Egypt,  slain  in  battle  with  the  Turks,  in 
1516. 

CAMTP,  John  Peter,  a  French  prelate,  and 
oloquent  preacher,  author  of  several  pious  ro- 
mances, died  in  lti5C. 

CAMJiS,  Stephen  la,  an  exemplary  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  and  bishop  of  Grenoble,  died  in 
1707. 

CAMI'S,  Antoine  le,  a  pliysician,  and  author 
of  several  medical  works,  died  at  Paris,  in  1 

CAWrS,  Charles  Stephen  Lewis,  a  learned 
French  mathenialiciaii,  died  in  17(i8. 

CAMUSAT,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French  au- 
thor, of 'I'roycs,  died  in  ICiS. 

CAN'ANI,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Fcrrara, 
professor  of  medicine,  said  to  have  discovered 
the  valves  of  the  veins,  died  in  15!)0. 

C.VNAYE,  Philip,  sieur  du  Fresne,  an  am- 
bassador of  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  died  in  KilO. 

CANDAIILES,  king  of  Lydia,  murdered  bv 
Gygcs,  718  B.  C. 

CANDIAC,  John  Lewis  Eliz.  de  Montcalm, 
a  child  of  extraordinary  powers  in  France,  read 
Latin  at  four,  and  Greek  and  Hebrew  at  six  ; 
he  died  in  1726. 

C  AN  niTO,  Peter,  a  historical  painter,  of  Bru- 
ges, 1548. 

CANEAH,  or  CANGHAII,  an  Indian  philoso- 
pher, physician,  and  astronomer. 

CANEIl,  Henry,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Kiiis's 
Chapel,  Boston ;  he  published  some  sermons, 
and  died  in  England,  in  17!12. 

C.\NGE,  Charles  dii,  a  celebrated  French  his- 
torian, critic,  and  antiquary,  born  in  IGIO,  died 
In  1088. 

CANGIAGO,  or  CAMBISI,  Lewis,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  of  Genoa,  died  in  158,1. 

CAN  INI,  -Angelo.  a  learned  Italian  linguist 
sfnd  author,  died  in  1^'^ 


CA 

(;AN1S1US,  Henry,  professor  of  canon  law  at 
Inpolsiadt,  an  author  of  eniintiice,  died  in  Jti09. 

CAMTZ,  baron  of,  a  popular  poet  and  states- 
man of  Germany,  died  in  10!'9. 

C.'VNN,  John,  an  Englishman,  author  of  a 
Bible,  with  marciiial  notes. 

CAN.\MAK1'!S,  John,  apeasanf  of  Catalonia, 
who,  in  a  lit  of  insanity,  attacked  king  Ferdi- 
ii.'ukI,  and  nearly  killed  him ;  he  was  strangled  in 

C.ANO,  Alonzo,  a  native  of  Grenada,  eminent 
a.'iapuiiiier,  sculptor  and  architect,  died  in  67(5. 
C.V.NO,  or  CAMTS,  Mekhior,  a  native  of  To- 
ledo, bishop  ol  the  Canaries  :  di'.'d  l.'iiJO. 

C.ANOVA,  .^ntoni"!,  the  most  eminent  sculp- 
tor of  the  ape,  died  at  V'eiiice,  in  1822.  His 
.statue's  are  owned  by  the  rich  and  noble  through- 
out Europe,  and  are  iiighiy  valued;  one,  of  Wash- 
ington, i.s  at  Ualeigh,  N.  C. 

CANTACUZENUS,  Johannes,  a  celebrated 
Byzaulit.e  historian,  mu<h  eAieeined  as  the 
author  ot  a  "History  of  -ho  Own  Times,"  iii 
four  books.  Besides  this  h  »i">ry,  he  wrolo  alsn 
ksonie  theological  works ;  particularly  "  An  Apo- 
logy for  the  Christian  Religion  aiiainst  that  of 
.Maliomet,"  in  four  hooks.  He  died  1411,  agtd 
above  100  years. 

CANT.MMNI,  Simon,  a  painter,  pupil  and 
friend  of  Guido,  died  in  lf>48. 

(MANTEL,  Peter  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  of  Caus, 
eminent  as  an  author,  died  in  1570. 

CANTEMIR,  Demetrius,  born  in  Tarlary, 
K)*."? ;  died  172.'i.  He  was  author  of  some  con- 
siderable works.  1.  "A  History  of  the  Rise 
and  Fall  of  tlu'  Ottoman  Empire,"  in  Latin  2. 
"  The  system  of  the  IMnhometan  Religion."  3. 
"The  present  stale  of  Moldavia,"  in  Latin,  witli 
a  larue  niap  of  the  countrv. 

CANTEMIR,  AntiochiKS,  son  of  tlie  above; 
boin  at  Petersburg,  1710  ;  died  1744.  The  Rus- 
sians before  him  had  nothing  bin  snnic  barba- 
rous songs ;  he  was  the  first  who  introduced  any 
civilized  poetry  among  them.  Besides  a  trans- 
lation of  Anacreon,  and  the  Epistles  of  Horace, 
he  gave  tlu  ni,  of  his  own,  Satires,  Odes,  anu 
Fables.  He  also  made  several  foreign  works 
known  to  thcin  ;  as,  1.  "  The  Pluralitv  of 
Worlds ;"  2.  "  The  P(>isian  Letters  ;"  3.  "  The 
Dialogues  of  Algarotti  upon  Light,"  &c. 

CANTEKI't^i'  William,  a  disiinguished  lin- 
guist of  I'lrechi,  who  wrote  several  philological 
works  :  he  died  in  1575. 

CANTON,  John,  an  ingenious  and  very 
eminent  Enclish  natural  philosopher,  born  at 
Slrond,  Gloucestershire,  1718,  died  1772. 

C.VNTWELL,  Andrew,  an  eminent  practi- 
tioner and  writer  on  medicine,  of  Tipperary, 
died  in  17(54. 

CANUS,  or  CANO,  a  Spaniard,  who  accom- 
panied Magellan  round  the  world. 

CANUTE,  a  king  of  Denmark  and  Norway, 
also  sovereign  of  England  ;  he  died  in  1026. 

CANUTE,  or  KNUD,  surnanied  the  Great, 
king  of  Denmark,  took  part  of  England  from 
Edmund  Ironsides,  and  afterwards  seized  the 
whole  kingdom  ;  he  died  in  1035. 

CANUTE,  IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  a  liberal 
benefactor  to  the  church,  slain  by  one  of  his 
subjects,  in  1087. 

CANUTI,  Dominico,  a  self-tanght  Italian 
painter  of  eminence,  died  in  1678 

CAPACCIO,  Julio  Ca'sare,  author  of  a  history 
of  Naples,  and  was  tutor  to  prince  Urbano  ;  he 
died  in  1631. 

CAPASSO,  Nicholas,  of  Naples,  professor  of 
Jcivil  law.  and  a  poet;  he  died  iu  1743 


o 


CA 

CAPECIO,  Scipio,  a  Neafiolitan  Latin  pott 
sod  law  professor  at  Napk-s,  in  Hit  IGtIi  century. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  lord,  a  virtuous  nobleman, 
Whose  attachment  to  tiie  caUHe  of  Charles  1. 
proved  his  ruin  ;  he  was  (^'h»  .idL-d  in  lC4t'. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  carl  m  Ls:iex,  ambassador 
to  Demiiark,  &c.  umrdered  by  some  one  un 
kiion'u . 

CU'ELL,  Edward,  a  gentlemen  known  asa» 
editor  >.l'  Sliakspcare's  works,  in  10  vols,  rivo., 
and  the  autlior  ol'  three  lar^^e  voliini(3j,  in  4to. 
under  the  title  of  "  Notes  and  various  readings 
of  Shak!:|)care ;  together  with  the  sciiool  of 
Kliaksp<,'are,  or  extracts  front  divers  English 
boo;is  that  were  in  print  in  the  author's  time  , 
evidc.itly  showing  from  whence  liis  sevi;ral 
Fal)les  were  taken,  and  some  parcel  of  lii»  dia- 
logue," &c.  liesidee  llie  works  already  men- 
tioned, Mr.  Capcll  was  the  editor  of  a  volume 
of  ancient  poems  calii-d  "Prolusions  ;"  and  the 
allererof  ''  Antony  and  CleOijaim,"  as  acted  at 
Drnrj^ane,  ifl  17o8.  ,  He  W4S  born  ai^roston, 
near  "  i.v,  in  9ufiblk,  June  11,  1713,  and  died 
Feb.  24. 1781.     - 

CAP£LL.\,  Marcianus  Minius  Feli.x,  a  Lativi 
tol'the  5:h  cciituiy.       t  ''  ■   ' 

'VtELLO,  Biaaca.'a Venetian  lady,  an  adul- 
I  mistress,  and  afterwards  wife  JJi  Frances, 
the  grand  duke  of  Cosmo's  son ,  she  was  poison- 
ed by  her  brotlier-in-Iawj,  in  1587. 

CAPELLUS,  Lfitvis,  an  eit|tnent  French  pW 
iestant  and  learned  <^^^i  bom  at  Sedan,  a 
town  in  Ch»mpagii^^P)ut,  1.5T9.  He  was  so 
very  deeply  skilled^!  IhF  Hf^brew,  that  the 
learned  bishop  Hall./'aK  him  the  gccat  oracle 
of  ail  that  studied  HeT)VW  in  France.  Hisprin- 
cipal  work  is  "^Critid  Sacra,"  a  collection  of 
•various  readings  and  enors,  which  lie  tbouf^t 
were  crept  into  the  copies  of  the  Bible  throutrli 
the  fault  of  the  transcribers;  it  must  have  been, 
however,  a  work  of  prodigious  labour,  since  the 
author  acknowledges  that  he  had  been  36  yisirs 
about  it.    Capellus  died  1058. 

C.APILUPUS,  Camill'ts,  an  Italian  writer, 
who  published  the  stratagems  of  Charles  IV. 
against  the  Hntrouots.    ••  ' 

CAPILUPUS,  Lii;,.^,brolllir*  "  the  preced- 
ing, author  of  some  Latin  poem         d  in  1560. 

CAPISTR.'W,  John,aranioC  ^  dcherinthe 
Homish  Church,  and  perseciUorof  the  Hussites, 
died  about  1356.  ^ 

CAPISUCCHI,  Blasiu«  distinguished  him- 
£clf  at  the  siege  of  PoictieK  against  the  Hugo- 
nols,  in  1569. 

jC.-\PlSUCCHl,  Paul,  a  canon  of  the  Vatican, 
and  employed  bv  the  pope  in  the  celebrated  di- 
vorce of  Henrj'  VlH. ;  he  died  in  irm. 

CAPITO,  Wolf'sang,  a  German  protestani 
Nine,  auilior  of  a  Hebrew  grammar,  died  in  1542. 

C.VPITOLI^iUS,  Julius,  a  Latin  historian  in 
the  3d  century. 

f.VPMAXV',  Don  Antonio  de,  an  eminent 
Spanish  writer,  born  in  Catalonia,  and  died  at 
Madrid,  in  1810. 

C.'^PORAH,  Crsar,  an  Italian  writer,  go- 
vernor of  .^iri,  and  authoi  of  some  comedies; 
lie  died  in  lt»l.  ^ 

CAPPE,  Newcome,  a  dissenting  minister,  edu- 
cated by  Uoddridge,  and  author  of  works  on  di- 
vinity ,  he  died  at  York,  in  1801. 

CAPPRLLO,  Bernardo,  a  native  of  Venice, 
eminent  as  a  poet. 

C.APPERONIER,  Claude,  a  Frenchman,  at 
first  a  ta'iner,  but  became  a  professor  of  Greek, 
in  i:ie  university  of  Basil ;  he  died  in  1744.        | 

CAPRAXICA,  NiQholas,  a  learned  Italian, 
1% 


CA 

secretary  to  p<i|>e  Martin  V.,  bishop  and  cardi 
nal :  died  in  145^. 

.    CAPRI  ATA,  Peter  John,  a  Genoese,  author 
of  a  lifctory  of  Italy,  from  1613  to  ItjCO. 

CARAC'ALL.-V,  Marcus  Aurel  Antonin,  a 
cruel  Roman  emperor;  assassinated  in  '217. 

C.ARACCI,  Lewis,  AugiiMiiie,  aiiil^lannibal, 
celebrated  painters  of  the  Lonibard^ciiuol,  and 
all  of  Bologna,  in  Italy,  riouri^lll'(|  in  the  lOtb 
c^tJBtry.  Jlad  ilie  Ca^ai  ci  had  no  riputation  of 
Jieir  own,  yet  the  merit  of  their  disciples,  in  tht 
acadi-my  which  tliey  foi>nded.  would  have  ten 
dtrcd  their  name  illustrioiif  in  succrediiig  times* 
among  tli«ij^e  were  Guido,  Dominichino,  Laa- 
franco,&c. 

CARIT.XCCIO,  Anthony,  a  Roman  nobleman 
of  the  17ih  centur>',  author  of  some  tragedies, 
andan  ndiiiired  epi    poem  in 40 laiitos. 

C'.\R.\CCIOt4,  John,  secretary  and  favourite 
of  Joaii  II.,  qfleenol  .Napits. 

CWRACCIOLl,  RTibeit,  a  n^le  ecclesiastic, 
bishop  of  .Aiiuiiio,  eioqiieiit  m  a  preaci.er  and  a 
politician  ;  he  died  m  1495. 

C.\jj(^CC]OLl,JLie>vis  .Xnlhony  a  native  of 
Paris,^-a  nobly  family,  author  of  1  vols,  of  let- 
ters, pretended  to  be  tlie  rorrespot  ience  of  Gan 
ganelli,  pope  GtCinent  XIV. 

CARACT.^C'Jft)  a  famous  king  of  tlie  an- 
cient Britons,  called  Sllures,  (inhabiting  S'outh 
Wales.)  llaviiis  valiantly  defended  his  couiifry 
auaiiist  the  Uofcfiis  for  seven  jwirs,  he  was 
at  length  (lefeatco,  and,  flying  to  Gariiswiljidi, 
qu<^K  of  llie  Lirisanti,  (inhabitants  ol  York- 
liirB'\^as  by  her  treacherously  delivered  up  ta 
is,  and  led  in  triumph  to  the  empeior 
i"!and"^B'theiiAii  York;  where  ids  noble  beha- 
viourJHl  heroic,  but  patheUc  speQ||i,  (ibtained 
him  norfclyhis  liberty,  but  the  e6t* 
enijieror, 

C.VRAn'^.  a  British  historian, 
les,  died  in  11.56. 
Mahonietan  doctor,  author  of  a 
lomet,  died  in  6H4  of  tlie4iegira. 
/  r>E  LOBKOVITSHjitohv  a 
native  of  Jladi  id,  bishop;  aVterwards  a  gene.  .1, 
and  then  agaiil  a  monk.  He  was  possessed  of 
great.powers,  ai:d  died  in  16^2. 

CARAVAGIO,  Michael  Angelo  Amerigida, 
an  Italian  painter,  disiinguishcd  tor  his  adher- 
aiice  to  nature  ;  he  died  in  1009. 

CARAUSIUS,  a  nativeof  Flanders,  who,  ex 
citing  the  jetilousy  of  IMaximian,  fled  to  Bri 
tain,  and  proclaimed  himself  emperor :  he  was 
assassinated  in  '■yXi. 

CARJ>.AN,  Jerom,  aphysician,  and  oneof  the 
ipenious  men  of  his  ago,  was  born  at  Pa- 
^•m,  .11  1501.  He  speaks  in  liis  writings,  of  his 
own  p^'M  and  bad  qualities  with  a  frankness 
that  shows  a  mind  Of  a  very  peculiar  cast ;  and 
believes  himself  under  the  care  of  a  particulat 
genius.  He  wrote  a  very  great  number  of  bool^ 
and  died  in  1.575. 

C  A  R DI ,  Ludovici,  an  admired  painter,  of  Ita- 
ly, died  in  1613. 

CARBO.NNE,  Bionis  Dominic  de,  a  French- 
man, keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  tlie  royal  library, 
Paris,  died  in  1783. 

CAREW,  Georee,  earl  of  Totness,  bom  in 
Devonshire,  in  15.57.  and  died  1609.  He  wrote 
a  work  entitled  "  Pacata  Hibertiia,  or  the  His- 
tory  of  the  late  VS'ars  in  Ireland."  Besides  thla 
work,  he  collected  several  chronologies,  char- 
ters, letters,  monuments,  and  materials  belong- 
ing to -Ireland,  in  four  large  manuscript  volumes 
which  are  still  extant  in  the  Bodleian  library  01 
Oxford. 


eet*jU|Ol<tthc 
II,  who  wrote  a 


<JA 

<.'AKii;W,  TlKiiiins,  "IK!  ot  tlic  iiiusi  trlcliiu- 
tc'il  wits  of  king  Charles'  cnuit.  He  «  a^  iiiucli 
I'cspcctfcd  iiy  the  pot-ts  of  his  limp,  panitularly 
Itt'ii  Jonsoii,  anU  Sir  Williiiin  Davcnant,  and 
(iit-d  about  !(>;»;  Icavinf;  Iji-liiiul  liim  several 
poems,  and  a  uinsque,  called  "Ccb-iiim  Rritanni- 
ruin,"  perlonued  at  VVIiiteliall.on  !^llrove  Tues- 
day nifjht,  Feb.  18,  1033,  by  Uio  king's  majesty, 
the  duke  of  Lenox,  the  earls  of  Uevonsliire 
Holland,  Nouiiuvt,  and  several  other  young 
lords,  and  nnliU  men's  sons. 

C'ARKW,  Richard,  author  of  thn  "  Survey  of 
(!ornn-all,"  was  born  in  that  county,  in  1555. 
His  "  Survey"  was  published  in4to,  al  iiondon, 
in  l(j0'2.  Of  Ihis  work,  llaniden  lias  spoken  iii 
liigli  turni.<.  and  acknowledges  his  obligations 
totheautli'.v.     He  died  Nov.  (i,  1020. 

CARTAV,  Sir  Georpe,  brother  to  the  subject 
of  the  last  article,  was,  I'roni  1597,  to  KiOD,  em- 
ploye d  on  ■!!!nbassies  from  the  British  court,  to 
those  of  P'r'a'ul  and  France ;  on  his  return  from 
which  latter  place,  in  IGOK,  ho  drew  up,  and  ad- 
dressed to  .'aines  1.,  "  A  Relation  of  the  State 
of  FranC<  :  with  the  characjeis  of  Henry  iV., 
and  the  principal  Persons  of  that  Court." 

CARE".',  BAMFYLDK.  SK)(iRF,  was  the 
son  of  a  cl:;r,iynian,  at  Rickley,  in  Devonshire, 
and  was  hitiiself  intended  for  tlic  chnrrli ;  but, 
at  the  age  of  (ifteen,  embraced  the  pi|)sey's  va- 
grant life:  nml,  by  his  ingenuity  and  dexterity 
In  raisiti*!  r.iijiplies  for  his  brotherhood,  by  be;:- 
ciiig  uiiiii  ■■  various  deceptions,  so  ini^rr.tiaied 
hiiiiself  wi;h  ihem,  that  they  elected  him  their 
kin^.  He  was  liorn  in  July,  1093,  and  is  sup 
posed  to  have  died  shout  1770. 

CARKW,  Sir  .■Vlexander,  a  Cornish  pentle- 
ni:uNgsjii«»nor  of  Si.  Nicholas' island  and  fort 
jtH^iriiioiith  ;  he  was  beheaded  in  10-14,  for  his 
fasloyally. 

'fr.ARHV,  Harry,  a  man  dislinciiislied  by  both 
poetry  and  nmsic  ;  but  perhnjis  more  so  l)y  a 
eertain  i'uf.  tionsness,  wliii  Ji  made  him  a(,'reea-| 
bic  to  every  body.  He  wrote  '•  Tiie  Contrivan- 
c  1^"  a  laiTC ;  "  ChroiionIioVonlholof;<)s,"  a 
lr,<tck  tragedy  ;  "The  Honest  Yorkshireman,"  I 
a  farce ;  "  The  Dracon  of  Wsmtley,"  and  at'ter- 
wards  a  sequel  to  it,  entitled  "  The  Drawncss;" 
both  which  were  esteemed  true  burlesques  upon 
the  Italian  opera.  He  was  at  lenijth  reduced  to 
circumstances  of  distress;  and,  about  1744,  in  a 
fit  of  desperation,  laid  violent  haiuls  upon  him- 
self, and  i>ut  a  period  to  a  life  which  had  been 
led  without- Reproach.  It  is  to  be  noted,  and  ii 
is  somewhat  jincular  in  such  a  character,  that 
in  all  his  snnw  and  poems  on  wine,  love,  and 
such  kindsof  subjects,whicli  are  very  numerous, 
he  seems  to  have  manifested  an  inviolable  re- 
gard for  decency  and  good  manners.  ''  ms  said 
to  have  cotnposed  the  famous  English  song  of 
"  God  Save  the  Kinj;." 

C  ARPA",  George  Savillo,son  of  the  preceding, 
was  bred  to  the  jirofession  of  a  printer,  and  was 
one  season,  at  least,  on  the  stage,  at  Covent 
Garden.  He  was  author  of  a  "  Lecture  oti  Mi- 
micry," which  he  delivered  with  good  success. 
and  of  several  light  dramatic  performances. 
He  also  published,  in  1799,  some  entertaining 
sketches  of  the  diflerent  watering  places  of  Eng- 
land, and  died  iti  his  (Vlth  year,  July  14,  1807. 
He  was  a  postlnimons  child,  and  inherited  the 
misfortunes  of  his  lather;  but  lie  inherited  also 
his  talents  in  a  great  degree,  though  they  took 
another  direction.  He  inherited  too  his  moral 
qualities  ;  for  though  he  wrote  a  vast  number  of 
lyric  compositions,  they  are  all  intended  to  awa 
ken  patriotic,  generous,  and  amiable  cmutionB. 


x:a 

CAKII'KKT,  or  CHARIBERT,  a  licentiotii 
king  of  i'aiis,  died  in  567. 

CAKINUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  was  itivcsted 
by  his  father,  the  emperor  ( 'arus,  with  the  pur- 
!ple,  and  killed  three  years  after. 
I     f  AliLLTON,  Sir  Dudley,  an  English  states- 
man  and   political    writer,  bom    at    lialdwiu 
jliriglnwell,  in  O.vfordshire,  in  1573,  died  1031 
I     CAKLLTt)\,  (ieorge,  a  native  of  Northum- 
berland, bishop  of  Liindatf,  and  member  of  tlie 
synod  of  Dort.     He  died  in  U>'^. 
I    CARLETON,  Guy,  Lord  Dorchesttr  a  dis- 
tinguished Dritish  oliicer,  in  America,  successor 
10  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  1782  ;  he  died  in  Eng- 
land, in  18(">H. 

t.'.-\RLINI,  Agostino,  R.  A.,  an  eminent  sta- 
tuary, and  keeper  of  the  royal  academy  of  Lon- 
don. He  was  a  native  of  Genoa ;  went  early 
in  life  to  England  ;  and  was  an  artist  of  great 
celebrity,  for  the  skill  and  grace  with  which  he 
executed  drapi:ry.     Died  .-Vug.  14,  1790 

CARLOMAN,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Mattel, 
siicceciled  him  in  the  kingdom  of  Aitstrasia,  in 
741.— Another,  the  son  of  Lewis  the  German, 
king  of  Italy,  and  emperor.— Another,  brother 
of  Lewis  III.,  and  sole  king  ol  Fiance,  in  882, 
died  in  884. 

CARLONF-,  John,  a  Ocnncse  painter,  who 
excelled  in  the  art  of  foreslinrtc  niitg,  died  in  1030. 

CARLOS,  Don,  son  of  Thilip,  king  of  Spain, 
deformed  in  his  person,  and  violent  in  his  tem- 
per ;  he  was  condenmcd  to  death  for  exciting  an 
insurrection,  in  ]5t>R 

CARLYLK,  Joseph  Dacrc,  vicar  of  Newcas- 
tle, and  piofi^«sor  of  Arabic,  at  t^ambridge,  dis- 
lingiiislied  himself  greatly  by  liis  proficiency  in 
Oriental  literature,  and  died  at  his  vicarage, 
April  12,  1804,  agerj  45. 

CARMATII,  an  impostor,  who,  in  891,  oppo- 
sed the  doctrines  of  Malioiuet,  and  advanced 
others  <  qually  unscriptural. 

CARMICliAlilL,  Gerrhom,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, protessor  of  moral  philosophy,  died  in  1733. 

CAR  MICHAEL,  Frederic,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, .-ettled  as  atlergyman  at  Edinburgh.  He 
piibli.-^lied  a  volume  of  sermons  which  were  ad- 
mired, and  d-'ji  in  1751. 

CARNK  "  RS,  a  ceWirated  Greek  philoso- 
pher. Hi;  .■'•& is  placed  in  the  fourth  year  of 
the  I0'2d  Olv'idrnad.  Plutarch  has  preserved  tiie 
following  apoiiiegin  of  Carneadcs  :  "  rrince.s 
learn  nothing  well  but  riding  ;  for  their  masters 
(latter  them,  and  those  who  wrestle  with  them, 
s'ltfer  themselves  to  be  thrown  ;  but  a  horse  con- 
siders not  whether  a  private  m?n  or  a  prince,  a 
poor  man  or  a  rich,  be  on  his  back;  and  if  liia 
i rider  cannot  rule  him,  he  throws  him." 

CARO,  Hannibal,  a  very  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  and  orator,  lMirn  atCivila  Nuova,  in  1507. 
He  translated  Vircil's  "  JF.ueW  into  his  own 
laiigiinge,very  delicately  and  faitljfully;  in  short, 
with  such  purity  of  style,  and  propriety  of  ei- 
liression,  that  the  best  judges  did  not  suppose 
liiiii  to  have  fallen  the  least  short  of  hw  original. 
He  translated  also  Aristotle's  "  Rhetoric,"  anj 
"Two  Orations  of  Gregory  Na'/.ianzen,"  with 
a  "  Discourse  of  Cyprian."  He  wrote  a  come- 
dy likewise,  which  Balzac  has  spoken  well  of, 
and  a  miscellanv  of  his  original  poems  was 
printed  at  Venice,  in  1584.  His  sonnets  have 
been  deservedly  ailnaied.    He  died  in  1.5Cfi. 

CVROLAN, .  a  most  celebrated  Irish 

bard,  though  blind,  horn  in  1070,  died  at  Alder- 
ford,  Roscommon,  in  March,  1738.  Carolan, 
on  many  occasions,  proved  himself  a  truly  mu- 
sical genius.  In  the  beginning  of  the  last  COB- 
107 


CA ___^_ 

tun'.  Lord  Mayo  brouglit  from  D'.itilin  a  ccle- 
bratod  lialiaii  pi'ilorraer.  C'arolan,  who  was 
at  thai  lime  on  a  visit  at  his  lordahipV  coiintiy- 
Bcai,  louiid  himself  greatly  noslected.  and  com- 
plained of  it,  one  day,  in  the  presi^nceof  Gmii- 
uiaiii.  When  you  play  in  as  masterly  a  man- 
ner as  he  does,"  said  his  lordsiiip,  "  you  ^liall 
not  be  overlool<i:d  "  Carolau  watered  ivilb  ibej 
musician,  that  although  he  was  almost  a  total  | 
stranyi  r  to  Italian  music,  yet  he  would  liillowi 
him  in  any  puce  that  he  plavL-d;  and  that  hi' 
wou:d  himself  aHfrwards  play  a  voluntary,  in 
which  the  Italian  should  .nni  follow  hun.  The 
proposal  was  acceded  to,  and  Carolau  was  vic- 
torious. Thai  C'aroian  was  as  line  a  poet  as  he 
was  a  musician,  may  be  seen  in  the  Gent.  Maga- 
zine, Ixxxiv.  pt.  '2.  p.  :W.  I 
CAROLINE,  daughter  of  John    Frederic, 


CA 

i  CAUKANZA,  IJarlholomew,  archbishop  ot 
fl'ohdo.  llu  was  accused  of  licresy,  and  Bciit 
to  Rome,  where  lie  died  in  1376.  He  was  a 
learnid  and  virtuous  man. 

CAUUE,  Lewis,  an  able  mathematician,  mem- 
Iber  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  pu 
pil  of  Mah-hranche,  died  in  1711. 

CAKRKUA,  P.'ier,  a  priest  ot'  Sicily,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  chess,  in  4to.,  and  of  a  history  of 
Caiana,  died  iu  lt)17. 

C.'iKlUKK,  John  Baptist,  a  member  of  the 
French  national  convention,  and  one  of  the 
most  atrocious  among  them.  He  invented  new 
modes  of  lorturiii]:!  the  innocent  inhabrianls  of 
La  Vendee,  and  came  to  the  guillotine  iu  1794. 

C.VRRl  i;r,  Thomas,  remarkable  for  longevity 
died  atColcheoter, Connecticut, in  H.^S, aged  103. 

CARIUER.\,  Rosa  .-Vlba,  a  Veneli;i:.  portrait 


mararaveofBiandenburg  Anspach,  wascrown-l  painter  in  crayons.  She  painted  the  royal  lami- 
ed  queen  of  Kntiland,  in  17-27.  She  is  spoken |ly  at  Pari,-*,  and  was  admitted  member  of  the 
of  in  hich  terras,  a.s  a  woman,  and  ruler.  acadeinv  <if  painting  there,  and  died  in  1761. 

C.VKOLLNE  AMELIA  ELIZABETH,  con-  CAKRIEKES,  Lewis  de,  a  catholic  priest, 
sort  of  George  IV.,  of  England,  died  Augusi,!lwho  published  a  French  commentary  on  the 
1622  Having  been  separated  from  her  husband  IJBible,  in  '24  vols.,  died  in  1717. 
Boon  after  tiieir  marriage,  her  character  was]  CARRINGTON,  Edward,  an  officer  of  the 
most  unjustly  lra<luced,  by  the  friends  of  the i  army  during  the  American  revolution,  who,  at 
King;  but  two  riaid  examinations  of  her  con-!  quarter-niaster-gcmcral  under  General  Greene, 
duct,  if  they  did  not  attest  her  innocence,  enti- 'rendered  important  services  to  the  southern 
tie  her  to  commiseration,  as  the  object  of  base!  army.  He  was  afterwards  a  representative  in 
and  cruel  persecution.  I  congress  from  Virginia,  and  died  in  1810. 

CAROLOSTAUT,   or   CARLOS3TADrU.S,i|  ,-CAKROUAGES,  an  artist,  of  Pavia,  who 
Andrew  Bodenstein,  piofe.ssoi-  of  diviniiy,  aiuljftiade  a  clock  which  would  strike  fire,  and  1 
minister,  at  Basil.     He  espou.iod,  iu  the  fuMcsyja  lami 
extent,  the  tenets  of  Luther,  anddi^d  in  1541.  '  |    C.VRSTARES,  William,  a  Scotch  divine  anrt 


C'AROTO,  .lohu  Francis,  an  Italian  painter, 
who  died  in  1516. 

C.\ROrO,  John,  brother  and  pupil  to  the  pre- 
ceding.    Paul  Veronese  was  his  pupil. 

C.-VnPENTI.R,  Natha;iiel,  dean  of  Ireland, 
a  man  of  great  learning,  particularly  in  inalhe 
matics.  He  wrote  on  geography  and  pbUoso- 
phy,  and  died  in  1G3.>. 

CARPENTER,  Peter,  an  eminont  French 
^*'7iter,  who  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the  Glos- 
sary of  Oucatige,  in  6  vols,  folio:  he  died  in  1707 

CARVENTIER,  N.  a  native  of  Beauvais,  a 
gr^at  calcula!or  and  arithmetician.  He  wrote 
some  treati.=es  on  his  profession,  anddiod  in  1778. 

C.VRPI,  ITgo  da,  a  painter,  celebrated  for  tiie 
discovery  of  painting  in  chiaro  obscuro  died  in 
1500. 

CARPI,  Girolanio,  an  Italian  painter,  wlio 
imitated  Corregio's  manner  with  great  success 
died  in  Ll-ifi. 

CAK.PONE,  Julio,  a  Venetian  painter,  cele- 
brated ior  his  bacchanals,  triumpii.s,  and  sacri- 
licpj,died  in  107-J. 

CARPOCRATES,  a  heretic  of  .Vlesandria, 
who  revived  and  improved  the  gnostic  theory, 
about  i;iO. 

OARPZOVIITS,  Benedict,  an  able  professor 
of  law  at  Wittemberg,  died  in  IIJOI.  He  left 
four  sons,  each  of  them  emiiient  as  professors, 
divines,  or  writers ;  and  one  of  these  left  a  son, 
who  WAS  also  a  i.iaii  of  great  learning. 

CARR,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  raised  by  James 
I.  to  the  titleof  duke  of  Somerset.  He  murdered 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  and  died  in  1033. 

C.'VRR,  John,  L.  L.  D.,  an  usher,  and  after- 
wards master  of  the  sciionl  at  He.-tford,  and 
knov.'u  as  the  translator  of  Lucian,  died  In  1807. 

CARR  \,  .lohn  Lev.'is,  a  French  dernasogue, 
for  a  time  popular  with  the  republicans  of  Paris. 
Ilis  party  was  proscribed  by  Robespieiie,  and 
he  was  hurried  to  the  guillotine  in  1793.  He 
was  the  author  of  many  works 
108 


[vho     SV, 


political  writer,  who  has  left  some  valuable 
'■  Stale  Papers"  illustrative  of  Scotch  history. 
He  was  boi  n  at  Cathcart,  near  Glasgow,  iu  1649, 
and  died  in  1715. 

<'.\RStJGHi,  Rainer,  a  Jesuit,  in  Tuscany, 
known  as  the  author  of  an  elegant  poem  in 
Latin,  on  the  art  of  writing  well;  lie  died  in  1709. 

CARTE,  Tiionias,  a  very  learned  English  his- 
torian, born  at  i;ii('ion,  Vi'arwickshire,  in  1686. 
His  niosi  im|ior!aul  wurks  were.  "  The  History 
of  the  liife  of  James,  duke  of  Ormond,  from  his 
birth,  hi  1610,  to  his  death,  in  Ifiv'^S,"  in  3  vols., 
folio  ;  and  a  "  History  of  England,"  in  4  large 
Iblio  volumes.  Notwithslanding  our  author's 
peculiar  opinions  and  prejudices,  his  history  is 
undoubtedly  a  work  of  srreat  merit  in  point  of 
information.  It  is  written  with  eminent  exact- 
ness aiul  diligence,  and  with  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  original  auiiiors.    Mr.  Carte  died  in  1751. 

CARTEIL,  Christopher,  a  naval  officer,  sen" 
by  tiuecn  Elizabeth,  in  company  with  Drake, 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  displayed  great 
courage  and  intrepidity ;  he  died  in  1592. 

CARTER,  Francis,  F.  S.  A.,  author  of  "A 
Journey  !>om  Malaga  to  Gibraltar,"  '2  vols.  8vo., 
dif.'d  August  1,  1783. 

CARTER,  Elizabeth,  a  venerable  ornametn 
to  literature,  of  the  female  se.Y,  was  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Nicholas  Carter,  and  born  at  Deal, 
in  Kent,  December  17,  1717,  died  in  London, 
February  10,  If^Oii.  Mrs.  Carter  was  an  admira- 
ble Greek  and  J..atiu  scholar,  wrote  I<>ench  and 
Italian  with  great  flueiicv  and  elegance,  and  was 
eonversiint  in  the  German,  Spanish,  and  Portu- 
guese. She  was  author  of  Nos.  44  and  100  of 
The  Rambler,  and  published  a  volume  of  her 
poems  about  the  year  1762,  replete  with  attic 
wit,  chaste  philosophic  fancy,  and  harmony  of 
numbers;  but  the  work  that  established  her  re- 
putation as  a  learned  lady  was,  a  complete  trans- 
lation from  Uie  Greek  of  tUe  works  of  "  Epicte- 
"  with  notes. 


CA 

f  CAHTER,  John,  an  eminent  aniiquarian 
dial'isnian,  and  critic,  in  auciuni  English  aioiii- 
tecliirc,  was  born  in  Loiidiiii,  .Itino  &;,  1748.  ai»l 
died  atPimiir.o,  ScplenibcrS,  1817;  having  bteii 
many  years  a  laborious  contributor  to  tliat  in- 
Kimparable  depository  of  antiquarian  know- 
Icd^ie,  the  Gentlcnian's  Wapazinu. 

CARTERCT,  John,  earl  of  Granville,  em 
ployed  by  (leorj^e  1.  in  various  important  servi-i 
CCS.  In  I'il,  be  was  made  secretary  of  state, 
and  in  \124,  was  sent  viceroy  to  Ireland.  IK } 
was  also  in  lavour  with  George  II.,  and  died  ini 
I7t)3,  gn-ally  beloved. 

CAKTEUpyr,  Philip,  governor  of  the  province 
of  New  Jersev,  died  in  HvSiJ.  I 

CAKTEKOMAC'O,  Scipio,  a  learned  profes-l 
sor  of  Greek  at  Venire,  and  a  celebrated  classi- 
cal author,  died  in  1513. 

CAUTKS,  Kcne  des,  .in  eminent  French  phi- 
losopher and  niathetnalician,  born  at  I. a  H.ive. 
in  Touraine,  March  31, 15iKJ.  In  1(>33,  he  wrote 
his  "  Treatise  of  the  World,"  and  in  163t),  bisl 
"  Troati-^e  of  Mcclianics."  He  died  in  1G.">0,| 
having  extended  the  limits  of  gcoinetry  as  lari 
beyond  the  place  where  he  found  them,  as  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  did  after  him.  lie  lirst  taught  the 
method  of  expressing  curves  by  eiinaiioiis.  I 

t'ARTIEK,  James,  a  French  iiaviirator,  who] 
made  important  discoveries  in  Canada,  in  1534,1 
and  published  memoirs  of  Canada.  I 

CARTlt^MANPUA,  queen  of  the  Briganfes-, 
in  Briiain,  discarded  her  husband,  Venusins,  tt 
marrv  Ins  armour-bearer,  Velocatu!'.  • 
i  C.VRTWRIGIIT,  William,  born  at  North- 
way,  near  Tewkesbury,  in  Glouce.stersliire,  in 
Kill,  died  in  1643.  Ren  Jonson  said  of  him, 
"  My  son  Carlwright  writes  all  like  a  man." 
There  are  extant,  of  this  author's,  four  plays, 
besides  other  poems,  which  were  printed  to 
gelher  in  1051,  accompanied  by  above  ,'iO  copici 
of  commendiilory  verses.  Prefixed  is  a  portrait 
CAKTWRIGHT,  Christopher,  an  F.ngli.sh  di- 
vine, well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  wrote  several 
works,  ;nid  died  in  IG.'ii!. 

CAKTW  K  If."  HT,  Thomas,  a  puritan,  of  great 
eminence  and  learning,  born  in  Ilerlt'ordshire. 
He  was  a  sharp  and  powerful  conlroversialisi, 
and  was  much  persecuted,  being  obliged  to  quit 
The  kingdom  for  safely.  He  wrote  a  practical 
rommentary  on  the  lour  gospels,  and  on  the  pro 
verbs,  and  died  in  1603,  in  great  poverty- 

C.VKTWRIGHT,  Thomas,  cliaplaiiiof  King 
Charles,  and  prebendary  of  t<t.  Paul's.  He  went 
with  James  II.  in  his  flight  to  France,  and  af'ier- 
wards  to  Irel.ind,  and  died  in  1089.  His  works 
have  Ik  I  II  piililisiied. 

CARTV\  RIGHT,  John,  commonly  called  Ma- 
jor, distinguished  himself  by  his  gallantry  while 
young,  as  lieutenant  of  the  British  navy  ;  he  es 
ponsed  the  cause  of  America,  in  1774,  in  several 
works  of  talent ;  in  1776,  declined,  on  principle, 
a  very  advantageous  proposition  to  accomp.inj 
Lord  Howe  in  his  expedition  against  the  colo- 
nies; and  down  to  the  time  of  his  death,  in  18'J4, 
was  a  zetilous  and  able,  though  perhaps  some- 
limes  an  intemperate,  advocate  of  reform  in  th 
Knglish  government.  His  w'orks  are  numerous, 
but  almost  wholly  political. 

CARVAJ.-\L,  Lawrence  de,  a  Spani.trd,  who 
wrote  the  lives  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  in 
whose  court  he  was  a  counsellor. 

CARVALHO  IVACOSTA,  Anthony,  a Portu 
Suese  mathematician,  geographer,  and  astrono- 
mer, born  in  1650,  died  in  1715.  He  left  a  topo- 
ip-aphical  Iiistory  of  Itis  o\»  countrj',  in  3  vols, 
fflio 

10 


CA 

CARVER,  John,  first  governor  of  PlymoulK 
colony,  distinguished  for  prudence,  integrity, 
;^nri  firmness. 

C.'VRVER.  Jonathan,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
who  published  "  Travels  inioilie  most  interior 
parts  of  America,"  and  died  in  1760,  in  want  of 
liie  necessaries  of  life. 

CAUrS,  Marcus  .\urelius,  a  Roman  cmpc 
ror,  in  '>3.     Ho  was  killed  by  lipluiiiug. 

C.ARV,  Robert,  a  !<  arned  clironologer,  bom 
at  Cookingtiui,  Devonshire,  in  1615,  died  in  1CS8. 
He  published  "  I'ala?olngia  Chronica,  a  Chrono- 
logical Account  of  Ancient  Time,  in  three  parts; 
1.  Didactical;  'i.  Apodelclical ;  3.  Canonical ;" 
ill  1677. 

CARY,  Lucius,  eldest  son  of  Henry  L,vi3- 
coum  Falkland,  horn  in  O.vfordshire,  in  ICIO. 
Before  he  was  '23,  lie  had  read  nil  the  Greek  and 
Latin  fathers  ;  was  member  of  parliament  in 
IMO,  and  .soon  after  secretary  to  the  king.  lie 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Newbury,  bravely 
fighting  for  his  king,  aged  34. 

CARY,  Henry,  earl  of  Monmouth,  was  edu- 
cated with  Charles  I.  Hnwas  a  man  of  learn 
ing,  having  translated,  from  various  authors, 
seven  folios  and  two  8vos.  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

C-ARY,  Fcli.v,  a  learned  Frenchman,  who 
wrote  the  history  of  Marseilles,  of  Thrace,  and 
of  Bosphoriis,  by  medals. 

C\RY,  Thoii'ias,  lieuten.tnt- governor  of  N. 
(,'arolina,  was  removed  from  office,  and  after- 
wards sent  to  England  for  trial,  for  attempting 
to  excite  a  rebellion  about  170y. 

CARY,  Thomas,  minister  of  Newburyport, 
M.1SS.,  ho  published  some  sermons,  and  died  in 

m». 

CARYI,,  Joseph,  one  of  rronnvell's  chap.- 
lains;  author  of  a  tedious  commentary  on  Job, 
in  3  vols.  4to. ;  died  in  1673. 

CARYLL,  John,  was  secretary  toquccn  Mary, 
I4ie  wife  of  James  H.,  and  lollowed  the  fortunes 
of  his  abdicaliiig  master,  who  re.warded  him 
lirst  with  knighthood,  and  then  with  the  honor- 
ary titles  of  earl  Carvll  and  baron  Dartford. 
How  long  he  coniinued  in  tliat  service  is  not 
known ;  but  he  was  in  England  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Anne,  and  was  author  of  two  plays;  1. 
"  The  English  Princess ;  or,  the  death  of  Richard 
HI.,"  1667,  4lo. ;  2.  "  Sir  t^ulonioii ;  or,  the  Cau- 
tious Coxcomb,"  1671, 4to. 

('ASA,  John  de,  a  most  polite  Italian  writer 
of  the  16th  century,  born  at  Florence,  who  be- 
came In  lime,  archbishop  of  Benevento.  Hp 
died  l.ViO.  His  ■' Galafeus  sen  de  Moruni  eh: 
gantia,"  is  the  most  esteemed  of  all  his  works 
in  prose.     His  poetry  was  very  licentious. 

t;AS.ANOVA,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Latin  poetof 
Rome,  who  displayed  great  wit  and  keen  satire, 
died  in  1,VJ7. 

CASAS,  Bartliolomi  do  las,  a  Spaniard  and 
bishop  of  Chiapa,  born  at  Seville,  M74.  At  19 
he  attended  his  lather  who  went  with  Colum- 
bus to  the  Indies.jn  1493.  Upon  his  return,  he 
became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  a  curate  in  the  isle 
of  Cuba;  but  quitted  his  cure  and  his  country, 
in  order  to  devote  himself  to  the  seiA-ice  of  the 
Indians,  W'ho  were  then  enslaved  to  the  most 
ridiculous  superstitions,  as  well  as  the  most  bar- 
barous tyranny.  The  Spanish  governors  had 
long  since  made  Christianity  detested  by  their  un- 
heard-of cruelties,  and  the  Indians  trembled  at 
the  very  name  of  Christian.  This  humane  and 
pious  missionary  resolved  to  cross  the  seas,  and 
to  lay  their  cries  and  their  miseries  at  the  feet  of 
Charles  V.  The  affair  was  ditcusscd  in  conn 
cil-  and  the  representations  of  Casas  so  sensi- 
109 


Hi 


«|A 

lily  at!'(j.-  ?ii  th'.'  ein(jerur,  ihat  he  made  ordi- 
nc"r. ,  IS  .-fvere  lo  ihn  persecutors  as  I'avoui  able 
10  tlie  persKCUted ;  bui  tliest  ordinances  were 
nevai  execmed,  and  the  governors  conthiufd  t" 
t3'ran;ii3e  as  usual.  Casas  employed  alxivf  oil 
years  in  America,  labouring  witli  inci:B.-aiit  zi  :il 
that  the  Indians  might  be  treated  with  niiidin  ss. 
equity  and  iiumanity  ;  but  instead  or  av^iiiinc 
Bny  lilinj:,  he  drew  upon  himself  eriill!'.-.-.  perae- 
cu:ions  tVom  the  (^paniaids,  and  died  \\>  loOi;. 

CASATl,  raul,a  Jesuit  ol  great  learning,  who 
persuaded  queen  Christiana,  ol  Sweden,  to  ab- 
jure her  religion,  and  turn  Catholic,  lie  was 
the  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  optics  alter 
Jie  was  blind.     He  died  in  1707. 

C.\6AUB0.\,  Isaac,  a  learned  critic  and  com- 
mentator, born  at  Geneva,  1559,  and  died  1014. 
He  was  buried  in  Wtstminsier  Abbey,  where 
there  is  a  niouiiment  erected  to  his  lueiiiory. 

CAS.\UBON',  .Meric,  son  of  tlie  preceding, 
born  at  Geneva,  1599,  died  1671.  He  was  skill- 
ed in  various  parts  of  literature:  but  hiscliiei 
talHul  lay  in  critical  learning  ;  in  which  he  was 
prnbabiy  assisted  by  hisfather's  papers,  lie  was 
a  divine ;  but  is  chiefly  memorable  for  havinf;  re- 
fused corisiderabie  offers  made  to  him  by  Oliver 
Cromwell,  to  write  the  history  of  the  civil  war ; 
and  for  the  refusal  of  a  present  from  him,  teti- 
dcred  without  conditions,  though  he  was  in  in- 
digerit  circumstance?. 

«:;ascHI,  an  elo<iuent  Mahometan  preacher 
at  Medina,  author  of  commentaries  on  the 
Koran. 

CASCHIRl,  a  Mahometan,  author  of  the  lives 
of  Mussulman  saints,  died  in  2i>l  of  tiic  liegira. 

C.\SE,  Tiiomas,  a  non-coiifonnist,  during  the 
civil  wars,  who  wrote  and  preached  asaiust  the 
royalists.  He  was  coufmed  six  months  in  the 
tower.  His  works  arc  chiefly  sermons ;  he  died 
in  16S2. 

CAPE,  John,  an  English  quack  and  astrolo- 
ger. He  said  to.  Dr.  Radcliiic,  "  Let  me  have 
all  the  fools  for  my  paiienis,  and  you  may  have 
the  rest." 

C.\SE[i,  John,a  learned  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Helmstadt,  died  in  11)13. 

CASENEUVE,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse  ; 
lie  wrote  the  li.'c  and  miracles  of  Edmund,  king 
of  England,  and  died  in  li>52. 

CASES,  Peter  James,  one  of  the  first  painters 
cf  the  French  school,  died  in  1745. 

C'.V.'^IIMIR,  Matthias  Sarbiewski,  a  Jesuit,  of 
Poland,  and  an  excellent  Latin  poet,  born  1597 
The  odes,  cpodrs  and  epigratnsof  this  poet  have 
not  been  thought  inferior  to  soine  productions  of 
the  finest  wits  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome ;  and 
Grotius,  D.  Heinsiiis  and  others  have  not  scru- 
pled to  affirm,  that  he  is  not  only  equal,  but 
Fometimes  superior,  even  to  Horace  himself. 
Casimir  had  a  great  regard  for  VirL'il;  and  had 
actually  begun  to  imitate  him,  in  an  epic  poem, 
called  "  The  Le.'^ciades,"  which  he  had  divided 
into  13  books ;  but  died  before  he  had  made  any 
great  progress  in  the  work,  April  2,  1()40,  since 
which  there  have  been  many  editions  of  his 
poems. 

CASIMni  I.,  king  of  Poland,  an  excellent 
prince,  who  did  much  toward  civilizing  his  sub- 
.  jects;  he  died  in  10.58. 

CASIMIR  II.,  king  of  Poland,  sumamed 
the  Just,  died  in  1194. 

CASIMIR  III.,  king  of  Poland,  sumamed 
the  Great;  he  was  a  great  warrior,  and  conquer- 
ed Russia  :  he  died  in  1370. 

CASIMIR  IV.,  king  of  Poland,  made  war 
lEUccessfuliy  against  the  Teutonic  koigbts.    He 
L19 


CA 

conmianded  that  the  Latin  timgue  should  be  the 
vernacuiai  language  ol  his  kiiigdoui,  which  is 
observed  to  tliisday.     He  died  iii  I49i. 

CASI.MIR,  John,  married  ilie  widow  of  his 
liroilier,  Lalislaus,  and  became  king  of  Poland ; 
but  the  ingratitude  of  his  subjects  made  him  re 
sign  his  cronii,  and  he  died  in  France,  in  11)72. 

CASLON,  William,  eminent  in  an  art  of  tlie 
grealeet  coiiii'quence  to  literature,  the  art  of 
leUcr-foiMidiiig,  was  born  in  1H92,  at  llalles 
Dwen,  Shrop<hirp.  Tliough  he  justly  attained 
the  character  of  being  the  Corypha:Us  in  that 
■  nipioyiiient,  he  was  not  brought  up  to  the  busi- 
ness ;  but  served  a  regular  apprenticeship  to  an 
engraver  of  ortiunicnis  on  gun-barrels ;  and,  a/ter 
the  expiration  of  his  term,  carried  on  this  trade 
in  Vine-street,  in  the  Minories.  He  did  not, 
however,  solely  couluie  his  ingenuity  lotliat  oc- 
cupaiiiiii,  but  employed  himself  likewise  in 
making  tools  for  the  bookbinders  and  for  the 
ehiising  of  silver  plate.  While  he  wa.s  eiigai'ed 
in  this  business,  the  elder  Mr.  Bowyer  accident- 
ally saw  m  a  bookseller's  shop,  tlie  letleiiiig  of  a 
book  untoinnionly  neai;  and  inquiiing  who  the 
anist  was  by  «tinm  the  letters  were  made,  was 
hence  induced  to  seek  an  acquaintance  with  Mr. 
("asloii.  Xot  long  after,  Mr.  Bowyer  took  Mr 
("aslon  to  Mr.  James'  foundr)'  in  Bartholomew 
Close.  C'a.sion  had  never  before  that  time  seen 
any  part  oi  the  business;  and  being  asked  by 
his  friend  if  he  thought  he  could  undertake  to 
cut  types,  he  requested  a  single  day  to  consider 
the  inaitor,  and  then  replied  that  he  had  no 
d mbt  but  he  could.  Upon  this  answer,  Mr. 
Bdwyer,  Mr.  Betten ham, and  Mr.  Watts,  lent  him 
5CII/.  to  begin  llie  undertaking;  and  he  applied 
himself  to  it  with  equal  assiduity  and  success. 
In  1720,  the  society  for  promoting  ('iiri.'=,tian 
knowledge  dteni,ed  it  pxj)edient  to  print,  for  the 
use  of  the  easlerii  chi'tche^  the  New  Teslacient 
and  Psalter  in  tht  .Arabic  language.  These 
were  intended  for .  the  benefit  of  the  poor 
Christians  in  Pale/fjiie,  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
Arabia,  and  Egypt;  tfi/vconstitutious  of  v.'hich 
countries  did  not  permit  the  exercisse  of  the 
art  of  printing.  Cpon  this  occasion,  Mr.  Cas- 
lon  was  pitched  upon  to  cut  the  fount ;  in  his 
specimens  of  which  he  distinguished  it  by 
the  name  of  English  Arabic.  After  he  had  fin- 
ished this  fount,  he  cut  the  letters  of  his  own 
name  in  pica  Roman,  and  placed  them  at  the 
bottom  of  one  of  the  Arabic  specimens.  The 
name  being  seen  by  Mr.  Palmer,  the  reputed  au- 
thor of  a"  History  of  Printing,"  (which  was,  in 
(act,  written  by  JPsalmanazar)  he  advised  our 
artist  to  cut  the  whole  fount  of  pica.  This  was 
accordingly  done  ;  and  the  performance  exceed- 
ed the  letter  of  the  other  founders  of  the  time. 
He  arrived  at  length  to  such  perfection,  that  his 
workniansldp  was  frequently  exported  to  the 
continent.  He  removed  about  17.15  into  Chis- 
well-street,  Moorfields,  where  his  foundry  be- 
came, in  process  of  time,  the  most  extensive 
that  existed.  Having  acquired  opulence  in  the 
course  of  his  employment,  he  was  put  into  the 
commission  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  in  which  office  he  died,  January  23, 

CASNODYN,  aWelsh  poet,  who  flourished 
at  the  beginning  o»  the  14th  century. 

CASSAGNES,  James,  abb6  de,  a  French 
poet  and  preacher,  who  died  mad,  because  he 
was  compared  with  Cotin,  a  very  poor  and  ua 
popular  preacher,  in  1679. 

C.\SSAN,  a  christian,  who  renounced  his  re- 
ligion to  become  king  of  Persia,  died  in  1304. 


CA 

CASSANA,  Nicliolo,  a  Vi.iiulian  paiiilrr, wlin 
died  in  1713.  His  coiit-iiiracy  of  CatalLne  is 
greatly  admired. 

CASSANA,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
emitjent  in  drawing  beasts  .-".nd  birds. 

CASSANDEU,  king  ol  Macedonia,  died  304 
B.C. 

CASSANDKR,  George,  an  eminent  French 
divine,  who  was  long  eug;igtd  in  the  fruitless 
labour  of  reconciling  the  catholics  and  protes- 
tants,  died  in  l.ifiG. 

CASSANDER,  Frauiis,  a  Frenchman,  who 
was  an  able  translator  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
classics,  died  in  169.5. 

CASSANDRA,  Fidele,  a  Venetian  lady,  of 
great  learning  in  philosophy  and  the  language.-", 
died,  aged  lul',  in  l.'WT. 

CASSFiS"TiIS'0,Jacobodi,  an  eminent  paintei, 
the  founder  of  the  Florentine  academy,  died  in 
1356. 

CASSERIO,  Julio,  rose  from  a  state  of  pover- 
ty, to  be  professor  of  anatomy  and  medicine  ni 
I'adua.  i  e  was  first  taken,  as  a  domestic,  into 
the  family  of  Fabricius,  wlio  itistructed  iiim  ;  he 
died  in  1616. 

CASSIAX,  a  monk,  of  the  5th  century,  who 
wrote  some  works,  and  Ibundtd  a  monastery  at 
Marseilles. 

CASS51BF.I.AN,  or  CAfPIVT: LAUM'S,  a 
kl;r£r  of  Britain,  at  the  time  of  the  invasion  ol 
Julius  Casar. 

r.VSSINI.  Johannes  Pominicus.  a  celebrated 
astronomer,  born  in  Tiedniont,  in  Ifi!l5.  At  the 
ageof  15,  the  senate  invited  him  to  teach  mathe- 
matics at  riolopiia.  He  was  made  astronomer 
royal  of  France  in  16<'i!),  and  after  enriching  sci- 
ence with  a  thousand  new  di'<coveries  and  ob- 
servations, died  in  1712. 

CASSINI,  John  J,  .  es,  son  of  the  preceding, 
inherited  the  talents  and  iV  nti>f  his  father,  and 
took  his  place  as  royal  ast  pnomer  of  France. 
His  works  wore  in  high  es'  nialion,  and  are  va- 
luable at  this  dav  :  he  dir    in  173«). 

CASSI.M  r»E  THU..i',  Cnsar  Francis,  suc- 
cessor of  John  James,  born  in  1714,  distinguislie<l 
for  his  early  and  rapid  progress  in  science,  died 
in  1784. 

CASSIODORl'S,  Marcus  Anrelius,  a  man  of 
eminence  in  many  respects,  and  callrd,  by  way 
of  distinction,  "  the  senator,"  was  born  in  Italy, 
about  463.  His  principal  writings  arr,  "  He  Hi- 
vinis  Lectionibus,"  "  De  Orthocraphia,"  and 
"  De  Rebus  Gestis  Gothorum."  He  wrote  al.^o  a 
commentary  upon  the  Psalms,  and  several  other 
pieces,  theological  and  ciitical,  and  died  at  near 
100  years  of  age. 

CASSirs,  Cains,  hrother-in-law  of  Rrtitus, 
«ne  of  Ca>sar's  murdeiers.  He  caused  one  of 
his  slaves  to  kill  him,  that  he  might  not  fall  into 
the  hands  of  his  enemy,  42  P.  C. 

CAS91US,  Longinns  I,ncitis,  a  Roman  magis- 
trate of  great  integrity,  115  B.  C. 

C.\S?n'S,  Avidius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
proclaimed  himself  emperor,  and  was  soon  after 
assassinated. 

CAPPIt^S,  Parmensis,  a  Latin  poet,  put  to 
death  by  Augustus. 

CASSri'S,  Severus  Situs,  a  Roman  orator, 
of  the  .\u'-nsian  age,  eloquent,  but  violent 
against  individuals. 

CASTAGNO.  Andrew  del,  a  painter,  of  Tus- 
cany, who  assassinated  Dominico  de  Venisc, 
from  whom  he  obtained  the  secret  of  painting  in 
oil.  Castagno  revealed  this  on  his  deatb-bed, 
and  died  in  1478. 

CAIiTALDJ,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  poet,  in 


C.V 

[Latin  and  It.Tlian.  He  founded  a  college  at 
jradna,  where  he  died  in  l.i;'.7. 

CASTALIO,  Sebastian,  born  at  Chatillon,  on 
the  Rhone,  in  1515.  His  woiks  are  verv  con- 
Isiiierable,  on  account  both  of  their  qualify  and 
jtlieir  number;  they  disc ovor  great  knowledge 
iOl'  the  Latin,  Creek,  and  Hebrew  langiianfs,  and 
are  chiefly  on  iScriptural  subjects.  He  died  in 
1563. 

CAPTEFLS,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp. 
[Ie  published  12  plates  of  birds,  designed  and 
etched  by  himselt,  and  died  in  1749. 

CASTKL,  Lewis  Rertrand,  a  Jesuit  and  ma- 
thematician, of  Montpelier.  He  published  a 
hysiem  of  niitihemaiics,  a  treaiise  on  gravity, 
anil  on  optics ;  all  highly  et<tteiiied  :  he  died  In 
17.''.7. 

CASTRLL,  Edmund,  a  divine  of  the  17th 
century,  and  compiler  of  a  v<  ly  li  arned  and  la- 
borious Work,  called  "  Lexicon  Heptup.lotlon." 
He  was  also  eniin*  ntly  assistant  to  IJr.  Wai'on, 
in  till' cclibrated  edi'i'on  of  the  "  Polyglott  Li- 
blc,"  aipd  died  in  UiP.'i. 

CAljTF.LLI,  Hernaid,  a  Genoese  painter  and 
engraver,  of  eniinence,  died  in  1629. 

CASTELLI,  Nalrrio,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  particularly  skilled  in  painting  battles,  and 
litil  in  Ii>59. 

C.ASTELLI,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Brescia, 
who  assisted  Galiho  in  his  astionoiiiical  obser- 
vations, died  in  1()44. 

CASTELNAl',  Michael,  ambassador  in  the 
ervice  of  Charles  IX.  of  Fiance.  Memoirs  nf 
b'seinba-ssies  are  published,  in  2  voU.  folio;  hi) 
died  in  1,592. 

(^ASTFI,^^AT^  He nrlette  Julia  de,  wife  of 
count  de  Mural,  auihoress  of  several  pleasing 
and  elenanl  works,  difd  in  1716. 

CAt:tFLVETUO,  Lewis,  an  Italian  critic, 
famous  for  his  parts,  hut  mtvre  tainous  for  his 
•spleen  and  ill-nature,  was  borii  at  .Modcna,  in 
1.505.  He  distinguished  himself  chiefly  by  his 
'■  Commentary  upon  Aristotle's  Poetics  ;"wiiere, 
Rapin  as.-;ures  ns,  he  always  made  it  a  rule  to 
find  something  to  except  against  in  the  text  of 
Aristotle.     He  died  in  1571. 

CASTI,  r  abbe,  an  Italian  poet,  author  of 
several  works  of  merit,  died  in  1803. 

CASTICLIONE,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Ancona 
distincnishrd  as  a  port  and  critic,  died  in  1610. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Baltha-ar,  an  etninent  Ital- 
ian nobleman  and  poet,  was  born  atM:inina,  in 
1478.  He  applied  liinmelf  to  the  study  of  paint- 
ing, sculpture,  and  architecture,  as  appeai-s  from 
a  book  that  he  wrote  in  favour  of  tho.se  arts, 
and  made  so  great  a  progriss  in  them,  that  Ra- 
phael Crbin  and  Buonarotti,  though  incompara- 
ble artists,  never  thought  their  works  perfect, 
unless  they  had  the  approbation  of  Casiiglinne. 
He  died  in  1529.  Besides  his  incomparable 
book,  "The Courtier,"  in  which  work  we  may 
perceive  how  intimate  he  was  with  the  Greek 
and  Latin  authors,  (having  gleaned  together  the 
tirst  tiowers  of  their  wit,  and  treasured  up,  .is  it 
were,  in  a  single  casket,  the  richest  jewels  of 
antiquity,)  he  compi^sed  many  Latin  and  Tus- 
can poems,  which,  with  some  of  his  letters,  are 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  English  version  of  "  The 
Courtier,"  published  at  London,  in  1727. 

CAfTIGLIONE,  Benidict,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian engraver,  born  in  1616,  died  in  1670 

CAPTIGLIONE,  Fancisco,  son  and  pupil  of 
the  preceding,  and  equally  respectable  as  a 
painter. 

CASTILF,  Alphonsus  X.  of,  who  has  com- 
monly been  calleiJ  "  The  Wise,"  was  born  in 
111 


CA 

I-20;J,  and  is  now  more  famous  for  having  boeni 
an  astronomer  than  a  king.  He  umiorsiood  as-| 
rronorny,  philosophy,  and  history,  as  if  he  had| 
been  only  a  man  of  letters,  and  composed  books 
upon  the  motions  of  the  hea\'en3,  and  on  I  hi; 
history  of  .Spain,  which  arc  highly  commended, 
lie  died  in  laijl. 

CASTILLO,  Ferdinand  de,  a  Dominican,  of 
Spain,  wlio  wrote  an  account  of  his  order;  he 
died  in  \M3. 

CASTILLO  Y-SAAVF.DRA,  Antony  del,  a 
Spanir-h  painlcr,  who  died  of  grief,  because  he 
was  excelled,  in  1067. 

CASTRIES,  N.,  inar.<hal  dc,  an  able  French 
peneral,  who  served  in  the  Bcvcn  years'  war, 
died  in  1800. 

CASTRO,  Alplionso  de,  a  Spanish  Francis 
can  friar,  who  went  to  Eiipl.-.nd  with  Philip  II. 
lie  -.v.is  an  able  preacher,  and  died  in  1358. 

C.VSTRO,  .lohii  de.  a  native  of  Lisbon,  a  dis 
tincuished  inililnry  officer,  afterwards, governor 
of  the  Fast  Indies,  died  in  1548. 

CASTRO,  Paul  de,  professor  of  law  at  Flo 
rence,  Bologna,  Sienna,  and  Padua,  died  in 
J  4.37. 

CASTRUCIO,  Castracani,  a  celebrated  gene 
ral,  found,  when  an  infant,  in  a  heap  of  leaves, 
in  Tuscany.  He  rose  to  the  hijjhest  rank  of 
military  fame,  and  died  in  lli28 

CASWELL,  Richard,  governor  of  \orth  Ca- 
rolina from  1777  to  1780,  and  from  I'S.'i  to  1787. 
He  discharged  several  other  offices  with  repu- 
tation, and  died  in  1789. 

C.-VT,  Claude  Nicholas  le,  surgeon  to  the  Ho- 
tel Dieu,  at  Rouen,  an  eminent  philosopher, 
raised  to  the  rank  of  nobility  by  the  French 
king,  died  in  17ti8. 

CATEL,  William,  of  Toulouse,  author  of  a 
history  of  the  courts  of  that  city,  dii'd  in  W26. 

CATELLAN,  Maria  Claire  I'riscilla  Margue- 
rite, a  lady  of  Narbonne,  whose  odes  were  much 
admired  ;  she  died  in  174.5. 

CATESB  Y,  Mark,  an  English  naturalist,  who 
wrote  the  natural  history  of  Carolina,  Florida, 
and  the  Bahamas,  an  elegant  work,  2  vols,  folio  ; 
lie  died  in  1740. 

CATHARINE,  a  daughter  of  Charles  VI.,  of 
Fi  ance,  who  married  H;;nry  V.  of  England,  and 
afterwards  Owen  Tudor,  a  Welchman.  She 
died  in  1438. 

CATHARINE  of  ARRAGON,  daughter  of 
Ferdinand,  V.,  and  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  She 
was  a  woman  of  many  virtues. 

CATHARINE  DE  MEDICIS,  only  daughter 
of  Laurenlius  de  Medicis,  born  at  Florence,  in 
1.^19,  married,  1533,  the  dauphin,  afterwards 
iflenry  II.,  of  France.  She  was  three  times  re- 
gent of  France ;  and,  during  her  admiuistra- 
tion=,  made  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  annals 
of  Europe,  by  her  political  genius.  She  died 
in  1589. 

CATHARINE  of  SIENNA,  a  Romish  saint, 
who,  at  the  age  of  eight,  is  said  to  have  vowed 
perpetual  celibacy ;  she  died  in  13^0. 

CATHARINE  of  PORTUGAL,  daughter  of 
John  IV.,  and  wife  of  Charles  II.,  by  whom  she 
was  treated  unkindly  ;  she  died  in  1705. 

CATHARINE  of  BOURBON,  sister  to  Hen- 
nr  IV.,  and  wife  of  Henry  of  Lorraine,  died  in 
lfi04. 

CATHARINE  ALEXIEVNA,  a  country  girl 
of  the  name  of  Martha,  born  of  very  indigent 
parents,  in  Livonia.  In  1701  she  married  a  di a- 
(?oon  of  the  Swedish  gairi.son,  at  Marienhurgh ; 
but  before  evening  of  the  wedding-dav.  the 
112 


CA 

place  was  besieged  by  the  Riis,<ians :  the  bride- 
groom was  killed,  and  the  victor,  general  Bauer, 
smitten  with  her  beauty,  made  her  hismisiresa. 
Prince  Mentshicotf  ne.vt  beheld  her,  and  sho 
lived  with  him  a  short  time. — In  the  17th  year 
of  her  age,  uhe  became  tlio  mistress  of  Peter  the 
Great,  who,  on  the  iJOtli  of  May,  1711,  married 
her  privately  in  Poland,  and  the  20th  of  Feb., 
1712,  publicly  solemnized  the  marri.age,  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  presented  her  with  the  diadem  and 
sceptre.  At  his  death,  in  1723,  she  was  pro- 
claimed sovereign  empress  of  all  the  Russias, 
and,  to  her  death,  the  17th  of  May,17-.!7,showe<l 
herself  worthy  of  her  high  fortune. 

CATHARINE  H.,  empress  of  Russia,  a  wo- 
man of  most  extraordinary  natural  talenta  for 
governing  a  state,  and  civilizing  a  rude  nation  ; 
but  of  insatiate  lust,  and  unbounded  ambition  ; 
to  the  indulgetice  of  which  latter  passion,  she 
waded  through  blood,  flowing  from  the  slaugh- 
ter of  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands.  She 
was  born  May  2,  1729,  and  married  in  1745,  to 
the  grandson  of  Peter  the  Great.  Having  caus- 
ed herhusband  to  be  deposed  (if  not  worse  de.ilt 
with)  in  1702,  she  was  proclaimed  empress.  She 
died  suddenly,  in  November,  1796,  and  was  auc- 
ceeded  by  her  only  son  Paul  Pctrowitz,  the  fa- 
ther of  Ale.vander  I.,  the  present  emperor  of 
Russia. 

C,\THARTNUS,  Ambrose,  an  Italian,  bishop 
of  Miiiori.  He  wrote  against  Luther,  and  died 
in  1553. 

CATILINA,  Lucius  Scrgius,  a  noble  Roman,- 
wiiose  extravagance  reduced  him  to  narrow  cir- 
cumstances, and  havijBg  been  refused  the  con- 

Isiiip,  became  leadaj  Of  a  conspiracy  to  mur  < 
der  the  consuls  and  Senate  of  Rome,  rifle  the 
public  treasury,  and  burn  the  city:  which  con- 
spiracy vviis  discovered  by  Cicero,  at  that  tim»  ' 
consul,  G2  B.  C.  He  wasslain  in  battle  tiicsame 
year,  on  the  plains  of  Tuscany. 

CATINAT,  Nicholas,  an  illustrious  French 
general,  under  Louis  XIV.,  born  at  Paris,  1637, 
died  in  1712. 

CATINEAU,  N.  a  bra  man,  who  headed 
the  Vcndeans  during  the  levolution;  he  fell  at 
the  siege  of  Nantes. 

CATO,  Marcus  Fortius,  commonly  called  the 
Censor,  born  at  Tusculum,  in  the  year  of  Rome, 
519 ;  tliat  is,  about  the  year  232  B.  C.  No  man 
was  ever  better  qualilied  than  he  for  the  office 
of  censor,  nor  could  better  discharge  the  duties 
of  it.  He  made  use  of  his  severity,  elotiuence, 
and  exemplary  life,  to  give  a  chock  to  the  lu.Tu- 
ry  and  growing  vices  of  the  Romans ;  which 
gave  occasion  to  say,  that  lie  was  not  less  eer- 
viceable  to  the  rf-public  of  Rome,  by  making 
war  against  immorality,  than  Scipio,  by  hia  vic- 
tories over  his  enemies.  He  wrote  several 
works:  "A  Roman  History,"  a  book  "  con- 
cerning the  Art  of  War,"  and  one  on  "  Agricul- 
ture," and  died  in  the  year  of  Rome  604. 

CATO,  Uticensis,  great  grandson  to  the  for- 
mer, was  educated  under  his  uncle  Livius  Dru- 
su9,  and  very  early  showed  valour  and  genero- 
sity ;  having,  at  14  years  old,  desired  a  sword  to 
kill  the  tyrant  Sylla.  He  waa  a  lover  of  philo- 
sophy, in  which  he  rigidly  followed  the  doctrines 
of  the  stoics  ;  this  furnished  him  with  that  bra- 
very of  soul  which  he  manifested  on  all  occa- 
sions. Hia  first  caippaign  was  in  681,  against 
Spartacus:  aftevv.'^rds  he  led  1000  foot  into 
Asia,  where,  for  the  small  number  of  his  attend- 
ants, he  was  laughed  at,  but  was  never  moved 
with  it ;  returning,  he  was  made  qutestor,  which 


CA 


CA 


y" 


post  he  filled  with  honour.  To  keep  out  a  very- 
Dad  man,  he  put  in  for  the  tribunate.  He  sided 
with  Cicero,  against  Catiline,  and  opposed  Ca;- 
sar  in  the  senate,  on  that  occasion.  His  ene- 
mies sent  him  to  recover  Cyprus,  which  Ptole- 
my hud  forfeited, thinkingtohurlhis reputation 
by  so  difficult  an  undertaking  ;  yet  none  could 
ind  fault  with  his  conduct.  He  laboured  to 
tiriui;  about  an  agreement  botween  Ca;sar  and 
Ponipcy,  but,  seeing  it  in  vain,  sidetl  with  the 
latter.  When  Pompey  wa.s  slain,  he  fled  to  Uti- 
ca,  and  Caesar  pursuing  him,  lie  advised  liisi 
frienili)  to  begone,  and  hie  son  to  tru!!t  to  Cajsar's 
i-.leuiency ;  tlien  lay  down  upon  his  bed,  read 
Plato  upon  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  twice 
ovei,  and  thrust  a  sword  through  his  body,  of 
wliirli  lie  died,  40  B.  C,  aged  48. 

C.'VTO,  Vah^rius,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  age  of 
Sylla,  (lied  :)0  B.  C. 

(WTROU,  Francis,  a  very  distinguished  Je- 
suit, born  at  Paris,  in  ]ti5!t.  Ho  was  the  authori 
ot  some  very  considerable  works;  as,  1.  "  A 
General  History  of  the  Empire  of  the  Mogul ;" 
2.  "  A  History  of  the  Fanaticism  of  some  Pro- 
testant Religions  ;  of  Anabaijti.sm,  of  Davidism, 
niid  of  (Quakerism  ;"  3.  "  /V  Translation  of 
Virgil,  with  notes  critical  and  historical ;"  and 
4.  "  A  Ron)an  History;"  which  has  been  trans 
latcd  into  several  languages,  and  is  reckoned 
Ills  capital  work.     He  died  in  17:17. 

C.-VTTHD,  Angelo,  was  in  the  service  of 
Ticwis  XI.,  as  astrologer  and  physician.  He 
pretended  to  foretell  future  events,  and  died  in 
H'.I7. 

CATULLUS,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman  poet, 
born  at  Verona,  8P  B.  C.  H*  is  far  unlike  our 
modern  poets,  who  usually  complain  of  the  coy- 
iU!ss  and  insensibility  of  their  fair  ones;  he 
speaks  of  his  Lesbia,  as  a  woman  who  asked 
liini,  how  many  kisses  would  satisfy  him  ?  To 
whi€h  he  answered,  "  tliathe  desired  as  many 
as  there  are  grains  of  sand  in  the  deserts  of  Li- 
bya, and  stars  in  the  heavens."  Although  pos- 
eessing  a  superior  gen*  'S,  he  was,  ns  many  others 
have  since  bciB,  po  He  died  in  the  flower 
of  Ilia  age,  and  the  neight  of  his  reputation, 
when  he  was  about  30  years  old. 

CATZ,  James,  a  Dutch  statesman,  and  poet, 
-fcom  in  Zealand,  1577,  died  IGtiO. 

CAULET,  Francis  Stephen  de,  a  French  pre- 
late, who  opposed  the  king's  right  of  disposin 
of  ecclesiastical  benefices,  died  in  ItiSO. 

CAULIAC,  Guy  de,  a  French  anatomist,  and 
physician  to  the  popes  Clement  VI.,  and  Urban 

vn. 

CAVALCANTI,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian, 
who  .served  pope  Paul  HI.,  in  both  military  and 
political  capacities,  died  in  1562. 

CAVALIER,  John,  celebrated  for  his  bravery 
Jn  the  wars  of  the  protestant  insurgents,  against 
Lewis  XIV.     He  died  in  1705. 

CAVALIERI,  Bonaventure,  an  Italian,  pro- 
fessor at  Bologna,  and  disciple  of  Galileo,  died 
in  1G47. 

CAV^LLINJ,  Pietro,  a  painter  of  celebrity 
at  Rome,  died  in  13C4. 

CAVALLO,  Tiberins,  F.  R.  S.,  an.  eminent 
■writer  on  natural  philosophv,  born  at  Naples, 
March  30.  1749,  settled  in  Encland,  1771,  and 
died  in  London,  Dec.  26,  1809;  bavins  pub 
li°lied,  among  other  valuable  works, "  Treatises 
on  ajtctricity  ;"  on  the  "  Air,"  and  Aerosta 
lion  ;"  on  "  Magnetism  ;"  and  "  Elements  of 
tiatural  History." 

f'AVANILLEP,  Antonio  Joseph,  a  fpani?li 

in- 


circuinnavigator,  died  abou 

cAtENDISH,  Sir  Willi; 

Cardial  Wolsey  took  hin 

family,  which  consisted  of  o 


botanist,  was  educated  auiong  the  Jesuits,  and 
appointed  tutor  to  the  sons  of^tbc  duke  de  I'ln- 
fantado.  In  1601,  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
care  of  the  royal  gardens  of  Madrid,  where  he 
died  in  IH04. 

CAVE,  Dr.  William,  a  learned  divine,  born 
1637,  died  1713.  He  was  author  of  some  large 
and  learned  works,  relating  to  ecclesiastical  an- 
tiquity ;  particularly  ,"The  History  of  the  Lives, 
.Acts,  Deaths,  and  Martyrdoms,  of  those  who 
were  ..oteniporary  with  the  Apostles,  and  ot 
ilie  principal  Fathers  within  the  tirst  three  cen- 
iiiriis of  the Chuirh,"  and "  Historia Literaria, 
fcc.  ;"  in  which  he  gives  an  exact  account  of 
all  who  had  written  upon  Christianity,  ciilier 
lV)r  or  against  it,  from  Christ  to  the  14tli  cen 
tury. 

C.WE,  Edward,  born  at  Newton,  in  %Vai^ 
wickshiie,  Feb.  29,  lf.91,  and  celebrated  for 
having  planned  and  brought  to  pcrfeciinn, 
"The  Oentlenian's  Magazine,"  which  hasbc  eii 
published  upwards  of  90  years,  and  is  consider- 
ed one  of  the  most  succce.=ful  and  lucrati\  e 
periodical  works  that  history  has  upon  recoul. 
Mr.  Cave  died  Jan.  10,  1754. 

CAVEDONE,  Jaconio,  an  Italian  painter, 
died  ill  IWiO. 

CAVENDISH,  TJiomas,  a  celebrated  Engli.sh 
circujniKivicator,  died  about  1593. 

"iam,  born  about  l.TO."). 
m  into  his  spler<did 
one  earl,  nine  b.irons, 
and  about  100  kniglilr,  gentlemen,  and  inferior 
otiirers.  Ho  served  llie  cardinal  as  gentleman- 
usher,  and  was  admitted  into  more  intimacy 
with  liiin  than  any  oilier  servant,  and  therefore 
would  not  desert  him  in  his  fall,  but  was  one  of 
the  few,  who  stuck  close  to  him  when  he  had 
neither  ofiice  nor  salary  to  bestow.  This  singu- 
lar fidelity,  joined  to  his  abilities,  recommended 
him  to  his  sovereign,  who  received  him  into  his 
own  family  and  service.  He  afterwards  held 
high  (illices  of  state  under  Edward  VI.,  and 
Mary  I.,  and  died  in  1557.  Sir  William  Cavcn- 
lisli  wrote  the  life  of  his  old  master.  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  and  therein  gives  him  a  very  high  cha- 
racter; aflimiing  tliat,  in  his  judgment,  he  never 
saw  the  kingdom  in  better  obedience  and  quiet, 
than  duringthe  timeof  bis  authority,  nor  justice 
better  administered. 

CAVENDISH,  William,  duke  of  Newcastle, 
born  in  1592,  died  in  1676.  He  rendered  grcal 
services,  in  a  military  capacity  to  Charles  1.  and 

II.  ;  and  after  the  restoration,  retired  to  indulge 
his  natural  disposition  in  literary  pursuiti>.  He 
wrote  a  celebrated  "  Treatise  on  Horseman 
ship."  of  which  a  most  excellent  edition  was, 
a  few  years  ago,  printed  in  England  ;  and  four 
comedies.  His  second  wife,  Margaret,  was  a 
woman  of  great  wit,  and  some  learning :  tor. 
besides  the  life  of  the  duke,  and  her  own,  s)  d 
wrote  a  great  number  of  folio  volumes,  and  pub 
lished  26  plays,  in  several  of  which  there  ar<! 
scenes  and  songs  written  by  the  duke.  Her 
grace  died  in  1673. 

CAVENDISH,  WTilliam,  first  duke  of  Devon- 
shire, an  able  statesman,  and  friend  of  Lord 
Russell,  was  active  in  procuring  king  William 

III.  to  invade  England,  and  dieni  in  1707. 
iCAVENDISH,  Lord  John,  son  of  the  fourth 

duke  of  Devonshire,  and  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  he  opposed  Lord  North's  adininietra- 
tion.  and  died  in  1796. 

CAVENDISH,  Lord  Frederic,  cho.<)e  a  mil 
itarv  life,  was  a  lield  niarshal,  and  died  in  18^3 
1)3 


^ 


CA 


CA 


CAVENUISH,  Hon.  Henry,  a  very  iiigeniousjlist  and  a  member  of  the  Westiniiister  assembly 
natural  philo^uplicr,  born  Oct.  10,  1731,  died  atllof  divines,  died  iti  KjM. 

Claphani,  Fob.  34,  1810.  Though  not  jriuch'  CAVVJ'HORNR,  James,  a  very  aerceable 
Iieard  of  in  tin;  common  paths  of  life,  hu  wiisl  poet,  bom  at  Shi-Jlicld,  in  1721.  In  174.1^  he  was 
well  knuwn  and  higiily  disiimruished  in  tlie  wi-jjcliosen  muster  of  Tiiiibridt'e  School ;  and  this 


rntilir  world,  lit-  liad  stuillod  and  reiidKred  him 
self  familiarly  conversant  with  evi;ry  part  of 
Sir  Isaac  Newton's  philu»ophy  ;  the  principles 
of  which  he  applied,  abfuit  the  year  1770,  to  an 
inve.rtigation  of  iJic  laws  on  which  the  phreno- 
mena  of  electririty  drpend.  I'lir.-nina  thesanit 
f^cience.  on  tlie  occasion  of  Mr.  Walsh',-  e.vpcri- 
raents  with  thf  lorpi'do,  he  cave  a  saiist'actoiy 
e.vplana'ion  of  the  remarkable,  powers  of  elec- 
trical fishes :  pointing  out  that  distinction  be-j 
twccn  common  and  animal  electricity,  whiclij 
has  since  been  amply  confirmed  by  the  brilliant 
discoveries  in  ^'alvanism.  Having  Hiriiod  his' 
attention  very  early  to  pneum.ilic  chymistry,  hej 
aecertained,  in  I7(i6,  the  e.xtreme  levity  of  in-j 
flammable  air,  now  called  hydrosien  «as.  On! 
this  discovery,  many  curious  experiments,  audi 
particularly  that  of  aerial  navigation  have  benni 
founded.  In  the  same  path  of  science,  he  made! 
the  important  discovery  of  the  composiiinn  of 
ivalcr,  by  the  union  of  two  airs;  and  that  laid 
Ihe  foundation  of  the  modern  system  of  chj'- 
mistry,  which  rests  principally  on  this  fact,  and] 
that  of  the  decomposition  of  water,  announced 
soon  afterwards  by  M.  Lavoisier.  As  the  puri- 
ty of  atmospherical  air  had  l>ecn  a  yuhject  of 
controversy,  Mr.  Cavendish  contrivi.'d  essential 
improvements  in  the  method  of  performing  ex- 
periments with  a  eudiometer ;  by  means  of 
which,  lie  waji  the  first  who  showed,  that  the 
proportion  of  pure  air  in  the  atmosphere  is 
nearly  the  same  in  all  open  places.  The  other 
and  much  larger  portion  of  our  atmosphere,  he 
sOL'aciou.sly  conjectured  to  be  the  ba.-is  of  the 
acid  of  nitre  ;  an  opinion  which  he  soon  brought 
to  the  test,  by  an  ingenious  and  lalxirious  ex- 
periment, which  completely  provd  its  truth  ; 
■whence  this  air  has  now  very  generally  obtain- 
ed the  name  of  nitrosea.  Among  the  laboursj 
of  Itis  latter  days,  is  the  nice  and  dilticult  cx-i 
peiimeni,  by  which  he  determined  the  mean 
density  oi' the  earth  :  an  element  of  consequence' 
in  delicate  calculations  of  astronomy,  a.s  well  as! 
in  geological  inquiries.  Kven  in  the  last  yearl 
of  his  life,  at  the  advanced  age  of  77,  he  pro- 
posed and  described  improvements  in  the  man- 
ner of  dividing  large  astronomical  instruments ; 
which,  though  not  yet  executed,  promise  very 
great  advantages.  These  pursuits,  together  with 
reading  of  various  kinds,  by  which  he  acquired 
a  deep  insicht  into  almost  every  topic  of  gene- 
ral knowledge,  formed  the  whole  occupation  of 
his  life;  and  were,  in  fact,  his  sole  amusement. 
ProTn  his  attachment  to  such  occupations,  and 
the  constant  resource  he  found  in  them,  toge- 
ther with  a  shyness  and  diffidence  natural  to 
his  disposition,  his  habits  had,  from  early  life, 
been  secluded.  He  is  said  to  have  left  behind 
him  1,200,0001,  Mr.  Cavendidh  was  great  uncle 
10  the  duke  of  Devonshire. 

CAVOYE,  Lewis,  marquis  de,  a  French  mi- 
litary officer,  of  great  bravery,  died  in  1716. 

r AUSSIN,  Nicholas,  a  French  Jesuit,  and 
confessor  to  Lewis  XIII.,  was  born  at  Troyes, 
in  Champagne,  in  1580,  and  died  at  Paris,  July, 
lf),">l.  He  published,  among  other  works,  "  The 
Holy  Court,"  a  moral  work,  which  has  been 
often  reprinted,  and  translated  into  Latin,  Ita- 
lian, Spanish,  Portuguese,  (Jerman.  and  Eng- 
lish ;  and  "  Sacred  'rragediea." 

C.'WVURRY,  Daniel,  an  ejected  non-conform- 
!14 


place  he  held  rill  his  death,  which  happened  by 
a  tail  from  his  hors*'.  in  17(>1,  His  poetical  com- 
pohitionb  were  collected  and  published  in  4to,  in 
1771. 

C.\WTON,  Thomas,  a  non-i-.onfornji;:t,  and  a 
good  Hebrew  scholar,  died  in  lti77. 

CAXTON,  William,  the  first  who  introduced 
the  art  of  printing  with  fusile  ty))rs  into  Eng- 
land, was  horn  in  the  Weald  of  Kent,  alKiut  the 
latter  end  ol  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  Being  about 
15,  he  was  put  apprentice  to  Mr.  Robert  Large, 
a  mercer,  who,  after  having  been  sheritT  and 
mayor  of  London,  di'il  in  1141,  leavint;  by  wUl 
34  marks  to  his  apprentice,  William  Caxi'oii ;  a 
considerable  legacy  in  those  days,  and  an  early 
testimony  of  Caxton's  good  behaviour  and  in- 
tegrity, (.'axton  went  abroad  to  settle  the  same 
year  that  his  master  died,  and  was  intrusted  by 
the  mercer's  compaijy  to  be  their  agent  or  factor 
in  Holland,  Zealand,  Flanders,  &.c.  In  1464,  a 
commission  was  granted  to  him  and  Richard 
Whitehill,  Esq.,  by  Edward  IV,,  to  continue 
and  confirm  the  treaty  of  trade  and  commerce 
between  his  majesty  and  Philip,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, or,  if  they  found  it  necessary,  to  make  a 
new  one.  They  are  styled  in  the  commission, 
ambassadors  and  spcci.al  deputies.  A  marriage 
was  concluded,  in  July,  WiS,  between  the  king's 
sister,  lady  Margaret  of  York,  and  the  duke'a 
son,  Charles,  Ite  being  then  duke  of  Burgundy; 
and  when  the  lady  arrived  at  the  duke's  court 
at  Bruges,  Caxton  appears  to  have  been  of  her 
retinue.  He  was  now  either  one  of  her  house- 
hold, or  held  some  constant  post  under  her  ;  be- 
cause, as  he  says,  he  received  of  her  a  yearly 
fee  or  salary,  besides  many  other  good  and  great 
benefits.  Being  more  expert  than  most  others  in 
penmanship  and  languages,  it  is  highly  probable 
that  he  was  employed  by  the  dutchess  in  some 
literary  way.  As  soon  as  he  h;id  acquired  the 
mystery  of  the  new  invention  of  printing,  (wliicU 
he  did  not  accomplish,  he  says  himself,  without 
gr<'at  expense,)  he  was  employed  by  her  in  trans- 
latin;;  out  of  French  a  large  volume,  and  after- 
wards in  p.inting  it.  It  appeared  under  the  title 
of  "  The  Recuyell  of  the  History  of  Troye ;"  and 
is  the  first  book,  we  now  know  of,  tliat  was 
printed  in  the  English  tongue :  tlie  date  being 
September  19,  1471,  at  Colen  (Cologne.)  By  the 
edition  of  the  "Game  of  Chess,"  dated  in  1474, 
Caxton  appears  to  have  been  then  settled  in 
England  ;  and  thiii  book  is  allowed,  by  all  the 
typographical  antiquaries,  to  have  been  the  first 
pecimen  of  the  art  among  us ;  and  as  such,  haa 
been  so  valued,  that  it  is  said,  the  earl  of  Pem- 
broke, for  a  fair  copy  thereof,  which  was  given 
him  by  Mr.  Granger,  presented  him  with  a  pureft 
of  forty  guineas.  The  next  performance  of  Cax 
ton-,  of  which  the  date  is  ascertained,  is,  "  Tha 
Dictes  and  Sayinges  of  the  Philosophers,  trans  • 
lated  out  of  French  by  Antone  erle  Ryvyret 
lord  Seerles,  emprynted  by  William  Caxton,  at 
Westmestre,  1477."  Caxton  printed  several 
other  pieces,  either  of  his  own  composition,  or 
translated  by  him.  His  last  work  was  a  trans- 
lation from  the  French  of"  The  Holy  Lives  of 
the  Fathers  Hermites  living  in  the  Deserts ;"  and 
we  arc  informed  by  Wyiiken  de  Worde,  that  he 
finished  his  life  and  translation  together,  on  tho 
same  dav,  in  1491. 

CAYLUS,  Anne  Claude,  Coiuit  de,  a  French 


CE 

wriUir,  born  at  Paris,  \i\  1G92.  His  cliicf  work 
is,  "  Recucil  li'Aiiliqiiites  Egyptienuus,  Etriis- 
ques,  tirecques,  Uoiiiaiiu'g,  ct  Gauloitius,"  7  torn. 
4t(..,  1752-ri7.     He  died  ui  1765. 

CAZKS.  Peter  Jaim-n,  a  French  pointer  and 
an  ingenious  artist,  died  in  1754. 

CAZOTTE.  James,  mayor  ol  Pierrj,  wlio.for 
tiiK  attachment  to  the  rrcncli  kiiig,was  gulllo- 
tined  in  17U2. 

CKRA,  Ansaldo,  a  Genoese,  of  reputation  as 
a  puliiirjan,  orator,  and  poet,  died  in  UVi3. 

i;EHE!*,  tiie  aiillior  of  a  httle  beautiful  Gre- 
cian remain,  entitled,  "  A  picture  of  Human 
^.ii'e."  Of  mis  author  we  have  no  account, 
save  tliai  he  i>'  once  mentioned  by  Plato,  and 
once  bv  Xeiiophoii.    . 

CEf'C'O  DE  ASCOLI,  or  FRANCIS  DE  GLI 
ST.VBILI,  of  A.'icoh,  a  profe.*sor  at  Boloena  ; 
T/as  burnt  liy  oriler  of  the  inquisition,  in  i:i'-i7. 

CEC'Il,,  \ViJUam,  lord  Uurli.iah  an  eminent 
Englisli  statesman,  who.«e  loyalty  to  his  sove- 
reijrn  queen  Elizabeth,  and  his  patrioii.sin,  pre- 
served the  relipion  and  the  civil  polity  of  Eng- 
laiul  from  falling  a  prey  to  sovereign  tyranny 
and  popish  superstitions.  He  was  born  at  Dourn, 
in  Lincolnshire,  15'Jl,  held  tlie  otfice  of  lord 
hiiili  treasurer  of  England  i!7  years,  and  died 
l.'i98.  A  collection  of  liis  stale  papers  was  pub- 
lisiied  by  Hayncs,  174U  ;  and  a  continuation  of 
them  by  Murdiii,  17t>(). 

CE(;iT.,  Richard,  an  eminent  divine  of  the 
churrb  of  England,  dieil  in  It^lO.  • 
.  CECUOI'S,  an  I'.gyplian,  fouiidcrof  the  Athe- 
iliai!  monarchy,  155(i  B.  C. 

CEURENT'S,  George,  a  Grecian  monk,  lived 
in  llie  1 1th  century,  and  wrote  "  Annals,  or  an 
abridged  History,  from  the  beginning  of  the 
World  to  the  reign  of  Isaac  Comneiuis,  emperor 
of  Constantinople,"  who  succeeded  Michael  IV. 
in  10.'.7. 

CELESTI,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter,  died 
in  1700. 

CELESTIN  I.,  wa.-?  pope  10  years  ;  he  con- 
demned the  doctriiicfi  of  Nestorius,  and  died  in 
4>2. 

CEI/ESTIN II.,  was  pope  5  montlis,  and  died 
ill  U4:t. 

CELESTIN  III.,  was  pope  7  years,  and  died 
in  llltH. 

CELESTIN  rv.,  was  pope  18  days,  and  died 
In  1241. 

CELESTIN  v..  elected  pope  in  1094,  wliich 
office  he  afterwards  resigned  ;  he  was  imprison- 
ed bv  his  successor,  and  died  in  129G. 

CELLAUH'S,  Christopher,  born  in  1633,  at 
Malcalde,  in  Franconia,  died  in  1707.  He  pub- 
lished good  editions  of  above  20  I.aiin  and  Greek 
authors.  His  works  relate  chielly  to  grammar, 
to  geography,  to  history,  and  to  the  oriental  lan- 
guages. Tho.sc  in  geography  are  well  known  as 
excellent  helps  to  the  understanding  of  ancient 
authors. 

CELLIER,Remi,  abenedictineof  Bar  leduc, 

wrote  a  bingiapbical  historj',  and  died  in  17f)1. 

Cf^LLIM,  Beiievento,  a  celebrated  sculptor 

and  engraver,  of  Florence,  born  in  1500,  died  in 

J  570. 

CELSUS,  AureliUB  Cornelius,  a  philosopher 
and  ph>'sician,  who  flourished  under  the  reigns 
of  .Vugnstns  and  Tiberius.  He  wrote  upon  seve- 
ral subjects,  as  we  learn  from  Quintillian;  upon 
rhetoric,  for  which  he  is  often  quoted  and  com- 
mended by  this  great  master ;  upon  the  military 
art :  upon  agriculture :  and  we  have  still  extant 
of  his  eight  books  "  De  .Mediciiia,"  which  are 
Wrirteii  ju  ver^f  fine  Latin. 


CE 

CELSUS,  an  epicurean  philosopher  of  the 
2d  century,  who  wrote  a  book  against  the  Chilfl- 
liaii  religion,  wliich  was  answered  by  Orlgen. 
The  work  of  Cclsus  is  lost. 

CELTES,  Cr>nrad,  a  Latin  poet,  who  died  at 
Vieiuia,  in  1508,  after  having  obtained  tlje  lau" 
rel. 

CENSORINI'S,  Appiup  Claudius,  a  Roman 
senator,  raised  to  the  ilirone  by  liis  soldiers,  in 
270. 

CENSORINUS,  a  Roman  grammarian  of  the 
3d  century. 

CENTLIVRE,  Susannah,  a  celebrated  comic 
writer,  who  had  so  early  a  turn  for  poetry,  that, 
las  one  of  her  biographers  tells  us,  she  composed 
a  song  before  she  was  seven  years  old.  She  is 
the  author  of  19  dramatic  pieces,  and  several 
little  poems.  Her  talent  was  in  comedy,  particu- 
larlv  the  contrivance  of  plots  and  incidents.  She 
died  Dec.  I,  17i23. 

CENTORK),  .Ascanius  anativeof  Milan,  emi- 
nent as  a  soldier  and  phUosoplier,  lived  in  the 
llith  century. 

CERATLMJS,  James,  or  Teyng,  a  Hollander 
who  obt.Tiiitd  a  Greek  professorship  by  means 
of  Erasmus,  and  died  at  Louvain,  in  1530. 

CERl'EAU,  Jolm  Anthony  du,  a  French 
Jesuit,  known  as  a  Latin  poet,  died  in  1730. 

CERDA,  John  Lewis  de  la,  a  Sp.inish  Jesuit, 
and  an  author  of  great  learning  and  candour, 
died  in  1<>43. 

CERDON,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  who 
rejected  the  Old  Testament  and  part  of  the 
New. 

CERET.\,  Laura,  an  Italian  lady,  eminent 
for  her  knowledgeof  philosophy,  and  the  learo- 
cd  languages,  died  in  1498. 

CEKINI,  Giovanni  Dominico,  an  Italian 
painter,  wliose  pieces  are  eetecnied  ;  he  died  in 
ItiSl. 

CERINTHL'S,  a  disciple  of  Simon  MaguB, 
about  A.  D.  ,'vl,  a  heretic  who  denied  the  divi- 
■nitv  of  Chnsi. 

CERISANTES,  Mark  Duncan  de,  son  of  a 
Scotch  physician  at  Saumur;  he  was  sent  am- 
bassador to  Turkey  by  Riclielieu,  and  died  in 
U>48. 

CERMEN.\TI,  John  de,  an  Italian  liisiorian, 
who  published  an  account  of  Milan,  from  1307 
to  1313. 

CKRRATO,  Paul,  a  native  of  Montserrat,  of 
the  15th  century,  he  wrote  Latin  pnems. 

CERUTI,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Vfirona,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1579. 

CERUITI,  Joseph  Antony  Joachim,  a  Jesuit, 
and  professor  at  Lyons,  and  a  member  of  the 
national  a.ssembly,  died  in  1792. 
CT'.RVANTES.  See  SAAVEDRA. 
CERVET'fO,  an  Italian,  of  extraordinary 
character  in  the  nnisical  world.  He  played  the 
bass  at  Drury-lane  Theatre,  and  died  January 
14,  1783,  in  his  103d  year.  One  evening,  wiiea 
Mr.  Garrick  was  performing  the  character  of 
Sir  John  Brute,  during  the  drunkard's  muttering 
and  dozing  till  he  falls  asleep  in  the  chair,  (the 
audience  being  most  profoundly  silent  and  at- 
tentive to  the  admirable  perlormer,)  Cervetto, 
in  the  orchestra,  uttered  a  very  loud  and  im- 
moderately-lengthened yawn!  The  moment 
Garrick  was  off  the  stage,  he  sent  for  the  mu- 
sician, and  with  considerable  warmth  repri- 
manded tiim  for  so  ill-timed  a  synii)tom  of  som- 
nolency :  when  the  modern  Naso,  with  great 
address,  reconciled  Garrick  to  him  in  a  trice,  by 
saying,  v.itli  a  shrug,  "  I  beg  ten  tousand  par 
dons;  but  I  alwovs  do  lo  ven  I  am  ver  inusch 

115 


^ 


1 


en 

please"'  Mr. CervcUowas Jistinjiuislicdaiiion;; 
his  friends  of  the  galleries  by  ilie  ludicrous  name 
of  Nosey,  from  the  proiuiiieiicy  of  his  nasal 
feature. 

CKSALPI.VL'S,  a  celebrated  Italian  writer  on 
botany,  born  in  loIS),  died  in  lfi03. 

CE.SALPINIJS,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, born  about  1 159. 

CE:5.4R[NI,  Julian,  a  Roman  cardinal,  em- 
ployed liy  sevtral  popes,  was  slain  in  14-14. 

C'KSAIil.VI,  Virginio.alcariied  Roman, cliam- 
bcrlain  lo  Urban  Vtll.,  died  in  l(i'24. 

CESAUOTTI,  Melcliior,  an  Italian  poet,  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric,  and  al'terwards  ol  Greek  and 
Hebrew,  in  Padua,  his  native  city,  died  in  1808. 

rr;SPEnRS,  Paul,  a  Spanish  painter,  of  me- 
rit, and  a  writer,  ilied  in  1608. 

CEZELl,  Con.-tance  de,  wife  of  Barri  de  St. 
Aunez,  sovernor  of  Leucate  under  Henry  IV., 
celebraied  lor  her  bravery. 

CH.VB.WES,  James  dc,  a  Frenchman,  of 
great  bravery,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Pavia, 
in  1325. 

CIIABANON,  N.  de,  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  letlres,  and  au  author,  died  at  Paris,  in 
17'J2. 

CII.A.BOT,  Francis,  acapuchin,  was  a  violent 
jacobin,  cruel  in  his  sentiments,  and  was  guillo- 
tined in  1794. 

CH.\BRI.\5,  an  .\thenian  general,  who  took 
Cyprus,  and  died  355  B.  C 

CHABKIT,  Peter,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  of  great  er'>:dilion,  died  in  1785. 

CH.\BRy,  .^Iark,  a  distinouished  painter  and 
sculptor,  difd  at  Lyons,  iu  J727. 

CH.MS,  Charles,  born  at  Geneva,  pastor  of  a 
church  at  the  Macue,  distinguished  as  a  preacher 
and  scholar,  dud  in  1766. 

CH.\ISE,  Father  dc  la,  a  Jesuit,  of  uncommon 
abilities,  and  confessor  lo  Louis  XIV.,  born  at 
Forcz,  in  the  province  of  Lvohf,  about  JtiJrt. 
The  learned  Huelius,  bishnpoV .Avrnnchca,  call;; 
liim  "  a  man  incredibly  well  vrsed  in  all  parts 
of  learning,  of  philosophy  and  divinily  in  par- 
ticular." 

CH  ALCIDIUS,  a  Platonic  pliilo.soplier,  of  the 
3d  centurv. 

CII.XLCONDYLES,  Laonicus,  an  Athenian, 
of  the  15ih  centurv,  who  wrote  a  history  of  the 
Turks. 

CHALCONDYLK.',  ncmclrius,  a  native  of  ! 
Athens,  and  one  of  those  learned  wen  whom 
Pope  Nicholas  V.  sent  to  Rome  to  transl.ile  the 
Greek  authors  into  I/atin.  Under  his  inspection 
and  care  was  first  published  at  Florence,  in 
I4".19,  the  "  Greek  Leiicon"  of  Suidas.  He  died 
about  l.vlf). 

CHALES,  Claudius  Fr-mcis  dc,  a  Jesuit,  of 
Cbamtieri,  a  royal  professor  at  Lyons,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works,  died  in  1B78. 

CII.ALIKR.  Marie  Joseph,  a  French  vvolu- 
fionist,  of  sanguinary  character;  he  was  guillo- 
tined in  1793. 

CHALKLF,V.Th.->iiias,  a  preacher  amonathi- 
duakers,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1701.  died  in  Tor- 
tola,  while  on  a  visit,  iu  1741 ;  he  published 
gome  works  on  relipion. 

Clf  ALLE,  Charles  Michael  Angeio,  a  profe.s- 
por  of  painting  in  the  Paris  academy,  died  in 
1776. 

CHALMERS.  Lionel,  M.  D.,  a  learned  phy- 
ejcian,  of  Pouth  Carolina,  published  several  re-j 
spectable  works  on  medical  subjects,  about  !7')7. 

CHALONER,  Sir  Thomas,  born  at  London, 

about  1515.     He  was  much  employed  in  embas-1 

8ies  and  negotiations  with  fcrcisn  courts ;  and  I. 

116 


CH 

(lied  in  l^ti.";,  le.aving  behind  him  a  work  called 
"The  right  ordering  of  the  English  Republic." 
He  also  discovered  the  first  alum  mines  in  Eng- 
land. 

CHALONER,  Sir  Thomas,  educated  at  O.x- 
lord,  was  tutor  to  ilic  prince  of  Wales,  and  died 
in  1615. 

CHALONER,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
educated  at  Oxford,  was  one  of  King  Charles' 
judges,  and  died  in  Holland,  in  Kitil. 

CHALONER,  Edward,  head  of  Alban  hall, 
Oxford,  a  good  preacher  and  learned  di\  ine,  died 
in  16-25. 

CHALOTAIS,  Lewis  Rene  Caradeuc  de  la, 
known  as  the  author  of  a  work  on  the  Jesuits, 
died  in  1715. 

CHAMBAUD,  Lewis,  author  of  a  French 
Dictionary  and  Grammar,  and  other  usefu. 
school-books,  died  in  1776. 

CIIA.^IBERLAIXE,  Robert,  an  Englishman 
and  author  of  several  works,  died  iu  the  17ih 
centurv. 

Cri.^MBERLAYNE,  Edward,  bom  atOding- 
ton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1616,  died  in  1703 
He  wrote  many  books ;  the  best  knowu  of  which 
is,  "  .Vnglise  Nolitia ;  or,  the  Present  State  of 
Enslami." 

CIIA.MBERLAYNE,  John,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  continuator  of  that  useful  book, 
"  Tiis  Present  state  of  Eneland."  was  bora 
about  1670,  and  died  in  1724,  having  published 
many  ingenious  critical,  theological,  and  moral 
works. 

CHAMBERS,  Sir  Robert,  a  learned  judge, 
educated  at  Oxford,  chief  justice  in  Deng.il,  ana 
president  of  the  Asiatic  soci-^iv,  died  iu  1803. 

CIIAMBRRS,  Ephraiin,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences  which 
goe.s  under  his  name,  was  born  at  Milton,  in  the 
county  of  Westmoreland.  When  he  became  of 
a  proper  age,  he  was  put  apprentice  to  Mr.  Se- 
nex.  the  plobe-maker,  a  business  which  is  con- 
nf'Cied  with  literature,  and  especially  with  ne- 
trononiy  and  geography-  I'  was  during  Mr. 
Chambers'  resilience  with  this  skilful  mecha- 
nic, that  he  contr.icted  that  taste  for  science  and 
learning,  which  accompanied  him  through  life, 
and  directed  all  his  pursuits.  It  was  even  at 
this  time  that  he  formed  the  design  of  his  grand 
work,  the  "  Cyclop.Tdia  ;"  and  some  of  the  first 
articles  of  it  were  written  behind  the  counter. 
He  died  May  15,  1740.  The  first  edition  of  the 
Cyclopaedia  was  published  in  17-28,  in  2  vols, 
folio.  Another  edition,  with  considerable  im- 
provements, by  Dr.  Rees,  was  begun  to  be  pulv- 
lished,  in  weekly  nunib<'is,  in  1778,  and  was,  in 
1785,  completed  in  4  vols.  January  1,  1802,  Br. 
Rees  commenced  the  publication  of  an  edition 
still  farther  enlarged,  wiiich  has  been  recently 
completed  in  45  vols.4to.;  most  highly  adorned, 
and  fully  illustrated,  by  engravings,  in  a  style 
of  excellence  well  suited  to  the  exalted  merit  of 
the  work  itself:  wliich  is  at  once  an  ornament 
to  its  editor,  and  to  the  countrv. 

CHAMBERS,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect, whose  name  will  be  transmitted  to  late 
posterity  as  the  builder  of  that  great  national 
ornament,  Somerset  Place.  This  superb  struc- 
ture was  begun  in  1776,  and  inhabited  in  1785. 
Sir  Williani  was  by  birth  a  Swede,  but  was 
brought  over  to  England  at  two  years  of  age 
He  wrote  an  excellent  "  Treatise  on  Civil  Ar 
chitecture,"  a  "  Dissertation  on  Oriental  Gar- 
dening," published  "  Designs  for  Chinese  Build- 
ings," &c..  and  died  March  8,  1796. 

CHAMIER,  Daniel,  a  French  protestant,  pro 


w 


CH 

fcssor  of  divinity  at  Slontauban.  He  drew  u] 
the  famous  edict  of  Is'antcs,  and  was  killed  in 
1621. 

CHAMILLARD,  Stephen,  a  Jesuit,  of  Boiir 
cos,  eminent  as  a  srholar  and  antiquary,  diod  in 
17,10. 

CH.\MILLART,  Micliael  dc,  an  excellent 
billiard  player,  was  promoled  to  liifjii  offices  of 
slate  by  Iicwis  XIV.,  and  died  in  17-1. 

CHAMOUSSET,  Charles  Humbert  Pierron 
de,  judge  in  the  parliament  of  I'aiis,  a  man  of 
universal  benevolence,  died  in  1773. 

CHAMPAGNE.PIiilipof,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Hrussels,  in  lfi02,  died  in  lt)74. 

CHAMPAGNK,  John  Haplistc  dc,  born  at 
Brussels,  was  protessorof  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing at  Paris,  and  died  in  1(183. 

CHAJIPEAUX,  or  CAMPELLEiNSTS,  Wil- 
liam de,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Paris,  where 
Abelard  was  his  pupil,  died  in  11^1. 

CHAMPFORT,  N.,  a  Parisian,  devoted  to 
lileratiirc,  and  a  friend  of  the  revolution.  He 
destroyed  himself  in  17il4. 

rjIAMPIER,  Syniphorien,  Camperius,  or 
Campegnis,  a  Frenchman,  and  physician  to  the 
duke  oi"  l.ciraine,  died  in  1540. 

CH.\MPIO.\,  Joseph,  an  Englisliman,  emi- 
nent as  a  peimian. 

CHA.MPLAIN,  Samuel  de,  a  Frenchman, 
sent  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  America  by 
Henry  IV.  An  American  lake  bears  his  nanio 
He  died  in  lfi35. 

('HAMPMESLE,Maryr)esniarcsdc,aFrench 
actre^;s  of  celebrity,  died  in  lliSS. 

CIIA.NX'ELLOE,  Richard,  a  celebrated  Eng 
lish  navigator,  was  engaged  in  an  exploring 
vovage,  in  1553 

CHANDLER,  Mary,  an  English  lady,  distin- 
guished by  her  talent  for  poetry,  born  at  Malmcs- 
bury,  in  Wiltshire,  in  16)37,  died  September  U, 
1745. 

CHANDLER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  dissenting 
minister  and  theological  writer,  born  at  Hun 
gcrford.  Berks,  in  1693,  died  in  17f)6. 

CHANDLER,  a  native  of  England,  and  a 
baptist  minister,  settled  on  Ashley  river,  South 
Carolina,  died  in  1749. 

CHANDLER,  Edward,  an  EngUsIi  prelate 
and  an  author,  dKd  in  1750. 

(HANDLER,  Thomas  Bradbury,  D.  D..  an 
rminent  episcopal  minister  .ind  writer,  of  Eliz.v 
bothtown,  New-Jersey,  published  several  works 
in  defence  of  episcopacy  ;  bodied  in  171)0. 

CHANDLER,  Richard,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
English  divine  and  antinuary,  died  in  1810. 

CHANTEREAIT  I,K  FEVRE,  Lcwis.anativ. 
of  Paris,  and  an  author,  died  in  165?. 

CIIANUT,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  sent  as  am 
ba-ssador  to  Sweden  and  Holland,  died  in  1(")6'J 

CHAPELAIN,  John,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1595,  chiefly  distinguished  himself  by 
a  heroic  poem,  called  "  La  Pucelle,  ou  France 
Dclivroc,"  and  died  in  1074. 

CHAPELLE,  Claude  Emanuel  Lullier,  a  ce 
lebratcd  French  poet,  bornatChapelle,  in  ICrJl 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  pleasant,  but 
withal  a  very  voluptuousman,  and  died  in  1686 

CHAPELLE,  John  de  la,  secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Conii,  whose  life  he  wrote,  died  ii 
1723. 

OHAPELLIER,  Isaac  ReneGuyde,  a  native 
of  Rcnnes,  a  zealous  advocate  of  liberty  ;  lie 
was  guillotined  in  1790. 

CHAPMAN,  George,  horn  in  1557,  and  high 
ly  celebrated  in  his  time  for  his  dramatic  wri 
iingSi  and  poetry.    He  translated  "  Homer's  Hi- 


CH 

nd  and  Odyssey,"  which  are  still  looked  upi'ti 
with  some  respect.  He  wrote  17  dramatic  pie- 
ces, and  died  in  1634. 

CHAPMAN,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  critic,  and  vindicator  of  the  Christian 
religion,  against  Morgan,  Tiiidal,  and  others,  was 
born  in  1704,  and  died  1784. 

CHAPMAN,  William,  an  Englishman,  who, 
among  many  other  useful  discoveries  and  im- 
provements, was  the  tirst  who,  about  1758,  gave 
the  idea,  and  at  sea  established  by  practice,  the 
invaluable  secret  of  making  salt  water  fiesli. 
He  died  at  Newcastle,  Oct.,  1793. 

CHAPMAN,  George,  a  schoolmaster  at  Dal 
keith,  and  afterwards  at  Dumfries,  author  of 
several  works  on  education,  died  in  1806. 

CHAPPE  D'AUTEROCHE,  John.  Vid.  AU- 
TEKOCHE. 

CHAPONE,  Hester,  an  elegant" English  poet, 
and  moral  writer,  born  of  a  respectable  North- 
amptonshire family,  of  the  name  of  Mulso,0;i. 
i27,  1727.  Her  pen  w.is  always  directed  to  mo- 
lal  purposes;  and  virtue,  far  from  showing  re 
(iiilsive  austerity  in  her  representations,  was  dis 
liiiguished  by  endearing  gr.ices.  She  will  loiii; 
be  distiiiguisiied  on  the  rolls  of  literature  for  her 
"  liCtters  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Mind, 
addressed  to  a  Young  I.,ady,"  2  vols.  l','nu). 
1773,  and  "  .Miscellanies  in  Prose  and  Verse," 
12nio,  1775.  Mrs.  C.  died  at  Hadley,  iii  Middle- 
sex, Dec.  25,  1801 . 

CHAPPEL,  U'illiam,  a  verj'  learned  and  pi 
ous  divine,  bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross, 
in  Ireland,  born  at  Lexington,  in  Nottingham- 
shire, in  1582,  died  1649.  He  published,  the  yeai 
before  his  death,  "  Methodus  Concionandi :" 
tnat  is,  "  The  Method  of  Preaching  ;"  wliitli, 
lor  its  usefulness,  was  translated  into  English. 
To  this  bishop,  among  other  divines,  has  been 
ascribed  the  composition  of  that  excellent  book, 
"  'J'he  Whole  Diitv  of  Man." 

C^HAPUZEAU,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
■and  preceptor  to  William  HI.,  of  England,  died 
in  1701. 

CHAR.A.S,  Moses,  a  ph>-sicinn,  at  Paris,  well 
known  as  an  author,  died  in  1698. 

CH.'VRDIN,  Sir  John,  a  famous  voyager,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1W3,  but  went  to  London  upon 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  ir)85. 
He  went  to  Persia  and  the  F.ist  Indies,  and  traf- 
ficked in  jewels.  Charles  H.,  King  of  England, 
.'.onfened  upon  him  the  honour  of  knighthood. 
He  died  at  London,  in  1713.  His  "  Voyages" 
have  alw.iys  been  much  esteemed,  as  very  cu- 
rious and  very  true. 

CHARELON,  a  Jesuit  mission.Try,  emi'loyed 
many  years  among  the  Indians  in  Michigan. 

CIIARENTON,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a  French 
Jesuit,  and  niission.iry  to  China,  for  15  years ; 
he  died  in  1735. 

CHARES,  a  Grecian  statuary,  who  immor- 
talized himself  by  the  Colossus  "of  the  Sun,  at 
Rhodes,  which  has  been  reckoned  one  of  the 
seven  wondei-s  of  the  world. 

CHARETTE  DE  LA  COINTRIE,  Francis 
.\thanasius  de,  a  French  royrtlist,  who  signal- 
ized himself  by  an  able  resistance  against  the 
republican  forces,  in  la  Vendee ;  he  was  taken 
and  shot  in  1796. 

CHARITON,  a  native  of  Cyptiis,  and  an  au- 
thor, in  the  4th  century. 

CHARKE,  Charlotte,  was  youngest  daughter 
of  Colley  Cibber,  the  actor,  and  afterwards  po- 
et laurcat.  At  eight  years  old  she  was  put  to  *■ 
school,  but  had  an  education  more  suitable  to  a 
boy  than  a  girl ;  and  as  she  grew  up,  followed 
,U7 


CH 


Cll 


tin;  same  plan,  being  more  fn'ijiieiitly  in  lli<: 
stable  llian  in  the  bedchatnber,  and  mistress  ol 
tile  currycomb,  thoii'^li  i;,Miuraiit  of  the  needle. 
Her  adventure:!  duriny:  the  remainder  of  her  life, 
are  nothing  but  one  vario^-aled  secne  oi  distrrs^ 
es,  of  a  kind  which  no  one  can  be  a  stranger 
K),  wiio  has  citlier  seen,  or  read  accounts  of 
those  most  wretclied  of  all  human  beiiip;,  the 
members  of  a  mere  strolling  company  of  actors. 
In  ]755shc  went  to  London,  where  she  publish- 
ed the  "  Narrative  of  her  own  I>ife,'"  to  which 
death  put  a  period,  and  at  the  same  time,  to  one 
coniinued  course  of  misery,  the  inevitable  con- 
sequence of  folly,  imprudence,  and  absurdity, 
in  1759. 

CUARLEAIAGNE,  or  CHARLES  T.,  king  of 
France  by  succession,  and  emperor  of  the  West 
by  conqiiCPt,  in  8U0,  (which  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  dyna-sty  of  the  Western  Franks,  who 
ruled  the  empire  47-2  years,  till  the  time  of  Ko- 
dulphus  .-\uspcrgensis,  the  founderof  llie  house 
of  .-Austria.)  Ciiarlemagne  was  as  illustrious 
in  the  cabinet  as  in  the  field  ;  and,  thougli  he 
could  not  write  his  name,  was  the  patron  of  men 
of  letters,  tJie  restorer  of  learning,  and  a  wise| 
legislator  ;  he  wanted  only  the  virtue  of  huma- 
nity to  render  him  the  most  accoiiiplisheil  of 
men  ;  but  when  we  read  of  his  beheading  4500 
Saxons,  solely  for  their  loyalty  to  their  prince, 
in  opposing  his  conquests,  we  cannot  think  he 
merits  the  extravagant  encomiums  bestowed  on 
him  by  some  historians.  He  died  in  814,  in  the 
74th  year  of  his  age. 

CHARLES  U.,surnamed  the  Bald,  succeeded 
to  the  French  crown  in  840,  was  elected  empe- 
ror by  the  pope  and  the  Roman  people,  in  875, 
and  poi.-oned  in  877. 

Cil.VRTjES  III.,  or  Simple,  succeeded  to  the 
thro;ie  of  France  iu  893.  He  was  une(iual  to 
the  ;;overnnieiit  of  a.  kingdom,  and  at  last  died 
in  prison,  in  WJ. 

CH\ULES  rV.,  the  Fair,  succeeded  to  the 
French  throne  in  13-22,  and  died  in  1S28. 

rn.ARLES  v.,  or  Wise,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  France  in  1364.  By  his  abilities  and 
cou  rage,  the  English  were  dispossessed  of  nca  riy 
all  their  provinces  in  France.  Ue  died  In  IS.^'O. 
CHARLES  VL,  succeeded  to  the  French 
throne  in  1330.  His  inexperience,  and  a  civil 
nar,  weakened  the  kingdom,  and  the  defeat  at 
.\cincourt,  completed  his  misfortunes.  He  died 
in  1422. 

CFJ.\RLES  Vn.,  surnanied  the  Victorious, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1422.  By  his  great 
vigour  and  activity,  he  drove  the  English  from 
his  kingdom,  and  died  in  1461. 

CHARLES Vnr., called  the  AfTablr,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  in  1483.  After  having  conquered 
Italy,  and  being  crowned  king  of  Naples,  and 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  he  was  driven  into 
France,  and  died  i;i  1498. 

CHARLES  IX.,  ascended  the  throne  in  l.'jGO. 
During  his  reign,  the  fatal  massacre  of  St.  Bar-! 


was  elected  emperor  of  (Jcrmany,  in  1518.  He 
resigned  his  crowns  in  1555,  retired  to  a  cloister 
and  died  in  1558. 

CHARLES  VL  was  proclaimed  king  of  Spain, 
in  1703s  and  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  m 
1711.  A  great  part  of  his  reign  was  spei'it  in 
war;  he  died  in  1710. 

CHARLES  VIL,  elector  of  Bavaria,  in  1726; 
he  contested  the  imperial  throne  with  Maria 
Theresa,  and  died  in  1745. 

CHARLES  L,  king  of  Spain,  wasChailcs  V., 
■mperor  of  Uermany. 

CHARLES  II.,  .iim  and  successor  of  Philip 
IV.,  of  Spain,  in  I6tj5,  was  the  last  of  the  eldest 
branch  of  Austrian  princes  who  reigned  in 
Spain.     He  died  in  1700. 

CHARLES  HI.,  king  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip 
v.,  was  a  monarch  of  ability  and  virtue;  lie 
died  in  1780. 

CHARLES  L,  king  of  England,  ascended  the 
throne  in  1025.  His  reign  was  turbulent,  and  in 
:he  civil  wars  he  was  defeau-d.  He  was  at  last 
tried  btlbie  a  .self-ciealed  court  of  his  subjects, 
and  condemned,  and  executed,  in  l(i48. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  England,  was  in  Hoi 
land  at  the  time  of  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  and 
was  restored  to  theihrnne  in  HitiO.  He  wanted 
the  virtues  of  his  father,  and  was  licentious  and 
immoral :  h»  died  in  1685. 

CHARLES  GUSTAVUS  X.  ascended  Uie 
throne  of  Sweden  in  1(>54.  He  was  a  prudent 
and  warlike  monarch,  and  died  in  16fi0. 

CH.ARLES  XI.,  son  and  successor  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  successful  in  war,  and  respected  as 
a  just  prince  ;  he  died  in  1*507. 

CH.\KL1oS  XII.,  of  Sweden,  was  born  June 
27,  KL-a,  and  set  oft"  in  the  style,  and  with  the 
spirit  of  Alexander  the  Great.  His  preceptor 
asking  him  what  he  thought  of  thtit  hero?  "I 
ihink,"  says  Charles,  "  that  I  .''honld  choose  to 
he  like  hini  "  "  Aye,  but,"  said  the  tutor,  "  he 
only  lived  .32  years."  "  Oh,"  answered  the 
Iprince,  "  tliat  is  long  enough,  when  a  man  h:is 
ciiuquered  kingdoms."  Impatient  to  reign,  he 
caused  himself  to  be  drclarcd  of  age  at  15;  and, 
at  his  coronation,  he  snatched  the  crown  from 
the  archbishop  of  Upsal,  and  put  it  upon  his 
head  himself,  with  an  air  of  grandeur  that 
^truck  the  people.  His  whole  reign  was  one 
continued  scene  of  warfare,  and  concluded  at 
the  siege  of  Frederickshall,  in  Norway,  Decem- 
ber, 1718 ;  where,  as  he  was  visiting  "the  works 
of  his  engineers  by  star-light,  he  was  struck  upon 
the  head  by  a  ball,  and  killed  upon  the  spot. 
He  might  be  called  the  Quixottc  of  the  north, 
carrying  all  the  virtues  of  the  hero  to  an  e.xcess, 
which  made  them  as  dangerous  and  pernicious 
as  the  opposite  vices.  His  firmness  was  obsti- 
nacy ;  his  liberality,  profusion  ;  his  courage, 
rashness;  his  severity,  cruelty;  he  was,  in  iris 
last  years,  less  a  king  than  a  tyrant,  and  more 
a  soldier  than  a  hero.  The  projects  of  Alexan- 
der, whom  he  atTected  to  imitate,  were  not  only 


tholomcw  took  place,  which  renders  his  name  wise,  but  wisely  executed:    whereas  Chsries, 
odious.     He  died  in  l.Wl.  knowing  nothing  but  arms,  never  regulated  any 

CH.^RLES,  the  Fat,  son  of  Lewis,  thejiof  his  movements  by  policy,  according  to  the 
German,  was  elected  king  of  Italy,  and  em-llexigenciesof  the  conjuncture;  but  suffered  him- 
peror,  in  881.    By  the  intrigues  of  his  piime'lself  to  be  borne  along  by  a  brutal  courage,  wMch 


minister,  he  was  driven  from  his  throne,  and 
died  in  888. 

CHARLES  IV.,  grandson  of  the  emperor 
Henry  VII.,  ascended  the  imperial  throne,  in 
1347.  He  founded  the  university  of  Prague,  and 
*ied  in  137« 

CHARLES  v.,  eldest  son  of  Philip,  of  Aus- 
tria, ascended  the  Spanish  throno  in  151G,  and 
118 


often  led  him  into  difficulties,  and  at  length  oc- 
casioned his  death.  He  was,  in  short,  a  singu 
lar,  rather  than  a  great  man. 

CHARLES  I.,  king  of  Naples,  and  brother  to 
the  king  of  France,  was  an  able  and  politic 
prince  ;  he  died  in  1285. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  Naples,  surnamcd  tbe 
Lame^  employed  himeslf  in  promoting  pca't 


CH 

and  commerce,  and  the  practice  of  religion 
anions  his  people  ;  he  died  in  1309. 

CHARLES  in.,  king  of  Naples,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  obtained  the  kingdom  iu  1380, 
and  died  in  iW,. 

CHARLES  ir.,  kins  of  Navarrfi,  surnamed 
the  Bad.  Cruelty  and  artifice  marked  his  con 
duct ;  be  died  in  Kk*?. 

CHARLES  MARTEL.s^n  of  Pepin  Herig'al, 
4nd  dnke  of  Austrasia,  conquered  France,  dr 
feated  and  slew  375,00(1  of  the  Saracens,  and 
died  in  741. 

CHARLES,  duke  of  Burgundy,  surnamcfi  the 
Warrior,  was  generally  successful,  but  at  la.st 
slain,  in  1477. 

CHARLES,  count  of  Flanders,  in  UIO.  He 
was  benevolent  and  virtuous,  but  was  slain  in 
1124. 

CHARLF.S  I.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  claimed  tho 
Freiicli  crown,  but  was  deleatcd, and  died  in 904. 
CHARLES  II.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  a  prudent 
and  warlike  prince, died  in  \i'M.  I 

CHARLES  IV.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  was  fond | 
of  niilitaiv  glcrry,  but  lost  his  dominions,  andj 
(lied  in  lti7.>. 

CH.VRLRS  V.,ofLorraine.nephewofCharlPs 
rV.,  entered  the  servio;  of  the  emperor  Leo-' 
pold,  and  acquired  great  military  renown ;  he' 
died  in  lOOO.  ' 

CHARLES  ALEXANDER,  of  Lorraine,! 
grandson  of  Charles  V.,  was  seneral  of  the  im- 
perial armies,  and  a  brave  warrior ;  he  died  in 
1780. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL,  duke  of  Savov, 
■urnumed  the  Great,  an  ambitious  prince,  and 
brave  warrior,  died  in  MIO. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL  IL,  son  of  Victor 
Amadens  I.,  a!id  duke  of  Savoy,  in  lt>.38.  He 
was  an  amiable  and  benevolent  prince,  and  died 
ill  1«7,'>. 

CHVRLES  EMANUEL  III.,  son  of  Victor 
.AmadiMis  II.,  duke  of  Savoy,  in  1730.  He  was 
a  good  prinoe,  and  died  in  1773. 

CHARLES  EDWARD,  grandson  of  .Tames 
II.,  of  England,  known  as  the  Pretender,  landed 
ill  Scotland,  in  1745,  and  defeated  the  British 
troops,  but  was  afterwards  defeated,  and  re- 
turned to  France,  where  he  died  in  1783. 

CARLETO.N,  Walter,  an  English  physician 

of  eminence,  died  in  1707.  j 

CHARLEV.\L,  Charles  Faucon  de  Rey,  lord 

of,  a  French  author  of  genius,  who  died  in  1693. 

CHARLEVOIX,  Peter  Francis  Xavier  de,  a 

learned  Jesuit,  celebrated  for  his  travels,  died  in 

1761. 

CHARMIS,  a  phvsici.in  at  Rome,  under  Nero. 

CHARNACE,   Hercules    Girard,   baron   de, 

sent  ambassador  to  Sweden  by  Richelieu,  died 

in  1637 

CHARNOCK,  John,  born  November  28,  n.Vi, 
entered  a  gentleman-commoner  of  Merlon  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1774,  died  in  the  Kins's  Bench  pri- 
son. May  16,  1807 :  leaving  behind  him,  among 
otherworks,  "Biograpliia  Navalis;"  6  vols.  8vo. 
1794.  &c  ;  "  A  History  of  Marine  Architecture," 
3  vols.  4to..  1802;  and  a  "  Idfeof  Lord  Nelson," 
1806.  His  father,  who  was  a  man  of  large  for- 
tune, totally  forsook  him  in  his  distress  ■  but 
buried  him,  with  sreat  ceremony  and  expense, 
at  Lea,  near  Blackheath,  in  the  same  grave 
which,  within  two  years  after,  received  both  his 
father  and  mother. 

CH  \RNOCK,  Stephen,  an  eminent  divine 
*mons  the  presbyterians  and  independents,  who 
published  taa  ttotIib  in  3  volf.  folio,  and  died  in 

few. 


(I'll-  

I  CHARNOIS,  N.  Vacheur  de,  the  author  of 
some  popular  romances,  was  barbarously  mur- 
dered at  Paris,  in  1792. 

CH  \RONDAS,  a  legislator,  born  in  Sicily, 
flourishej  about  40u  B.  C. 

CHARPENTIER,  Francis,  d.  an  of  the  French 
academy,  a  man  of  learning  and  abilities,  died 
in  ITOi. 

CHARRIER,  Mark  Anthony,  a  French  law- 
yer, and  niiMiibcr  of  the  states  general,  in  17ri9, 
who  boldly  denounced  all  innovations.  He  was 
eondeinne'd  to  death,  in  1794. 

Cll  \RRON,  Peter,  horn  at  Paris,  in  1541.  dieif 
in  1(>03.  He  wrote  a  b<K)k  called  "  Les  Trois 
Verites,"  Tiie  Three  Truths,  which  lie  piib- 
li.shed  in  IS'.U.  These  three  truths  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  1.  That  tliere  is  a  (iod  and  a  true  reli- 
giiin ;  2.  That  of  all  religions  llie  CliristiaTi  is 
the  only  true  one  ;  3.  That  of  all  the  Christian 
comniiiiiions,  the  Roman  Calliolic  is  the  only 
true  church.  Hi^  celebrity,  however,  was  '-J^- 
tablished  by  his  "  Books  of  Wisdom,"  which 
have  been  twice  translaied  into  English. 

CHARTIER  Alan,  secretary  to  Charles  VL 
and  VH.,  of  Fr.ince,  acquired  great  celebrity  as 
a  writer,  and  died  in  1449. 

CHARTIER,  Rene,  a  plivsician  to  the  French 
king,  and  editor  of  the  works  of  Hippocrates  aad 
Galen,  in  the  17tli  century. 

CH.\SSENKtTX,  Bartholomew  de,  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Provcn<e,  who  boldly  op- 
posed tlie  prosecution  of  the  Vaudois.  He  was 
poisiined  iii  l.)41. 

CHASTEL,  John,  the  son  of  a  woollnn-dra 
per  at  Paris,  who  attempted  to  kill  Henry  IV., 
of  France,  December  27,  1594.  This  priucc, 
having  taken  a  journey  to  the  borders  of  .Vrloi?, 
had  returned  to  Paris  that  very  day.  He  wa? 
in  the  chamber  of  his  mistress,  Gabriella  d'Es- 
tree,  who  lived  then  at  the  hotel  de  Bouchage  . 
and  as  he  was  going  to  embrace  Monti-i^ni,  he 
was  struck  in  his  under  lip  with  a  knife,  which 
broke  a  tooth  in  his  mouth.  John  Chastel,  who 
save  him  that  blow,  and  designed  to  cut  his 
throat,  was  then  but  18  or  19  years  old.  He  had 
no  sooner  given  it,  than  he  dropped  his  knife, 
and  hid  himself  in  the  crowd.  Every  body  stood 
amazed,  being  at  a  loss  to  know  who  the  villaia 
was ;  and  he  was  likely  to  escape  ;  but  some- 
body happened  to  cast  an  eye  upon  him,  and  he 
wa.s  taken  at  a  venture  ;  the  wildness  of  hi."? 
look,  as  it  is  said,  betrayins  him.  He  was  sen- 
'enced  to  death  by  a  decree  of  the  parliament, 
December  29,  1504,  and  sutlered  the  same  day 
hy  the  light  of  flambeaux.  Being  drawn  on  a 
sledge  to  la  Place  de  Grevc,  (a  place  of  execu- 
tion like'Tyburn,  in  Ensland,)  he  there  had  the 
flesh  of  his  arms  and  thighs  torn  off  with  red- 
hot  pincers :  and  his  riglit  hand,  in  which  he 
held  the  knife  wherewith  he  endeavoured  t» 
commit  the  murder,  cut  olT;  afterwards  his 
body  was  drawn  and  quartered  by  tour  horses 
pulling  several  ways,  and  his  members  and 
corpse' thrown  into  the  fire,  and  burnt  to  ashes, 
and  the  ashes  thrown  up  into  the  air. 

CHASTELAIN,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic and  author,  died  in  1712. 

CHASTELLUX,  Francis  John,  marquis  dc, 
field  marshal  of  France,  seri-ed  is  America,  ia 
the  war  of  the  revolution,  was  known  as  an  au- 
thor, and  died  in  1788. 

CHAT  DE  RASTIGNAC,  Raymond  de.  a 
brave  French  officer,  killed  in  1696. 

CHAT  DE  RASTIGNAC,  Lewis  James  de, 
of  the  same  familv  i-is  bishop  of  Tottrs ;  he 
lieil  in  17.-.a 

119 


CH 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Frances  de  Foil,  wife 
of  tlie  count  of  that  name,  and  mistress  of  Fran- 
cis!.; she  died  in  l.i37. 

CHATEAU'  iJRUX,  John  Baptl.<  Vivien  dc, 
of  Angouleine.  eminent  as  a  draiiiacic  writer, 
died  ill  1775. 

CHATE.^URE.VARD,  Francis  Lewis  Rous- 
selet,  count  de,  an  admiral  of  France,  distin- 
guished for  liis  couragij,  died  in  171ii. 

CH.\TEL,  Tann"!;;uy  de,  a  French  general, 
was  intrusted  with  important  embas^ieb,  and 
(lied  in  1-lt'J. 

CH.VTEL,  Pcler  du,  or  C.\STELLANUS, 
edncited  at  Dijon,  was  a  learned  Grecian  scho- 
lar ;  l)e  died  in  1j32. 

CHATEL,  Francis  du,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
the  17th  century.  j 

CH.\TEL.\RI),  N.  du,  a  French  gentleman, 
passionately  fond  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots. 

CHATKLET,  Paul  du  Hay,  lord  de,  a  man 
of  integrity,  and  an  author,  died  in  I63G. 

CH.\ TELET,  Gabrielle  Emilie,  marchioneta 
de,  a  most  illustrious  French  writer  on  philo- 
sophical subjects,  in  which  she  is  said  to  have 
rivalled  Leibnitz  and  Newton.  She  wrote  "  In- 
stitutes of  Physics,"  a  work  considered  as  a 
mas^terpiece  of  eloquence  and  reasoning,  being 
a  conimen'iry  on  Leibnitz's  philosophy.  This 
learned  lady  was  born  in  Picardy,  in  170G,  and 
died  in  1749. 

CII.\TTERTON,  Thomas,  a  most  a.stonisIi- 
ing  genius,  born  at  Bristol,  November  20,  1752, 
and  edu(?ated  at  a  charity-school  on  St.  Augus- 
tin's  Back,  where  nothing  more  wa''  taught  than 
reading,  writing,  and  accounts.  At  14  years  ot 
age,  he  was  articled  clo-k  to  an  attorney  at 
Dristol,  with  whom  he  continued  abnnt  three 
years ;  and,  though  his  education  was  thus 
confined,  he  discovered  an  early  turn  toward 
poetry  and  English  antiquities,  and  particular- 
ly toward  heraldry.  In  April,  1770,  he  left 
Bristol,  disgusted  with  his  profession,  and  irre- 
concileable  to  the  line  of  life  in  wliich  he  was 
placed  ;  and  going  to  London,  in  hopes  of  ad- 
vancing his  fortune  by  his  pen,  he  sank  at  once 
from  the  sublimity  of  his  views  to  an  alsoliue 
dependence  on  the  patronage  of  bookoellors. 
He  continued  to  write  incessantly  in  various 
periodical  publications ;  but  all  these  exertions 
of  his  genius  brought  in  so  little  profit,  that  he 
was  soon  reduced  to  the  extremest  indigence; 
60  that,  at  last,  oppressed  with  poverty  and  dis- 
ease, in  a  fit  of  despair,  he  put  a  period  to  his 
existence,  August,  1770,  with  a  dose  of  poison. 
In  1777,  were  published,  in  one  vol.  8vo., "  Poems 
supposed  to  have  been  written  at  Bristol,  by 
Thomas  Rowley  and  others,  in  the  15th  centu- 
ry: the  greatest  part  now  first  published  from 
the  most  authentic  copies,  with  an  engravedi 
specimen  of  one  of  the  MSS.  To  which  an.! 
added,  a  preface,  an  introductory  account  of] 
the  several  [:. -ces,  and  a  glo.ssary."  And,  in 
1778,  were  puijlished,  in  one  vol.  8vo.,  '•  Miscel- 
lanies in  Prose  and  Verse,  by  Thomas  Chatter-j 
ton,  the  supposed  author  of  the  Poems  published 
under  the  names  of  Rowley,  &c."  Concerning 
the  authenticity  of  the  poems  tinder  the  name 
of  Rowley,  (that  is,  whether  they  were  really 
written  by  a  person  of  that  name,  or  were  only, 
I  what  they  are  now  generally  supposed  to  be,' 
the  forgeries  of  Chatterton,)  there  long  existed 
a  mighty  controversy  ;  and  the  war  among  the' 
critics  has  even  now  scarcely  subsided.  An; 
edition  of  Chatterton's  Poems  was  published  bv 
Mr.  Southev,  3  vols.  8vo.,  1803.  I 

CHAUCER,  Geoffrey,  one  of  the  greatest,  as 
well  a?  most  ancient  of  the  Enslisli  poeis.  wnt 


CH 

born  in  London,  in  1.3C8.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  resided  in  )iis  18th  year, 
wlicn  he  wrote  "  the  Court  of  Love,"  and  some 
other  pieces.  His  dialinguished  accumplish- 
mcuts,  both  of  body  and  mind,  gained  him  the 
friendship  of  many  persons  of  distinction,  by 
whom  he  was  drawn  to  court ;  and,  in  1368,  be 
was  made  uvntleman  of  the  king's  privy  cham- 
ber.  In  13S2,  Having  aiven  r)ifencc  to  the  clergy, 
by  adopting  many  of  Wickliffe's  tenets,  he  was 
obliged  to  quit  the  kingdom ;  and  in  IJaiiiault, 
France,  and  Zealand,  lie  wrote  most  of  his 
books.  His  necessities  forcing  liim  to  return  to 
England,  he  was  discovered,  seized,  and  sent  to 
prison.  But,  upon  liiscovering  all  lie  knew  of 
the  late  transactions  in  the  ci'.y,  he  was  dis- 
charged. This  confession  brought  upon  him  a 
heavy  load  of  calumny.  To  give  vent  to  his 
sorrow  at  this  time,  he  wrote  his  "Testament 
of  Love,"  in  imitation  of"  Bocthius  de  Coiiso- 
latione  Pliilosophia;,"  and  not  long  after,  his 
admirable  ''Treatise  on  the  Astrolabe."  He 
died  October  25,  1400,  and  was  buried  at  West- 
minster Abbey,  in  the  great  south  cross  aisle. 
His  "  Canterbury  Tales,"  the  most  considerable 
of  his  works,  have  been  incomparably  well  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Tvrwhitt. 

CHAUMETTE,  Peter  Gaspard:  after  guiding, 
with  Ilebert,  the  sanguinary  multitude  of  Paris 
he  was  guillotined  bv  Robespierre,  in  1794. 

CH  AUMONT,  .Joseph,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  mis- 
sionary anions  the  Indians  in  North  America. 

CH.\UNCEV,  Charles,  a  non-conforniisi  di 
vino,  emigrated  to  America,  became  president 
of  Harvard  College,  and  died  in  1071. 

CHAUNCEY,  Charles,  D.  D.,  descendant  of 
the  preceding,  minislcr  of  the  first  church  in 
Boston,  eminent  for  his  learning,  and  author  ot 
numerous  publications,  died  in  1787, 

CHAUNCEY,  Ichahod,  a  iion-conformi*t 
ejected  from  his  livins,  died  in  1691. 

CHAUNCEY,  Maurice,  a  catholic,  confosf-ir 
to  queen  Marv,  and  a  historian,  died  in  1581. 

CH.^UNCEY,  Charles,  L.  L.  D.,  an  ominenl 
lawyer,  was  secretary  of  state,  and  afterwards 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court  in  the  state  of 
Connecticut;  he  died  in  1322. 

CH.AUNCY,  Sir  Henry,an  eminent  antiquary, 
author  of  "  The  Antiquities  of  Hertfordshire,' 
tblio.  This  work,  which  is  much  esteemed,  and 
now  become  very  scarce,  was  published  in  1700, 
in  which  year  also  its  author  died. 

CHAUSSE,  Michael  Angelo  de  la,  a  learned 
antiquary,  of  Paris,  and  an  author  of  the  17th 
century. 

CHAUVE.'VLT,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Paris,  who  died  in  167fi. 

CHAUVEAU,  Rene,  son  of  the  preceding, 
distinguished  as  a  sculptor,  died  in  1722. 

CHAUVIN,  Stephen,  a  French  protestant  di- 
vine, born  ltJ40,  died  1725.  Hi.';  principal  litera- 
ry productions  were,  "  A  Lexicon  Philosophi 
cum,"  and  a  new  "  Journal  des  Savans." 

CHAZELLES,  John  M.itthew,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  who  died  in  1710. 

CHECCLEY,  Samuel,  minister  in  Boston., 
was  a  plain  and  evangelical  preacher ;  he  died  in 
1769. 

CHEEVER,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  Mar- 
blehead ;  died  in  1724.  He  had  preached  50 
year.-;. 

CHF.EVER,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  instructer, 
at  New-Haven,  Ipswich,  and  Charlestown ;  also 
a  popt ;  he  died  in  1708. 

CHEKE,  Sir  John,  preceptor  to  Edward  VI 
and  a  critical  writer  on  Greek  liteiature,  ton 
at  Cambridge  l.'U4,  died  ]'>C>:. 


i4k 


Cll      

CHI'.FOXTAINES.CIiristopherdc,  a  French 
Di;iii,  matle  arclibisliop  of  Cu;6aria  by  Gregory 
Xlll.,  a  learned  man,  died  in  1395. 

CHELONIS,  daughter  of  Leonidas,  king  of 
Sparta. 

CUIOMIN,  Catliarine  du,  a  French  lady,  ce- 
lebrated lor  painting  flowers  ;  she  died  in  lli;)8. 

Oil  KJIIN  AIS,  Tinioloon,  a  lolehraled  preach- 
er union}.'  tlm  Freiicli  Jesuits,  died  in  IG'JO. 

CMEMiMTZ,  Martin,  n  Lutheran  divinc,born 
at  Urit/en,  in  Urandenbnrgh,  in  13-ii.  His  "  L.\- 
aniinaiion  of  tile  council  of  Trent"  has  been 
ciiii>i'.li  11  d  a  verv  masterly  performancp. 

(.'HEM.Vn'Z.Bore.siaus  Philip,  a  ficmian. 
counsellor  of  state  to  the  queen  of  Sweden,  and 
an  niulior.     lie  died  in  107^. 

('(li;;{lLUS,  a  Greek  jioct,  intimate  with  He- 
rodotus. 

CHERO.V,  Elizabeth  Sophia,  daughter  of  a 
French  painter,  wlio  obtained  celebrity  by  her 
pencil,  and  died  in  17II. 

< 'II I'.KiJN,  Lewis,  brother  of  tlic  preceding, 
and  of  llii-  same  profes-sion,  died  in  171U. 

CIIKIU'BIN,  Father,  a  capilclrin  Iriar  of  the 
ITlh  century,  wasamallicniaticiaa  and  philoso- 
phi-r. 

CllESELDEiV,  William,  an  eminent  English 
surgeon  and  nnatomi.st,  born  atSomerby,  in  Lei-| 
cc-atershirc,  1(188.  So  early  as  the  age  «f  if-',  hei 
read  lectures  in  anatomy  :  of  which  tJie  "  Syl-j 
Tubus"  was  hr.si  printed  in  1711,  and  afterwards 
annexed  to  his  '■  Anatomy  of  the  Human  llody," 
printed  first  in  17i;i,  8vo.  Hut  what  he  mori. 
particularly  nttcndi.-d  to,  w;is  the  operation  of 
cutting  for  the  stone.  In  n'JC,  he  gained  great 
reputation  in  this  way ;  and  the  year  after,  pub- 
lished his  "Treatise  on  the  High  Operation  lor 
the  Stone."  In  17-Jp,  he  immortalized  himself 
by  giving  sight  to  a  lad  near  H  years  old,  who 
bad  been  totally  blind  from  his  birth,  by  the  clo- 
sure of  the  iris,  without  the  least  opening  for 
light  in  the  pupil ;  and  drew  up  a  particular  ac- 
count of  the  w.iole  process,  with  the  various  ob- 
Bervaiions  made  by  the  patient  after  he  had  re- 
covered his  sight.     He  died  April  10,  17.5'2. 

CIIESNE,  Joseph  du,  a  French  (ihysician  and 
writer  on  chymistry,  died  lf>09.  Besides  his  pro- 
fessional works,  he  was  author  of  two  books  in 
verse  called  "  The  Folly  of  the  World,"  and 
I'The  tJreat  Mirror  of  the  World." 

CHESNE,  Andre  du,  called  tlie  father  of 
French  history,  was  born  inTouraine,  1584,  and 
crushed  to  death  by  a  cart,  as  he  was  passing 
from  Paris  to  his  country  house,  in  1C40.  His 
principal  work  was, "  Un  Eecueildes  Historiens 
de  France." 

CHEr^TER,  John,  an  officer  in  the  American 
army,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  hill,  and  afterwards  attained  the  rank 
of  colonel  ;  he  died  in  180U. 

Cn  ESTERFIELD,  Philip,earl  of,  see  STAN- 
HOPE. 

CHETVVOT)E,Knightley,  dean  of  Gloucester, 
author  of  a  "  Life  of  lord  Roscommon,"  and  of 
(Kveral  poems,  died  1720. 

CHETWOOD,  William  Rufus,  many  years 
prompter  to  Uriiry-lane  Theatre,  author  of  some 
■ovels,  a  tew  dramatic  pieces,  and  a  duodecimo 
volume  called,"  A  General  History  of  the  Stage." 
He  died  in  March,  17G(). 

CHEVALIER,  AnilionyRodolphle,  a  French 
protestant,  who  taught  the  French  language  to 
queen  Elizabeth  ;  he  died  in  157'Z 

CHEV.XLIKR,  Lewis,  an  eminent  French 
lawver,  and  a  verv  pious  man.  died  in  1744. 

CM  EVERT,  Francis  de,  R  French  general  of 
weat  bravery,  who  died  in  1769 


ft 


LH 

CHEVILLIER,  Andrew,  was  librarian  to  the 
Sorbonne,  and  an  author  ;  he  died  in  1700. 

CHEVREAU,  Urban,  born  at  Loiidnn,  in 
France,  1613,  died  1701.  He  wrote  "  A  History 
of  the  World,"  which  has  been  printed  many 
times,  and  translated  into  several  languages. 

CHICVV,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was 
chief  Judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Peiiiisylva- 
'iiia,  and  afterwards  president  of  the  high  court 
!of  appeals  in  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1810. 
I  CIIKVNE,  George,  a  celebrated  phy.sicion, 
;born  of  a  respectable  family,  in  Scotland,  1671, 
|and  educated  at  Ediid)iirgh,  under  Dr.  Piicairn. 
He  pas.-i(d  his  youth  in  close  study  and  great  ab- 
stemiousness;  but  coining  to  London  when  a- 
boui:)0,  and  fmdiiig  the  bottle  companions,  the 
jyounj^er  gentry  and  fiee-hver.'!,  to  be  the  niosi 
e'lsy  of  access,  and  most  susceptible  of  friend- 
|Ship,  he  changed  hiscouree  with  a  view  to  force 
ja  trade,  till  he  at  length  grew  excessively  tut, 
short-breathed,  lethargic,  and  listless,  and  swell- 
!cd  to  such  an  enormous  size,  that  he  exceeded 
3-  stone  in  weight.  Having  tried  all  the  power 
of  medicine  in  vain,  he  resolved  at  last  to  use  a 
milk  and  vegetable  diet,  which  removed  his 
complaints.  His  size  was  reduced  to  almost 
0111- third;  ho  recovered  his  mi  ength,  activity, 
and  cheerfulness,  with  the  free  ,iiid  perfect  use 
of  his  laculiie.s,  and  by  a  regular  observance  of 
this  regimen  reached  a  mature  period  ;  for  he 
jdied  at  Bath,  in  his  72dyear,  He  wrote  among 
other  things,  "  An  Essay  on  Healtli  and  Long 
Life ;"  "  An  Essay  on  the  true  Nature  and  due 
Method  of  treating  theGout ;"  "  A  new  Theoiy 
of  acute  and  slow  continued  Fevers  ;"  "  Philo 
sophical  Principles  of  Religion,  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed, in  two  parte  ;"  "  The  English  iMalacfV  ; 
or  a  Treatise  of  Nervous  Diseases  of  all  kinds, 
in  three  parts." 

Oil  E  YNEL,  Francis,  a  non-conformist  physi- 
cian and  controversial  writer  ;  he  wrote  chiefly 
n'.'ainst  Chillingworth :  he  was  born  at  Oilbrd, 
ICOP,  and  died  16t>5. 

CHIAURFRA,  Gabriello,  an  Itahan  poet  of 
note.di.il  in  1G38. 

CHIARI,  Joseph,  a  historical  painter ,of  Rome, 
died  in  1727. 

CHIAVISTELLI,  Jacob,  a  perspective  pain- 
ter, of  Florence,  died  in  1608. 

CHICHELY,  or  CHICHLEY,  Henry,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  was  born  at  Highani  Fer- 
rers, in  Northamptonshire  ;  he  founded  and  en- 
dowed All  Souls'  College,  0.\ford,  and  dictl 
April  12,  1443. 

CHICHERLY,  Sir  Henry,  lieutenant  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia;  repeatedly,  in  the 
absence  of  the  governor,  at  the  head  of  the  go- 
vernment, which  he  administered  with  fidelity. 

CHICOYNEAIJ,  Francis,  physician  to  the 
French  king,  contended  that  the  plague  was  not 
contagious  ;  he  died  in  1752. 

CHICOYNEAU,  Francis,  son  of  the  precwl- 
ing,  professor  and  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Montp»'lier,  died  in  1740. 

CHIFFLET,  John  James,  a  Frenchman,  phy- 
sician to  Philip  IV.  of  Spain. 

CHILD,  Sir  Josiah,  author  of  a  well-writfeii 
"  Essay  on  Trade,"  was  born  1630,  and  died 
lfi!19,  leaving  a  son  who  was,  in  1718,  created 
viscount  Castelmainc,  and  in  1731  earl  Tylney. 
The  title  of  Tvlney  is  now  extinct. 

CHHTJEBFRT  I.,  king  of  France,  in  511,  de- 
t'eated  the  king  of  Burgundy,  and  died  at  Paut, 
in  5.58. 

CIHLDEBFRT   XL,  son    of   Sigebert  and 
Brunehiiit,  succeeded  his  father  in  the  kingdom 
of  Austrasia,  in  575,  and  died  in  596. 
f  121 


cu 


CH 


CHILDEKERT  HI.,  brolliL-r  of  Clo\u  I[I..| 
surnamed  the  .lust,  ditJ  in  711.  j 

CHILDKIUC  1.,  kinp  of  France,  in  456,  was 
banished  for  lii^  ill  coiiiluci,  HUerwards  recalled, 
imprnvKd  his  kinjidoni,  and  died  in  4^1. 

CHILDEKK;  U.,  son  of  Clovir=  and  Bathilda, 
succeeded  his  brollier  Ootaire  III.,  in  <)70,  was 
licentious  and  cruel,  and  was  a^assinaied  ini 
673. 

CHILDERIC  HI.,  sumajntd  the  Ideot  and 
the  Idle,  was  raided  lo  the  throni:  by  his  niiuislcr 
Pepin,  in  74-.  wliomw  ascciuli-d  ithin)self. 

CHJLMXGWOKTIl,  William,  a  divine  of 
the  church  of  Kiij;land,  celubraled  for  liis  skill 
in  defending  the  cause  of  protesiants  ajiainsi  pa- 
pists, born  at  Oxford,  IfjOJ,  died  lli44.  Hi.s  most 
important  work  is,  "  A  free  Inquiry  into  Reli- 
gion." 

CHILME.\D,  Edmund,  was  ejected  from  his 
livinj,  and  died  in  1654. 

CHILO,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece, 
died  5M7  R.  C 

CHILPERICI.,  youngest  son  of  Clotaire  I., 
succeed'Hi  to  the  kingdom  of  Soissons,in  361,  was 
a  wicked  and  cruel  monarch,  and  was  assassin- 
ated in  .5H1. 

CHILPERIC  II.,  son  of  Childerlc  II,  succeed- 
ed Dagohert  III.,  in  715.  He  lost  his  throne, 
and  di«d  in  720. 

CHINE  NOUXG,  emperor  of  China,  about 
2ii37  B.  C,  instructed  his  subjects  in  various 
arts.  ' 

CHING,  or  Xl-HOAM-TI,  emperor  of  China, 
about  240  B.  C.,  is  said  to  have  built  the  great 
Chinese  wall. 

CHIR.^C,  Peter,  physician  to  the  French 
king,  was  an  author,  and  died  in  1732. 

CHISIIULL,  Edmund,  educated  at  Oxford, 
was  the  author  of  travels  in  Turkey,  and  died 
in  1733. 

CHITTENDEN,  Thomas,  first  governor  of 
Vermont;  a  native  of  Connecticut:  an  illiterate 
man,  but  possessed  great  talents,  and  of  great 
private  virtue.     He  died  in  1797. 

CHOIN,  Maiy  Emily  Joly  de,  a  lady  of  a  no 
bic  family  of  Savoy,  was  privately  married  to 
tlie  dauphin  of  France,  and  died  in  1744. 

CHOISEUL,Steplien  Francis  due  de,a  French 
politician  of  great  abilitie8,and  a  generous  patron 
of  the  arts ;  he  died  in  1785. 

CHOISI,  Francis  Tiraoleon  de,  dean  of  Ba- 
yeux,  and  ambassador  to  the  king  of  Siara  ;  he 
died  in  1724. 

CHOMEL,  Peter  John  Baptist,  physician  to 
the  French  king,  and  an  author,  died  in  1710. 

CHOPIN,  Renfe,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of 
Anion,  died  in  1608. 

CHORIER,  Nicholas,  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Grenoble,  and  an  author,  died  in  1692. 

CHOSROES,  I.,  the  Great,  king  of  Persia, 
in  531,  was  defeated  by  the  Romans,  and  died 
of  vexation,  in57i). 

CHOSROES  II.,  succeeded  to  the  Persian 
throne  in  590.  By  the  aid  of  the  Romans,  he 
conquered  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Juda;;  he  died 
in  627. 

CHOUET,  John  Robert,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
and  professor  of  pliilo.snpliy  at  Saumur,  of  dis- 
tinguished talents,  die<l  in  1731. 

CHOITL,  William  dn,  a  French  antiquary, 
of  Lvons,  published  a  valuable  work,  in  1556. 

CHRISTIE,  Hugh,  master  of  the  grammar- 
school  at  Montrose,  in  Scotland,  wrote  a  "  Latin 
Grammar,"  and  an  "  Introduction  to  the  niak- 
ing  of  Latin,"  both  ofwhicb  are  much  esteemed, 
and  died  in  1774. 
122 


CHRISTIF.RN  I.,  king  of  Denmark,  succeed- 
ed Cliristopher  of  Bavaria,  in  1448.  He  was  a 
|)opular  monarch,  and  died  in  1481. 

CIHUSTIKRN  II.,  surnamed  the  Cruel,  as- 
cended the  Danish  throne  in  1513,  and  was  elect- 
ed king  of  Sweden,  in  1520.  He  was  expelled 
from  the  throne,  and  died  in  prison,  in].'i59 

CHRISTIERN  HI.,  successor  of  Frederic  I., 
in  I."/J4;  he  embraced  the  opinions  of  Luther, 
and  died  in  l.S.><l. 

CHRISTIERN  IV.,  asrended  the  Danish 
throne  in  1588.  He  was  au  able  and  benevolent 
monarch,  and  died  in  1648. 

CHRISTIERN  V., succeeded  tothe  tbronein 
1670 ;  he  was  a  warlike  prince,  and  died  in  1690. 

CHRISTINA,  queen  of  Sweden,  and  daugh- 
ter of  Gustavus  Adolpiius  the  Gre.-it,  born  Dec. 
8,  1026.  She  succeeded  him  in  the  government 
of  the  kingdom,  in  1633,  and  ruled  it  with  great 
wisdom  and  prudence,  till  1654,  when  she  re- 
signed it  in  favour  of  her  cousin,  Charles  Gus- 
iavu.i.  She  then  changed  her  religion  for  that 
of  the  Romish  cburch,  and  retired  to  Rome; 
yet  upon  the  death  of  Charles  Guslavus,  which 
happened  in  1660,  she  returned  to  Sweden,  with 
an  intent  to  resume  the  govt  rnment.  But  this 
could  not  be  admitted,  because,  by  the  laws  and 
constitution  of  the  land,  Roman  Catholics  are 
excluded  from  the  crown.  She  died  at  Rome, 
in  1689.  She  was  a  woman  of  uncommon  parts, 
and  as  uncommon  learning  ;  for  she  understood 
several  languages,  and  was  a  perfect  mistress 
in  the  belles  lettres. 

CHRISTOPHERSON,  John,  an  English  pre- 
late, and  master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  queen  .Mary's  reign. 

CHRVSH'P'US,  a  celebrated  stoic  philosopher, 
born  at  Soli,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  wrote  a  great  ina- 
tiy  hooks,  above  700,  as  we  are  told,  several  of 
which  belonged  to  logic.  He  died  in  the  143d 
Olympiad ;  and  had  a  monument  erected  to  him 
among  those  of  tin;  illustrious  Athenians. 

CHR Y.S(.)LORAS,  Emanuel,  alearaed  Greek, 
ambassador  to  England,  from  John  Palxologusj 
died  ill  1415. 

CIIRYSOSTOM,  John,  so  caUed  from  his 
eloquence,  was  born  at  Antiocb,  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily, about  .354,  consecrated  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  398,  and  died  407.  The  works  of  this 
lather  are  very  voluminous. 

CHUBB,  Thomas,  born  at  East  Harnham, 
near  Salisbury,  Wilts,  1679.  He  was  bred  a 
glover,  but  became  tolerably  versed  in  mathe- 
matics, geography,  and  many  other  branches  of 
science.  But  divinity  above  all  was  his  favour- 
ite study  ;  and  it  is  said,  that  a  liitle  society  was 
formed  at  Salisbury,  under  the  management  and 
direction  of  Chubb,  for  the  purpose  of  debating 
upon  religious  subjects.  Here  the  Scriptures 
are  reported  to  have  been  read  under  the  guid- 
ance of  some  commentator;  and  every  man  de- 
livered his  sentiments  upon  all  points  freely,  and 
without  reserve.  About  this  time,  the  contro- 
versy upon  the  Trinity,  was  carried  on  very 
warmly  between  Clarke  and  Waterland  ;  and, 
falling  under  the  cognizance  of  this  theological 
assembly,  Chubb,  at  the  request  of  the  mem- 
bers, drew  up  and  arranged  his  sentiments  about 
t,  in  a  kind  of  dissertation  ;  which,  after  it  had 
undergone  some  correction,  appeared  to  the 
world  under  the  title  of  "  The  Supremacy  of 
the  Father  asserted,  &c.,"  and  gained  him  great 
celebrity.  He  died  at  Salisbury,  in  his  68th 
year,  leaving  behind  him  2  vols,  of  posthumous 
works,  which  he  calls  "  A  Farewell  to  his  Read- 
er ;"  from  which  we  may  fairly  form  this  jtidg- 


CI 

iii.Mit  ol"  his  opinions:  "  that  lie  bad  little  or  no 
lioliff  of  revelation  ;  indeiil  he  plainly  rcjecis 
the  Jewish  revelation,  and  consciiiiently  the 
<"hristian  which  isloiindednpoii  it ;  ihathrdis 
clainjs  a  futnre  judgmcnl,  and  is  very  uncorlain 
as  to  any  luturt-  state  ol'  existence  ;  that  a  par 
licular  Providence  is  not  deducible  from  llie 
phtpnomena  of  tlie  world,  and,  therefore,  that 
pi  aver  cannot  be  proved  a  duty,"  &.c.  &c. 

CHUULEIGH,  I.ady  Mary,  a  poet  and  mis 
eellaneous  writer,  born  at  Wiiiskider,  in  Devon- 
Kliire,  in  lt;56,  died  1710. 

CHURCH,  Benjamin,  distinguished  byhisox 
ploits  in  the  Indian  wars,  in  New  Kni:land.  He 
CDinmandcd  the  partv  that  i^illed  the  famous 
Philip,  and  died  in  1718. 

CHURClULI.,Sir  Winston,  known  as  the  fa- 
titer  of  the  greatdnkcof  Marlborough,  died  1688 

CIRTRcHlLL,  John,  duke  of  Marlborough, 
Biid  I'rince  of  the  Holy  Rninnn  Empire,  was  el 
dest  son  of  Sir  Winston  Churchill,  and  born  at 
Ashe,  in  Devonshire,  on  mid.suinnier-day,  in 
1G60.  As  a  coniniander-inchief  of  the  British 
anny,  he  stands  unrivalled  ;  but  the  limited  na- 
ture of  our  w<irk,  will  not  allow  us  to  relate  all 
the  military  arts  in  which  he  was  engaged  :  it 
is  surticieiit  to  say,  that,  nunicrons  as  they  were, 
they  were  all  successful.  He  died  June  16,  I7'2i2, 
at  VVindsor  Lodge,  and  was  buriid  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

CHURCHIIJ,,  Charles,  an  English  poet,  and 
cclebr.ilcd  satirist,  born  in  l/ondon,  in  1731,  and 
bred  to  the  church.  His  ftrrl  poem  was  "  The 
Kosciad  ;"  which  by  the  justness  of  its  remarks, 
and  particiilarlv  by  the  severity  of  its  satire, 
greatly  excited  the  public  curiiwity.     His  next 

Serforniance  was  "  .\n  Ajwlogy  to  the  Critical 
;eviewers  ;"  a  performance  much  applauded 
also,  and  equally  satirical  with  the  former.  But 
what  fame  he  got  by  these  productions,  which 
was  indeed  very  great  and  deserved,  lie  lost  by  I 
his  morals  ;  and  while  his  wiilinirs  ainiiseil  the 
town,  bis  actions  disgusted  it.  Diunk  with  suc- 
cess, he  now  quitted  his  wife,  and,  resignin'.'  Ms 
gown,  with  all  clerical  t"unclions,  coinnKMiced  a 
man  of  the  town,  and  indulged  in  all  the  gayc- 
tics,  and  even  vices  of  it.  His  next  poem  was 
entitled  "  Night;"  and  after  that.hc  published 
"  The  t^host."  Dr.  Johnson,  the  author  of  the 
"Rambler,"  had,  it  seems,  spoken  lightly  of 
Churchill's  productions:  in  this  poem,  he  has 
described  Johnson  under  the  character  of  Pom- 
poso,  and  the  description  is  allowed  to  have  me- 
rit. The  poems,  "  A'ighl,"  and  "  The  Ghost," 
had  not  the  rajnd  sale  e.xpected  by  the  author ; 
but,  "  The  Prophecy  of  Famine,"  which  suc- 
ceeded, produced  him  again  in  all  his  lustre.  Hi- 
afterwards  published  his  "  Epistle  to  Hogarth," 
'•  Gotham,"  "  Independence,"  "  The  Times," 
&c.,  and  died  at  Boulogne,  Nov.  5.  1704. 

CIH'RCH.MAN',  John,  a  quaker  of  Mary- 
land, distinguished  for  his  philosophical  re- 
searches, died  in  1805. 

CHURCHYARD,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
principally  known  by  "  The  Worthiness  of 
vVales,"  a  book,  in  its  time,  greatly  esteemed, 
and  reprinted  in  177t).    He  died  about  1570. 

CHYTR.f.US,  David,  divinity  professor,  at 
Bostock,  died  in  1600. 

CIACONIUS,  Alphonsus,  of  Baeca,  in  .An- 
dalusia, stvled  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  died  at 
Borne,  in  isail. 

Cl.\CONinS,  Peter,  a  critic  of  Toledo,  who 
died  at  Rome  in  1581. 

CIAMPELLl,  Augttstine,  of  Florence,  an 
eminent  historical  painter,  died  in  1640. 


CI 

CIAMPINl,  John  Justin,  a  learned  Italian  au- 
thor, died  in  1698. 

CIBBER,  Colley,  poet  laurcat  to  George  11., 
comedian,  and  dramatic  writer,  born  in  London, 
Nov.  6,  1671.  "  The  Careless  Husband,"  is 
reckoned  his  best  play,  and  was  acted  in  1704, 
with  great  and  deserved  success.  But  of  all 
[his  plays,  none  wasof  more  importance  to  him- 
se!i,  than  iiis  comedy  called  "  The  Nonjuror," 
which  was  acted  in  1717,  and  dedicated  to  the 
king;  for  when  he  presented  it  to  him,  that 
monarch  ordered  him  '-'00^  ;  and  the  merit  of  it, 
IS  lie  himself  confesses,  made  him  poet  laurcat 
in  1730.  The  same  year  he  quitted  the  stage, 
iliongh  he  did  not  die  till  Dec.  1757.  He  did  not 
■ncceed  in  writing  tragedy,  any  more  than  he 
did  in  acting  it ;  nor  in  his  laureate  capacity; 
Ills  odes  not  partaking  of  that  genius  and  spirit, 
which  he  has  shown  in  his  comedies. 

CIBBER,  Theophilus,  a  comedian,  and  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1703.  After  lead- 
ing a  life  of  unbounded  extravagance,  he  waa, 
in  the  winter  of  1757,  engaged  by  Mr.  Sheridan 
10  go  over  to  Dublin,  and  perished  by  shipwreck 
on  his  passage.  His  name  appears  to  "  The 
Lives  of  the  Poets  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland," 
1753  5  vols.  12mo ;  the  real  compiler,  however, 
was  Mr.  Robert  Shiels,  an  ainamiensis  c*'  Dr. 
Johnson's.  In  the  dramatic  way,  he  b"^.  alter- 
ed for  the  stage,  three  pieci-s  of  other  aiitliors, 
and  produced  one  of  his  own. 

CIBBER,  Susannah  Maria,  who  for  several 
years  was  reckoned  not  only  the  best  actress  in 
England,  but  supposed  by  many  to  e.vcel  the  ce- 
lebrated mademoiselle  Clairon,  of  the  continent, 
was  the  daughter  of  an  eminent  upholsterer  in 
Covent  Garden,  and  sister  to  Dr.  Thomas  Au- 
gustin  Arne,  celebrated  lor  his  taste  in  musical 
composition.  Her  tirst  appearance  on  the  stage 
was  asa singer,  in  which  light,  the  sweetness  of 
lirr  voice  rendered  her  very  conspicuous,  In 
April,  1734.  she  married  Theophilus  Cibbcr ; 
who,  luxurious,  prodigal,  and  raiiacious  after 
money  to  gratify  a  thousand  calls  from  passion 
or  vanity,  soon  r(;solved  to  make  a  sacrifice  of 
what  every  honest  man  holds  dear,  the  honour 
of  his  wife.  With  this  view,  therefore,  he  ce- 
mented the  closest  friendship  with  a  gentleman 
whom  he  introduced  to  his  wife,  recommended 
to  her,  gave  them  frequent  interviews,  and  even 
saw  them  put,  as  if  by  accident,  in  the  same 
bed.  All  this  appeared  upon  the  trial  after- 
wards commenced  by  himself  for  criminal  cor- 
respondence, wherein  he  laid  his  damages  at 
.5000/.  How  the  jury  looked  upon  this  atfair, 
may  be  seen  by  their  verdict,  which  only  gave 
ihe  plaintilf  101.  damages  ;  a  sum  not  suificient 
to  reimburse  him  a  fortieth  pan  of  his  expenses. 
Mrs.  Cibber  thenceforth  resided  apart  from  her 
contemptible  consort,  till  she  died,  January  30, 
1766. 

CICERO,  Marcus  Tullius,  one  of  the  greatest 
men  of  antitpiity,  whether  we  consider  him  as 
an  orator,  a  statesman,  or  a  philosopher,  was 
bom  at  Arpinum,  a  city  anciently  of  the  Sam- 
nites,  but  now  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
Jan.  3,  in  the  647th  year  of  Rome,  about  107 
B.  C.  In  his  very  active  life,  the  most  striking 
incident  is  his  detection  of  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline  and  his  accoinplices,  for  the  subversion 
of  the  commonwealth,  during  Cicero's  consul- 
ship. For  his  conduct  in  this  affair,  he  waa  ho- 
noured with  the  glorious  title  of"  Pater  Patria;," 
Father  of  his  countiy.  He  was  as-sassinated  on 
the  7tU  of  December,  about  ten  days  from  the 
settlement  of  the  triumvirate,  after  he  had  lived 
123 


CI 

63  years  11  months  and  live  days.  His  works 
will  ever  be  the  siaiiOard  of  true  eloqutiice,  and 
liis  philosophical  treatises  arc  an  iiivaliiulile 
treasure  of  goml  sense,  virtue,  aiid  true  pliilo 
sophv.     Sec;  FL'LVIA. 

CICERO,  Uuintiis  Tullius,  brother  of  the  ora- 
tor, was  assassinated  under  the  triumvirs. 

CID,  The,  a  Spanish  hero,  wliose  real  nami 
was  Don  Roderiyo  Dias  de  Bivar,  one  of  tht 
greatest  generals  of  the  1 1th  century,  was  the 
model  of  warriors  and  knights  of  his  lime. 
H*-  signalised  his  valour  a<;ainsl  the  Moors 
of  Spain,  from  whom  he  took  Valencia,  and 
other  important  places,  and  vanquished  theni 
in  many  battles  He  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Alplionso  VI.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile  ;  who, 
iiisti'adof  rewarding  hiui  for  his  iireat  services, 
persecuted  him.  He  died  at  Valencia,  in  lOlO. 
(.Cid,  in  the  Arabic,  sii^nifieslord.) 

CIGALA,  John  Miciiael,  an  impostor,  wlio 
appeared  at  Paris,  iu  ItiTO,  as  an  Uitoniati 
princ«. 

CIGNANI,  Carlo,  an  Italian  painter,  died  in 
1710. 

C1.M.A.BUE,  Giovanni,  a  celebrated  painter 
and  aicliitect,  born  at  Florence,  in  1240,  \vas  ttii? 
first  who  revived  the  art  of  painting  in  Italy, 
and  died  in  1300. 

CI.MARO.SA,  Dotninico,  a  most  celebrated 
music  composer,  born  at  Capodi  Monti,  in  Na- 
ples, died  at  Venice,  Jan.  11,  1801.  A  persecu- 
tion that  he  underwent  at  Naples  for  hi.s  political 
opmions,  is  supposed  to  have  .shortened  his  days. 
CIMON,  an  A'henian  general,  famous  forde- 
fealiiiE  the  Pfrsians.     He  died  440  B.  V. 

CI.N'CIN'N  ATUS,  Lucius  auintus,  the  Roman 
dictator,taken  from  the  plough, to  be  advanced  to 
the  dignity  of  con.sul,  in  which  office  he  restored 
public  tranquillity,  and  then  returned  to  his  rural 
employments.  Being  called  forth  .i  second  time, 
to  be  dictator,  he  conquered  the  enemies  of 
Rome,  and,  refusing  all  rewards,  retired  again 
to  his  larm,  al'ter  he  had  been  dictator  only  six- 
teen days:  the  same  circumstance  occurreil  once 
move  in  the  80th  vear  of  his  age.  Ho  was  born 
450,  and  died  3Ttin.  C. 

CIXCIUS  ALIMIONTUS,  Lucius,  author  of 
a  history  of  the  wars  of  .•\niiibal,  &e. 

(liNNA,  Lucius  CurneUus,  a  Kouian  consul, 
about  87  H.  C. 

CIXNAMUS,  John,  a  Greek  author,  in  the 
service  of  the  emperor  Manuel  Commenus. 

CINO  DU  PI.STOIA,  or  DE  SIGHHTLDI, 
known  as  a  lawver  and  senator  of  Rome,  died  in 
1336. 
CINQ  M.\RS,  Henry  Coissier,  marquis  of,  was 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  the  favourite  of  Lew 
i.j  XIII ,  but  was  ungrateful,  and  lost  his  head 
in  11342. 

ClOPANI,  Hercules,  an  Italian  critic,  and  au- 
thor of  a  commentary  on  the  works  of  Ovid,  in 
1573. 

CIPRIANI,  or  CVPRIANI,  John  Baptist,  a 
very  eminent  draftsman  and  painter.  He  was 
an  Italian  by  birth,  but  most  distinguished  as  an 
a>rtiEt  in  London,  xvliere  he  became  a  royal  aca 
demician,  and  died  Dec  15,  1785,  aged  58.  He 
was  interred  in  Chelsea  burial-ground,  where  is 
an  elegant  Latin  inscription  to  his  memory. 

CIRANI,  Elizabeth,  an  Italian  lady,  distin- 
guished as  a  painter. 

CIRCIGNANO,  Nicolo,  called  Pomeraneio, 
whose  paintings  are  preserved  in  the  churches 
ot  Rome  ;  she  died  in  1588. 

CIRILLO,  Uomine,  a  botanist,  and  professor 
of  medicine  at  Naples,  lost  bie  life  in  1795. 
124 


CL         

CIKUFERRI,  a  Roman  painter  and  architect, 

died  in  ir.89. 

CISXER,  Nicholas,  professor  of  philosophy, 
at  VViitemberg,  and  an  author,  died  in  1583. 

CIVILIS,  Claudius,  a  Bataviun  general,  in 
the  service  of  Rome,  in  the  lime  of  the  emperor 
Vespasian. 

CIVOLI,  Lewis,  or  Cardi,  an  Italian  painter 
and  poet. 

CLAGETT,  William,  an  Enuli.-h  divine,  ac 
live  in  opiKising  the  popish  plans  of  James  II., 
died  in  V^A. 

CLAGETT,  Nicholas,  brother  of  William, 
was  also  a  preacher,  and  author  of  sermons ; 
he  died  in  1727. 

CLAIBORNE,  William  Charles  Cole,  gover- 
nor of  the  Mississippi  territory,  and  of  the  .state 
of  Louisiana,  and  afterwards  elected  to  the  se 
nate  of  the  United  States,  died  in  1803. 

CL.\IKAULT,  Alexis,  member  of  the  FrPnch 
academy  of  sciences,  and  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious mathematicians  in  Europe,  died  in  Hfo. 
lie  was  one  of  the  academicians  who  were  sent 
to  the  north  to  determine  the  exact  figure  of  the 
earth. 

CLAIRF.MT,  N.,  count  de,  an  Austrian  ge- 
nera!, who  distinguished  himself  against  the 
French  in  the  revolution.    He  died  in  1798. 

CLAIRON,  Clara  Joseph  Hypollm  Lewi* 
Delatude,  an  admirable  French  actress,  born  in 
1722,  died  by  falling  out  of  her  bed,  (wherein  she 
lav  sick,)  January  28,  1803. 

CLANCY,  Michael,  M.  D.,  educated  at  Dub- 
lin, wrote  some  poems  and  comedies ;  he  died 
iu  I74fi. 

CLAP,  Roger,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Dor- 
che:.ter,  Massachusetts ;  he  wrote  memoirs  of 
New- England,  and  died  in  1G91. 

CI-AP,  Nathaniel,  minititer  of  Newport,  R^ 
I.,  eminent  for  zeal  and  fidelity  in  his  profes- 
sion ;  he  died  in  1745. 

CLAP,  Thomas,  president  of  Yale  College, 
one  of  the  most  profound  scholars  of  his  age, 
published  a  history  of  Yale  College,  and  conjec- 
tures upon  meteors,  and  constructed  the  first 
orrery,  or  planetarium,  in  America ;  he  died  in 
171.7. 

CLAR.\,  a  native  of  Assisi,  and  abbess  of  a 
new  order  of  nuns,  died  in  1193. 

CL.'VRIO,  Isidore,  an  Italian  bishop,  rtistin- 
guislied  at  the  council  of  Trent,  died  in  1555. 

CIjARK,  Peter,  a  highly  respectable  miidster, 
of  Danvers,  Massachusetts,  published  several 
sermons,  and  died  in  1768.  * 

CLARK,  Jona.«  inistcr,  of  Lexington, 

M.issachnsetts ;   <,   '  ■     "ort  distance  from  his 

was  shed  the  i.      olood  in  the  war  of  the 

■'■''     )n  ;  he  died  in  1805. 

Cij.^RK,  Thomas,  was  born  near  Coventry ; 
and  at  the  age  of  22,  came  to  London,  and  ob- 
tained a  porter's  place.  By  rigid  economy  he 
saved  enough  to  take  a  stick  shop,  at  the  corner 
of  Exeter  'Change,  in  the  Strand.  After  a  time, 
he  purch.tsed  the  Menagerie,  and  used  to  give 
his  customers  a  ticket  to  see  the  lions,  &c.  He 
extended  his  business  to  the  cutlery,  turnery, 
itc,  till  his  own  shops  occupied  one  half  of  the 
'Change,  and  he  hisnself  rented  the  whole.  His 
dealings  were  marked  with  the  utmost  integrity ; 
and  he  realized  a  fortune  estimated  at  300,006i. 
by  the  penurious  nature  of  his  habits.  His  own 
dinner,  on  six  days  in  the  week,  never  exceeded 
r,d.,  and  2(/.  for  a  glass  of  gin  and  water.  Though 
addicted,  however,  to  the  accumulation  of  mo- 
ney, it  was  by  honourable  means ;  and  what 
appeared  to  others  liard  self-privation,  was, 


probably,  to  liiiii,  wlio  relished  no  liipher  p!i';i 
sures,  an  enjoyment,  as  it  was  a  socomi  nature 
Mr.  Clark  died  at  i'inilico,  in  liis  f-Ulh  year, 
September  C,  )81i). 

CLARKE,  John,  one  of  the  first  founders  of 
Rhode  Island,  to  which  he  was  ohhfjed  lo  retire, 
on  account  of  his  religious  scniinients,  which, 
(being  a  baptist,)  wer«  at  variance  with  those 
whicli  prevailed  in  Massachusetts  ;  he  died  in 
ItiTO. 

CLARKE,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  very  celebrated 
English  philosopher  ,ind  divine,  horn  at  Nor- 
wich, in  1075,  died  May  17,  iT39.  His  works  are 
very  nninerous. 

CLARKE,  William,  a  divine  and  antiquary, 
born  at  Hnjjlinioa  Abbey,  in  Shropshire,  in  Itiyti, 
died  in  1771. 

CLARKE,  Richard,  an  elecant  classical  scho- 
lar, who  came  to  America  in  17.')0,  but  returrjed 
to  England  in  17.58;  he  published  several  wotks. 
CLARKE,  Jolin,  D.  D.,  colleaL'ue  with  Dr. 
Chauncy,  in  Boston,  was  much  esteemed  ;  he 
published  some  occasional  sermons,  and  letters 
10  a  student,  &c.,  and  died  in  17n.S. 

CLARKE,  John,  governor  of  ihc  state  of  De- 
laware, died  at  Smyrna,  in  1821. 

CLARKE,  Edward  Daniel,  L.  L.  D.,  profes- 
sor of  mmeralogy  in  Cambridge,  and  author  of 
trai-cls  in  Europe  and  ."Vsia,  died  in  \S-J\i. 

CLARKE,  Abraham,  a  member  of  congress 
before  and  after  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution, and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  m- 
dcpendencc  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

CL.\RKE,  Henry,  L.  L.  D.,  a  distinguished 
mathematician,  professor  of  the  royal  military 
college  at  Rlarlow,  died  in  1818.  His  writiiiiis, 
nil  mathematical  and  other  subjects,  are  nunie- 
ous,  ami  are  highly  valued. 

CLAR  KE,  Saiimcl,  a  celebrated  oriental  scho- 
lar, of  England,  died  in  161)9. 

CL.\RKE.  Jeremiah,  president  of  the  colony 
of  Rhoilr  Island,  died  in  1648. 

CLARKE,  Waller,  was  governor  of  Rhode 
Island  tor  several  years  ;  he  died  about  1700 


CL 

unable  to  speak  the  language,  and,  withal,  very 
ill-bred,  nobody  cared  to  si!t  him  to  work. 
Chance  brought  him  at  length  lo  Augustino 
Trasso,  who  hired  him  lo  pound  his  colours, 
clean  his  pallet  and  pencils,  look  alter  his  house, 
dress  hia  meat  lor  him,  and  do  all  his  household- 
drudgery  ;  for  Augustino  kept  no  other  servant. 
This  muster,  hoping  to  moke  him  serviceable  lo 
him  in  some  of  his  greatest  works,  taught  him 
by  degrees  the  rules  of  perspective,  and  the  ele- 
ments of  design.  Claude  at  fiist  did  not  know 
what  lo  make  of  those  principles  of  art;  but 
being  encouraged,  and  not  failing  in  application, 
he  came  at  length  to  understand  them  ;  then  his 
soul  enlarged  itself  apace,  and  he  cultivated  the 
art  with  wonderful  eagerness.  He  removed  his 
tudy  to  the  banks  of  the  Tyber,  and  into  the 
ipen  fields,  where  he  would  continue  from  morn- 
ing to  night,  taking  all  his  lessons  from  Nature 
herself;  and  by  many  years  diligent  imitation 
of  that  excellent  mistress,  he  climbed  to  the 
highest  step  of  perfection  in  land.scape  painting. 
His  memory  was  so  good,  that  he  would  paint 
with  great  accuracy,  when  lie  got  home,  what 
he  had  seen  abroad.  He  has  been  universally 
admired  for  his  invention,  the  delicacy  of  his 
colouring,  unil  the  charining  variety  and  tender- 
ness of  his  ilnis;  for  his  artful  distributions  of 
I  he  lights  and  shailows,  for  his  wonderful  con- 
duct in  the  disposition  of  his  tigures,  and  ibr  the 
harmony  of  his  cunposilions.  Claude  was  em- 
ployed by  Pojie  I'lban  VHl,,  and  many  of  the 
Italian  princes,  in  adorning  their  palaces.  He 
(lied  ill  Ii>8J,  and  was  buried  at  Rome. 

(LAI'Di;,  John,  a  French  pmiestant,  dis>- 
tinguislied  as  an  orawr,  and  writer  in  defence 
iif  the  prolestani  clinrch,  died  in  1C87.  His  son, 
Isaac  Claude,  published  Ills  works,  settled  at  the 
Hague,  and  died  in  lli'.ij, 

CL.W'DIANUS,  Claudius,  a  Latin  poet 
flourished  in  the  fourth  century,  under  the  em- 
peror Thcodosius,  and  liis  tons  Arcadius  and 
Honorins;  the  two  latter  of  whom,  at  the  se- 
nate's request,  ordered  a  statue  to  be  prccted  for 


CL,\RKE,  ticorgc,  an  English  lawyer,  was  him  in  Trajan's  forum:   on  which  was  soon 


governor  of  the  colony  of  New- York,  in  173 
He  returned  to  England,  and  died  in  1763 

CLARKE,  Samuel,  a  non-conformist  under 
Cromwell,  was  highly  esteemed,  and  died  in 
1682. 

CLARKE,  Edward,  chaplain  to  Lord  Bris- 
tol's embassy  lo  Madrid,  died  in  1786. 

CLARKSON,  David,  ejected  from  his  living 
for  non-conformity,  a  learned  and  respectable 
luan,  died  in  1686.         ^p     .    ,        , 

(7L.\RI\i*ON,  t3erar>V    -.u'lespcctable  physi- 
»i'l79 


H.* 


790. 


ciaii,  of  I'hiladelphia,  d 

CLARK.SON,  Matlhrw,'of  New-Yor»r '  " 
in  r/.^S,  died  April,  1825.  He  was  a  m'ij  ,,,.' 
reral  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  particularly 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Bridge- 
water.  He  subsequently  held  various  public 
trusts,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  tirst 
vice-president  of  the  American  Bible  Society. 
His  name  is  associated  with  those  who  fougiit 
and  ble«l  for  American  Independence ;  and  in 
private  life,  with  the  most  elevated  virtues. 

CLAUDE,  a  monk  of  the  celestine  order,  in 
the  15th  century. 

CLAUDE  of  LORRAINE,  a  famous  landscape 
painter,  born  in  1600.  He  was  sent  to  school,  but 
proving  extremely  dull  and  heavy,  he  was  sent 
thence,  and  bound  apprentice  to  a  pastry-cook, 
Willi  whom  he  served  out  his  time.  Afterwards 
he  went  with  some  young  fellows  to  Rome,  with 
a  view  of  getting  a'liveljliood  there;  but  bcitig 

II* 


after  placed  the  following  ^graiii,  in  Greek  : 

"  Rome  and  the  Ca'snrs  here  his  statue  raise, 
"  Who  Virgil's  genius  joined  to  Homer's  lays." 

CLAUDIUS  I.,  successor  to  tlie  emperor  Ca- 
ligula, much  given  to  vice ;  he  was  poisoned, 
A.  D.  54. 

CL.AUDIUS  II.,  successor  of  Gallicnus,  em- 
peror of  Rome,  died  in  27X,  much  lamented. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  progenitor  of  the  Ap- 
pian  family  at  Rome,  504  B.  C. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius, son  of  the  preceding,  was 
iinsul  at  Rome,  and  severe  in  his  discipline. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  a  Roman  decemvir,  in- 
famous for  attempting  lo  violate  the  chastity  of 
Virginia  ;  he  died  in  prison. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  surnamed  Ccecus,  cele- 
brated for  making  the  Appian  way,  at  Rome. 

CLAVIUS,  Christopher,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  in  Germany,  in  1537,  and  con 
sidered  as  the  Euclid  of  his  age,  died  at  Rome, 
ill  1612. 

CLAYTON,  Dr.  Robert,  a  learned  prelate, 
and  writer,  bishop  of  Cork,  in  173.");  of  Clogher, 
in  1745;  died  in  1758;  he  was  averse  to  the  Ni- 
ccnc  and  .\thanasian  creeds. 

CLAYTON,  John,  an  eminent  botanist  and 
physician,  of  Virginia,  wiio  came  from  England 
in  1705,  died  in  1773.  He  was  a  member  of 
some  of  the  most  Icained  societies  of  Europe 
and  corresponded  with  Linnxus,  tec. 

125 


CL 

CLAYTON,  Joshua,  a  physician,  was  gover 
nor  of  Delaware,  and  a  member  of  tlie  United 
States'  senate  ;  lie  died  in  IT'.iy. 

CLEAVER,  William,  prebendary  of  VVesl- 
niinster,  afterwards  bishop  of  Chester,  Bangor, 
and  St.  Asa!)h"s,  died  in  Irtlo. 

CLEA-NTHES,  a  sloic  philosopher,  disciple 
of  Z«'no,  flourished  at  Atheiw,  240  B.  C.  He 
maintained  himself  in  the  day  by  working  in 
the  night ;  aiid  being  once  questioned  by  the 
magistrates  how  he  subsist*^,  he  brought  a 
woman  for  whom  he  kneaded  bread,  and  a  gar- 
dener foi  whom  he  drew  water ;  and  refused  a 
present  oifered  him  by  bis  jud;;es,  having  a  trea- 
sure, ''as  lie  said.)  in  his  ability  to  labour. 

CLEEVK,  Joseph,  a  Flemish  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  misers  counting  their  treasures  ;  he 
dif^d  in  1536. 

CLEG  HORN',  George,  a  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer,  born  at  Graaton,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
1716,  died  in  1789.  His  chief  publicaiion  was 
'The  Diseases  of  Minorca 


CL 

'3  Roman,  succeeded  Clement  IX.,  iii  1670,  of  a 
juiild  character  ;  iie  died  in  1076. 

CLEMENT  XI  ,  John  Francis  Albani,  a  Ro- 
man, elected  popt,  in  170(1,  an  able  politician ; 
bis  reign  wx^niiich  disturbed  by  ih,-  Jan^enists; 
he  died  in  1721. 

CLEMENT  X  n.,  Laurence  Corsini,  a  Roman, 
succeeded  Benedict  XIII.,  in  1730;  Ik-  was  very 
popular,  and  corrected  many  abuses  in  the 
church  ;  lie  died  in  J74U. 

CLE.ME.NT  XI 11.,  Charles  Rezzonico,  of  Ve- 
nice, succeeded  Benedict  XIV.,  in  175cS,  and  died 
in  170".),  greatly  respected. 

CLEJlGNT  XIV.,  John  Vincent  Anthony 
Gansanelli,  an  Italian,  raised  to  the  pofjedoni 
on  the  death  of  Clement  XIH.  He  suppressed 
the  Jesuilii,  and  died,  supposed  by  some  to  have 
been  poisoned,  in  1774. 

CLEMEiN'T,  David,  a  native  of  Hof  Gcismar, 
a  minister  and  auilior,  died  at  Hanover,  in  1760. 

CLEMENT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Beze,  in 
Burgundy,  a  historian  of  much  celebrity,  died 


CLEIVELAND,  John,  a  noted  loyalist  and  in  17 
popular  poet  in  tiie  reign  of  Charles  I.  He  has.  CLE.MEXT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Geneva,  tra- 
however,  had  the  fate  of  those  poets  who,  pay-  veiling  tutor  of  Lord  WaUiegrave,  a  poet,  and 
ing  their  court  to  temporary  prejudices,  have '[conductor  of  Nouvelles  Literaires  of  France, 
been  at  one  time  too  much  praised,  and  atano-jjdied  in  17i)7. 

ther  too  much  neglected.    Cotemporary  wiihi     CLEOBi.'JJ'S,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Milton,  he  was,  in  his  time,  exceedingly  pre- 1  Greece,  wlio  died  about  STiO  B.  C. 
ferred  before  him ;  and  .Milton's  own  nephew  j    CLEOMBK.OTUS,  there  were  two  of  this 
Fays,  t'jat  ho  was  by  some  esteemed  the  best  of  l;naine,  kings  of  Sparta;  one  flourished  371,  the 
the  En<;li8li  poets.     But  Cleiveland  is  now  sunk  ptiier  abtiui  480  B.  C. 


into  ob'ivion,  while  Milton's  fame  is  universally 
diffused.  He  was  born  at  Loughborough,  Lei- 
cestershire, in  1613,  a;id  died  in  ItioS. 

CLEM.\NCIS,.\icholas,  a  Frenchman,  rector 
of  the  university,  who  advocated  a  reform  of 
the  Romish  church  ;  he  died  in  1440. 

CLE.ME.VCET,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  of 
great  memory,  and  a  distinguished  writer,  died 
in  177S. 

CLEMEXS,  Titus  Flavius,  a  father  of  the 
church,  succeeded,  in  101,  to  the  famous  school 
at  .-Mcicandria,  where  he  died. 

CLEMEXS,  Romanus,  a  father  of  the  church, 
companion  of  Paul,  bishop  of  Rome,  and  author 
of  an  epistle  to  the  Coriiitliians,  died  A.  D.  100. 

CLEMENT  II.,  bishop  of  Bamberg,  a  Saxon, 
elected  pope,  in  1047,  died  in  1048,  distinguisiied 
for  his  zeal  asainst  simony. 

CLEME.VT  III.,  bishop  of  Prseneste,  succes- 
sor of  Gregory  VIII. .as  pope,  in  1187,  died  in  U'Jl 

CLE.MENT  IV.,  Guy  de  Foulgues,  a  French- 
man, of  great  moderation,  prudence,  and  impar- 
tiality, was  elected  pope,  after  Urban  v.,  in  1265, 
and  died  in  1'2!>3. 

CLEMENT  v.,  Bertrand  de  Goth,  .».French- 
roan,  bishop  of  Bordc^a'.ix,  elected  pope,  in  1305, 
was  accused  of  licentiousness  and  extravagance ; 
he  died  in  1314. 

CLE.MEXT  VI.,  Peter  Roger,  doctor  f>f  Paris 
university,  elected  pope,  in  134-2,  a  worthy,  ge 
iierous,  and  learned  prelate,  but  represented 
otherwise  bv  .soiik'  ;  he  died  in  1352. 

CLEME.VT  VI 1.,  Juliu-s  de  Medicis,  an  Ital- 
ian, elected  pope,  in  1523;  he  was  besieged  by 
Charles  V.,  who  plundered  Rome ;  he  excom- 
municated Henry  VIII.,  wliich  led  to  the  refor- 
mation in  England,  and  died  in  1534. 

CLEMENT  VIII.,  Ilippolitus  Aldobrandin, 
a  liberal  minded  and  benevolent  pope,  elected 
in  1592,  died  in  1005. 

CLEMENT  IX.,  Julius  Rospigliosi,  a  Tuscan 
pop^,  elected  in  1077,  died  of  grief  for  the  loss  of 
9andia  by  the  Turks,  in  1669. 

©LEMENT  X.,  John  Bqpwt  Bmillus  Altisri, 
126 


CLEUME.NES,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  slew 
himself,  491  B.  C.  :  another  reigned  61  years ; 
a  third  was  defeated  bv  the  Achasans,  fled  to 
Egypt,  and  killed  himsjif,  219  B.  C. 

CLEOI'ATIl.V,  queen  of  Egypt,  famous  alike 
for  her  beauty,  and  her  licentious  passiutis,  was 
daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auleles,  and  had  a  son  by 
Cuisar,  called  Cssario.  She  killed  herself  after 
the  defeat  of  Marc  Antony,  that  she  niigiit  not 
be  carried  to  Rome  in  triumph ;  and  with  her 
ended  the  family  of  the  Ptolemies  in  Eaypt,  after 
it  had  reigned,  iVorn  the  death  of  Alexander, '.'94 
years  ;  for  Eijypt,  after  that,  was  reduced  to  a 
Itoinaii  province,  in  which  dependence  it  re- 
niuined  till  it  was  taken  from  iheni  by  the  Sara- 
cens, A.  D.  641. 

CLEOSTRATUS,  a  Grecian  astronomer,  who 
invented  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac,  536  B.  C. 

CLEIK,',  Sebastian  le,  engraver  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  rose  from  obscurity  to  minence;  he  was 
admirable  in  his  landscape.'     nd  died  in  17]4. 

CLERC,  John  lo,  a  celebrated  philosophical 
and  theological  writer,  and  universal  scholar, 
born  at  Geneva,  in  1657,  died  in  17.36. 

CLERC,  Daniel  le,  a  native  of  Geneva,  and 
professor ;  also  eminent  as  a  physician,  and 
learned  antiquary  ;  he  died  in  1728. 

CLERC,  John  le.  a  Frenchman,  was  knighted 
at  Venice,  and  died  in  1633. 

CLERKE,  Gilbert,  an  able  Greek  scholar,  and 
mathematician,  a  Socinian,  fellow  of  Sidney 
College,  Cambridge,  died  in  1695. 

CLERMONT  TONNERRE, Stanislaus, count 
of,  a  French  nobleman  in  the  states  general  at 
Paris,  in  1789,  was  massacred  for  his  oppoaitioa 
to  the  Jacobin  club,  in  1793. 

CLEVELAND,  John.  Vid.  CLEIVELAND. 

CLEVELAND,  John,  a  pious  and  much  es- 
teemed minister,  of  Ipswich,  Massachiisetta ; 
he  was  author  of  several  religious  works,  and 
died  in  1799. 

CLIFFORD,  Martin,  an  English  writer,  who 
made  every  man's  fancy  the  guide  of  his  reli- 
gion ;  he  died  in  1677. 


CL 

CL1FF(.)RI),  Gporge,  earl  of  Cuuiberlainl,  a 
celebrated  Engiisli  navigaior,  born  in  1538,  dit'd 
jn  l(iU5. 

CLINTON,  Ilonry,  a  British  general  in  th( 
American  war ;  evacuated  I'hiladelpliia  in  1778 
took  Cliarleston,  in  I7d0;  -.vas  gdvcrnor  ol' (ii 
braltiir  in  17(15,  and  died  sliDrily  after. 

CLIN'l'ON,  .laines,  was  a  gentleman  of  la 
leutiS  in  the  colony  of  Niw-York,  and  ancestor 
of  the  present  distingnibhed  family  of  that  tiame. 

CLINTON,  C'liailes.  a  native  of  Ireland,  ear- 
ly emigrated  to  America,  where  he  maintained 
a  high  cliaractcr  tor  usefuhiess  and  ret^petabili 
ty.  He  was  the  father  of  James  and  Ueoriie 
Clinton,  and  died  in  177;}. 

CLINTON,  .lames, son  of  the  preceding,  and 
major  general  in  tlic  American  army  dining  ihr 
revolution,  distingiiislied  himself  qh  a  brave  and 
jndefatigableolficer,  in  the  wars  with  the  French 
)uid  Indians  ;  and  during  the  revohitionaiy  war, 
lie  WHS  with  General  Sullivan  in  his  expedition 
against  the  Indians ;  was  for  some  time  coni- 
niandcr  of  tlie  northern  section  of  the  union, 
stationed  at  Albany,  and  was  at'terwards  at  lln 
siege  of  Yorktown.  Ho  closed  his  military  ca- 
reer, by  bidding  farewell  to  \Vn>hin{;ton  HI 
New-York,  and  retiring  to  private  life  ;  lie  died 
in  1812. 

CLINTON,  George,  brother  of  the  general, 
was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  member  of  f  ongre.vs 
in  1770.  He  was  an  active  supporter  of  the 
principles  of  the  revolution  and  ot  his  connlry'.s 
fights  :  and,  during  the  war,  he  rendered  etsen- 
lial  scrvici's  to  the  American  arms.  lie  was 
repeatedly  chosen  governor  of  the  stale  of  New- 
York,  and  was  elevated  to  the  office  of  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  Stales  in  1804.  He  died 
at  Washington  in  1812. 

CLINTON,  George,  vice-admiral  of  the  En- 
glish navy,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  New- 
York,  afterwards  returned  to  England.  Tlie 
time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

CLI3S0N,  Oliver  de,  a  native  of  Brittany.dis- 
tingnished  for  his  valour,  died  in  1407,  much 
respected. 

CLISTHENES,  an  Athenian, who  introduced 
the  law  of  ostraiism. 

CLITOM.ACHU.'^,  aCarthasrinian  philosopher, 
wlio  wrote  400  vols.,  and  coniniitted  suicide. 

CLIVE,  Robert  Lord,  an  eminent  East  India 
governor,  and  a st«'ung  instance  of  the  iiicfli- 
cicncy  of  wealth  or  .wternal  honours  to  confer 
happiness,  was  born  at  Moreton-Say,  near  Mar- 
ket Drayton,  Shropshire,  1725;  and  died,  as  is 
taid,  by  his  own  hand,  Nov.  02,  1774. 

cLrVE,  Catherine,  an  ennnent  actress  in 
bw  comedy,  born  1711,  died  1785. 

CLODirs,  Publius,  a  debauched  Roman  sen- 
ator, killed  by  Milo,  S3  B.  C 

CLOOT9,  Anacharsis,  a  native  of  Prussia, 
who  in  the  French  revolution  called  himself  llie 
orator  of  the  human  race  ;  profane,  and  irreli- 
gious ;  he  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

CLOPINEL,  or  JOHN  de  MKUN,  a  French 
poet,  celebrated  at  the  court  of  Philip  the  fair : 
he  died  in  1,1M. 

CLOSTERMAN,  N.,  a  portrait  painter,  who 
made  himself  rich  in  London  ;  he  died  in  171H. 

CLOTMRE  1.,  fourth  son  of  Clovis,  king  of 
Soi.ssons,  and  in  558  king  of  all  France  ;  he  died 
instil 

CLOT.MRE  n.,  king  of  Poissons,  was  cruel 
and  oppressive,  and  died  in  fi28. 

CLOTAIRE  in.  kinKorBurgnndy,diedin670. 

CLOVIO,  George,  a  Sclavonian,  eminent  as 
a  hiitorical  and  miniature  painter,  died  in  lS7d. 


CO 

CLOVIS  I.,  founder  ol  the  French  monarchy, 
was  converted  to  Christianity,  :ind  died  in  511. 

CLOVIS  II,, succeeded  his  father  Uagobert  in 
fioS  ;  he  was  mild  but  dtbauclicil. 

t  LOVIS  m.,  succeeded  his  father  Thiern 
III.,  in  GUI. 

CLOWES,  William,  surgeon  to  queen  Eliza- 
beth. 

CLI'ENTIUS,  a  Roman,  accused  of  murder- 
ing his  fattier,  delended  by  Cici  ro. 

i:LUVLRlis,  Philip,  a  celebrated  geogra- 
pher, born  at  Uantzie,  1580,  died  at  Leydcn,  in 
ir.2:t. 

CLYMER,  Gp(Mge,  a  member  of  Congress  in 
1770,  was  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, and  a  distinguished  advocate  of  Am- 
erican rights  ;  he  died  in  18i:(. 

COBB,  J.imc.-,  aectelary  at  the  East  India 
House,  in  Knglaiid,  and  a  very  successful  wri- 
ter of  <.prras  and  farces,  died  June  2,  1818,  in 
his  <i2d  year. 

COBB,  Samuel,  author  of  "  Observations  up- 
on Vireil,'"  and  a  "Collection  of  Poems,"  in  8vo 
1700,  died  in  17  i:«. 

COBB,  Ebcnfzer,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
was  born  in  Mass.  in  1004,  and  died  in  1801,  aged 
107  years;  he  lived  in  three  centuries. 

COBBET,  Thomas,  an  en  inent  minister  and 
writer,  born  in  England,  but  on  iiccounl  of  nob- 
conformity,  came  to  America,  in  1G37,  ami  b»- 
(ainp  minister  at  Ipswich  ;  he  died  in  lti80. 

COliOEN,  Dr.  Edward,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  liieological  writer,  born  about  lti84, 
died  17(14. 

COBENT7.EL,  count  Louis  de,  an  eminent 
statesman  of  Germany,  died  Feb.  2?,  1809.  He 
was  born  at  Brussels,  Nov.  21,  n-OS,  and  com- 
menced his  political  career,  under  the  minister 
count  de  Perpen,  in  1772.  Two  years  alter,  he 
was  named  minister  plenipotentiary  extraordin- 
ary to  the  court  of  Denmark  ;  in  1777,  to  that 
of  Prussia.  He  was  recalled  at  the  epoch  of  the 
war  of  the  Bavarian  succession,  and  was  desi- 
tined  to  negotiate  the  peace  of  Te.-clien  ;  but  a 
sickness  which  he  had,  prevented  him.  The 
same  year  he  was  named  minister  from  Austria 
to  Petersliurgh.  On  his  return  to  Vienna,  after 
ihe  signing  of  the  prehniinaries  of  Leobeii,lie 
concluded,  in  1797,  the  treaty  of  Campo  Por- 
niio;  and  in  the  month  of  December,  in  the 
same  Vfar,  the  military  convention,  at  Radstock 
with  Buonaparte.  .Alter  the  conferences  of  Sclz, 
he  returned  to  Petersburg.  On  the  9th  Febru- 
ary, ISOl,  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Luneville, 
•iiid  fdled,  in  the  month  of  December  following, 
the  place  t)f  directory  minister  of  state  and  con- 
ferences, and  vice-chancellor  of  state  for  loreign 
affairs. 

COCCEITTS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Bremen,  pro- 
fessor of  the  law  of  nations ;  a  distinguished 
author  ;  he  was  created  baron,  and  died  in  1719. 

COCCEIUS,  Samuel,  a  German  baron,  grand 
chancellor  of  Prussia,  died  in  1747. 

COCCEIUS,  or  COCK,  John,  a  native  of  Bre- 
men, and  Hebrew  professor  there  :  afterwards 
removed  to  Leyden  ;  he  maintained  that  the  bi- 
ble is  mystical  of  Christ  and  the  church  ;  he  died 
in  ir.fi9. 

COCCHI,  Anthony,  piofefsor  of  Physic,  at 
Florence  and  Pisa ;  was  intimate  with  Boerhaave 
and  esteemed  for  his  learning ;  he  died  in  1758. 

COCHIN,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  French  en- 
graver, whose  pieces  are  admired  ;  he  died  in 
1654.  Another,  of  the  same  name,  equally  dis- 
tinguished, died  in  1790. 

COCHIN  Henrv,  a  native  of  Paris,  as  emJ 
127 


CO 

neiit  111  the  bar,  as  Bourdaloue  was  in  tlie  pulpit ; 
he  died  in  1747. 

COCHL.^'EUS,John,acatholicof  NuremburR, 
who  violently  attacked  Luther,  Buccr,  Calvin, 
&c.,  died  in  15J2. 

COCHRAN,  Robert,  a  Scotch  architect,  hung 
by  the  old  nobility,  bficause  he  was  raised  to 
the  earldom  of  Mar,  in  14H4. 

COCHRAN,  William,  a  very  eminent  painter 
in  Scotland,  born  at  Strathavun,  in  Clydesdale, 
173f«.  died  Oct.  2.'),  1785. 

COCK.MN,  Sir  Alston,  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  at  Afllibourn,  in  Derbyshire,  1600,  died  in 
l*i84.  His  works  were  printed  in  1G58 ;  and  a- 
pain,  in  2  voh.  small  8vo.  1069,  and  are  very  rare 

COCKBURN,  Catharine,  born  in  1679,  gave 
marks  of  a  genius  for  poetry  before  she  had 
passtM  her  childhood ;  and  in  her  17lh  year  pro- 
duced a  tragedy  called  "Agnes  de  Castro," 
which  was  acted  in  1695.  In  1698  she  brought 
a  second  tragedy  upon  the  stage,  and  in  1701,  a 
third  tragedy  and  a  comedy.  But  poetry  and 
dramatic  writing  were  the  least  of  this  lady's 
talents:  she  had  a  great  and  philosophic  turn 
of  mind,  and  wrote  a  defence  of  Locke's  "  Es- 
say on  the  Human  Understanding,"  against 
some  remarks  which  had  been  made  upon  it  at 
several  times, by  Dr.  B  urnet  of  the  Charter-house. 
This  defence  was  finished  as  early  as  Dec.  1701, 
whcnslie  wasbut2'2yearsofage  :  she  died  in  1749. 

COCKER,  Edward,  deservedly  esteemed  one 
of  the  improvers  of  the  arts  of  writing  and 
arithmetic,  died  1677,  having  published  14  copy- 
books engraved  by  his  own  hand  ;  some  books 
on  Vulgar  and  Decimal  Arithmetics ;  a  small 
Dictionary ;  and  a  book  of  sentences  for  writing, 
called  Cocker's  Morals. 

COCLES,  Publ.  Horat.  a  Roman,  celebrated 
for  his  defence  of  a  bridge,  across  the  Tyber,  a- 
gainst  the  whole  army  of  Porsenna. 

CODDINGTON,  William,  the  father  of  R. 
Island;  first  settled  in  Mass.,  but  having  some 
religious  difterences,  he,  with  others,  removed  : 
he  was  governor  of  R.  Island  several  years,  and 
died  in  1678. 

CODMAN,  John,  a  member  of  the  Senate  in 
Mass.  highly  esteemed  for  his  honesty  and  fidel- 
ity; he  died  in  1603. 

CODRLNGTON,  Christopher,  a  native  of 
Barbadoes,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of 
physic  and  belles  lettres ;  sometime  governor  of 
the  Leeward  Islands;  died  in  1710. 

CODRUS,  the  last  king  of  Athens,  who  de- 
voted himself  to  death  for  his  country,  1070,  B.  C. 

COEFFETE.VU,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican  of 
Calais,  aulhorof  a  Roman  History;  died  in  1623. 

CORN,  John  Paterson,  governor  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies  ;  founded  the  city  of  Batavia,  and 
died  in  1629. 

CQHUR,  James,  a  French  merchant,  the  rich- 
est subject  in  Europe;  lent  Charles  7,200,000 
crowns  ;  he  was  basely  imprisoned,  but  escaped 
and  died  at  Chio,  in  1 1.56. 

COFFEY,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  prin- 
cipally known  by  his  farce  of  "  Tlie  Devil  to 
Pay,''  died  1745. 

COG  AN,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  master  of 
Manchester  school,  and  author  of  the  "  Haven 
of  Health  for  Students." 

COGGE3HALLE,  Ralph,  an  English  monk, 
author  of  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Jerusalem, 
by  Saladin,  died  about  1228. 

COGSWELL,  James,D.D.,minister  in  Wind- 
ham, Con.  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
piety,  was  dismissed  in  old  ago,  and  died  at 
Hartford,  in  1807. 
1.28 


CO 

COHAUSEN,  John  Henry,  a  German  physi- 
cian, who  maintained  that  life  might  be  extend- 
ed to  115  year^i  by  taking  in  the  breath  of  youug 
women,  died  in  1750. 

COHORN,  Memnon,  a  very  celebrated  Dutch 
engineer,  and  author  of  a  treatise  in  the  Flem 
isir  language  on  the  "  Method  of  Fortifying 
Places,"  born  1632,  died  1704. 

COIGNET,  Giles,  an  eminent  painter,  who 
sold  his  scholars'  productions  as  his  own,  died 
in  1600. 

COINTE,  Charles  le,  a  distinguished  French 
historian,  died  in  1611. 

COITER,  VolcheriuB,  celebrated  asa  surgeon, 
physician,  and  anatomist,  born  at  Groniugen ; 
died  about  1600. 

COKE,  Sir  Edward,  lordchief  justice  of  Eng- 
land, and  one  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers  of 
that  kingdom, was  born  at  Mileham,in  Norfolk.iti 
1549,  and  died  ot  Stoke  Pogey's  in  Bucks,  Sept. 
3,  1634.  Sir  Edward  had  great  quickness  of 
parts,  deep  penetration,  a  faithful  memory,  and 
a  solid  judgment.  He  connnittcd  every  thing 
to  writing  with  an  industry  beyond  example, 
published  a  great  deal,  and  met  with  many 
changes  of  fortune  ;  being  sometunes  in  |iower, 
and  sometimes  in  disgrace.  He  was,  however, 
so  excellent  at  making  the  best  of  a  disgrace, 
that  king  James  u.sed  to  compare  him  to  a  cat, 
who  always  fell  upon  her  legs.  "His  learned 
and  laborious  works  on  the  laws,"  says  Fuller, 
[Worthies,  p.  251.]  "  will  be  admired  by  judi- 
cious posterity,  while  Fame  has  a  trumpet  let't 
her  or  any  breath  to  blow  therein."  His  prin- 
cipal works  arc,  "  Reports  of  Cases  during  tire 
most  tiappy  reign  of  the  most  illustrious  and  re- 
nowned queen  Elizabeth,  the  fountain  of  all 
justice  and  the  life  of  the  Jaw  :"  "A  Book  of 
Entries  :"  and  his  "  Institutes." 

COKE,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  a  leading  minister 
of  the  Wesleyan  Methodists,  a  very  zealous  and 
able  divine,  and  most  excellent  man,  was  born 
at  Brecon,  in  Wales,  educated  at  Jesus  college, 
Oxford,  and  entered  into  orders  in  the  Estab- 
lished Church.  For  the  last  28  years  he  dis- 
charged, with  unremitting  diligence  the  exten- 
sive duties  of  general  superintendent  of  the 
Methodist  missions;  which  so  warmly  engaged 
his  active  and  incessant  energies,  that  he  many 
times  crossed  the  Atlantic,  visiting  the  West 
India  islands,  and  travelling  through  the  United 
States.  He  gave  to  the  world,  among  other 
works,  a  "  Life  of  John  Wesley,"  a  "  History 
of  the  West  Indies,"  and  a  "  Commentary  on 
the  Bible,"  in  0  large  vols.  4to.  Dr.  Coke  died 
May  3,  1814,  on  his  voyage  to  India,  with  six 
missionaries,  intended  for  Ceylon  and  Java. 

COLARDEAU,  Charles  Pierre,a  Frenchman 
who  translated  Pope's  Eloisa  to  Abelard ;  h«j 
wrote  some  tragedies,  and  died  in  1776. 

COLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  Segne- 
lai,  one  of  the  greatest  statesmen  that  France 
ever  had,  was  born  at  Paris  1619,  and  died  1683. 
He  was  a  pattern  for  all  ministers  of  state ;  and 
every  nation  may  wish  itself  blessed  with  a 
Colbert. 

COLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  Torey, 
ambassador  to  Portugal,  Denmark  and  England, 
secretary  of  state,  &c.,  died  at  Paris,  in  1746. 

COLDEN,  Cadwallader,  a  respectable  physi- 
cian, botanist  and  astronomer  of  Scotland,  who 
first  came  to  America  in  1708,  and  again  in  1716, 
and  afterwards  sustained  several  high  politic&l 
offices :  published  se\'eral  learned  worka. 

COLE,  William,  born  at  Adderbury,  in  Ox- 
fordshirCj  about  1626,  wai  the   moft  famous. 


CO 

b^Miiist  of  his  lime.  In  1()56,  he  publLslied 
"  1 .  ■•  Art  of  Siinpling:"  and  in  1G57,  "  Adam 
in  Kilcn,  or  Nature's  Paradise:"  he  died  iii 
lCfr2. 

COLE,  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister  in  Eng- 
land, and  preceptor  uf  tiie  great  Locke,  died  in 
10!)7. 

COLE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Gloucestershire, 
distinguished  I'ur  making  a  curious  collection  ol  i 
litrlis.  &c. 

Ci.)IJ'",S,  Eiisha,  bom  in  Northamptonshire, 
in  liiiO,  became  one  oftlie  iisiiers  oi'Merchant- 
Tailor's  scliool,  and  wrote  several  nscfiil  aniil 
Tieci.s.^ary  books  for  the  inslrnci  ion  of  lHi.'iiiners,j 
the  piiiicipal  of  which  were  '' Tlie  (\iinpliie 
English  Schoolmaster,"  "  The  newest,  plainest, 
and  shortest  Slioitliand,"  "  Nolens  volens  ;  or,j 
yoii  shall  make  Laiin  whelhi'r  you  will  or  no,! 
containing  tiie  plainest  diiectinus  lor  that  purl 
pose,"  "  An  Eiiijliih  Dictionary,"  and  "  Anj 
Enijlisli-Laiin,  and  Lalin-Enplisli  Diciicmarj'." 

COI-KT,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  English  divine, 
born  in  London,  in  U(it>,  was  the  elilest  son  o!'| 
Sir  Henry  Coitt,  km.  ,  t"ice  lord-mayor, 'iv ho; 
hnd,  iH'.-iiies  him,  21  children.  Leinu  dean  ol  ' 
St.  rani's,  and  having  a  very  plentiful  eslaii! 
witlioul  any  near  relations,  (lor  nuineroui?  as| 
his  brethren  were,  they  wijjd  all  dead  and  bu-j 
ried,)  he  resolved,  in  the  midsl  n)  life  and  health,' 
to  consecrate  the  whole  projierty  of  it  to  souie 
standing  and  perpetual  bem  I'action.  And  thi:! 
he  perl'ormed  by  fouiulintc  and  endowing  StJ 
I'anl's  school,  in  London,  of  which  he  appoini  ] 
ed  William  Lilly  llist  master,  in  ljT2.  lie  or- 
dained that  there  sliould  be  in  this  ■.■chool  a  !iigli| 
master,  a  submaster,ai!d  acliaplain,  who  should: 
ttach  gratis,  153  children,  divided  into  S  classes ;! 
and  he  endowed  it  with  lands  and  houses,  a 
mounting  then  to  1C2I.  4s,  7d.  halfpomiy  per  an 
mini,  of  which  endowment  he  made  the  loni- 
paiiy  of  mercers  trustees.  He  died  September 
IG,  l.')19. 

CtlLEY,  Ilonry,  an  eminent  astrologer,  in 
England,  ilicd  in'liiiH). 

COLIGNl,  Gaspard  de.  a  celebrated  admiralj 
of  France,  who  bravely  supported  the  cause  of  I 
the  French  protestants  against  the  duke  of  (iui.-e 
and  his  adherents ;  but  after  several  victories 
gained  over  their  persectitors,  was  at  la.-t  basely 
assassinated  by  oneof 'he  domestics  of  the  dukd 
of  Guise,  in  the  beginning  of  the  horrid  massa- 
cre of  Paris,  on  itie  eve  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
day,  1.572. 

COLIGNI,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  a  marshal 
cf  France  of  the  same  name,  celebrated  for  her| 
poetical  productions,  died  in  1673. 

COLL.VDO,  Diego,  a  Spaniard,  superintend 
ent  of  the  convents  of  the  Philippine3,and  author 
of  a  work  on  the  Japancw  languaize. 

COLLANGE,  Gpbriel  de,  a  Huguenot,  killed 
at  the  massacre  of  ft.  Bariholom<'Ws,  in  1572. 

COLLATINUS,  husband  of  the  celebrated 
Lucretia,  in  conjunction  with  Brtitns,  expelled 
the  Tarquin  family  from  Rome,  and  established 
the  ciinsular  government. 

COLLE,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  distinguish- 
ed as  a  comic  writer,  died  in  1783. 

OLLEGE,  Stejihen.  a  profesiant  mechanic, 
unjuslly  condemned  in  lti81,  as  engaged  in  the 
conspiracy  against  Charles  H. 

C0LLEO.\E,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Ber 
paino,  distinguished  for  his  military  successes  in 
the  service  of  the  Venetians,  died  in  1475. 

COLLET,  Peter,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  of  Ter- 
nay,  author  of  several  works  "u  'heology  and 
iiograph}'  died  in  1770. 


R 


CO 

COIJjET,  Philibert,  a  French  advocate;  au- 
thor of  treatises  on  exconinuinications,  tythes, 
&c.,  died  in  1713. 

COLLKTET,  William,  a  French  academician, 
who  wrote  for  the  theatres,  under  Richelieu, 
died  in  lt;i).'i. 

COLLETON,  James,  was  governor  of  the 
colony  of  Poutli  (^aroliiia,  about  1660. 

COLLIER,  .Inrcmy,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, horn  at  Stow-Uui,  in  Cambridgeshire,  in 
itJoO,  died  172C.  He  published  "  Essays  upon 
several  moral  subjects,"  which  have  passed 
through  many  editions.  In  1698,  he  made  an 
atlenipt  to  reform  the  siage,  by  publishing  his 
"  Short  View  of  the  Inimocaliiy  and  Profane- 
nessof  theEnelishSiage,"  and  other  pampiilets. 
This  engaged  him  in  a  coniroverey  with  tlis 
wits;  and  Congiove-aiid  Vanbrugh,  whi^m,  wlili 
many  others.  In'  had  taken  to  task  very  sever*  !y, 
apiieaied  openly  against  him.  In  this  conlro- 
vd-sy  with  till-  sl.ige.  Collier  exerted  him.-cif  to 
th(  utmost  advantage ;  hislabours  were  attend- 
ed with  success,  and  actually  produced  repcnt- 
anc-e  and  amendment ;  for  it  is  allowed  on  all 
hands,  that  the  decorum  which  has  been,  lor 
the  most  part,  observed  by  the  later  writers  of 
<lramaiic  poetry,  is  entirely  owing  to  the  ani- 
n:advei>iioiis  of  Collier.  Collier  also  published 
■'  .-^n  Ecclesiastical  History  ol  Great  Britain," 
2  vols,  folio,  w  hicll  is  written  with  great  judg- 
ment ;  and  translated  Sloreri's  "  Historical,  Geo- 
giapnical,  Genealogic4il,  and  Poetical  Dictiona- 
ry," ill  4  vols,  folio,  a  work  of  very  great  la- 
bour. 

COLLINGS,  John,  an  eminent  tcxTuary  and 
rriiic,  born  in  lt)23,  died  ]6iK).  He  wrote  many 
books  of  conliovcrtial  and  practical  divinity, 
the  most  singular  of  w  hicli  is  "  The  Weaver's 
Pock(!t-book ;  or  Weaving  spiritualized,"  e\o  ; 
and  he  had  a  principal  hand  in  Matthew  Poole's 
.Annoi.'ifiiuis  on  the  Bible. 

(  OLLINGWOOD.  Cuthbcit,  lord,  a  eallant 
British  admiral,  the  intimate  friend  of  the  im- 
mortal Nelson,  aiid  his  successor  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  Mediterrane.an  fleet,  which  achiev- 
ed the  glnriuus  victory  of  Trafalgar.  His  lord- 
ship was  born  in  the  county  of  Ncirthuniberland, 
in  1750;  was  created  a  peer  of  the  realm,  with 
a  handsome  annuity,  Nov.  20,  ISOo,  and  died 
March  7,  IslO,  on  board  his  tlag  ship,  the  Ville 
de  Paris,  olf  Minorca.  Hewasa  nianof  great, 
but  unobtrusive  merit.  He  commanded  a  74  in 
the  biiulc  of  the  1st  of  June,  under  lord  Howe. 
Ii.  tiic  great  battle  of  Aboukir,  he  also  bore  a 
di?tinguished  part ;  but  it  was  reserved  for  the 
bailie  of  Trafaluar  to  raise  his  tame  to  its  high- 
est pitch.  His  ship,  the  Royal  Sovereign,  in 
which  he  broke  through  the  "centre  of  the  ene- 
my's line,  appeared,  as  viewed  from  the  Victo- 
ry, which  led  the  other  division,  a  blaze  of  Hrc. 
"  See,"  said  the  great  Nelson,  on  viewing  it, 
"  how  th.-it  nohle  fellow,  Collinirwood,  carries 
his  ship  into  action.  On  the  de.tth  of  the  for- 
mer lamented  hero,  he  succeeded  to  the  com- 
mand in  chief.  Since  that  groat  and  memora- 
ble day,  oomprising  an  interval  of  about  four 
years  and  a  half,  his  lordship  had  never  set  foot 
upon  land;  being  employed  in  the  arduous  and 
hara-ising  duty  of  watciiing  the  Toidon  fleet; 
so  that  he  never  took  his  seat  in  the  house  of 
peers,  nor  revisited  his  family  or  com  try,  after 
his  signal  mrriis  had  nbfained  the  distiiignislied 
honours  and  rewards  that  we  have  staled. 

COLLINS,  John,  a  mathematician  and  arith- 
metical writer,  born  at  Wood  Eaton,  near  Ox- 
ford, 1624,  died  ICai. 

1«9 


CO 

COLLINS,  Antlioiiy,  an  eminent  writer  on 
polemical  subjects,  and  liie  friend  and  corres- 

Sondenl  of  the  great  Mr.  Locke,  wa!i  Ixirn  at 
leston.  near  liouiialuw,  in  Aliddlescx,  in  liiTfi, 
and  died  1729.  He  published  liis  celebrated 
"  Discourse  of  Free-tliiiikiiig,"  in  8vo,  17i:i, 
and  hia  "  Discourse  of  ttie  Grounds  and  Rea- 
sons of  the  Chri:«'iaii  Religion,"  in  1724  ;  and 
wrote,  besides  ih<;je,  a  great  many  books,  which 
were  warmly  attacked  by  the  orthodox  writers 
of  that  time. 

COLLINS,  .Vrlhur,  author  of  "  The  Peerage 
of  England,"  was  tlie  mjh  of  William  Collins, 
esq. (gentleman  usher  to  queen  Catharine,  in  the 
year  ItiGH,)  and  born  in  1G82.  Having  received 
a  liberal  education,  and  being  from  his  youth 
n:uch  inclined  to  tlie  study  of  aiUiqnitics,  he 
conceived  the  arduous  design  of  dige.«ling  a 
compendious  account  of  the  nobility  of  these 
kini^doins,  who^e  genealogies  had,  till  tliat  lime, 
been  mouldering  in  private  cabinets.  The  work 
had  great  merit:  the  rewards  of  liis  labour  were, 
however,  by  no  lueans  adequate  to  the  time  lie 
devoted  to  these  researches.  The  other  works 
known  to  be  published  by  Mr.  Collins,  we?e 
"  cydncy  Slate  Papers,"  "  Historical  Collec- 
tionsof  the  Families  of  Cavendish,  Holies,  Vere, 
Harley  and  Ogle,"  "  The  liilc  of  Edward  the 
Black  Prince,"  and  "  Proceedings,  Frecedenlb, 
and  .\r2uments  on  Claims  and  Controversies, 
concerning  Baronies  by  Writ,  and  other  Ho- 
nours." He  died  in  1760,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  Battersea,  Surrey.  Whatever  praise 
is  due  to  Biographical  literature  in  general,  cer- 
tainly belongs  to  one  who  dipped  even  into  the 
funereal  urn  to  stamp  his  labours  with  authen- 
ticity; and  such  is  the  credit  they  have  obtain 
cd,  ihat  while  there  remains  a  spark  of  venera- 
tion for  the  exploits  of  the  ancient  English  peer 
age,  the  volumes  which  record  them,  and  bear 
Arllmr  Collins'  name,  will  be  consulted  as  the 
authentic  history  of  that  splendid  and  vital 
part  of  the  Brili.sh  constitution.  A  grand!^on  of 
Arthur  (Colonel  David  Collins)  lias  lately  given 
fo  the  world  a  veiy  valuable  "  Account  of  the 
English  Settlement  of  New  South  Wales,"  from 
its  first  establishment,  in  January,  1788, 4to,  vol. 
1,  1798,  vol.  2,  1802;  repr.nted  in  1  vol.  in  1804 
Colonel  Collins  died  governor  of  the  British  set- 
tlement on  Van  Diemen's  Land,  .March  24, 1810 

COLLINS,  Samuel  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  the  present  state  of  Russia,  1071. 

COLLINS,  William,  an  unfortunate,  but  ad- 
mirable poet,  was  born  at  Chichester,  in  1721, 
and  died  June  12,  1759.  During  his  residence 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  he  applied  him- 
self to  poetry,  and  published  the  "  Persian,"  or, 
as  they  have  since  been  entitled,  "  Oriental  Ec- 
Vogues,"  with  regard  to  which,  it  may  justly  be 
asserted,  that  in  simplicity  of  description  and 
expression,  that  in  delicacy  and  softness  of  num- 
bers, and  in  natural  and  unaffected  tenderness, 
riiey  are  not  to  be  equalled  by  any  thing  of  the 
pastoral  kind  in  the  English  language.  About 
1744,  he  suddenly  left  the  university,  and  went 
to  London,  a  literary  adventurer.  He  designed 
many  works ;  but  his  great  fault  was  irresolu- 
tion. He  published  proposals  for  a  "  History 
of  the  Revival  of  Learning  ;  but  probably  not  a 
page  of  the  history  was  ever  written.  His  un- 
cle, Mr.  Martin,  a  lieutenant- colonel,  left  him 
about  20001.  But  man  is  not  born  for  happiness ; 
Collins,  who,  while  he  studied  to  live,  Celt  no 
evil  but  poverty,  no  sooner  lived  to  study,  than 
hJB  life  was  assailed  by  more  dreadful  calami- 
tics,  disease  and  insai.Uy;  and  li«  died  a  lunatic 
130 


CO 

An  elegant  monument  has  b'.cn  erected  to  his 
memory  in  Chichester  cathedral,  with  some 
beautiful  lines  inscribed  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Hayley. 

COLLINS,  John,  the  ingenious  author  of 
■'  The  Evening  Brush,"  an  oral  entertainment 
of  story,  song,  and  senliment,  which  he  deli- 
vered many  years  with  great  success  in  all  the 
principal  towns  of  Great  Britain  and  (rcluiid  ; 
lie  was  born  iu  1712,  and  died  at  Binniiigham, 
May  2,  1303. 

COLLINS,  John,  a  member  of  congress,  and 
governor  of  Rhode- Island,  died  in  1795. 

C'OLLLXS,  John,  governor  of  Delaware, 
died  in  1^22. 

COLLINSON,  Peter,  F.  R.  S.,  an  ingeniou* 
botanist  and  natural  Jiistorian,  died  August  IL 

COLLIUS,  Francis,  doctor  of  a  college  of 
Milan  :  author  of  a  work  in  which  he  decrees 
salvation  to  the  sages  of  (5reccc,  the  inidwives 
of  Egypt,  See,  died  in  11540. 

(  OLLOT,  Germain,  a  French  surgeoU)  fa- 
mous for  his  skill  in  litholoniv,  died  in  1656. 

COLLOT  D'HERBOIS,  J.  M.,  who,  becoming 
a  member  of  the  French  convention,  was  depu- 
ted to  punish  the  revolt  of  tiie  city  of  Lyons, 
and  completely  destroyed  it,  because,  while  a 
player,  he  had  been  hissed  there;  afterwards 
the  companion  of  Robespierre ;  ho  died  in  con- 
finement, at  Cayenne. 

COLLUTHUS,  a  priest  of  Alexandria,  who 
maintained  that  God  was  not  the  author  of  the 
wicked;  he  was  condemned  as  a  heretic  in  324. 

COLSIAN,  George,  an  eminent  dramatic  wri- 
ter, son  of  Thomas  Colinan,  esq.,  British  resi- 
dent at  Florence,  was  born  at  P'lorence,  in  1732, 
and  placed  at  a  very  early  age  in  Westminster 
school.  In  1*58  he  removed  to  Christ  Cliurcli 
College,  Oxford,  and  there  took  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  Dining  his  progress  at  Westminster,  and 
while  at  College,  he  formed  those  literary  con- 
nexions with  whom  he  remained  in  friendship 
till  they  severally  dropped  off  the  stage  of  life. 
Lloyd,  Churclijll,  Bonnel,  Thornton,  and  other 
celebrated  wits  of  a  former  day,  were  among 
the  intimate  associates  of  Mr.  Colinan,  and  gave 
eclat  to  his  name,  by  noticing  him  in  several  of 
tlieir  compositions.  Mr.  C.  was  admitted  int». 
the  society  of  Lincoln's- Inn,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar,  where  he  practised  a  very  short  time. 
-About  the  year  1768,  Mr.  Beard,  being  incapa 
ble  of  bearing  any  longer  the  fatigues  of  a  thca 
trical  life,  and  wishing  to  retire  from  the  ma- 
nagement of  Covenl-Garden  theatre,  disposed 
of  his  properly  in  that  house,  to  Messrs.  Col 
man,  Harris,  Powell,  and  Rutherford.  These 
gentlemen  were,  for  a  short  time,  joint  mana- 
gers, but  Mr.  Colinan  appearing  to  desire  a  great- 
er authority  than  the  others, '.nicept  Mr.  Powell) 
which  they  were  unwilling  to  yield,  he  was  in- 
duced, after  a  liter;iry  warfare,  which  was  pub- 
lished, to  dispose  of  his  sjjare.  Soon  after,  Mr. 
Fo<jte,  then  proprietor  of  the  Hay-market  thea- 
tre, having  been  induced  to  withdraw  from 
the  stage,  disposed  of  his  theatre  to  Mr. 
Colinan,  for  a  handsome  annuity,  which  he 
did  not  long  enjoy.  On  Mr.  Foote's  death, 
Mr.  C.  obtained  the  license.  This  gentleman 
was  one  of  the  chief  writers  in  "  The  Con- 
noisseur," and  produced  a  variety  of  miscel- 
laneous poems  and  papers,  which  he  collect- 
ed in  three  volumes.  As  a  scholar,  he  holds 
a  very  respectable  rank,  as  may  be  seen  in  his 
translations  of  Horace's  "  Art  of  Poetry,"  and 
of  the  "  Comedies  of  Terwice ;"  and  Ids  man 


CO 

ners  were  as  pleasing  as  liis  talents  were  re- 
fipectable.     Mr.  C.  died  August  \4,  1794. 

UOLMAN,  Benjamin,  an  eminently  piou: 
and  useful  minister  of  Uraltle-strect  church, 
Boston  distinf;uished  for  his  eloquence  ;  lie  pub- 
lished many  occasional  sermons,  and  died  in 
1747. 

COLOCCI,  Angelo,  an  Italian,  bishop  of  No- 
cera,  ami  governor  of  Ascoli,  distinsinislicd  for 
making  a  valuable  colledion  of  books,  was  au- 
thor (It  I/atin  poems,  and  died  in  154!). 

COLUGNE,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Ghent,  the 
friend  of  Calvin  and  Beza,  and  a  vindicator  of 
the  protestaiiL^. 

COLOMUIKRE,  Claude  de  la,  a  famous  Je 
suit,  very  popular  as  a  preachrr,  l)t'lore  James 
Jl.,  of  England,  inventor  of  "  The  Solemnity  of 
the  Heart  of  Jesus  ;"  he  died  in  l(jt*2. 

r(iLOMlES,orCOLOMEPlL'.S,I'aul,a  French 
protfsiant,  who  travelled  through  Europe,  was 
author  of  several  works,  and  died  in  1692. 

COLONI,  Adam  and  Adrian,  two  dutch  his 
torical  painters ;  the  father  died  in  1085,  and  the 
son  in  1701. 

COLONNA,  Fabio,  a  botanist,  the  first  who 
gave  names  to  the  petals  and  leaves  of  flowers 
the  inventor  of  the  pentachordoii,  and  author 
of  works  on  botany.,  &c. 

COIjONNA,  Francisco  Maria  Pompeio,  d 
Frenchman,  author  of  the  natural  history  of  the 
universe  ;  he  perished  by  lire,  in  1726. 

COLO.\N.\,  Prospero,  a  distinguished  war- 
rior, under  Charles  Vlll.,  of  France,  who  con- 
quered Naples,  and  then  reconquered  it  for  Aus- 
tria ;  he  died  in  ir>03. 

COLONNA,  Poinneo,  a  restless  ecclesiastic  ; 
the  cause  of  many  calamities  lo  the  Romans, 
by  his  ambition  and  intrigues  for' the  popedom  ; 
lie  dii-d  in  \!i'3!-2. 

COLONNA,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  who,  being 
di^appoiuttd  in  love,  wrote  a  curious  book  call- 
ihI  llypnerotomachia  di  Polyphilo ;  he  died  in 

jj-rr. 

COLONN.\,  Victoria,  an  Italian,  author  of 
some  elegant  poems,  died  in  1547. 

C01A>NN  A,  Mark  Antonio,  duke  of  Paliano, 
defeatea  Ihe  Turks  in  the  battle  of  Lepanto, 
and  enieri  d  Rome  in  triuinph  ;  he  died  in  1584. 

COLONN.\,  Ascanio,  son  ot  the  preceding, 
distinguished  fbr  his  delcnce  of  the  pope  in  his 
dispute  with  the  Venetians,  died  in  160f . 

COLONNA,  John, a  iiapal  legate  to  the  Christ- 
ian army  in  Palestine,  taken  by  the  Saracens, 
atd  cruelly  treated  ;  but  was  saved  on  accoui,'. 
of  his  fortitude  :  he  died  in  1245. 

COLONNA,  Giles,  bishopof  Dourges,  a  learn- 
ed man,  and  theological  professior,  died  in  1316. 

COLONN.\,  Fabricio,  a  celebrated  warrior 
against  the  Ursini,  died  in  1520. 

COLUt:HOUN,  Patrick,  L.  L.  P.,  a  merchant 
and  lord  provost  of  Glasgow,  afterwards  distin- 
guished as  a  police  magistrate  of  London,  and 
a  writer  on  the  police  of  that  city  ;  he  died  in 
1820. 

COLRANE,  Henrj-  Hare,  lord,  a  learned 
Englishman,  who  travelled  three  times  through 
England,  and  made  a  noble  collection  of  prints 
and  drawings  of  antiquities ;  he  died  in  1740. 

COLSTON,  Edward,  a  person  ever  memora- 
ble for  his  benefactions  and  charities,  was  bom 
at  Bristol  1036,  and  died  at  Wortlake,  in  Surrey, 
Oct.  11,  1721.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
All-saints,  Bristol,  where  a  monument  is  erected! 
to  his  memory,  on  which  are  enumerated  his 
ptiblic  charities  to  an  amazing  extent.  | 

COLUMBUS,  Christopher,  a  Genoese,  born 


CO 

11442,  and  I'umous  in  history  for  being  the  disco- 
[verer  of  America,  though  it  took  its  name  from 
lAmericus  Vesputius,  who,  by  the  encourage- 
ment of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  made,  iu 
1497,  some  additional  discoveries  to  Uiose  of  Co- 
lumbus. Columbus  died  1506. 
I  COLUMBUS,  Barihoh>mew,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  who  accompanied  iiiin  in  his  voya- 
ges of  diticovery  ;  being  sent  to  England  to  soli 
cit  aid,  he  was  taken  by  pirates  ;  he  founded 
St.  Domingo,  and  died  in  1514. 

COLl'AIBUS,  Kealdus,  an  Italian  anatomi- 
cal writer,  whose  opinions  on  the  blood,  nearly 
approached  to  Harvey's  discovery  of  the  circu- 
lation ;  he  died  in  1577. 

t.:OLUMELLA,a  Latin  writer, who  flourished 
about  the  year  42.  and  has  left  us  some  booka 
upon  agriculture,  and  a  "Treatise  on  Trees," 
which  are  curious  and  valuable. 

COLUMNA,Giiy,  a  native  of  Sicily, author 
of  a  chronicle  in  30  books. 

COLUTHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  who  lived  in  th? 
beginning  of  llie  fith  ceim'iry. 

COLViUS,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Dort,  trans- 
lator of  Father  PauTs  treatiiie  on  the  inquisition, 
author  of  some  elegaut  poetry  ;  died  in  1671. — 
His  son  Nicholas  was  also  a'  learned  and  elu- 
qiieni  divine,  and  died  in  1717. 

COLWILL,  Alexander,  principal  of  Edin- 
burgh college,  in  1662  ;  author  of  the  Srotcll 
Hudibras,  in  which  he  ridiculed  the  presbyte- 
rians  ;  he  died  in  1670. 

COMBE,  Charles,  M.  D.,an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  critic,  and  highly  distinguished  as  a 
medalist,  was  born  in  London,  Sept.  23,  1743, 
and  educated  at  Harrow-school.  He  died  ia 
Bloomsbury  square,  March  18,  1817. 

COMBEFIS,  Francis,  known  as  a  learned 
editor  of  several  Greek  lalliers ;  he  died  in  1679. 

COMBER,  Dr.  Thomas,  dean  of  Durham, 
bom  at  VVesterham,  in  Kent,  1C45,  died  1699. — 
He  was  the  author  of  several  learned  works 
chiefly  relating  lo  the  "  Conunon  Prayer :"  and, 
among  others,  of  the  "Companion  to  the  Altar." 

COMBER,  Thomas,  fellow  of  Trinity  college 
and  D.  D.,  dean  of  Carlisle;  advocated  the  di- 
vine right  of  tythes,  against  Selden  ;  he  died  in 
16.53. 

COMENIUS,  J(jhn  Amos,  a  protestant,  emi- 
nent as  a  divine  :  hut  still  more  so  a.%  a  gram- 
marian ;  born  in  Moravia  ;  author  of  "  Janua 
Linguarum,"  which  was  translated  into  12  lan- 
guages :  he  died  in  1671. 

COME  NATALIS,  or  NATAL  CONTI,  au- 
thor of  Greek  and  Latin  [wems,  and  a  valuable 
work  on  mythology  ;  died  in  1590. 

COMIERS,  Claude,  a  professor  of  mathema- 
tics; wrote  on  comets  and  spectacles,  and  died 
in  1693.  i. 

COMINES.  Philip  de,  an  excellent  French  his- 
torian, born  in  Flanders,  1446,  died  150'.t,  leav- 
ing behind  him  "  Memoirs  of  his  own  Times." 

COMMANDINUS,  Frederic,  an  Italian,  of 
noble  birth,  an  cvcellent  Greek  scholar,  and  ma- 
thematician ;  he  translated  Archimedes,  Euclid, 
&c.,  and  died  in  1575. 

COMMELLN,  Jerome,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
France ;  he  printed  Chrysostom's  worki  in  4 
vols,  and  died  in  1598. 

COMMENDONE.  John  Francis,  a  native  of 
Venice,  wrote  Latin  verses  at  10,afierwards  sus- 
tained many  offices  under  Julius  III.,  Paul  IV., 
and  Pius  IV. ;  he  died  in  1584. 

COMMERSON,  Philibert,  botanist  to  the 
French  king,  accompanied  Boi'gainville  round 
the  world,  and  distiiiguiibed  himself  by  bis  la; 

131 


Jf 


CO 

hours  aucl  collcclions,  lie  left  200  vols,  in  folio, 
aiiU  S-Z  cased  of  plants.  He  died  at  liiu  Islu  of 
France,  in  1773. 

UO.MMIRE,  Jolm,  author  of  fables,  which 
are  esit-emed  equal  to  those  of  i'liedrus ;  lie 
died  at  Paris,  in  170-2. 

COMMOtil,  Andrea,  an  admired  Florentine 
painter,  died  in  10:18. 

COSliMOOlANUS of  Gaza,  a  Chrir-Uan  poet, 
of  the  4lh  century,  author  of  "  Institutiones." 

COMAIOUCS,  Lucius  Aurelius  Antoninus,  a 
dissipated  emperor  of  Konie,  ISO. 

COMNE.XA,  Anna,  a  most  accomplished  la- 
dy, and  daughter  of  the  Greek  emperor,  Alex- 
ius Comnenus,  flourished  about  1118,  and  wrote 
15  books  upon  the  life  and  actionsof  herfallier, 
which  she  called  "  The  Alexiad." 

CO.MrTOA,  Spencer,  master  of  t!io  robes  to 
the  prince  of  \Valcs,  afterwards  Charles  I.,  and 
a  zealous  advocate  for  him ;  he  was  slahi  at  the 
tattle  oi  Hopton-heath,  in  1043. 

CO.Ml'TON,  Henry,  bishop  of  0.\ford,  who 
Was  intrusted  with  the  education  of  the  prin- 
ccssce  Mary  and  Anne,  displeased  James  H.,  by 
his  /.cal  as  a  proieatatu,  and  was  dismissed  from 
tile  privy  council,  and  although  restored,  took 
part  with  William,  prince  of  Orange,  against 
James.     He  died  in  1713. 

COMTE,  Lewis  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  missiona- 
ry to  Ciiiiia,  in  I6t;5. 

■  CO.\A.\T,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  di- 
viiie,  born  Oct.  18, 1008,  at  Yeatonton,  in  Devon- 
Fliire,  was  educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxfoiil, 
where  his  unconnnon  parts  and  learning  soon 
acquired  him  the  fr.vour  of  Dr.  Jclni  Prideaux, 
thtm  rector  of  that  college,  wiio  used  to  say  of 
him,  Conanti  nihil  est  difficile;  an  excellent  pun, 
which,  however,  would  be  lost  in  tit.n  .lalion. 
Having  taken  his  degrees,  he  was  by  the  par- 
liament consiituled  one  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
vines, though  he  seldom  or  never  sat  with  them. 
In  li>47,  he  was  chosen  rector  of  his  college  ; 
shortly  after,  Regius  piofessoi'  of  divinity,  and 
in  1C57,  made  vice-chancellor  of  the  university. 
In  1076,  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Norwich, 
by  bishop  Reynolds,  wliose  daughter  he  married 
in  1051 ;  and  in  1081,  a  prebendary  of  Worcester, 
by  king  Chailea  11.  In  1086,  he  lost  his  sight;  anil 
ill  1C!13,  died,  leaving  behind  hiin  a  number  of 
admired  sermons,  of  which,  six  volumes  are  in 
print.  Dr.  C.  was  buried  in  the  church  of  A!l- 
yaints,  Northampton,  of  which  he  had  been 
vicar  many  year.*,  and  possessed  a  considerable 
estate  in  the  ueighbouriiood. 

CONCHA,  Seb;istian,  a  painter,  born  atGaeta, 
died  in  1701.     His  pieci-s  arc  much  admired. 

(;ONrC.'\NEN,  Jlattliew,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  went  to  England,  and  gained  some  reputa- 
tion by  writing  in  support  of  the  niinistiy  ;  he 
was  afterwards  attorney-general  for  Jamaica, 
17  years,  and  died  in  1749. 

(X)NCIN.\,  Daniel,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
preacher,  author  of  a  system  of  theology,  &.c., 
died  in  17.56. 

CONCINl,  better  known  by  the  name  of  mar- 
shal d'.Ancre,  a  Floreniini',wlio,  by  his  intrigues, 
became  a  marquis  iind  niarechal  of  France,  but 
was  shot  by  one  of  iiis  enemies,  in  1017. 

CONDA M I. \R,  Charles  Marie  de  la,  a  cele- 
brated French  traveller  and  poet,  born  at  Paris, 
in  j70t,  died  1774,  leaving  many  ingenious  and 
valuable  works. 

CONPE,  '.ewis,  first  duke  of,  distinguished  for 
his  valour  at  the  ha'tlc  of  Qnintin,  and  after- 
wards as  the  Icailerof  theHu.'uenots  ;  he  died  in 
1569,  of  wounds  received  in  the  haute  of  Dreux. 
132 


CO 

C'OiNDE,  Henry,  prince  of,  known  in  tlio 
court  of  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  was  sent  to  the 
baslile,  in  1610,  and  liberated  three  years  after; 
he  w;ls  restored  to  favour,  and  ditjihiyed  his  va- 
lour in  the  service  of  his  country;  he  died  in 
1040. 

CONDE,  liouis  de  Bourbon,  duke  d'Enpheiii, 
and  prince  of,  usually  styled  the  Great  Coinie. 
He  lived  uiiiler  the  leign  of  Louis  AlV.,  and 
was  one  of  the  bravest  and  uiost  skiltul  gene- 
rals ihai  France  ever  produced. 

COXDE,  Henry  Julius  de,  distinguished  him- 
self under  his  lather,  at  the  |»a.s.sage  of  the 
Rhine,  and  was  a  patron  of  learning.  He  died 
in  170!t. 

C'ONDER,  John,  an  eminent  dissenting  mi 
nister,  born  in  Cambridgeshire,  1714,  died  in 
London,  in  1781 ,  having  published  "  An  Es=ay 
iiti  the  inrportance  of  the  Ministerial  Charac- 
ter," and  several  sermons  on  public  occasions. 

C0:;DU,L.\C,  Stephen  Honnot  lic,  a  French 
writer  on  commerce,  politics,  and  metaphysics, 
died  Aug.  2,  1780.  He  was  preceptor  to  the  in 
fant  duke  of  Parma,  and  composed  for  the  u.s« 
of  his  illustrious  pupil  "  A  Course  of  Study," 
which  was  afterwards  published  in  I'wP,  in  18 
vols.  IQmn,  and  is  deserving  of  great  praise. 

COIvDORCET,  Jolm  Anthony  Nicholas  Ca- 
ritat,  inanjuis  de,  a  French  geometririan  and 
[ihilosophical  writer,  and  perpetual  secretary  of 
the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  born  atHibc- 
mont,  in  Picardy,  Sept.  17,  1743,  died  March  28, 
1794.  His  mathematical  writings  are  numerous 
and  useful ;  but  those  on  philosophical  subjects 
strike  at  the  root  of  religion,  both  natural  and 
revealed. 

CONDREN,  Charles  de,  known  for  his  influ- 
ence in  procuring  a  reconciliation  between  the 
king  and  the  duke  of  Orleans,  died  in  1641. 

CONFTCIL'S,  rhe  celebrated  Chinese  philo- 
ophcr,  was  born  in  the  kingdom  of  Lu,  which 
is  at  pr(  sent  the  province  of  Chan  Long,  .551 
years  bclore  the  birth  of  Christ.  His  (.xtensive 
knowUdge  and  great  wisdom  made  him  every 
^vhere  known  :  his  int'.^grity,  and  the  splendour 
of  his  virtues  made  him  beloved:  kings  w'ere 
governed  by  his  counsels,  and  the  people  reve- 
renced iiim  as  a  saint.  He  died  in  the  73d  year 
of  his  age. 

CO.^GKEVE,  William,  an  English  dramatic 
v/riter  and  poet,  born  at  Bardspy,  near  Leeds, 
in  February,  1069.  Though  bred  to  the  law,  he 
found  no  cliaims  in  that  profession, but  turned  his 
mind  to  polite  literature,  particularly  to  rlranialic 
composition,  and  wrote  a  comedy  caliod  "  The 
Old  Bachelor,"  of  which  Dryden,  to  whom  he 
was  recommendedjSaid  "  that  he  never  saw  such 
a  tirst  play  in  his  life  ;"  and  in  the  performance, 
it  met  with  sucli  general  applause,  that  Con- 
greve  was  thcnceforwaid  considered  asthepiop 
of  the  declining  stage.  Having  written  four 
comedies,  a  tragedy,  an  oratorio,  aiid  a  masque, 
and  enjoyed  some  lucrative  employments  under 

overnmcnt,  he  died  Jan.  19,  1728-9,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster-abbey. 

CONNOR,  Dr.  Bernard,  a  medical  and  liisto- 
ical  writer,horn  in  Kerry,  Ireland,  in  1006,  and 
died  1098.  In  1694,  he  was  appointed  physician 
to  John  Sobieski,  kinij  of  Poland ;  and  while 
there,  wrote  "  A  History  of  Poland."  Going 
afterwards  to  England,  he  read  lectures  atCam- 
bridse,  and  in  1697,  published  "  Evangelium 
Medici,"  &c., ;.  work  which  gained  him  much 
reputation  by  its  ici;v"itie  and  ingenuity.  His 
History  of  Poland  it  in  'J  vols.  8vo. 

CONON,  an  Athenian  general,  defeated  Vy 


CO 

l-ysaiider  ;  lif;  al'terwanls  delcaied  the  Spartans, 
and  was  put  to  death  393  B.  C 

COXON,  an  astronomer  of  Samoa,  and  friend 
of  Arcliinicilks. 

C'ONKAI)  1.,  count  of  Franconia,  and  king 
of  Gfriuaiiv,  in  912. 

CO.NKAi)  H.,  king  of  Ocrmany  in  1024,  and 
enij)cror  of  Rome  3  yoal^  after  ;  he  conquered 
Burgundy,  andditdin  1039. 

CONKAD  IIJ.,  elected  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  though  oppoi-ei,  lierrconcilcd  his  enemies, 
and  entered  upon  a  crusade,  in  which  he  nearly 
lost  his  arniv  by  poison  :  he  died  in  ]]&2. 

CON'UA D  IV.,  suc-ccded  hit  father,  Frederic 
II.,  as  emperor,  in  1250,  unsuccessfully  opposed 
by  Innocent  IV.  ;  he  died  suddenly,  supposed 
by  poison,  in  1254. 

CONRADIN,  or  CONRAD,  son  of  Conrad 
IV.,  beheaded  by  his  uncle,  regent  of  Naples, 
%vhen  onlv  Ki  years  old. 

CONR.\RT,"  Valentin, secretary  to  the  French 
king's  council,  and  father  of  the  French  acade-  JLulher,  and  died  in  1542. 


CO 

staiitinople,  when  besieged  and  laken  by  the 
Turks,  iu  ll.">3.    In  )iim  ended  the  Greek  empire 

(uSSTAXTINE,  Flavins  Julius,  a  private 
soldier,  wlm  invested  himsulf  with  the  imperial 
purple  in  Itritain,  and  added  Caul  and  irpain  to 
his  dominions  ;  he  was  put  to  death  by  Constan- 
tius,  in  411. 

CONSTANTINF,,  a  native  of  Syria,  rai.^ed 
to  tlie  papal  chair,  iu  7Ud,  died  in  the  cast,  in 
715. 

CONST.\NTINE,  of  Carlhage,  in  Africa,  a 
physician  of  the  Ulh  century,  who  first  brought 
the  Arabian  n\u\  Greek  physic  into  Italy. 

CONSTANTHS,  Chlorns,  father  of  Constan- 
tino the  Great,  died  in  300. 

CONSTANTIUS,  Flavins  Julius,  succeeded 
his  two  brothers,  Constans  and  Constantiiie,  in 
the  empire  of  Rome  ;  he  died  in  3C1. 

CONTARINI,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Venice, 
made  a  cardinal,  in  1538,  was  sent  a  legate  to 
the  council  of  Trent,  in  1541.    lie  wrote  against 


my  ;  he  died  in  ltiT5. 

CONRI,  Florfucp,  an  Irislminn,  educated  in 
Spain,  sent  by  Pliilip  III.  to  ncoiuile  the  disaf- 
fected Irish  to  the  pnispert  of  a  Spanish  inva- 
sion, but  his  perfidious  schemes  were  defeated, 
and  he  died  in  1K[1 

(^ONRINGirS,  Ilerinaiiiuis,  professor  of  law 
at  IlelmstadI,  born  at  Norden,  in  Frisia,  in  KiOll, 
died  ll>81.  He  composed  many  works  upon  law 
and  history,  which  have  been  priiUed  in  6  vols, 
folio.  ] 

COXST.-VNT,  David,  professor  of  philosophy, 
Greek,  and  divinity,  at  Lausanne;  lie  died  in 
1733. 


CONT.\RINI,  Giovanni,  an  eminent  Vene- 
linn  painter,  died  in  1(>05. 

C(i.\T.\KINI,  Vincent,  prolcssor  of  eloquence 
at  Padua,  and  a  learned  author,  died  in  1617. 

CONTE,  Jacobino  del,  a  Florentine,  portrait 
painter,  Jied  in  1598. 

CONTl,  Guisto  dc,  a  highly  estccmod  Italian 
poet,  died  about  the  middle  of  the  lOth  century. 

CONTI,  Abbe  Anthony,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  travelled  much,  and  wrote  some  poems 
and  tracedics  ;  he  died  in  1749. 

CUNTI,  Armand  do  Eourbon,  prince  of,  an 
author  of  some  note,  who  wannly  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  insurgents  against  his  hrotlier,  the 


CO.N'STANTIN,  Robert,  professor  of  physic,  great  Cond"':,  in  the  civil  wars  of  France, 
and  belles  lettres,  at  Caen  university,  author  of  |     CO.NTI,  Francis  Lewis  de  Hourbon,  elected 
a  valuable  Greek  and  Latin  Lexicon,  with  other.,  king  of  Poland,  in  1097,  but  supplanted  by  the 
works  ;  he  diid  in  1C05.  helectov  of  Saxony,  died  in  1709. 

CONST.\.\TI.\r.,  usually  called  the  Great,']  CONTO-PKRTANA,  Don  Joseph,  a  Portu- 
and  inrmorahle  for  having  "been  the  tirst  empc-;  gnese  poet  of  great  merit ;  he  dird  in  173.'). 
rorof  the  Konians  who  esiabli.'-hed  Christianity  I  l'()XVBK,\RE,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Bridtol, 
by  tlie  civil  power,  was  born  at  Naissns,  a  town  bom  at  Pinhoe,  near  Exeter,  in  1092,  died  at 
of  narriaiiin,  in  270.  lie  died  337,  and  divided  Bath,  in  1755.  His  "Defence  of  Revealed  Rc- 
the  empire  between  hie  three  sons,  Constaiitine,ligion,"  published  in  1732,  in  answer  to  Tindal's 
Coiisianlius.  :iiid  (^onstans.  11"  Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation,"  is  an  ad- 

CONSTANTINK  H.,  son  of  Constantine  the-'niirablc  work,  and  rendered  eminent  service  lo 
Great ;  after  his  father's  death,  became  master]  the  church. 


of  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain;  be  was  slain  at 
Aqiiileia,  in  340. 

CONSTANTINE  IIL.son  of  Constantins  II., 
was  crowned  emprrnr,  in  f)i>8,  and  died  in  685. 

CONSTANTINE  TV.,  CAPRONYMUP,  sue- 


COOK,  James,  a  celebrated  English  circumna- 
vigator, w.is  born  at  Marton,  in  Yorkshire,  Oc- 
tobe.-  27,  1728,  of  poor  parents,  and  apprenticed 
on  hoard  a  vessel  in  the  coal-trade.  In  tlie  war 
of  17.')5,  between  England  and  France,  he  cn- 


cceded  his  fathc  Leo,  in  1752;  he  defeated  tliel'tered  .is  a  seaman  in  the  royal  navy.     His  be- 

Saracens,  who  made  an  insurrection   agains-t  ihavioiir  in  this  station  soon  endeared  him  to 

him.  and  died  in  775.  |lihc  officers  ;  and,  on  the  15t!i  of  May,  1759,  he 

CONSTANTINE  X.,  succeeded  his  father,!Jol)tained  a  master's  warrant  for  the  Mercury, 

Leo  IV.,  in  17S0  :  he  was  defeated  by  the  Bul-Lwhich  was  sdon  after  employed  in  the  famous 

cariaiis,  who  took  him  and  put  out  his  eyes,  iniisiege  of  Quebec.    During  this  siege,  a  difliculi 

792.  jand  danecrons  service  was  to  be  pcrforiiicd  : 

CONSTANTINE  VIL,  PORPHyROGENI-llnamely,  to  take  soundings  in  the  cham.rl  of  tlio 

TfS,  a  learned  man,  was  crowned  at  7  years  of   river  St.   T  awrencn,  directly  in   front  of  tlie 

»ge  :  he  defeated  the  Lombards,  and  drove  away' French  fortified  camp.    This  he  performed  at 

vhe  Turks  ;  he  was  p^soned  by  his  son,  in  959.  the  imminent  hazard  of  his  life,  with  which  in- 

CONSTANTINE  IX.,  son  offiomanus.  sue-  deed  he  very  narrowly  escaped;  he  was  succcs- 

eeeded  to  the  throne,  in  97fi,  and  died  in  102B.       sively  rewarded  with  the  appointments  of  inas- 

CONSTAXTINE  X.,  MONOMACHCS,  or  ter  of  the  Noithnmbrrland  man  of  war,  marine 

GLADIATOR,  ascended  the  throne,  in  1042,  surveyor  of  Newfoundland  and  Labi.idor,lieu- 

and  died  in  1004.  tenant  in  the  navy,  and  comniaiuler  of  the  En- 

COXSTANTINE  XT.,  or  DUCAS,  succeeded  dcavour  bark,  fitted  out  for  the  purpose  of  tak 

Isaac  Commemis,  iu  1059.    His  reign  was  ren-  iiig  some  astronomical  observations,  and  making 

dcred  unhappy  by  an  invasion  of  the  Scythians ;  discoveries  in  the  P.acific  Ocean.    On  this  e\pe- 

he  died  in  1007.  '  dition,  he  sailed  from  Deptford,  July  30, 1703, 

CO.VSTANTTNEXTTl.  succeeded  hisbrothcr  and  returned  to  Eneland,  July  12,  1771.    He 

John,  in  1148:  he  fell  in  the  defence  of  Con-  sailed  again,  .\pn\  2, 1770,  in  the  Resolution 

12  133 


CO 


ncaiinpaiiied  by  ca|it.iiii  Fumc-aux,  in  the  Ad- 
venture, to  determine  t!ie  exisitnce,  or  non-tx- 
isfence  o(  a  souiliem  coiiuncut  Bv  tins  Poy- 
aye.  from  wliicli  l)c  r'-turmtj  in  1773,  tlie  illu- 
sions of  a  Terra  Auslralis  Incognita  to  any 
purposes  of  commerce,  colonization,  or  \itility, 
were  dispellid;  but  as  a  reward  for  captain 
Cook's  important  iiuprovcnienls  for  pres<Tvin!; 
the  Imalttj  of  stamen,  very  happily  manifested 
ill  this  voyage,  the  Royal  Society  bestowed  on 
him  the  medal  of  Sir  Godfrey  Copley.  Another 
grand  question  was,  the  [iracticability  of  a 
northern  past-age  to  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  to  de- 
termine which,  captain  Cook  sailed,  in  1776,  on 
board  the  He^nlution,  accompanied  by  captain 
Clarke,  in  the  Discovery.  This  voyai^e  served 
to  prove  that  lilt  re  was  no  practicable  passage 
beaweea  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  to- 
ward the  north :  but,  on  his  return,  it  unfortu- 
nately hapiMSiied,  that  our  navit'ator  was  killed 
in  an  affray  with  the  iwrives  of  Owhvbee,  one 
of  the  Sandwich  isles,  February  14,  l'779.  His 
death  was  universally  regretted,  not  only  in 
Great  Britain,  but  ihroiighoutall  Europe,  where 
his  great  merits  and  public  services  were  known. 
COOKE,  Sir  Anthony,  preceptor  to  Edward 
yi.,_born  alGidding-Hall,  in  Essex,  in  I.50li,  died 
in  1576.  He  was  a  man  of  singular  piety  and 
goodness,  and  of  uncommon  prudence  in  the 
management  of  his  family.  Knowing  that 
women  are  as  capable  of  learning  as  men,  he 
instilled  that  into  his  daughters  at  night,  which 
he  had  taught  the  prince  In  the  day.  He  was 
remarkably  happy  in  these  daughters;  for  they 
were  learned  above  their  sex  in  Greek  and  La- 
tin, and  were  equally  distinguished  by  their 
virtue,  piety,  aud  good  fortune.  Several  witty 
and  ingenious  sayings  of  his  are  recorded  ;  par- 
ticularly the  following;  "  That  there  were  three 
objects  before  whom  he  could  not  do  amiss;  his 
prince,  his  conscience,  and  hischildren."  This 
facetious  story  is  likewise  related  of  him  :  "  A 
Sussex  kniglit,  having  spent  a  great  estate  at 
court,  and  reduced  himself  to  one  park,  and  a 
fine  hous^e  in  it,  was  yet  ambitious  to  entertain 
the  king,  (Edward  VI.)  For  that  purpose,  he 
new  painted  his  gates,  with  a  coat  of  arm.s  and 
this  motto  over  them,  in  large  golden  letters, 
OlA  VANITAS.  Sir  Anthony,  offering  to  read 
If,  desired  to  know  of  the  gentleman  what  lie 
meant  by  OI.\ ;  who  told  him  it  stood  for  omnia. 
"  I  wonder,  (replied  he,)  that  haviiig  made  your 
omnia  so  little  as  you  have,  you  should  yet 
make  your  vanitas  so  large." 

COOKE,  Thomas,  born  at  Braintree,  in  Es- 
sex, in  1702.  When  only  19,  he  gave  the  world 
a  very  correct  edition  of  "  Andrew  Marvel's 
Works,  with  a  Life  of  the  author  prefixed." 
He  published  translations  of  "  Hesiod,"  "  Cicero 
dfr  Natura  Deorum,"  and  "  Terence,"  and  pre- 
pared a  translation  of  "  Plautus,"  but  only  pub- 
lished the  "  Amphytrion."  He  was  also  a  dra- 
matic writer,  and  author  of  five  or  sis  pieces, 
which,  however,  were  not  attended  with  any 
success. 

COOKE,  Elisha,  a  respectable  physician,  of 
Boston,  and  an  agent  to  England  to  procure  the 
restoration  of  the  charter  of  Mass.,  in  1715. 

•  ;OOKE,  Elisha,  distinguished  in  the  political 
history  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  representative 
in  the  general  court,  counsellor,  &c.,  and  died 
ill  1737. 

COOKE,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  the  2d  pa- 
rish in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1783. 
He  was  a  manof  ecieuce,  and  published  Be veral 
sermons. 

134 


COOKE,  Robert,  an  abie  English  divine,  and 
proctor  of  the  Oxford  uinvcrsiiy.  He  retired 
ujxin  tlie  vicarage  ot  Leeds  and  died  in  Ibl4. 

COOPER,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Engli^h 
prelate,  boni  in  1517;  he  was  author  of  a  work, 
entitled  "  'j  liesaiirus  Lingua'  Romana-  et  Bri- 
lannica/'wliich  was  highly  patronised  by  queen 
Elizabeth. 

COOPER,  .Anthony  Ashley,  carl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, and  sometime  lord  high  chancellor,  was 
born  at  \Vinb;)rne  St.  Giles',  in  Dorsetshire, 
July  22,  1G21,  and  died  Januarj-,  1682-3.  Ut  is 
su|)o=ed  to  have  been  a  little  intemperate  in  hia 
gallantries;  and  it  is  recorded,  that  Charles  11., 
who  would  both  fake  liberties  and  bear  iliem, 
onc€  said  to  the  earl  at  conn,  in  a  vein  of  rail- 
lery and  good  humour,  and  in  reference  only  to 
his  ainouiE,  "  I  believe,  Shaftesbury,  thou  art 
the  wickedest  fellow  in  my  dominions."  To 
which,  with  a  low  bow  and  very  grave  face, 
the  earl  replied,  '•  May  it  please  your  majesty, 
of  a  subject  I  believe  1  am  ;  at  wliicb  the  merry 
monarch  lauglied  most  heartily. 

COOPER,  Aniliony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, the  celebrated  author  of  Uie  "  Charac- 
teristics," was  grandson  of  the  preceding  earl, 
and  born  at  E.\eier-house,  in  London,  Febru- 
ary 26,  1G70-].  Soon  after  his  coming  into  par- 
liament, as  a  burgess  for  Poole,  he  had  an  op- 
portunity of  showing  that  spirit  of  liberty  which 
he  maintained  to  the  end  of  his  life,  and  by 
which  he  unlfonnly  directed  his  conduct  on  all 
occasions  :  it  was  llie  bringing  in  and  promoting 

The  act  for  graming  counsel  to  prisoners  in 
cases  of  high  treason."  This  he  looked  upon 
important,  and  had  prepared  a  speech  in  its 
behalf:  but  when  he  stood  up  to  speak  it  in  the 
Hruse  ol'Coninions,  he  was  so  intimidated,  that 
he  lost  ail  memory,  and  was  quite  unable  to 
proceed.  The  house,  after  giving  him  a  little 
lime  to  recover  his  confusion,  called  loudly  for 
him  to  go  on  ;  when  he  proceeded  to  tliis  effect: 
'•  If  I,  sir,  (addressing  himself  to  the  speaker,) 
who  rise  only  to  give  my  opinion  on  the  bill 
now  pending,  am  so  confounded  that  I  am  un- 
able to  express  the  least  of  what  i  proposed  t« 
say,  what  must  the  condition  of  that  man  be, 
who,  without  any  assistance,  is  pleading  for  llie 
life,  and  under  apprehension  of  being  dcprivei] 
ofitr'     He  died  in  1712-13. 

COOPER,  Maurice  Ashley,  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  translated  "Xenophon'sCyropa-dia," 
which  was  published  in  2  vols.  8vo.,  HSH,  being 
a  short  time  after  his  decease.  A  third  edition 
was  published  in  1770 ;  "  not,"  as  is  said,  "  with 
the  eclat  of  popular  applause,  but  with  the  silent 
approbation  of  the  studious  few." 

COOPER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  pain- 
ter, born  in  London,  in  1609,  and  commonly 
styled  the  Vandyck  in  liltle.  He  died  in  1672, 
and  was  buried  in  Pancras  church. 

COOPER,  John  Gilbert,  author  of  a  "  Life  of 
Socrates."  He  wrote  one  or  two  numbers  of 
the  periodical  paper  called  "  The  World  ;"  was 
author  of"  Letters  on  Taste  ;"  "  Vcr  Vert,  or 
the  Nunnerj'  Parrot ;"  and  published  a  volume 
of  "  Poems  on  several  subjects,"  1704,  12mo. 
He  died  in  April,  1769. 

COOPER,  Dr.  Miles,  a  learned  divine  and 
poet,  who  published  sermons  "  On  the  Origin 
of  Civil  government,"  and  a  volume  of  poems, 
and  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1785. 

COOPER,  William,  minister  in  Boston,  of 
which  place  he  was  a  native ;  he  was  distin- 
guished for  his  faithfuhiees  and  zeal,  (uid  died 
in  1743 ;  he  published  several  discotirses 


CO 


CO 


COOPER,  Samuel,  minister  in  Boston,  son  of 
William,  whom  he  succeeded  in  Brail ic-stroet 
church  ;  wasamoiigthe  first  of  those  patriots  who 
took  part  aganisi  Great  Britain  :  he  died  in  1783. 

COOPER.MIles,  D.D.,  presiduntof  King's  Col- 
lege, New- Vork,  a  native  of  En^iland  ;  he  came 
to  America  in  l"b"-2,  published  a  volume  of  poems, 
returned  to  England,  and  died  in  1785 


CORAS,  James  de,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  and 
an  author  of  little  merit,  died  in  1677. 

CORBET,  John,  a  zealous  non-conformist, 
authorof  several  works  of  merit,  died  in  IGi^O. 

CORBET,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
and  an  ingenious  poet,  died  1035.  His  poems 
were  printed  in  12rno.,  under  the  title  of  "  Poe- 
lica  Stroniata,"  Hi47,  and  again  in  17G-2.     Mr. 


COOTE,  Sir  Eyre,  a  celebrated  commander  l«;ilchrist  published  an  edition  of  them  twith  hw 


of  the  East  India  Company's  forces  in  India, 
who  gained  great  renown  by  his  frequent  vie 
lories  over  Hyder  Ally  ;  in  one  of  which,  near 
Porto  Novo,  ilydcr's  army  consisted  of  more 
tli.in  150,000  men,  and  General  Coote's  of  only 
10.000.  He  was  born  in  1726,  and  died  at  Ma- 
dras, April,  1783. 

COOTWICH,  John,  of  Utrecht,  a  civilian 
and  traveller.  The  account  of  his  "Travels 
into  Jerusalem  and  Syria,"  was  published  in 
Latin,  4to.,  1619.  If  is  very  curious,  and  is  now 
become  extremely  scarce.  The  dates  of  liis 
birth  and  death  are  uncertain. 

COPiiR.MCUS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  as- 
tronomer, born  at  Thorn,  in  Prussia,  in  H7i.  He 
adoptiHl  and  improved  the  hypothesis  of  the  Py- 
thagoreans, which  made  the  sun  the  centre  of 
the  system,  and  the  earth  to  move,  not  only 
rouml  the  sun.  but  round  its  own  a.vis  also ;  and 
csinhlishod  that  system  of  the  world  which  goes 
by  his  name,  and  is  now  nniversally  received. 
This  he  performed  in  a  work  entitled  "  I)e  Re- 
volutioiiibus  Orbium  C'tflestium."  Apprehen- 
sions, arising  from  the  novelty  of  his  opinions, 
bad,  it  is  said,  almost  brought  him  to  drop  all 
thoughts  of  publishing  his  book,  which  had  lain 
in  his  escrutoir  not  nine  years  only,  (which  is 
the  term  Horace  prescrilies,  but  almost  four 
times  nine  years.  At  length,  however,  by  the 
importunity  of  his  friends,  he  was  prevaited 
upon  to  let  it  come  out ;  but  a  copy  of  it  was 
no  sooner  brought  to  him,  than  he  was  presently 
seized  with  a  violent  effusion  of  blood,  whieii 
put  an  end  to  his  life.  May  21,  1543. 

COPPA,  Cavalier,  a  disciple  and  imitator  of 
Guido,  died  in  1665. 

COU,  Peter  le,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  superior 
of  the  Eudistes,  and  distinguished  for  his  piety, 
learning,  &c.,  died  in  1777. 

COCiLJES,  Gonzalo,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
excelled  iu  historical  conversations  ;  he  died  in 
1684. 

COR.\M,  Captain  Thomas,  born  in  1G6S,  spent 
the  first  part  of  his  life  as  master  of  a  colonial 
trading  vessel.  While  he  resided  in  that  iiart 
of  London  which  is  the  common  residence  of 
seafaring  people,  business  often  obliged  him  to 
come  early  into  the  city  and  return  late  :  when 
he  had  frequent  occasions  of  seeing  young  chil- 
4r^n  exposed,  through  the  indieence  or  cruelty 
of  their  parents.  This  excited  his  compassioii 
60  far,  that  he  projected  the  Foundling  Hospital ; 
hi  which  humane  design  he  laboured  17  years, 
and  at  last,  by  his  sole  application,  obtained  the 
royal  charter  for  it.  Indeed  he  spent  a  great 
part  of  his  life  in  serving  the  public  •  and  with 
so  total  a  disregard  to  his  private  interest,  thai, 
toward  the  latter  part  of  it,  he  was  himself  sup- 
ported by  the  voluntary  subscription  of  public 
spirited  persons.  This  singular  ,tnd  memorable 
man  died  March  29,  175i,  and  was  interred, 
pursuant  to  his  desire,  in  the  \ault  under  the 
ciiapol  of  the  Foundling  Hospital 

CORAS,  John  de,  professor  of  law  at  Toulouse 
at  the  age  of  18  ;  al'terwards  cliamellor  to  the 
iiueen  of  Navarre;  he  was  imprisoned  for  favour- 
nig  (be  protestants,  and  murdered  in  ]57i!. 


life  prefixed)  iu  1807.  Some  pleasant  anecdotes 
jare  recorded  of  liim,  among  which  are  the  fol- 
llowing ;  after  he  w.ia  doctor  of  divinity,  he  sung 
ballads  at  the  Cross  at  Abingdon,  tjn  a  mar- 
kei-day  he  and  some  of  his  comrades  were  at 
the  tavern  by  tlieCio-^s  ;  the  ballad  singer  com- 
plained he  had  no  custom,  and  could  not  put  off 
lii,';  ballads.  The  jolly  doctor  puts  olf  his  gown, 
and  put  on  the  ballad-singer's  leathern  jacket; 
and  being  a  liandsome  man,  and  a  rare  full  voire, 
lie  pre-^eutly  vended  a  great  many,  and  bad  a  great 
audience.  Ilis  conversation  was  extremely  plea- 
sant. Dr.  Ptubbins  was  one  of  his  cronies  ;  h« 
was  a  jolly  doctor,  and  a  very  good  house-keeper. 
As  Dr.  Corbet  and  he  were  riding  in  Lob-lane, 
in  wet  weather,  (it  is  an  extr.iordinary  deep 
dirty  lane,)  the  coach  fell,  and  Corbet  said,  tlia 
Dr.  S.  was  up  to  the  elbows  in  mud,  and  he  w.-w 
lip  to  the  elbows  in  Stubbins.  His  chaplain. 
Dr.  Lusliington,  was  a  very  learned  and  iiige- 
iiious  man  ;  and  they  loved  one  another.  The 
bishop  would  sometimes  take  the  key  of  the  wine 
cellar,  and  lie  and  his  chaplain  would  go  and 
lock  themselves  in,  and  be  merry  ;  then,  first  lie 
lays  down  his  episcopal  hood,  "  There  lies  the 
doctor ;"  then  he  puu  off  his  gown,  "  There 
lies  the  bishop  ;"  then  it  was,  "  Here's  to  thee, 
Corbet."     "  Here's  to  thee  Lusliington." 

CORBULO,  Domitiiis,  a  Roman  general, 
who  carried  his  arms  against  the  Partliians, 
and  placed  Tigranes  on  the  throne ;  he  destroyed 
liiins<'lf,  A.D.  67. 

CORDAVD'ARMANS,MaryAnne  Charlotte, 
analiveof  Norm,iiidy,wlio  avenged  the  death  of 
her  lover,  by  stabbing  Marat,the  author  of  it,  to 
the  heart,  for  which  she  was  guillotined  in  1793. 

CORDE.MOI,  Geraud  de,  a  French  academi- 
cian, and  a  great  partisan  of  Descartes'  .systems  ; 
he  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  l'i-2. 

CORDIER,  or  CORDERIUS,  Mathiirin,  a 
schoolmaster,  died  at  Geneva,  in  1.5fi4,  aged  85 ; 
having  continued  the  office  of  teaching  till  with- 
in a  few  days  of  his  death.  Calvin  was  bis 
scholtr.  Among  many  other  works,  he  pub- 
lished "  CoUoquia,"  one  of  the  most  popular  of 
our  'ichool  books. 

CORDUS,  Aulus  Crementius,  a  Roman,  au- 
thorof a  histoiyofliie  civil  wars  of  Rome,  much 
commendrd  by  Tariius  and  Seneca. 

CORDUS,  Eiiricius,  a  German  physician  and 
poet,  intimate  with  Erasmus  ;  died  in  15.35. 

CORDUS,  Valerius,  son  of  the  preceding; 
devoted  himself  particularly  to  botany,  and  tra- 
versed the  mountains  of  Germany,  &c.  ;  lie  died 
in  1554. 

CORRLLI,  Arcaneelo,  a  famous  musician  of  . 
iLily.  born  at  Fusignano,  a  town  of  Bologna,  in  \ 
Ui53.  His  merits,  as  a  performer  on  the  violio, 
were  sufficient  to  attract  the  patronage  of  the 
great,  and  to  silence,  as  they  did,  ail  competi- 
tion ;  but  the  remembrance  of  these  is  at  this 
day  absorbed  in  the  contemplation  of  his  excel- 
lencies as  a  musician  at  large,  as  the  author  of 
new  and  original  harmonirs,  and  the  father  of 
a  style  not  less  noble  and  erand  than  elegant 
and  pathetic.  He  died  at  Rome,  in  1713,  and 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  liie  Rotunda,  other  • 
135 


CO 

wise  called  tlie  Paiiilicori ;  where,  for  many 
years  aiier  his  decease,  lie  Wdscominetnoraieil 
iiy  a  solemn  musical  pcrlbrmance  on  Uie  anni- 
versary of  tiid  deatli. 

COlilNNA,  a  Greek  poetess,  who  gained  the 
prize  live  times  over  i'iiular. 

COUrO,  Bernardine,  a  historian  of  Milan;  he 
wrote  the  history  of  liis  country,  which  is  nuich 
e«tecnied.  and  died  in  loOU. 

COKIOLANCri,  C.  Marcins,  a  famous  Ro- 
man captain,  who  took  Corioli,  a  town  of  the 
Voli^ci,  whence  he  had  his  name.  At  last,  dis- 
gusting the  people,  he  was  banished  Rome  by 
the  tribune  I);'ciiis.  He  then  went  to  the  Volsci, 
and,  persuading  them  to  take  up  arms  against 
the  Romans,  they  encamped  within  four  miles 
of  Rome.  Here  Coriolanus  would  not  listen  to 
&  peace,  wliioii  the  Romans  sued  for,  till  he  Wits 
prevailed  upon  by  liis  wife  Veturia,  and  his 
mother  Volumnia,  who  were  followed  by  aU  the 
Roman  ladies  in  tears.  He  was  at  last  \m  to 
death  by  the  Volsci  as  a  traitor,  who  had  aade 
them  quit  their  conquest :  upon  which  tile  Ro- 
man ladies  went  into  raournins :  and  in  the 
same  place  where  his  blood  was  shed,  there  was 
a  temple  consecrated  to  Female  Fortune. 

CORLET,  Elijah,  was  master  of  the  gram- 
mar school,  in  Cam'  ige,  Mass.,  for  40  or  50 
-ears,  and  was  muci  .jteemed  ;  he  died  in  1687. 

CORiVARIUS,  or  HAGUENBOT,  John,  a 
German  physician,  early  distinsuished  as  a 
scholar.  He  was  the  translator  of  the  works  of 
Hippocrates,  &.C.,  and  died  in  IS.i-?. 

COR.VARO,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian,  born 
1464,  wrote  in  Latin  a  celebrated  treatise  "  On 
the  Advantazcs  of  a  Temperate  I.  'fe."  By  fol- 
lowini;  his  own  rules,  he  lived  to  'atdspf  '0 
vears  ot  age.  dying  in  15G5. 

COR.\AaO,  Helena  Lucretia.of  the  same  fa- 
nnlv  with  the  above,  a  prodigy  of  learning;  of 
whom  it  is  related,  that  all  people  of  quality  or 
fashion  who  passed  through  Venice,  were  more 
solicitous  to  see  her,  than  any  of  the  curiosities 
of  tliat  superb  city.  She  was  bom  at  Venice,  in 
1640,  and  educated  at  Padua,  where  she  obtain- 
ed tt\p  degree  of  doctor,  and  died  in  Ifir^,?. 

CORX.AZZ.WI,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Placen- 
tia,  in  the  J5th  century  ;  lie  wrote  the  lives  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  &c. 

CORXBURY,  lord,  governor  of  New- York 
in  1702,  was  universally  detested  for  his  despo- 
tism, bigotry,  and  injustice ;  he  was  removed 
in  1708. 

CORMEILLE,  Michael,  a  French  painter, 
who  gained  a  prize  for  one  of  his  pieces,  and 
was  afterwards  professor  of  the  academy  of  Pa- 
ris :  he  died  in  no-^. 

CORNEILLE,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1606,  and  died  1084.  His 
works  have  been  often  printed,  and  consist  of 
above  30  comedies  and  tragedies. 

CORNEILLE,  Thomas,  a  French  poet  also, 
but  inferior  to  Peter  Corneille,  whose  brother  he 
was.  He  died  1709,  aged  84. — Thomas  Corneille 
Avas  the  author  of  "  A  Dictionary  of  A  rts,"  in 
2  vols,  folio ;  and  "  A  Universal  Geographical 
and  '  1  Dictionary,"  in  3  vols,  folio. 

«-  oijiA,  a  Roman  lady,  who  educated 

her  sons  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus,  and  when 
thev  were  killed,  exhibited  great  fortitude. 

C0RNELI3Z,  Lucas,  a  painter,  of  Leyden, 
who  became  chief  painter  to  Henry  VIH.  of 
England. 

CORXELISZ,  Jameg,  a  Dutch  painter  of  the 
16th  century,  his  Uescent  from  the   cross  is 
much  admired. 
136 


CO 

I  CORNELISZ,  Cornelius,  of  Haerlem,  was 
Imminent  as  a  painter. 

COR.\'ELlUS,  bishopof  Rome,  after  Fabian, 
was  banished,  and  soon  after  died,  in  '25^. 

CtJR.VETO,  Adrian,  an  Italian  ecclesiastic, 
much  employed  by  Innocent  VII.  and  his  suc- 
cessors, as  a  legate':  he  was  an  aui(ior  of  some 
distinction. 

COIINUTITS,  a giJMlkariaii  and  philosopher 
of  merit,  and  tutor  i^Hc  iKw;t  Pcrsius.  He 
WV  pill  lo  death  by  Nero,  A  I).  44. 

CORWVALLIS,  ^ir  Charles,  second  son  of 
.Sir  William  Cornwallis,  a  man  of  superior  abi- 
lities ;  was  sent  by  James  1.  as  ambassador  to 
l^pain  ;  and  died  in  1630. 

CORN'VVALLl!?,  Charles,  marquis,  a  brave 
British  general,  born  in  1738.  In  the  American 
war  he  displayed  great  military  talents,  look 
possession  of  Philadelphia,  contribuied  lo  the 
reduction  of  S'outh  Carolina,  aud  defeated  Gen. 
(iates  with  a  very  inferior  force.  But,  in  1781, 
iie  was  under  the  necessity  ofsurrendciingto  the 
united  American  and  French  anny  ;  soon  after 
which' he  returned  to  England.  He  was  ne.vt 
sent  out  as  governor-general  of  India ;  where  in 
December,  1790,  he  took  Bangalore,  wliich  was 
followed  by  the  defeat  of  Tippoo  Saib.Who  de- 
livered to  his  lordship  his  two  sons  as  liostagi.-s. 
Lord  Cornwallis  was  next  appointed  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  ;  where  he  quelled  an  insur- 
rection, defeated  a  French  invading  army,  and 
succeeded  in  effecting  a  union  of  the  two  king- 
doms. In  If'Ol,  he  was  employed  as  minister 
plenipotentiary  in  France,  where  he  signed  the 
preliminary  treaty  of  peace  at  Amiens.  His 
lordsiiip  again  accepted  the  government  of  In- 
dia, in  ISO.'J;  hut  died  at  Gliazepoor,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Benares,  on  the  .'iih  of  October,  in  the 
same  year. 

CORONEL,  Paul,  a  native  of  Segovia,  em- 
ployed by  Cardinal  Ximenes  in  the  publication 
of  his  Polyslolt  Bible ;  he  died  in  15-24. 

CORONELLI,  Vincent,  a  Venetian  geoera- 
pher,  made  cosmographer  to  the  French  king 
in  1685.  He  published  400  geographical  charts, 
and  died  in  1718. 

CORRADL\I,  Peter  Marcellinus,  a  learned  ci- 
vilian, and  favourite  of  Pope  Clement  XI.,  he 
died  in  1743. 

CORRADUS,  Sebastian,  a  grammarian  and 
professor  at  Bologna,  died  in  lo-lG. 

CORREGIO,  Antonio  da,  a  most  e.vtraord^ 
nary  painter,  so  called  from  Corvegio,  a  town 
in  the  dukedom  of  Modena,  where  he  was  horn 
in  1494.  This  artist  is  remarkable  for  haviiift 
borrowed  nothing  from  the  works  of  other  men 
Corregio  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at 
Parma ;  and  notwithstanding  the  many  tine 
pieces  that  he  made,  and  the  high  reputation 
he  had  gained,  he  was  extremely  poor  and  al- 
ways obliged  to  work  hard  for  the  maintenance 
of  his  family,  which  was  somewhat  large.  Ha 
was  very  humble  and  modest  in  his  behaviour, 
hved  very  devoutly,  and  died  much  lamented  in 
1534,  when  he  was  but  40  years  of  age.  The 
cause  of  his  death  was  a  little  singular.  Go- 
ing to  receive  50  crowns  for  a  piece  that  he 
had  done,  he  was  paid  it  in  a  eort  of  copper 
money  called  quadrinos.  This  was  a  great 
weight,  and  he  had  12  miles  to  carry  it,  though 
it  was  in  the  midst  of  summer.  He  was  over- 
heated and  fatigued ;  in  which  condition,  indis- 
creetly drinking  cold  water,  he  brought  on  a 
pleurisy  which  put  an  cud  to  his  life. 

CORROZF.T,  Giles,  a  French  bookseller,  au- 
thor of  several  works  of  merit ;  died  in  l.'iOS. 


COKSINl,  Edward,  an  llaliaii,  a  man  of  great 
erudition  ;  author  of  some  valuable  works  on 
criticism,  philosophy,  &.<:.  ;  died  in  17f>5. 

Cl»K'i',  Coriirliiis",  a  native  of  Holland.  His 
rngravinL's  are  tli'  hest  which  tliat  country  lias 
prcdiieed  :  he  died  in  l.'>78. 

(XilvTES'T,  \\  iiliani,  a  French  paiiiier,  patro- 
lU-sed  l)V  .Mexaiider  VIII.,  died  in  iU7>J. 

(^(>liTK!«l,  (.'iovaiuia,  a  female  paints)'  of 
niii!iaiii!('!i,  of  Florence  ;  died  in  I'GR. 

«'(iIl'i'H/,,  Ferdinand,  a  Spiioisii  ueiilleinanj 
fam.iub,  under  the  emperor  Cliade.'i  V.,  for  itie 
coiii|ne.-t  of  Me.\ieo.     He  died  in  1.'i.'>4,  aK^'d  ''•'• 

COIlTKZl,  PanI,  a  learned  Italian,  a  pairoi 


when  travelling  in  Asia,  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  detained  in  captivity  many  years ;  he  pub- 
lished an  aocount  of  Indian  plants. 

COSTA,  Kmanuel,  a  Portuguese  law^yer  pro- 
fessor at  Salamanca,  I.*;"*. 

COST.A,  John,  professor  of  law,  at  Cahors, 
died  in  W.IT. 

t'OST.'\,  Margaret,  an  Italian  poetess,  wlwse 
works  w  ere  published  at  Paris. 

C'OSTANZO,  Ant'elo  di,  an  Italian,  wrote  a 
history  of  Italy,  ajid  was  3|ioetot  considi  ruble 
merit;  he  died  about  1590. 

(;OST.\iU),  Ceoree,  an  F.nalish  scholar,  wlio 
wrote  l.'i  treatises,  chiefly  on  agronomy,  died  m 


CORY  \'I'F.,  Thomas^  famous  English 
veller,  rhiilly  on  tool.  Hh  visiied  almost 
|i3it.»  of  llie  world, and  published  relations  of 
his  voyages  and  travels  ;  but  the  sin!!Ularily  of 
the  litiiM  and  of  his  li^aniicrs,  expo.scd  him  to 


of  k^aiure;  was  bishop  of  Urhiiio,  and  diedlll78i!. 

ill  iTtO.  11    ('<).STF.,  Peter,  a  native  of  T^zez,  who  trans 

t:<J|{TI,  Matllicw,  a  native  of  Pavia,  a  pliy-  laled  into  French,  Locke  on  the  understanding 
siciaii  to  Clement  VII. ,  wrote  on  fevers,  to.  and  Newton's  optics,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  17-47. 
and  died  in  1544.  COSTKU,  Lawrence,  an  inhahilant  of  IlafT 

COK'ri<,"i;LLI,Salvatore,a  monkofP.olO!;na,!  leni,  sujiposed  by  the  Dutch  to  liavr  been  iho 
ntitlior  of  a  uiucli  admired  luilian  giMinniar,!  ii.  riitor  uf  printing,  about  1430.  He  diud  in 
died  ill  1770.  1-1  !0. 

tva-l|   COSTHA,  Ben  Liica,  a  christian  philosopher, 
Jinost  all;  of  lialliec,  who  translated  several  tireek  «orl^ 
into  Arabic. 

CO'J'A,  Ri>dripiiez,  a  native  of  Toledo,  whose 
iragicoiiiedia  do  Cidisfo  &  IMelilwpa,  has  ap- 
niuch  ridicule,  and  occasioned  the  character  of  jjiiared  in  L.itin  and  "r'i.iich,  tlourishcd  in  the 
his  works  10  be  misreprescMied,  as  well  as  thai'|lGth  ceiiiiiry.  '  •' 

of  their  author,  wlio  was  certainly  a  manof||  COTKLE151US,  John  Baptist,  a  learned 
great  learning.  His  best  known  works  aii.!,!|Frenchiiian,  who  published  the  works  of  all  the 
'•Crudities  lia-stily  gobbled  up  in  Five  Months"  ^  fatlurs  in  the  Apobtolic  age,  with  learned  notes, 
Travels  in  riaiii-.e,  Savoy,  Italy,"  &c.     He  was||died  in  IliPtJ. 

iMirii  at  Odcombe.  in  Sonierselshire,  1577,  and  jj  COTKS,  Boecr,  an  illnstrions  Enclisb  mathe- 
died  at  Sural  in  l!ie  Fast  Indies.  ](>17.  I  matician,  philosopher,  and  asironoiner,  born  in 

C'OSBV,  William,  governor  of  the  colonies  of ' 
Kevv-Voik  and  .New  Jersey,  died  in  I73t>. 

•XlSlKKS,  John,  a  painter  of  Antwerp,  pa- 
Iroiiised  by  ni.niiy  crowned  heads. 

COSIMO.  .Vudrewand  Pelor,  Italian  painters, 
the  fonnur  excelled  in  the  claro-obscuro,  the 
latter  in  ludicrous  pieces.     Peter  died  in  l.Vil 


lied  >^l(i. 
COTFt"  'i^ancis,  an  Fnglish  painter,  in  oil 


and  cniyoiis   died  in  li.O. 

CO'l'iiV,  Charles,  a  French  writer,  and  elo 

quent  preacher,  known  for  the  .<eveiity  of  Roi- 

leau  ai.d  Molierc'asBtii'Cii  against  him,  died  in 

l(i78. 

C»)Sli\.  John,  an  English  prelate,  deprived  ofll    COTOLENDI,  Charles,  an  advocate  in  tlie 

liis  iireferinents  by  preaching  a  seditions  ser-|!parlianient  of  Paris,  and  respectable  as  an  an 


niou ;  but  at  the  restoration  he  was  re-instated 
and  preferred  to  the  sec  of  Durham.  He  wrote] 
various  works,  and  was  a  learned  and  humane 
nian.     He  died  in  U)72. 

COSME,John  Baseillac,  eminent  as  a  litho- 
tomist,  whose  instruments  were  much  used  for- 
merly ;  he  was  banished  through  the  envy  of 
his  rivals;  and  dii'd  at  Paris,  in  178(). 

COSMO  I.,  son  of  John  de  Medici,  who  rais- 
ed himself  to  the  supreme  authority  of  the  state 
of  Florence,  and  put  down  all  conspiracies 
against  him  ;  he  died  in  l.")74. 

COSMO  I(.,  grandson  of  Cosmo  I ,  succeed- 
fd  his  father  Ferdinand,  in  IfiOK;  lie  was  a 
benevolent  prince,  and  died  in  Ki'il. 

COSMO  HI.,  succeeded  his  father  Ferdinand 
JI.  ;  he  was  a  pairon  of  learning,  and  cne  of  the 
richest  sovereisins  of  Europe  ;  he  died  in  nO.*?. 

COSNAC,  Daniel  de,  a  native  of  Limousin, 
raised  to  the  see  of  Valence,  and  afterwards  to 
that  of  Aix,  died  in  1708. 

COSPF„\I!,  Philip,  a  French  prelate,  repre 
scnted  lo  have  been  very  eloquent ;  died  in  1041) 

CftSSAR'!'.  {;abriel,a  nativeof  Ponloise,  who 
Rssisled  T^ablio  in  bis  grand  collection  of  conn 
cils,  which  was  contained  in  28  vols,  tol  o,  died 
in  li>74 

COSSE,  Charles  de,  marechal  de  Britsar,  a 
French  general  of  ereat  military  talents,  ]  ilrni 
ised  bv  ihe  king  of  France,  was  ambassador  lo 
•flmrli^s  v.,  and  died  in  I5li:t. 

('<).ST.\,  Christopher,  a  Portuguese,  who 


P 


lior.      He  wrote  the  life  of  Columbus,  of  dc 
Sales,  and  numerous  other  works. 

COTTA,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  some 
epigrams  and  orations,  died  at  \  iterbo  in  1511. 

COTTF,  Robert  de,  of  Paris,  director  (^f  tha 
Royal  Academy  of  Architecture,  who  atlorncd 
nianv  of  the  public  buildings  in  Paris ;  died  in 
17:i5. 

COTTER  EL,  Sir  Charlee,  groom-porter  to 
James  I.,  and  master  of  requests  to  Charles  II., 

f\\  skilled  in  modern  languagis. 

COTTIN,  Sophia  de,  wife  of  M.  Cottin,  a 
banker  of  Paris,  dii'd  in  1H07.  She  wastheathor 
of  Malvina,  Matilda  Mansfield,  the  exiles  of  Si- 
beria, and  other  novels. 

COTTfNGTON,  Francis,  lord,  chancellor  of 
Ihe  exchequer,  and  first  lonl  of  the  treasury,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  died  in  1651 

COTTON,  or  COTOX,  Peter,  a  learned  Je- 
iiit.  born  in  France,  in  MK4,  wrote  several  books 
111  controversial  subjects,  and  died  in  Ifi'ifi. 

COTTON,  Sir  Robert  Bruce,  an  "i"i-  vt  Eng- 
lish antiquary,  born  at  Denton,  i:  '  'iou- 
hire,  in  1570.  His  writings  are  very  iiii..')tt<iUB 
and  valuable ;  but  it  may  reasonably  be  ques- 
tioned, whether  he  has  not  done  more  service 
to  learning,  by  securing,  as  he  did,  his  valuable 
library  for  the  use  of  posterity,  than  by  all  his 
writings.  The  Cottonian  library  is  deposited 
in  th''  Rriiisli  Mnseuni. 

COTTON,  Charles,  lived   in  the  reigns  of 
Charles  and  James  II.  He  had  something  ol'a  ge- 
12*  137 


CO 


CO 


nius  I'or  poL'try,  and  was  piirticularly  laiiiou.->  lor 
biirlBsque  vctm;.  lie  tiansiaied  oiicoV* 'DnieilliV 
tragedies,  called  "  Horace,"  prinlfd  iii  I'JTl.  He 
publiiihcd  a  volume  o.  fKieiiis  on  several  ocra- 
sions:  "  Tmi;  Wonders  of  ilie  Teak  in  Oerby- 
sliire  ;"  "  iScarroiildes,  or  Vircil  Traveslie  ;" 
and  "ijucian  burl";s(]iied,or  the  Scoller  scollcd:" 
an  edition  01'  llic  Hirer  last  mentioiied,  was 
printed  in  1715,  and  lias  been  freijiiently  reprint- 
ed. Hut  the  chief  of  all  his  produrlioiis,  and 
for  which  pernaps  he  deserves  ilie  best  p/aiae 
of  his  coiiiitryniiii,  is  his  translation  of  "  Alon- 
taigne's  Fssavs." 

COTTON.  Or.,  author  of"  Visions  in  Verse, 
for  the  insirnciion  of  Younger  Minds,"  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  great  care,  huinanitr,  and  at- 
tention as  a  physician,  at  St.  Albans,  where  hi? 
died  AuL'.  2,  1788. 

COTTO\,  John,  one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed early  ministers  of  Ncvv  England,  born  in  Kn 
land ;  he  sustained  a  high  repnlation  I'or  wisilum 
and  learning;  his  publications  were  nuiiR-Kuis 

COTTON,  Seaborn,  son  of  John,  minister  of 
Ilainplon,  N.  H.,  was  born  at  sea,  died  in  KiSO. 
He  was  a  good  scholar,  and  an  able  preacher. 

COTTO.V,  John,  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Col 
ton,  minister  of  Plymouth, Mass.,  and  ol'Charl-^s- 
ton,  South  Carolina.  He  was  a  faithful  minis- 
ter, and  eminent  for  his  knowlege  of  the  Indian 
language.  He  revised  and  superintended  the 
priiiiincof  Elliot's  Bible. 

C<JTTON,  John,  minister  of  Newton,  Mass  , 
highly  respected,  died  in  17.)7. 

COTYtJ,  a  king  of  Thrace,  in  the  age  of 
Alexander,  died  about  3.5f)  B  C.  A  second  of 
the  name  lived  in  the  age  of  Pompey,  and  a 
third  in  the  age  of  .\ugusius. 

COUDRETTE,  Christopher,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, opposerof  the  Jesuits,  and  of  the  pope's 
hull,  unigenitus,  died  in  1774.  His  chief  work 
is  a  history  of  the  Jesuits. 

COULON,  Lewis,  a  French  priest,  whose 
peo;:craphical  works  are  much  esteemed,  died  in 
1B64. 

COUPF-RIN,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  mucli 
admired  for  his  execution  on  the  harpsichord, 
died  in  1733. 

COUPLET,  Philip,  a  Jesuit  missionary  to 
China,  wrote  snwie  works  on  the  Chin  e  lan- 
guage ;  he  died  in  1(J93. 

COURAYER,  Peter  Francis,  aFrench  divine, 
authorof  Paul's  history  of  the  council  of  Trent, 
in  French.  &c.,  died  in  177G. 

COURCELLES,  Stephen  de,  a  native  of  Ge 
neva,  professor  of  divinity  at  Amsterdam,  and 
author  of  various  theological  tracts,  died  in 
1G58. 

COURT  DE  GEBELIN,  Anlliony,  a  protest- 
ant  minister  of  Lausanne,  author  of  "  Monde 
Primilif,"  in  9  vols.  4to,  a  work  of  great  merit, 
died  in  1784. 

COURTANVAUX,  Francis  Ca;sar,  marquis 
de,  a  French  nobleman,  who  distinguished  liini- 
#elf  in  the  wars  of  Bohemia  and  Bavaria ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

COURTE.V,  William,  son  of  a  tailor,  of  Me 
nix,  in  the  Netherlands,  who  made  himself  irn- 
inensely  rich,  by  making  French  hoods,  in  Lon- 
don ;  he  died  in  1636. 

COURTEN,  William,  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, who  collected  whatever  was  curious  and 
important,  in  niedallic  and  antiquarian  history, 
and  no  less  than  38  vols,  in  folio,  and  8  in  4to, 
all  of  which  were  purchased  for  the  British 
Museum,  for  tlie  sum  of  20,0001.  He  died  in 
171)3. 

138 


I  COURl'K.VAY,  John,  a  member  of  parlia 
nieni,  and  comniissioiierof  the  treasury,  known 
also  as  a  writer,  died  in  181(5. 

(^OirRTILZ.  Garien  de  sieiir  de  Saudras,  of 
Paris',  contini'd  in  the  Bastile  9  years,  for  his  po- 
litical works,  died  in  171-J. 

COIj'RTlVRON,  Ga-spard,  marquis  de,  a  na- 
tivt;  «i"  Uijoii,  a  soldier  and  a  scholar;  he  was 
W'll^«'^^•«l  in  attempting  to  save  the  life  of  niar- 
ishal  Save,  mid  died  in  178.). 

COURTNEY,  William,  archbishop  of  Can- 
Iterbiiry,  a  persecnior  of  Wicklille,  and  his  fi  1- 
lowe-s,  died  in  V.i'M. 

COITKTOIS,  James,  a  painter,  who  delinoa- 
tcd  the  battles  of  the  Frenth,  in  the  campaigna 
of  Italy  :  he  died  in  1676. 

COURTOIt?,  William,  also  a  painter,  much 
admired,  was  patronised  by  Alexander  Vll., 
and  dii-d  in  1673. 

cot  "SIN,  John,  a  painter  and  mathematician, 
in  France ;  he  was  called  the  Great,  and  '.vaH 
patronised  by  Henry  U.,  Francis  II.,  Charles  IX., 
and  Henry  HI. 

COUSIN,  James  .Anthony  Joseph,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician,  was  profes.wr  of  naiuifil 
philosophy  in  the  college  of  Fiance,  and  alter- 
wards  of  mathematics  in  the  military  scliool; 
he  died  in  1808. 

COUSTON,  Nicholas,  sculptor  to  the  Frencn 
king  ;  his  pieces  adorn  the  palaces  of  Paris, 
Versailles,  and  Marly ;  he  died  in  1733. 

COUSTON,  William,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, director  of  the  academy  of  painting  aniJ 
sculpture,  died  in  1746. 

C'l  lUSTON,  William,  son  of  the  preceding 
was  improving  himself  in  the  arts,  at  Rome, 
whore  lie  died  in  1777. 

COUTH  ON,  Georges,  a  native  of  Orsay,  m 
AnviTgne  a  member  of  the  convention  in  the 
Freiicli  revolution,  odions  for  his  ferocious  and 
vindictive  conduct ;  he  was  guillotined  in  1794 

COUVREUR,  Adrianne  le,  a  French  actres?. 
who  played  with  much  applause,  died  in  1730. 

COVEL,  John,  an  English  divine,  chaplain  to 
the  embassy  to  Constantinople,  published  an  ac- 
count of  Hie  Greek  church,  and  died  in  17'22. 

COVERD.VLE,  Miles,  bishopofE.\eter,  in  the 
lime  of  Edward  VI.,  was  ejected  from  his  see 
by  queen  Mary,  and  thrown  into  prison.  Being 
liberated  by  queen  Elizabeth,  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  puritans,  and  died  in  15()7,  at  the  age 
of  81.  He  assisted  Tindal  in  the  English  vcr- 
ion  of  the  Bible,  published  in  15.37,  and  after- 
wards revised  and  corrected  the  edition  of  it  in 
a  larger  volume,  with  notes,  in  1540. 

COWARD,  William,  a  medical  and  meta- 
physical writer,  born  at  Winchester,  in  1656 
ilied  between  1722  and  1725. 

COWELL,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  and  eminent 
civilian,  born  at  Ernesborough,  in  Devonshire, 
in  l.'J54  :  and  well  known  by  a  laborious  work 
which  he  published  at  Cambridge,  in  1607,  enti- 
tled "  The  Interpreter."  Besides,  this,  he  pub- 
lished, in  1603,  "  Institutiones  Juris  Anglicaiii," 
&c.,  that  is,  "  Institutesof  the  Lawsof  Englandj 
in  the  same  method  as  Justinian's  Institutes.' 
He  died  in  1611. 

COWLEY,  Abraham,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  born  in  London,  in  1618,  died  1667,and  was 
buriedin  Westminster  Abbey,  near  Chaucer  anil 
Spenser,  where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory.  Cowley  was  a  staunch  loyalist ;  am' 
when  Charles  II.  heard  of  his  death,  he  was 
pleased  to  say,  "  that  Mr  Cowley  had  not  left 

better  man  behind  him  in  England."  Addi- 
son has  observed,  that  of  all  authors,  none  ever 


CO 

abounded  so  niucli  in  wit,  according  to  Locke"! 
true  detinition  of  it,  as  Cowley. 

COWLEY,  Hannah,  a  very  ingcnius  drama 
tic  writer,  and  a  poetcK',  indoeil,  in  aUnosi 
every  brancli  ol'  the  art,  l>orn  at  Tiverton,  IJf- 
von,  in  174H,  died  March  11,  180"J,  at  the  plao 
of  her  nativity,  in  her  COth  year 

CO VVl'KIi,"  William,  bishop  of  Galloway,  in 
Scotland,  born  in  Perth,  in  15<>4,  died  llilT,  li-av- 
inp  a  folio  volume  olvvorks  on  divinity. 

COWrER,  William,  dean  of  Durham,  was 
the  son  of  earl  Cowper,  born  in  London,  in 
1T13,  and  died  177x2.  lie  wrote  a  learned  "'i'rea 
lise  on  Geometry,"  eight  "Sermons,"  and 
''  Advice  to  a  Lady  ;"  all  of  wiiich  are  much 
esteemed. 

COWPER,  William,  a  physician  and  anti- 
quary, at  Chester,  died  in  17(">7. 
COVVPP,H,William,  ail  excellent  English  poet, 
equally  dis:ini;uislnHl  Iry  his  genius  and  his  vir- 
tues, lie  was  born  at  Herkhampstead,  Herts, 
jVov.  1731,  was  theprandson,  of  jiidf^-  Cowper, 
great  nephew  of  the  lord  hifih  chancellor  of  the 
same  name,  and  died  .\pril35,  lc!(KI.  His  poeni.'^ 
are  various  ;  but  the  most  celebrated  of  tlieiii  is 
called  "The  Task;"  and  the  tendency  of  all 
his  writings  is,  loeiilargi^  the  soul  to  every  libe- 
ral sentiment,  and  to  improve  the  heart.  Ulr. 
Cowper  also  published  a  translation  into  blank 
verse,  of  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odj'ssey  ;  which  is 
more  remarkable  for  its  lidelily  to  the  oriuiiial, 
than  for  its  poetical  ele>:ance. 

COX,  Richan:,  bishop  oi' Ely,  born  at  Whad- 
don,  in  Buckinu'lianisliire,  in  14911,  died  1581. 
He  was  the  chief  framer  of  the  litursy,  and 
translator  of  the  Bible  called  "  The  Bishop's 
Bible,"  made  in  the  reign  of  Elizabelh. 

COX,  Sir  Richard,  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
and  author  of  "A  History"  of  that  kiuudom, 
was  born  at  Bandou,  in  Cork,  in  1G50,  and  died 
173.^. 

COX,  Leonard,  agranunarian, sometime  mas- 
ter of  Reading  school,  with  siie.-it  reputation, 
and  teacher  in  several  countries  on  the  conti- 
nent, died  in  1549. 

COXETER,  Thomas  a  faithful  and  indus- 
trious collector  of  old  English  literature,  was 
i)orii  at  Lechlade,  in  Glocestershire,  in  1089. 
He  amassed  materials  for  a  biography  of  the 
Enylwh  poets,  and  assisted  Mr.  Ann's  in  the 
"  Ilistory  of  Biitish  Typocrapliy."  He  had  a 
curious  collection  of  old  pl.iys,  and  pointed  out 
to  Theobald,  many  of  the  black  letter  books 
which  that  critic  used  in  his  edition  of  ?liak- 
Bpcare.  Coxcter  was  the  first  who  formed  the 
scheme,  afterwards adoptid  by  Dodsley,  of  pub- 
lishinc  a  collecion  of  ancient  plays.  He  died 
in  1747. 

t^OXIS,  Michael,  a  pauiter,  of  Mechlin,  who 
imitated  Kapbael,  died  in  l.')92. 

COYER,  I'Abbe  Gabriel  Francis,  a  Fren#h- 
maii,  who  wrote  the  life  of  Joini  Sobieski,  Tra- 
vels in  Italy,  Holland,  &r.,  and  died  in  178Q. 

COYPEL,  the  name  of  several  painters,  who 
were  very  eminent  in  France,  in  the  17lh  and 
18th  centuries. 

COYSEVOX,  Anthony,  chancellor  and  re- 
gent of  Mie  .icadeniv  of  puinling  and  sculpture, 
in  Fran :p.  died  in  H-K). 

COYTIER,  James,  physician  to  Lewis  XI., 
of  France,  and  memorable  for  nothinp  pailicii- 
larly,  but  the  dexterity  he  showed,  in  niaiiaitius 
that  monarch.  Lewis  had  no  priiiiiplc  to  lay 
hold  of,  except  an  intense  fear  of  dying  ;  which 
most  contemptible  cowardice,  Coyticrtaking  the 
advantage  of.  and  often  threatening  his  master 


CR 

with  a  speedy  dissolution,  obtained  from  tima 
to  lime,  great  and  inminierablc  lavoui-s.  Lew- 
is, however,  once  recovered  strength  of  miiul 
enough  to  be  ashamed  of  his  weakness;  anil 
feeling  a  inomentaiy  re.sentment  for  (what  he 
I  lieu  thought)  the  insolence  ot  his  physician,  or- 
lered  him  to  be  privately  despatched.  Coytier, 
niipriztd  of  this  by  theollicer,  who  was  his  i:i- 
liiuale  friend,  replied,  "that  the  only  concern 
he  felt  abriut  hiiiisell'  was,  not  that  he  must  die, 
Imt  that  the  Uiiii;  could  not  survive  him  above 
iciiir  days ;  and  that  he  (the  said  Cioylier)  ki^w 
this  by  a  particular  science  (mciining  astioloey, 
which  then  prevailed)  and  only  mentioned  it  to 
liim  ini:onl)denc('asan  intimate  friend."  Lewis 
informed  of  this  was  frightened  more  than  ever, 
and  ordered  Coytier  to  be  at  large,  as  usual. 

C07.ZA,  Francesco,  born  in  Sicily,  eminent 
in  fresco  and  oil  painting,  died  in  lGr>4. 

CRAASBECK,  Joseph  Van,  of  Brussels,  a 
painter,  who  excelled  in  representing  alehouse 
quarrels,  died  in  Uiiji'. 

CRAB,  Roger,  an  English  hermit,  who  lived 
at  Ickliam,  near  Cxbridge,  and  acquired  great 
lepiilatinii  for  sanctity  and  abstinence. 

CU.'Viili,  Habakkiik,  an  eminent  dissenter,  io 
Eiiiilaiiil,  died  in  17'.)i. 

CKACHEKODE,  Rev.  Clayton  Mordaunt. 
one  of  the  trustees  of  the  British  Mnsenin,  and 
Fellow  of  the  RoyaJ  and  Antiquarian  Societies. 
Ills  attainments  were  various  and  considerable : 
he  wrote  elegantly  in  Latin  verse  ;  as  may  be 
seen  in  the  "Carmina  Quadrigesiinnlia,"  for 
the  year  174;^.  He  employed  a  considerable 
part  of  a  large  revenue,  in  inaking  collection.^ 
of  what  was  best  and  most  curious  in  litera- 
ture, and  certain  branches  of  the  arts.  His  li- 
brary was  unrivalled  in  its  kind  ;  and  his  cabi- 
net of  prints,  drawings,  and  medals,  was  consi- 
di.red  as  among  the  most  select  and  valuable  in 
a  country  that  posseses  so  many  of  them.  He 
was  an  exquisite  judge  of  art,  both  ancient  and 
modern,  particularly  of  sculpture,  painting,  and 
music,  and  collected  the  choicest  of  early  print- 

I  books,  drawings,  coins,  and  gems,  of  n  hicb 
a  complete  catalogue  ralsonne  would  require  a 

Illume.  Mr.  Cracheiode  died  April  0,  1799, 
and  bcqueathi'd  his  immense  collection  aC  books, 
medals,  drawings,  &c.,  &c.,  to  the  Britisli  Mu- 
seum. 

CR.\r)DO('K,  liuke,  an  ingenius  English 
•)aiiiter,  chiefly  of  birds,  died  in  1717.  Veriuo 
records,  that  Ciaddock's  pictures  rose  (juickly 
jafter  his  death,  to  three  or  four  times  the  price 
that  he  was  paid  for  them  when  li\iitg. 

CRAlJDOt^K,  Samuel,  a  learned  divine,  au- 
thor of  "  A  Ilistory  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment," an  "Apostolical  History,"  and  "  ThH 
Harmony  of  the  Four  Evangelists,  died  in  17(H5, 
aged  80.  Tlio  latter  of  these  works  was  revi- 
sed by  Dr.  Tillotson,  who  preserved  it  from  the 
fiaines  in  the  fire  of  lifuidon. 

CRADOCK,  Thomas,  rector  of  St.  Thomas, 
Baltimore  county,  Maryland,  published  PsalniB 
of  David  in  heroic  verse,  in  17.30. 

CRACKANTHORP,  Richard,  an  eloquent 
English  preacher,  chaplain  to  an  embassy  lo 
the  emperor,  and  an  author  of  merit,  died  ill 
1G24. 

CRAIG,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Dane :  Iip  was 
engaged  by  the  king  of  Denmark  in  some  im- 
portant negotiations,  and  wrote  aiiuals  of  Den 
mark.     He  died  in  KK. 

CRAIG,  Sir  Thomas,  a  leanied  Scotch  law- 
yer, known  for  liis  "Ju»  Feudale,"  died  In 
HXB. 

139 


CRAIG,  Jamcd,  a  Scotch  divine,  admired  axjl     CRASSL'S,  Marcus  Licinius,  one  of'  the  Iri- 

-      .       .  .   „^,\.jrs  with  Ca'sar  and  Pompcy,  wasdtfoQtfd 

atui  kil.cd  in  Syria,  53  8.  C. 

C'KATES,  a  (thilotiopher, disciple  of  Dioirenes, 
the  cynic,  priikd  hiinscll'  on  iiis  poverty  and 
lnl'anIle^!i,  lived  328  B.  C. 

« 'KATES,  an  academic  philosopher  of  Athens, 
■27-:  B.  f •. 

('KATFSIPOI.IS,  a  queen  of  Sicyo;i,  cele- 
brated for  her  valour,  314  R.  C. 

CK  ATINI'S,  one  of  the  prcat  masters  of  %vhat 
we  call  ihe  ancient  comedy.     He  flourished  in 


a  preacl)er :  he  published 3  vols,  of  scrniond,  and 
died  in  1744. 

(JK.VIG,  John,  a  Scotch  mathematician,  who 
made  his  name  famous  by  a  small  work  ol  3i< 
pages  i)i  4to,  entitled  "  i'heologis  C'liristianit 
Frincipii  Mathcmatica." 

CR.\lt;,  VV'illi.'ini.a  Scc^ich  divine, celebrated 
for  his  pulpit  oratory ,  diud  in  llt^'.i. 

CRAIK,  James,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
came  to  Virginia,  where  he  became  a  d">tin- 
giiinhed  physician,  received  an  appointment  n' 


the  army  of  the  revolution,  and  was  physiciaiii|i!ie  81si  Olympiad,  some  '20  or  'JO  years  before 
to  Ihe  f'amily  of  General  Washington.     He  died  i  .\ri3tophnnes.    He  was  an  .Athenian 


:  f'amily 
in  1UI4. 

C'R.iMER,  John  Frederic,  learned  pro;'essor 
at  Uul^h'^r|!,  translated  Pulfeiidorf's  intioduc- 
tiun  t<i  li  siory,  ano  died  In  1 1  '.5. 

CK.VMER,  Gabrie),  of  Geneva,  Well  known 
over  Europe  as  a  maihemaiician,  died  in  175i. 


tophnnes.  He  was  an  .Athenian  born,  and 
appears  to  have  been  an  cicessivr;  drinker  ;  and 
Ithe  excuse  he  cave  for  (hat  vice  wils,  that  it  was 
absolutely  necessary  to  warm  his  fancy,  and  to 
!|)Ut  a  soul  into  his  verse.  Arisloplianes,  in  his 
I"  Irene,"  has  given  us  a  pleasant  account  of 
Cratinus'  death,  where    he   says  thai  it  was 


C'R.\M  EU.  -Vicholas,  a  Flemish  painter,  dis-jjcaused  by  a  fatal  swoon,  at  the  sight  of  a  noble 
tin^uish.'d  for  lastcand  correctness,  died  in  niO.'icask  of  wine  split  in  pieces,  and  washing  the 


CR.\MER,  Daniel,  a  n.iliveof  Bcllz,  in  liran- 
deidiurg,  profc.-isor  of  eloquence,  at  VViitcnibergJ 
and  an  able  divine,  wrote  on  Aristotle's  logic;! 
lie  died  i,\  1598.  I 

CR.A.MER,  John  James,  professor  of  orientall 
langauge  at  Zuricii,  and  afterwards  at  Uerboni,! 
and  author  of  several  theological  works;  he; 
died  in  1702.  i 

CR.AMEK,  John  .Andrew,  a  native  of  Qued-r 
liuburg,  who  first  reduced  the  art  of  assaying^ 
in  nieiallurgy  inui  a  system  ;  he  died  in  1777.      | 

CR.AM Ell,  John  .Andrew,  a  German  divine,' 
not  distinguished  e.\ceptnig  as  a  poet.  He  was] 
professor  in   several  institutions,  and  died   in; 

r,88. 

CR.ANE,  Thomas,  a  non-confonnist  divine, | 
;iiithor  of  a"  Treatise  on  Divine  Providence,"! 
died  in  1711. 

CK.\i\FlELD,  Edward,  was,  for  asliorttiine,! 

governor  of  the  colony  of  xN'ew  Hamji.shire,  af-l 

t>-r  itjS-2  I 

(.'RANIL'S,  Luca,  apainterof  Ramberg,whose| 

nieces  were  ouci;  admired,  died  in  I5.'>3.  r 

CRANMER,  Thomas,  an  I'.nglish  archbishop,' 
memorable  for  having  endured  martyrdom  iiij 
the  cause  of  protest  autism,  was  bom  al  Aslac-i 
ion.  in  Nottinghamshire,  in  1485),  and  burnt  at 
Oxford,  March  31,  1.055,  by  order  of  queen  Ma-I 
ry.  He  was  an  open,  generous,  honest  man  ;  a. 
lover  of  truth,  and  an  enemy  of  falsehood  and; 
superstition  ;  lie  was  gentle  and  moderate  in  his 
temper,  and  though  hcaiiily  zealous  in  the  cause 
of  the  reformation,  yet  a  friend  to  the  persons 
of  those  who  most  strenuously  opposed  it;  he 
was  a  great  patron  of  learning  and  the  univer 


streets.     Sui'Jas  tells  us  that  he  wrote  21  jjlays. 

CRATIITIJS,  pronounced  by  Ciceio,  lo  i>e 
by  far  the  greatest  of  all  the  peripati'tic  philoso- 
phers that  he  ever  heard,  was  of  Blitylene,  and 
taimht  [ihilosophv  there. 

CRATU.  or  UiE  CRAFTHEIM,  John,  physi- 
cian to  the  emperor  Ferdinand  I.,  ititiniate  with 
Euther — wrote  "  Luther's  Table  Talk ;"  he 
died  in  1585. 

CRAVEN,  Charles,  colonial  governor  of  S. 
Carolina,  returned  to  England  in  ITIC. 

CRAWFORD,  David,  author  of  '=  Memoirs 
of  Scotland,"  a  "Peerage  of  Scotland,"  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  royal  family  of  Stuart,"  a  topogra- 
phical description  of  the  "  CouJity  of  Renfrew," 
&c.,  was  born  near  Glasgow,  hi  1G05,  and  died 
172G. 

CRAWFORD,  William,  born  at  Kelso,  in 
167C,  wrote  "  Dying  Thoughts,"  an<l  some 
"  Sermons,"  published  in  2vols.  12mo,  and  died 
in  1742. 

CR.AWFORD,  Dr.  Adair,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician  and  chymist,  author  of"  Experi- 
ments and  Observations  on  Animal  Heat,"  and 
the  fust  who  found  out  the  medical  uses  inlicrent 
in  the  Terra  Pondcrosa,  born  in  1740,  died  17H5. 

CRAWFORD,  Anne,  a  celebrated  English 
actress,  both  in  comedy  and  tragedy,  but  better 
remeiiiliered  by  her  name  of  Rarrv,  was  born  at 
Baih,  in  1734,  and  died  Nov.  29,  1801. 

CIvAYER,  Caspar  de,  a  celebiuieii  painter 
of  Antwerp,  greatly  esteemed  by  Reubens  and 
Vandvck,  died  in  IGGO. 

CKEJilLLON,  Prosper  Joliot  de,  a  French 
writer  of  tragedy,  and    usually  ranked  after 


sities,  a  vcrv  learned  man  himself,  and  author  CorneilleandRachie,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1674, 
of  several  w'orks.  'land  died  17ti2. 

CRAX5TO.N'.  Samuel,  governor  of  Rliode-  I  CREBILEON,  Claude  Prosper  Joliot  de,  son 
Island,  fro'ii  1008  to  1727.  |  of  the  foregoine,  and  a  celebrated  v/riter  of  iio- 

CR.APONE,  Adam,  a  native  of  Salon,  known  I  vels,  letters,  and  romances,  was  born  in  Paris, 
for  the  canai  which  bears  his  name,  between  1 1707,  and  died  there  in  1777.  The  ease  andele- 
Arlesand  the  Durance;  he  was  poisoned  through;  I  uance,  together  with  the  sediicing  levity  of  his 
envy,  in  1598.  ||  writings,  have  obtained  for  him  the  appellation 

CR.XSHAW.  Richard,  an  English  poet,  who!  of  the  Petronius  of  France.    His  works,  chielly 


was,  in  his  lifetime,  honoured  with  the  friend- 
ship of  Mr.  Cowley,  and  after  ids  death,  by  tlie 
praise*  of  Mr.  Pope,  who  condesceudc  d  both  lo 
road  his  poems,  and  to  borrow  from  ilieni.  He 
died  at  Loreito,  in  Italy,  in  1050. 

CRASSO,  Lawrence,  baron  of  Piannra,  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Greek  poets,  coninionded  by  the 
Italians,  but  censured  bv  the  French. 

CRASSUS,  Eiicins  Eicinius,  aRoman  orator, 
greatly  .commended  by  Cicero,  died  92  B.  C. 
140 


of  a  voluptuous  tendency,  have  been  collected 
in  11  vols.  12uio,  1779. 

CREDI,  Lorenzo  di,  an  Italian  painter  of  Flo- 
reiice,  died  in  1530. 

CREECH,  Thomas,  eminent  for  his  transla- 
tionsof  ancient  authors,  both  in  prose  and  verse, 
was  born  near  Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  in 
1W9,  and  died  by  his  own  hand,  iu  1701.  His 
principal  works  are  translations  of  Lucretius 
and  Horace ;  but  he  tiaaslated  oilier  things  of  a 


enialler  ki 
venal.  Pit 

CRELL, 
stadt,  and 

(;11KLI. , 
Poland,  M I 
tariaiiB. 
wrote  agp. 

CRKMO 
who  Mb  (K 
eppct  to  il. 
1G30. 

CRENI, 
wtre  nmrn 
f)hi''al  subji 

t.Ri-auj 

dial,  and  pi 
valour;  lie 
sit'sip  of  Ur' 
CKKQII 
procedinR, 
for  liis  mill 
he  died  in 

CRKSCI 
born  at  Al 
ji'cted  the  i 
(Icrtlichniii 
at  tirst,  did 
creased  nni 
shipherds  o. 
of  some  slu 
ci(?m  kiiigdo 
agipointt'd  l> 
to  till.'  vear  ( 

CRE!=UR 
ccmurv,  wb 

CKKSCE 
lociH',  in  ll 
years  as  a  la 
liiablc  treati. 

CRFSPI,  I 
tor,  of  Bolosi 

CRESPl.  G 
lopna,  who,  b 
pave  greater 
1747. 

CRRSSEY, 
who  became 
qncen  (^aiharii 
jHiblislied  .some 
able  ecclesiastic 

("RESTI,  Do 
Florence,  died  ii 

CRETIN,  Wil 
lit  coiiBisted  in  pii 
torian  to  Charles 
died  in  1525. 

CRHVIER,  John 
trained  under  the  <v 
wards  professor  of 
of  his  inastpr,  in  174. 
nisli  his  "  Roman  Dis 
works,  and  was  creatl 
o(  virtue  and  religion, 
death  happened  in  1765. 

CREW,  Nathaniel,  bi 
time  of  James  II.,  whose 
he  died  in  1701. 

CRICHTON,  James,  a 
born  at  Perth,  in  ISHO,  and  b. 
traordinary    endowments,  bo 
mind,     lie  was  murdered  by  h. 
tjo  di  Gouzaga,  son  of  the  dnUc 
1582.    Thoupli  so  young  a  man,  I 
skilled  in  twelve  languages,  and  io 
"Versities,  gave  public  challenges  to  u 


e  pcrtbrmed 
iiig's  doaili. 

oniwcll  wan 
<1,  lo  wliicii 
(I  vtry  soon 
iiU  ilicullicr 
u  ioyali>ii<. 
recalled  to 
i  ut  all  tlio 
itoiJcotland, 
.Vfd  Charles 
ed  Ills  whole 
o\\.»  so  aii- 
iiie^,  bolder 
red  the  litad 
briipiiy  di3- 
avijigiunit'd 
,  locked  the 
iiid  returned 
ih  of  April, 
n  the  saini! 
'  auihiiriiy, 
e  three  ii;i- 
j  ;  in  which 
nisiered  the 
vigour  and 

'on  of  Oliver, 

lor,  was  born 

—An  act  was 

^clor,  and  lor 

le  Coninicnis 

chiul'  niagis- 

lionse ;  ami 

tiina^ed  in  a 

id  ill:;;  army. 

k  the  giivcrn- 

,e  resioration 

fcO,  under  llie 

ti'd  at Clush- 

dicd  te'oved  , 

lalifiedio  ^n|i- 

ring  laltnts  ot° 

ron  de,  born  at 
is  an  ingenious 

ic,  a  native  of 
ispector  of  the 
works,  and  died 

-■^nalisliman,  who 

1641. 

Jckton-ui)on-Tee.s, 

London,  where  he 

1  attorney  ■  became 

.read-street,  in  ITfi.'J, 

,Sepienil.er24,17Ta 

of   the  proclaj)  at  ion 

r  printers,  Mr.  .'VUter- 

ted  to  the  'I'ower  ;  and' 

nyor)  was  ordered  into 

jeaut  at  arms ;   but,  on 

g,  "that  if  any  offence 

le  was  the  greatest  offen 

jd  to  join  his  brother  in  of 

signed  for  his  commitment 

■le  parliament  was  prorogued 

iy,  when  the  lord  mayor  wa3 

Arried  from  the  Tower  to  the 

;  with  every  possible  mark  of  the 

of  his  fellow-citizens ;   and,  after 

>n  of  his  mayoralty,  was  again  re 

the  thanks  of  the  corporation,  and  a 

Jl.  in  value,    lie  died,  Feb.  M,  1793- 


OR 

CROSS,  Michanl,  an  English  artist,  and  fa- 
mous copier  ot'  paintings,  flouri^licil  iu  the 
rei^u.-^  of  Cliarles  I.  and  11. 

CROSS,  Lewis  a  painter,  who  retouched  a 
picture  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  in  a  masterly 
manner;  he  died  in  17'^. 

CROSWELL.,  Andrew,  a  minister  in  Boston, 
much  engagt'd  in  controversy,  died  iu  1785. 

CROUSAZ,  John  Heierde,  a  celebraifd  phi- 
fosupheraiid  uiaiinni.uiciau,  born  at  Lu'isauue, 
in  Switzerland,  .April  l;<,  l&U.  died  17-18. 

CROVVNE,  Jiilin,  an  American  by  birth,  went 
to  England,  ami  was  patroui>ed  by  Charlu:^  (I., 
at  whose  com:naiiil  he  wrote  several  drauiaiic 
pieces  :  the  best  known  of  which  are,  "  City 
Politics,"  and  "  Sir  Courtly  Nice;"  the  latter 
of  which  h.os  been  several  times  acted  of  late 
years.  His  plays  wcri;  17  in  number ;  s<iuje  o\' 
which  were  performed  with  great  success.  He 
died  about  170:i. 

CROXALL  rtr.  Samuel,  a  wiitcr  of  good 
repute,  born  at  Walton  upon  Thames,  and 
known  ns  publisher  of  the  following  works, 
viz :  "  The  Fair  Circassian,"  a  pjero  :  "  Fables 
of  .-Esop  and  othei-s,  translated  into  Cnglisli ;" 
"  Select  Novels  ;  "Scripture  Politics  ;""  The 
Royal  Manual,"  &c.     He  died  175-2. 

CROZE,  Malhiiriu  Veyssirre  la,  a  native  of 
Na;it(!S,  was  distinguished  lor  his  learning  and 
works :  he  died  in  17.19. 

CK(T(;!iGRR,  Gaspar,  a  protestant  of  Leipsic, 
author  of  commentaries  on  Scripture,  died  in 

CRIJDEN,  Alexander,  a  corrector  of  the  press, 
whose  literary  labours  will  ever  entitle  him  to 
the  venpratioii  of  all  students  of  the  sacred  wri- 
ting. His  "  Concordance  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  is  his 
chief  work,  and  asingtilar  instance  of  indefati- 
gahlo  labour  and  perseverance  in  the  most  use- 
ful employment.  His  private  character  (thonsjli 
naturally  liberal  in  the  extreme)  was  inriuenced 
by  a  temporary  frenzy,  which  gave  a  certain  co- 
Itiur  to  ill  his  actions,  and  suggested  to  him  ma- 
ny whimsic.ll  plans  of  reformation,  hopes  of 
Buptirioriiy,  and  visionary  views  of  ambition, 
which  were  as  useless  to  himself  as  unprollta- 
bio  to  others.  Of  his  singularities,  however, 
which  were  many,  the  tendency  was  unifovndy 
virtuous.  He  wai  born  at  .Alwrdeen,  in  1701. 
and  was  found  dead  on  his  knees,  apparently  in 
the  posture  of  prayer,  at  his  lodgings  in  Isling- 
ton, on  the  mornins  of  .\ov.  1,  1770. 

CRTTIKSH  \NK,  William  Cumberland,  an 
e^nineiu  anatomist,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1745, 
Went  to  London  1771 :  where  he  soon  got  into 
most  extensive  practice  as  a  snreeon.  As  a  wri- 
ter, he  is  principally  distinguished  by  his  "  Ana- 
tomy of  the  .\bsorbent  Vessels  in  the  Human 
Body,"  first  published  in  178(5;  and  "Experi- 
ments on  the  Insensible  Perspiration  of  the  Hu- 
man Bodv,"  1795.— Mr.  C.  died  June  27,  IflOO. 

CRlTSnJS,  or  KRANS,  .Martin,  of  Bamberg, 
Ihe  first  who  taught  Greek  in  Germany,  died  in 
1G07. 

CRHTTWELL,  Rev.  Clement,  a  gentleman 
whose  various  literary  performances,  for  labour- 
extent,  and  utility,  have  rarely  been  equalled 
«nd,  wnei.  rejarded  as  the  productions  of  an 
unassisted  valetudinarian,  have  |w-rhaps  never 
been  surpassed.  Mr.  C.  first  apiteared  as  an  au- 
thor in  his  edition  of  "  Rishop  Wilson's  Rible 
and  Works,  to  which  he  has  prefixed  a  life :  and 
in  the  splendid  eilition  of  Ihe  Bible,  he  has  in- 
serted collations  from  the  various  texts;  an 
«mployin«iit  which  first  directed  his  thoughts 


CV 

to  that  most  laborious  undertaking,  his  "  Con- 
cordance of  Parallel  Te.xts  of  Scripture  ;"  a 
work  wiiich,  according  to  the  usual  computa- 
tion of  time  and  assiduity,  would  be  siitticieiit 
to  occupy  the  Ufe  of  an  ordinary  man ;  and 
when  it  is  considered  that  he  printed  it  in  his 
own  house,  and  corrected  tin;  press  as  he  pro- 
ceeded, some  idea  may  be  formed  of  his  indus- 
try and  pers«!verance.  Scarcely  had  he  recover- 
ed from  a  severe  illness,  which  his  incessant  ap- 
plication had  produced,  and  which  obliged  him 
to  have  recourse  to  the  baths  of  St.  Aiuand,  in 
Flanders,  when  he  projected  the  scheme  of  his 
"Universal  Gazetteer;"  in  the  execution  of 
which  he  spent  ten  years  of  unwearied  dili- 
gence ;  the  sale  of  the  first  edition  sntliciciitly 
proved  the  favourable  light  in  winch  it  was  re- 
!!:irded  by  the  public,  and  he  had  just  gone 
through  the  laborious  olfice  of  editing  a  second 
edition,  comprising  30,000  new  articles  ;  when, 
on  the  ro,id  to  his  native  town,  Wokiugliam,  in 
Berkshire,  he  was  arrt>sied  by  a  sudden  illness, 
which  terminated  latally  befoie  medical  assist- 
ance could  be  procured.  He  died  at  Froxtield, 
Soinersotsliire,  in  his  iVith  year,  Sept.  5,  l8tW. 

CRUZ,  Juaiia  Inez  de  la,  a  lady  of  Tilexico, 
illstinguished  lor  her  jxiotry,  and  her  acquaint- 
ance with  the  sciences  ;  she  died  in  Iti'.la. 

CRYTOPYLUS,  Metrophaiic-s,  a  Greek,  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  raised  to  ihe 
see  of  Alexandria;  he  died  in  1641. 

CTE.SI.AS,  a  Greek  physician  in  the  service 
of  .Vrlaxerxes,  king  of  Persia :  he  wrote  a  his- 
tory .>f  Persia. 

CTESIBIUS,  a  mathematician  of  Aleian 
dria,  the  inventor  of  the  pump,  water  cluck, 
&c.  li>  R.  C. 

CTESIPHON,  an  Athenian,  whose  attempt 
to  decree  a  golden  crown  to  Oemosllieiies,  was 
opposed  by  /Eschines,  and  produced  the  tw» 
famons  orations  of  the  rival  orators. 

CUDWORTH,  Ralph,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  was  born  at  Aller,  in  Somersetshire, 
1017,  and  died  UiS8.  He  was  a  man  of  very 
extensive  learning,  excellently  skilled  in  the 
learned  lautinages  and  antiquity,  a  cood  matlie- 
inaticiaii,  a  .subtle  philosopher,  and  a  profound 
metaphvsjrian.  His  great  work,  "  The  True 
Intellectual  System  of  the  Universe,"  was  pub- 
lished in  folio,  1678. 

CUERE.\HERT,  Theodore  Van,  a  native  of 
.\msterdain,  iiistinEuisheil  for  science;  but  es- 
pecially for  niiinlaiiiing  that  a  Christian  should 
not  enter  a  place  of  worship;  he  died  in  1590. 

CUEVA,  Alfonsus  de  la,  an  ambassador  from 
Philip  IH.  to  Venice,  who  plotted  the  seizing 
of  the  city,  which,  however,  failed  ;  he  died  in 

CUFF,  Henry,  a  celebrated  wit  and  excellent 
scholar,  born  at  Hinton,  St.  George,  in  Somer- 
setshire, about  1560.  He  srave  early  marks  of 
genius  and  apphcation  ;  arrived  in  time  at  the 
Greek  protessorship  at  Oxford,  and  wascliosea 
proctor  of  the  university,  in  1594.  To  the  cele- 
brated Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  Cuff  became  se- 
cretary ;  he  was  involved  in  all  the  misl'ortnncs 
of  that  unhappy  earl ;  ami  with  Sir  Gelly  Mer- 
rick, the  earl's  steward,  executed  at  Tvbuni, 
IfiOl. 

CUG  N  r  ERES,  Peter  de.  an  upright  m  aeistrate, 
who,  in  i:t20,  advocated  the  rights  of  Philip  Va- 
lois  asainst  the  clergy. 

CUJ.\CTr'S,  James,  a  celebrated  French  law- 
yer, horn  at  Thoulouse,  about  1520  and  died  at 
Bourees,  1590. 

Cl/LLE"^,  Dr.  William  an  eminent  Scr.trij 
143 


^ 


I 


# 

.1 — 


cu 


pliysiciaii  and  mcdicaJ  writer,  w  huse  principal 
works  are,  '•  Synopsis  Iv'osologs  Mclliodica-,  Kd- 
inlt.,  1772,"  2  vols.  8vo. ; "  Lectures  on  the  Mate- 
ria Mtdica,  Loud."  4lo. ;  "  First  lines  of  the  Prac- 
tice of  I'liysic,  177fi,"  8vo.  [This  is  said  (o  have 
produced  liim  3000/.J  "  Institutions  ol'  Medi- 
cine, Part  I.,  containing  Pliysiology,"  8vo.  "  On  | 
the  Recovery  of  Urownivl  Peisuns  ;"  and  "  A ; 
Treatise  on  the  Materia  Medica."  2  vols.  4t()., 
1789.  He  was  horn  in  Lanarkshire,  and  died 
February  5, 17<t0. 

Cl'LLUM,  sir  John,  an  Euplishman,  who  pub- 
lished the  history  and  aiititiuitits  of  Havvsled, 
Suflolk  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

C'ULMER.  Richard,  a  violent  fanatic  in  Eng- 
Ipnd,  who  was  employed  by  parliament  to  break 
down  and  deface  imapes,  tc. 

CL'LPEPKKjiNicholas,  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  bound  apprentice  to  an  apothecary ; 
but  employed  all  his  leisure  hours  in  the  study 
of  astrology,  which  fallacious  science  he  after- 
wards professed.  He  wrote  many  books,  but 
the  most  noted  is  his  '■  Herbal,"  wherein  he  tells 
us  under  what  planets  the  simples  grow,  and 
speaks  of  their  good  and  bad  qualities.  He  died 
in  Sjiltalfttlds,  1054. 

CULPEPER,  Thoiiias  lord,  lieutenant-go- 
vernor, and  afterwards  governor,  of  the  colony 
of  Virginia,  died  in  1719. 

ru.MBERL.AND,  Dr.  Richard,  a  very  learn- 
ed English  divine,  and  bishop  of  Peterborougli, 
born  in  London,  in  103-J,  died  in  1718.  He  had 
studied  maihematics  in  all  branches,  and  the 
•Scriptures  in  their  original  languages.  His  book 
•■  De  Legibiis  Natura;"  is  his  capital  work,  and 
will  always  be  read  while  sound  reasoning  shall 
continue  to  be  thought  the  best  support  of  re- 
ligion. 

CUMBERLAND,  'Williani,  duke  of,  second 
son  of  George  II.,  distinguished  for  his  mili- 
tary successes ;  he  died  in  17')5. 

CUMBERLAND,  Richard,  an  eminent  poet, 
essayist,  novelist,  and  dramatic  writer,  was  a 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Kilmore,  and  a  grandson, 
by  the  maternal  side,  of  the  learned  Dr.  Richard 
Bentley,  under  whose  roof,  in  the  Master's 
Lodge  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  was 
born,  Feb.  19,  ]7:J2.  He  received  his  education 
at  the  school  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  at  West- 
minster, and  at  Trinity  College.  As  a  writer, 
the  number  of  his  works  is  very  extraordinary. 
The  drama,  however,  appears  to  have  been  his 
favourite  pursuit ;  and  ahstof  his  performances 
in  this  line  of  literature,  will  be  found  in  the 
"Biographia  Dramatica,"  8vo.,  1812.  He  died 
in  London,  May  7, 1811,  and  was  buried  in  Poet's 
Corner,  VVestminster  Abbey. 

CUMBERLAND,  Henry  Frederic,  duke  of, 
whose  union  with  the  widow  of  a  Mr.  Horton 
produced  the  marriage  act ;  he  died  in  17C0. 

CUMING,  John,  an  eminent  pliysician,  of 
Concord.  Mass.,  and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
College  ;  died  in  1788. 

CUMING,  William,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician, much  respected  for  his  learning  and  skill ; 
he  died  in  1788. 

CUMMING,  Ale.vandcr,  minister  in  Boston, 
colleague  with  Dr.  Pewall;  died  in  1763. 

CUN.^EUS,  Peter,  a  lawyer,  professor  at  Ley- 
den,  highly  comniended  by  Vossius,  Scaliger 
&c.,  died  in  1638. 

CUNEGONDE,  wife  of  Henry  II.,  (..-mperor) 
was  accused  of  incontinence,  and  retired  to  a 
monastery. 

CU.\ITI.\.  a  lady  of  Silesia,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, who  greatly  excelled  in  mathematiiy  and 
astronomy ;  she  died  in  1664. 
144 


CU 

I  CUNNINGHAM,  William,  a  physician  of 
London,  greatly  distinguished  as  an  astronomer, 
idled  alter  1563. 

1  CUNNINGHAM,  John,  an  elegant  and  in- 
genious pastoral  poet  and  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  ill  Dublin,  1729,  died  in  Northumberland, 
177.3. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, author  of  "A  History  of  Great  Britain, 
from  the  Revolution  in  lC8d  to  tlie  Acc^fssion  of 
George  I."  This  work  was  written  in  Latin, 
and  lay  in  manuscript  till  1787  ;  when  a  faithful 
raiislation  of  it  into  English  was  made  by 
William  Thompson,  LL.  D.,  and  published  in 

2  vols.  4to.  The  work  was  undoubtedly  well 
deserving  of  publication  ;  as  it  contains  the  bis- 
tciry  of  a  very  interesting  period,  written  by  one 
who  had  a  considera'ule  degree  of  authentic  in- 
I'orniation,  and  comprises  many  curious  particu- 
lars unknown  to  other  historians.  The  author 
died  1737,  at  the  advanced  age  of  83  years. 

CUNY,  Lewis  Anthony,  author  of  funeral 
orations  on  the  dauphin  of  France,  queen  of 
Poland,  and  cardinal  Rohan. 

CUPANO,  Francis,  a  .Sicilian,  author  of  a 
catalogue  of  plants  of  Sicily,  and  a  valuable  his- 
toiv  of  that  island. 

CUPERUS,  Gisbcrt,  professor  of  history,  of 
navniter,  pubhshed  several  works,  and  died  in 
171G. 

CUR^T;US,  Joachim,  a  German,  author  of 
the  annals  of  Silesia  and  Breslau;  lie  died  in 
1573. 

CURCELL.a;US,  Stephen,  of  Geneva,  author 
of  an  edition  of  the  Greek  Testament  with  va 
rious  readings,  &;c.:  he  died  in  16.58. 

CURIO,  an  orator,  of  Rome,  who  called  Cae- 
sar the  man  of  all  the  women,  and  the  woman 
of  all  the  men. 

CURIO,  CfEhiis  Secundus,  a  Piedmontese, 
who  forsook  tiic  Romish  religion  for  Lutheran- 
ism  ;  he  was  professor  of  eloquence  at  Basil, 
and  died  in  1569. 

CURIUS,  Dentatus  Marcus  Anniiis,  a  Ro- 
man consul,  distinguished  in  the  wars  against 
Pyrrhus,  died  272  B.  C. 

CURL,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  and  bookma- 
ker, rendered  notorious  by  Mr.  Pope,  in  his 
Dunciad.  He  was  generally  held  to  be  of  an 
immoral  character,  and  was  highly  injurious  to 
the  literary  world  by  his  piracies  and  forgeries. 
He  deservedly  lost  bis  ears  in  the  pillory,  by  a 
sentence  of  the  law,  for  publishing  obscene  per- 
formances, and  died  Dec.  II,  1717. 

CUROPALATE.  John,  author  of  a  Greek 
history,  from  813,  to  1081. 

CURR ADI,  Fiancesco,an  Italian  painter ,who 
excelled  in  historical  pieces ;  he  died  in  1660. 

CURR  AN,  Rt.  Hon.  John  Philpot,  an  eminent 
Irish  lawyer,  and  orator,  and  sometime  master 
of  the  roils  in  Ireland,  was  born  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  and  died  at  Brompton,  near  London, 
Oct.  14, 1817,  aged  nearly  "0  years.  His  oratory 
was  completely  sui  gem^ris  ;  always  the  sudden 
burst  of  strong  and  passionate  ftclinge,  which 
seemed  to  rise  in  proportion  as  the  grand  con- 
ceptions of  his  mind  became  more  and  more  il- 
luminated by  the  coruscations  of  hi.s  wit, — the 
lightning  flashes  of  a  vigorous  and  highly  poeti- 
cal imagination. 

CURRIE, Dr.  James,  an  eminent  medical  and 
political  writer,  born  atKirkpatrick  Fleming,  in 
Dumfriesshire,  May  31,  175G,  died  at  Sidmouth, 
Aug.  31,  1605.  Besides  medical  writings,  which 
are  numerous,  he  furnished,  in  1800,  a  rich  treat 
to  the  lovers  of  elegant  literature,  by  publishing, 
ill  4  vols.  8vo.  "  The  Works  of  Robert  Bumea, 


cu 


DA 


with  an  Accuuut  of  liis  Life,  and  a  CriticiErii  on   17'22,  becoming  an  episcopalian,  lie  left  the  col- 


(lis  Writings:  to  wliicli  arc  prefixed,  some  Ob- 
eervations  on  the  Character  and  Condition  of 
the  Scottish  Peasaiitiy  " 

CUKSUN,  or  COROEONK,  Robert,  an  £05- 
lislinian,  chancellor  ol'  i'aris  university  ;  he  was 
I'lade  cardinal  bj'  pope  Innocent  III.,  and  died 
in  l-il«. 

CLKTIS,  William,  a  very  distinyulshed  boia- 
nist,  born  at  Alton,  in  Hanipshirc,  jiijoiil  1741). 
His  great  work,  "The  Flora  LondiniMisis,''  is 
iiighly  interesting,  not  only  10  llie  man  of  pci- 
Liicf:,  but  also  to  tlie  farmer  and  apriculturisi ; 
as  it  combines  the  knowledge  of  ciitoinolo!;y 
iviili  tli:it  of  botany.  Mr.  Curtis  died  at  Broinu- 
ton,  near  Kniglitsbridgt,  July  7,  179S). 

CUllTIfB,  Uninius,  a  Latin  historian,  wlio 
has  written  the  actions  of  Ale.\ander  IhelJrcat, 
in  10  books.  Where  this  author  was  bom,  no- 
oody  pretends  to  know  ;  and  even  when  hp  lived 
la  still  a  dispute  among  tlie  learned,  and  never 
likely  to  be  settled. 

CIIRTIUS,  Martius.  a  Roman,  who,  to  beme- 
I'lt  Ins  country,  plunged  inloa  gulf,  which  caused 
his  d'  ath,  3G-2  H.  C. 

CURTIUS,  Mil  liael  Conrad,  professor  of  lo 
gic  and  metaphysics,  at  Luneberg,  and  after 
wards  of  history  and  rhetoric,  al  Marpurg,  &c., 
died  in  180-2. 

(.'CS.^,  iNicholas  de,  a  rardinal  and  bishop,  so 


lege,  and  went  to  England  (or  orders ;  after  hif 
reiiirn,  he  was  settled  in  lioston.  lie  died  in 
1705. 

CUTLER,  Manas-teh,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
congregational  clergyman,  of  Ma^iachusetts, 
and  a  member  of  congress  I'roin  tha:  state,  diad 
in  1623. 

CUTTS,  John,  lord,  a  brave  English  soldier, 
land  no  mean  poel,  died  at  Dublin,  in  1707.  His 
i  poems  were  pnbh-ilied  in  ](»87. 

CUTTS,  John,  one  of  the  early  seniors  of 
INcvv  Ilanipsliire.  and  president  of  tbai  colony, 
'dud  inlfiSl. 

I  CYAXAKES  I.,  king  of  iJi€  iledes,  after 
.Phraorles,  diedS^,'.  B.  C. 

I     CVAXARES  II.,  king  of  Media,  supposed  to 
.be  the  famous  Darius,  died  53d  B.  C. 
I     CVr.NE,  Martin  du,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  St. 
Omcr,  author  01"  several  Wv)rks,  died  in  ItifitJ. 

CVX.'KGIRUS,  an  Atlienian,  who  lost  his 
|life  at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  while  attempting 
jto  stop  the  tliglit  of  tlie  Persians. 

C YNE AS,  a  Thess.ilinn  pliilo.«opher,  who  ac- 
'conipanii'd  rvrrhns  in  his  invasion  of  lialv. 
I     CYl'KlANl,  or  CIFRIAM,  an  eniiiuiil  Ifa- 
ilian  painter,  Who  settled  in  England,  died  in 
|l7t<5. 

I  CYPRIAiNTS.  Thasciiis,  Csjcilius,  bishop  of 
rarihagr,  a  principal  failicr  of  the  Chrlsiiait 


called  from  Cusa,  the  place  of  his  birth.  His  church,  born  at  Carthage,  in  Africa,  about  the 
parents  were  mean  and  poor :  and  itwashisown  I  beginning  of  the  3d  century,  and  beheaded  therp| 
personal  merit  which  raised  him  lo  the  height  |j Sept.  14, '.'.58. 

of  (iligiii';  ;l;at  he  afterwards  attained.  Hewa-sil  CYRANO,  Ilergerac,  a  French  autlior,  of  i 
^:in  of  extraordinary  jiarts  and  learning  ;  [singular  characltr,  burn  in  Gascony,  about  lOCO, 
rlicularly  famous  for  liis  groat  knowltdiie  in  j  died  Ifi.'jS.  His  works  consist  of  some  lettere, 
fW  and  divinity  ;  and  witliul,  a  great  iiainral'  written  in  his  youth,  wilii  a  tragedy,  entitled 
.ilosoplier,  and  geometrician,  lie  diedinH'U,  I"  The  Death  of  .•'\grippina.  Widow  of  Oerma- 
agej (13  years,  and  left  many  excellent  works  be-rnicus  ;"a  rom<'d\i,  called  "  The  Pedant,  or  mere 
hind  him.  iSiiiolar,   ridiculed  :"    "Comic    History  of  the 

CUSIII.VG,  William,  LL.  D.  a  judge  of  thel'Ptaies  and  Empires  of  the  Moon;"  "Comic 


tupreine  court  of  the  state  of  Maasaclinselts 
and  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  I'liiled  States, 
died  in  1810. 

CUSHING,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  speaner  of  the 
^onse  of  repicsematives,  member  of  congress 
from  the  slate  of  Massachusetts,  and  heutcnant 
governor  of  the  same,  died  in  1788. 

CUSHIXG,  Nathan,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  thesiateof  Ma3^aclmsetls,  died  iu  1812. 

CUSHLNG,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  lieutenant  go- 
vernor of  IMassachusetts,  much  devoted  to  pub- 
lic life,  and  10  tlie  public  good  ;  he  died  in  174fi. 

CUSHLNG,  Jacob,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Wal- 
tham,  Mass.,  much  esteemed,  died  in  1S09. 

CUSHMAN,  Robert,  one  of  the  first  emi- 
grants lo  America,  returned  soon  on  business  lo 
England,  where  he  died. 

CUSPINIAN,  John,  aGerman  historian,  born 
in  1473,  died  in  l,i'29.  He  was  first  physician 
to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.,  and  employed  by 
that  prince  in  several  delicate  negotiations. 

CUSS.\Y,  N.  governor  of  Angers,  who  told 
the  duke  of  Guise,  when  he  ordered  the  protest- 
ants  of  .-^njou  to  be  massacred,  that  his  fellow- 
citizens  were  brave  and  loyal,  but  not  assassins. 

CUSTINES,  Adam  Philippe,  couiil  de,  a 
Frenchman,  who  assisted  the  Americans  in  the 
revolutionary  war ;  he  perished  on  the  scnftbld. 
fDr  treason,  in  1793. 

CUTHBERT,  an  English  saint,  of  sanctity, 
virtue,  &c.,  died  in  686. 

CL'TLER,  John,  an  eminent  physician  and 
surgeon,  in  Boston,  died  in  1761. 

CUTLER,  Timothy,  D.D.,  president  of  Yale 
Pollcge,  a  native  of  Cliarlestown,  Mass.      In 


Historj'  of  the  States  and  Empiresof  the  Sun  ;' 
[several  letters  and  dialogues,  and  a  fragment  oa 
physic. 

CYRII,,  of  Jerusalem,  one  of  the  fathere, 
died  in  386. 

CYRIL,  made  bishop  of  Alexandria,  in  412, 
died  444.  Ilis  works  are  voluminous,  and  have 
been  often  printed. 

CYRILL,  Lucar,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  straiiL-led  for  at- 
tempting to  reform  the  clorgj-,  iu  ItifW. 

CYRUS,  founder  of  the  ancient  Persian  em 
pire,  died  5"0  B.  C. 

CYRUS,  the  Younger,  defeated  by  his  bro- 
ther Artaxerxes,  401  B.  C.  The  retreat  of  the 
10,000  Greeks  who  accompanied  him,  is  cele- 
brat>'d  in  ancient  history. 

CYRUS,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  reign  of  Qwt 
younger  Thcodosius. 

D 

DAC,  John,  a  German  painter,  who  flourish- 
ed about  1586,  and  whose  pictures  are  in  grand 
style. 

D.ACIER,  Andrew,  a  verj- celebrated  French 
critic  and  philosopher,  born  at  Castres.  in  Lan- 
giiedoc,  in  1651,  died  172-2.  His  principal  wurks 
are  translations  of  "  Horace;"  "Aristotle's  Poet- 
ics ;"  "  Plutarch's  Lives  :"  the  works  of"  Hip- 
pocrates ;"  "Plato;"  "The  Life  of  Pythagoras," 
&c.  &c. 

DACIER,  Anne,  wife  of  Andrew  Dacier,  and 
a  woman  of  extraordinary  learning,  as  her  works 
will  show,  of  which,  the  moii  (»>hsiderable  arf 
13  145 


DA 

translations  ot  "  Anacreon,"  Sapplio,"  "  Plau- 
(U6,"  "  Terence,"  a«d  "  Homer."  She  waa 
born  at  Sauinur,  in  Franc«,  in  IGol,  and  died  in 
17W.  Madaoie  Dacier  was  a  woman  ol"  yreat 
virtue  as  well  as  learning.  Sl)e  was  rcmarka-i 
ble  for  lirmness,  generosity,  good  uatnre,  |ueiy,l 
and  modesty.  Tlie  academy  of  Kicovrati,  at' 
Padua,  chose  her  one  of  their  body,  in  ]l)34. 

DAGAll,  Jacob,  an  emiiicutliistorical  painter, 
of  I'aris,  died  m  1710. 

DAGGETT,  Napthali,  D.  D.,prcsidejit,  and 
professor  of  theoloi;y,  in  Yale  College,  wa.^dis 
anguished  as  a  thorough  scholar,  and  a  sound 
divine.  He  displayed  great  bravery  when  ih 
British  attacked  New-Haven,  where  he  died  in 
17S0. 

D.AGOBERT,  I.,  king  of  France,  in  638,  a  li- 
oenlious  and  cruel  prince. 

UAGOBERT  II.,  king  of  Austrasia,  was  as- 
sas^lnaled  in  6V9. 

D.VGOBBRT  III.,  son  of  Childebert,  king  of 
Ncustria,  died  in 715. 

D.AGOBERT,  N.,  a  French  general,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  Italy  and  Spain,  died  in 
1794. 

D.'VGOUMER,  William,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris,  died 
in  1755. 

D\HL,  Michael,  a  Danish  painter,  patronised 
by  the  court  of  Denmark,  died  in  1743. 

DAHLBEEG,  Eric,  a  Swedish  engineer, 
whose  services  were  rewarded  with  a  title  of 
nobility;  h(» died  in  170.3. 

DAILLE,  John,  a  minister  of  the  church  of 
Pans,  and  one  of  the  ablest  advocates  the  pro- 
(esiants  ever  had,  was  born  at  Chatelherault,  in 
1594.  In  16-28  he  wrote  his  celebrated  book, 
"  De  rUsage  des  Peres,"  or  "  Of  the  f^se  of 
the  Fathers,"  which  Bayle  has  pronounced  a 
master-  piece. 

DALE,  Sir  Thomas,  chief  m.igistrate  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  came  from  Enjlanil,  in  IGU, 
with  three  hundred  colonists.  His  administra- 
tion was  vigorous,  but  advantageous  to  the  co- 
lony.and  contributed  to  its  permanency  ;  he  died 
in  the  East  Indies. 

D.VLE,  Samuel,  an  apothecary  of  Essex,  who 
btcame.  b"  '  'i  merit,  a  licentiate  of  the  college 
of  phvnicians,  and  fellow  of  the  royal  society  ; 
he  died  in  1739. 

DALECHAMPS,  James,a  learned  physician, 
born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  1513.  His  chief 
work  was  a  translation  of  Pliny's  "  Natural 
History,"  with  notes;  he  died  in  1558. 

DALE.V,  Cornelius  Von,  an  eminent  Dutch 
engraver,  who  flourished  in  1640. 

D.\LE.VS,  Dirk,  an  eminent  landscape  pain- 
ter, of  .A.m3terdani,  died  in  108S. 

D'\L[BRAI,  Charles  Von,  a  poet  of  Paris, 
who  wrote  bacchanalian,  satirical,  lieroical, 
moral,  and  Clirisfian  poems;  he  died  in  1C55. 

D^fjIN,  Olaus  de,  the  father  of  Swedish  poe- 
try, and  preceptor  to  prince  Gustavus,  was  born 
in  1708. 

D  \IjLAS,  Ale.vander  James,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  statesman,  came  from  the  island  of  Ja- 
maica, to  Philadelphia,  in  178.3.  In  1791,  tie  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  state  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  afterwards  secretary  of  the  treasury 
of  the  United  StateR,  and  acting  secretary  of 
war,  a'ld  died  in  1817.  He  pubhshed  4  volumes 
of  valuable  law  reports. 

DVLLINGTOV,  Sir  Robert,  author  of  the 
aphorisms  of  Tacifis,  was  knighted  by  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  difld  in  1C37. 
P.\L.MAT(N,  G«orge,  a  Lutheran  minister, 
146 


DA 

of  Layback,  who  translated  the  Bible  into  the 
Sclavoniau  language,  in  the  Kith  century. 

DALMATIUS,abishopof  Cyzicnm,  who  at 
tended  tlie  council  of  Bphesus,  and  wrote  the 
acts  of  tlie  synod  of  Nice. 

D.VLRVMPLE,  Alexander,  son  of  Sir  Janies 
Ualrymple,  of  Edinburgh,  was  engaged  for 
several  years  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company  ;  afterwards  as  hydrographer  to  thai 
company,  and  to  the  adniirully.  lie  is  known 
as  the  author  of  "  Di.scoveries  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean, "and  many  other  valuable  works;  he  died 
in  1808. 

DALRYMPLE,  Sir  David,  of  Ilailes,  hart., 
better  known  by  the  name  of  lord  Hailcs,  one 
of  the  senators  of  the  college  of  justice  in  Scot- 
land. He  was  not  only  conspicuous  as  an  able 
and  upright  judge,  and  a  sound  lawyer,  butwai 
a'aoeinihent  as  a  man  of  pohte  literature,  and 
an  excellent  classical  scholar.  Numerous  ar>! 
the  works  iJiat  have  issued  from  his  pen;  and  it!  1 
of  them  distinguislied  by  their  accuracy  anil 
learning.  He  was  bom  at  Edinburgh,  in  1720, 
and  died  November  29,  1792. 

DALRYMPLE,  Alexander,  an  aminent  liy- 
drographer,bornatNewHaile8,  near liV-  burgh, 
July  24, 1737,  died  in  Condon,  June  1       .08. 

DALRYMPLE,  Sir  John,  many  -  ?a..i  a  baron 
of  the  E,\chequer  in  Scotland,  author  -f  "  Me- 
moirs of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  .lacLsou 
"  Feudal  Law,"  and  several  other  works,  died 
Feb.  -20,  1810,  aged  84. 

DAIiTON,  Tristram,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, speaker  of  the  house  o''  rcpic^.'       '^  •■ 
and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  that  sta.c 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  United  States  ' 
nate,  died  in  1817. 

DALTON,  Michael,  an^  English  lawyer,  at. 
thor  of  two  well-known  books  on  "  The  Oltice 
of  a  Justice  of  Peace,"  and  "  On  the  Duty  of 
SheriiFs,"  fee.  The  times  of  his  birth  and  death 
are  uncertain,  but  the  latter  was  probably  about 
1020.  ■ 

D.\LaON,  Dr.  John,  prebendary  of  Worces- 
ter, born  at  Dean,  in  Cumberland," in  1709.  He 
adapted  Milto'  's  "  Masque  at  Ludlow  Castle"  to 
the  stage,under  the  title  of  "  Coinus,  a  Masque," 
and  died  in  1763. 

DALZELL,  Andrew,  an  eminent  G-  k 
sciiolar,  born  near  Edinburgh,  and  a  professor 
at  the  university  there.  He  was  a  most  aniia- 
ble,  as  well  as  learned  man  ;  he  died  in  1806. 

DALZIEL,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  officer,  whn 
e.scaped  to  Russia,  where  the  czar  made  him  a 
general.  At  the  restoration,  he  returned,  and 
was  made  commander  in  cliief,  in  Scotland. 
He  was  a  very  singular  man. 

DAMASCENUS,  John,  an  illustrious  father 
of  the  church,  in  the  8th  cemury.  He  died  about 
50,  leaving  behind  him  many  compositioia  of 
various  kinds. 

D  VMASCIUS,  a  stoic  philosopher,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  0th  century. 

D.\MASUS  I.,  a  Spaniard,  raised  to  the  papal 
throne  in  366. 

DAM  \SUS  n.,bishopof  Brixen,  waselecteiJ 
pope,  but  died  23  days  after,  in  1048. 

DAMBOURNEY,  N.,  born  at  Rouen,  distin- 
guished as  a  merchant,  and  man  of  science,  died 
in  1795.  ,1 

DAMIEN,  Peter,  cardinal,  and  bishop  of  Os- 
tia,  in  the  11th  century.  He  was  a  pious  man, 
and  left  several  works ;  he  died  about  1073. 

D\MIENS,  Robert  Francis,  a  native  of 
France,  executed  March  28, 1757,  for  attempt 
ing  to  assassinate  the  kins-    For  the  foim  and 


DA 

manner  of  hie  execution,  see  CH  ASTEL,  whose 
punisliment  was  similar. 

DAMO,  the  liaughtcr  of  Pythagoras,  was  well 
skiller)  in  the  jihilosopliy  of  lit-r  failicr. 

DAWOCLK^r^,  a  flatterer  of  the  tyraiitDiony- 
sius;  wllo,affecllng  upon  some  occasion  or  01  her, 
to  admire  the  fortune  of  that  priiiie,  Oioiiysiiis, 
to  convince  him  that  princfs  are  not  al\va\s  so 
happy  as  they  sf  cm  to  be,  innted  hiu)  to  a  feast, 
and  caused  a  naked  .sword  lu  he  hum;  over  his 
head,  which  was  only  ;;eld  hy  a  sintile  hair.  Da- 
mocles, extremely  struck  with  a  sense  of  the 
?ia/,ardous  situation  he  was  in,  changed  his  opi- 
nion at  once,  and,  for  his  own  particidar  pan, 
beaded  of  Dionysins,  that  he  might  retire  from 
court,  and  high  life,  into  that  mediocrity  of 
condition,  where  no  danger  was,  and  wheie  he 
should  not  be  subject  to  a  reverse  of  fortune. 

D.\MOCRITrtJ,a  Wreck  historian,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  (•actics. 

D.V.MON,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  cele- 
brated for  his  friendship  with  Vythias. 

DAMON,  an  Athenian  nmsician',  the  friend 
of  f  ocrates. 

D,\iM<)(MvS,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  author 
of  sot    ">^rUs  of  little  merit. 

D.Ai.  :'>RR,- John,  a  native  of  niois,  author 
of  some  el^^aut  Latin  poems,  dieiliii  lo.'iO. 

D.\>"  IT;R,  William,  a  tamous  English  navi- 
gator, bbrn  in  Somerseifliiie,  in  l(V>v!,  died  KiyO. 
His  "  Voyage  round  tlie  World"  is  well  known, 
and  has  gone  thronth  many  editions. 

DAIMPIERRE,  N.,  a  French  officer,  "who dis- 
flngir'm'ed  himsolf  under  general  Dnmourier, 
cfed  of  a  wound  by  a  cannon  hall,  in  17JS. 

D.\N.  the  tifth  son  of  Jacob,  by  Bilkah,  Ra- 
chel's maid. 

D.'\N.\,  Francis,  TAj.  T).,  an  <'minent  lawyer, 
r>f  Massachusetts,  was  a  niembci»%f  the  Ameri- 
can congress  in  1770,  and  minist^R'roin  that  bo- 
dy to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg  :  aftorwaiils 
chief  justice  of  the  state  of  Massachnselts.  He 
wasdistincuished  forthe  fidelity  and  ab'lity  with 
which  he  disthnrged  his  public  <luticJ<,  and  for 
his  attachment  to  the  institutions  ol'  his  coun- 
try.    HediedinlHH.  i 

n.\NCER,  Daniel,  a  most  singular  example 
of  peimrionsness,  with  the  me;ins  of  plenty.  He 
k'»>d  at  Pinner,  in  Middlesex,  with  a  sister  of 
his,  who  was  of  a  congenial  di.<position  ;  and, 
though  possessed  of  301)01.  a- year,  besides  great 
sums  in  specie  and  bank  notes  concealed  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  his  house,  he  denied  hhnself  the 
common  necessaries  of  life.  He  usually  "nad 
his  body  girt  with  a  hayband,  to  keep  together 
his  tattered  garments ;  the  stockings  he  wore 
had  been  sofreqnently  darned  and  patched,  that 
scarcely  any  of  the  original  could  be  seen;  but 
in  dirty  or  cold  Wijather,  they  were  thickly  c- 
%'ered  vvitli  ropes  of  hay,  which  served  as  sub- 
stitutes for  hoots.  He  rarely  washed  his  face 
or  hands,  and  never  allowed  his  bed  to  be  made, 
or  his  house  to  be  cleaned.  He  hid  hank  notes 
among  the  cobwebs  in  his  cowhouse,  and  guineas 
in  the  ftre-place,  covered  with  soot.  A  number 
of  singular  eccentricities  are  recorded  of  him, 
in  "  Biographical  Curiosities,"  12mo,  1797.  He 
died  in  October,  1794. 

D.\NCHET,  Anthony,  a  French  dramatic 
poet,  horn  atRioni,  i'\  1C71,  died  1748. 

DANDINI,  Jcrome,the  first  .lesuit  who  taught 
philosophy  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  commentary 
on  Aristotle,  and  died  in  1634. 

D.\iNDINl,  Pietro,  ati  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Florence,  died  in  171'J. 
D.WDINI,  CKsare.  a  htstvical  painter,  of 


DA 

[Florence,  who  finished  his  pictures  in  a  saperior 

fetyle. 

I    DANDINI,  Hercule  Francoif,  professor  of  the 

law  at  Padua,  and  author  of  some  learned 

works,  died  in  1747. 

DANDOEO,  Henry,  duke  of  Venice,  a  brave 
admiral,  and  great  politician,  who  took  Coni- 
tantinople,  in  I'iOit,  and  had  the  nioderation  to 
refuse  the  im]<erial  dignity.    He  died  in  laW. 

DANDOLO,  .Andrew,  doge  of  Venice,  of 
which  he  wrote  a  history.  He  corresponded 
with  Petrarch,  and  died  iii"l354. 

DANDRE  BARDON,  Michael  Francois.  He 
was  a  professor  in  the  academy  of  painting,  and 
was  admired  for  his  liisiorical  writings  ,  he  died 
in  1783. 

1  D.ANDRIEU,  John  Francis,  a  famous  musi- 
cian, of  Paris,  who  composed  three  books  of 
pieces  for  the  harpsichord,  and  two  for  the  or- 
gan ;  he  died  in  1740. 

DANEAU,  or  DANil^US,  Lambert,  a  Cal- 
vinisl  preacher,  who  taught  theology  at  Paris, 
and  published  commentaries  on  Matthew  and 
Mark,  he  died  in  IS9ti. 

D.ANES,  Peter,  Greek  professor  at  Paris.  He 
was  a  prelate  of  great  eloquence,  and  extensive 
learning  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

DANET,  Peter,  aFrenchabbe,  of  the  number 
of  those  learned  persons  w ho  were  pitched  up- 
on by  the  duke  of  Moniausier,  to  illustrate cIa!^ 
sical  authors  for  the  use  of  the  daupliin.  He 
had  Pha^drus  allotted  to  his  share,  which  he 
published  with  a  Latin  interpretation,  and  notes. 
He  was  aK-io  author  of  "  A  Cln.ssical  and  Histo- 
rical Dictionary,"  iii4to,  and  died  in  1709. 

DANFORTH,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  who, 
after  his  arrival,  was  elected  by  the  iH"ople  of 
Maine,  as  their  president ;  he  died  in  WJ9. 

D.\NF()RTH,  f^amuel,  minister  of  Rojcbury, 
Mass.,  published,  besides  si'veral  serraons, some 
astronomical  works  ;  he  died  in  11j47. 

DANFORTH,  John,  minister  of  Dorchpster, 
Ma.s9.,  son  of  tJie  preceding,  dh^tinguished  for 
his  learning,  zeal,  and  piety ;  he  published  seve- 
ral sermons,  and  died  in  1730. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of  Taunton, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  MS.  Indian  dictionary,  died 
in  1727. 

DANGEAU,  Louis  Courcillon  de,  a  member 
of  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  and  master 
of  a  great  variety  of  languages.  He  was  an 
iudusirious  and  good  man,  and  tlie  author  of 
many  works;  he  died  in  1723. 

D.VNGE.AU,  Philip  de  Courcillon,  marquis  de, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  an  accomplished  and 
virtuous  noblen)an.  He  was  a  great  favourite 
of  the  age,  and  died  in  1733. 

DANHEVVER,  John  Conrad,  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Strasburg,  and  author  of  some  theo- 
logical tracts,  died  in  16f>6. 

DANICAN,  Andrew,  a  Frenchman,  of  many 
good  qualities,  who,  only  two  months  before  I.e 
died,  jilayed  at  the  same  lime,  two  games  of 
I  hess,  with  the  best  players,  he  being  blindfold- 
ed, and  beat  them  both,"  died  in  1795. 

DANIEL,  the  last  of  the  four  great  prophets, 
was  of  the  royal  blood  of  Judali,  and  was  car- 
ried away  into  captivity,  fiOfi  B.  C. 

D.ANIEL,  Arnauld,  count  of  Provence.  He 
wrote  several  poems,  from  which  Petrarch  took 
Imany  ideas;  he  died  in  1189. 

DANIEL,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
and  historian,  who  flourished  in  the  reignx  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  1.,  to  the  former  of  whom 
he  was  poet  laurcat,  was  born  near  Taunton,  in 
Somersetshire,  in  U62.  His  "  History  of  Eng- 
147 


DA 

land'  is'  wi'iUeii  Willi  ^reat  brevity  anil  ]>ulilC' 
nes8,  3>k1  Ills  poluical  anil  innral  reflections  arc 
Osefui  a'lil   iMSlructivi*.      Hi;  wroto  also  simio 

§la.vs,  wliicli  have  mucli  meril,  and  died  in  liilO. 
'lie  judicious  Mr.  H.'Rdltiv  has  observed,  that 
he  was  the  Atticus  of  his  day. 

DANIEL,  Gabriel,  a  very  ingenious  and  learn 
ed  FrHUchinaii,  born  iti  ll)4".t,  wrote  a  great  many 
books  upon  difi'erent  subjects,  but  is  most  me- 
morabit  I'or  his  "  Iliatory  of  France,"  in"  vols 
4U).  He  died  in  17-28;  and  by  his  death  the  .le 
Buil^s  lost  one  of  I  he  t;i  eatesl  ornaments  their  or- 
der ever  could  boast. 

l).\i\IEl^,  Peicr,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
leans, died  at  P^ris,  in  DiUII. 

D.AXIKL,  Robert,  president  of  the  council 
of  North  (Jarolina,  and  deputy  governorof  S.  C 
was  succeeded,  in  1717,  by  gov.  Johnson. 

DANTi;,  Peter  Vincent,  a  native  of  Perouse. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  skill  in  mathematics, 
ani!  was  laiued  as  a  pnet ;  he  died  in  15i2. 

D.WTIO,  Vincent,  5;rand9on  of  the  preced- 
ing, well-known  as  a  painter,  sculptor,  and ina- 
thematiciau,  died  at  Perouse,  in  ]5ti7. 

D.VNTR,  Alijhicri,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Florence,  in  i2C^5.  He  discovered  an 
early  inclination  and  ceniusfor  poetry  ;  but  wa> 
ambitious ;  and,  havinu  attained  some  of  the 
most  considerable  posts  in  the  commonwealtl 
was  crushed  by  the  ruins  of  the  faction  which 
he  embraced.  He  died  in  exile  at  Ravenna,  in 
1^21.  The  most  considerable  of  his  works,  is 
his  poem  entitled,  "  The  Comedy  of  Hell,  Pur- 
gatory, and  Paradise." 

D.VNTE,  John  Baptiste.  of  the  same  family, 
probably,  with  the  precedinj;,  and  native  of  Pe- 
rugia, was  an  excellent  mathematician;  and  is 
memorable  tor  having  fitted  a  pair  of  wiiiijs  so 
e.xactly  to  his  body,  as  to  be  able  to  fly  with 
them.  He  made  the  experiment  several  times 
over  the  lake  TrasimenuH,  and  succeeded  so 
Well,  that  he  had  the  courage  to  perlbrni  before 
the  whole  city  of  Perugia.  He  shot  himself 
from  the  highest  part  of  the  city,  and  directed  his 
flight  over  the  square,  to  the  admiration  of  the 
epectators  ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  iron  with 
which  he  managed  one  of  his  wings,  failed,  and 
then,  nor  being  able  tr. 'balance  weight  of  his 
body,  he  fell  on  a  cluirili,  and  broke  his  thigh. 
He  flourished  towtud  the  end  of  the  15th  centu- 
ry, and  died  before  he  was  forty  years  old. 

DANTE,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the  great 
poet,  well  known  for  his  great  skill  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy,  died  in  IS'ti. 

D ANTON,  George  James,  one  of  the  most 
atrocious  and  unprincipled  among  the  associates 
of  Robespierre  and  Marat ;  he  was  guillotined  in 
IT'.M. 

DANTZ,  John  Andrevv,  a  learned  Lutheran 
divine  of  Germany,  who  wrote  a  Hebrew  and  a 
Cha'dee  Grammar;  died  in  17-.i7. 

DA  RAN,  James,  a  native  of  Gascony,  sur- 
geon-general of  the  army  of  Turin  and  Milan. 
He  was  an  expert  operator,  and  a  good  writer  ; 
he  died  in  178-1. 

D.\RCET,  N.,  an  able  chyinist  and  physician, 
professor  in  the  national  institute  at  Paris  ;  he 
died  in  1801. 

D.^Rfl,  Patrick,  count,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher and  mathematician,  was  born  in  Ireland,  in 
nes,  and  died  in  1779. 

D' ARGON,  John  Claudius  Eleonore  Limi- 
ceaud,  an  eminent  French  engineer,  who  dis- 
played areat  talents  in  conductim;  the  siege  of 
Gibi  altar,  in  17S0.  He  joined  the  popularslde, 
(iiiring  the  French  revolution,  and  died  in  ISOO. 
148 


DA 

I).\R(JO.\NE,  Dom  Bonaventure,  a  learned 
Carthusian  monk,  who  died  in  1704. 

D.\KII-S,  the  Medc,  the  same  as  Cyaiares, 
son  of  Astyages,  died  at  Babvlon,  about  3-W 
B.  C. 

DARIUS  I.,  king  of  Persia,  destroyed  Baby- 
Ion,  and  restored  the  captive  Jews  to  their  couii- 
;  he  was  defeated  at  Marathon,  and  died  in 
•J«<.5  B.  C. 

DARIUS  II.,  king  of  Persia,  and  father  of 
Cyrus  the  Younger ;  died  404  B.  C. 

DARIUS  III.,  Codomaniui,  the  last  king  of 
the  ancient  Persian  empire,  who  was  comiuered 
by  Alexander  the  Greai,  and  at  last  treacherously 
assassinated  by  Be.>sus,  his  own  grncral,  govern- 
or of  Baciriaiia  (who  hoped  thereby  to  succeed 
to  his  sovereignty),  331  B.  C. 

DARKE,  William,  a  brave  officer  in  the 
American  war  ;  died  in  1801. 

DARU.U1ER,  Augustine,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer, built  an  observatory  himself,  and  took 
pupils  gratis.  He  was  an  able  author  and  a  vir- 
tuous man  ;  he  died  at  Toulou.se,  in  1302, 

DARWIN,  Dr.  Erasmus,  an  eminent  poet, 
philosopher,  and  physician,  born  at  Elslon,Mear 
Newark,  Nottinghamshire,  1731,  and  educated 
at  Chcsterlield  school,  under  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bur- 
rows ;  whence  he  went  to  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  afterwards  settled  as  a  physi- 
iau  at  Litchfield.  His  principal  publications 
are,  "  The  Botanic  Garden,"  a  poem  with  phi- 
losophical notes,  4to.  1791.  "  Zoonomia,"  4to, 
I7i>4.  "  Phytologia,"  and  "  The  Shrine  of  Na- 
ture," a  poem  :  this  l.ist  was  published  after  his 
death,  which  happened  April  18,  1802.  In  his 
Zoonomia,  atheism  is  unblushingly  a        fd. 

DARWIN,  Charles,  son  of  "the  preceding, 
born  at  Litchfield,  in  1758.  He  is  well  known 
as  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  means  of  dis- 
tinguishing pus,  from  mucus ;  he  died  in  1778. 

DASSIER,  John,  a  medalist  to  the  republic  of 
Geneva,  His  nephew  was  appointed  second 
eniiraver  in  the  British  mint,  in  1740. 

DA.'^SOUCI,  a  P'rench  musician  and  poet  of 
the  I7th  century.  He  procured  the  patronage 
of  the  'jreat  by  his  wit  and  drollci  '. 

DATAMRS,  an  illustrious  Pers-an  general, 
who  was  assassinated  by  Milhridatt  s  3(51  B.  C. 

D.\TI,  Augnstin,a  native  of  Sienn,., where  he 
taught  rhetoric  and  thettassics  ;  he  died  in  1478, 

D.ATI,  Carlo,  professor  of  polite  literature  at 
Florence,  where  he  was  born,  became  fanmus 
a.s  well  for  hia  work.s  as  for  the  eulogies  which 
many  writers  have  bestowed  on  him.  He  died 
in  1075. 

DAUBENTON.A  m  Lewis  Marie,  born  in 
Burgundy  ;  an  eminent  anatomist,  and  .in  ac- 
tive associate  of  ButTon.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  works  on  natural  subjects,  and  died 
in  17!)9. 

DAUBENTON,  William,  confe8.sor  to  Philip 
v.,  of  Spain,  author  of  orations  and  sermon^ 
died  in  1723. 

D.XUMU'^S,  Christian,  an  excellent  classical 
scholar,  regent  of  the  college  of  Zwickau,  died 
in 1G87, 

D.MJN,  Leopold  count,  a  great  general  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Mari) 
Theresa,  and  against  the  king  of  Prussia ;  he 
died  at  Vienna,  in  1766. 

D.\UNOIS,  countess,  acquired  some  celebri- 
ty, by  her  romances  and  travels  in  Bpain;  she 
died  in  1705. 

DAURAT,  John,  an  eminent  French  poet, 
born  in  1507. '  Some  liavc  said  that  the  odes,  epi- 
grams, hyiniiB  and  other  poeme,  in  Greek  and 


Latin,  composed  by  Daiirat,  ainmint  lu  about 
oO.OfKI  verses.    He  died  al  I'aris,  in  158?. 

nAV.VL.,  Pelor,  a  bairi.sier  of  Uie  IMiddlfi 
Temple,  ail  able  iiiatlieuiatician  and  eng^iiicer, 
died  ill  ITO."!. 

l)AV.\NZATI,Bernard,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  translated  Tacitus  into  Italian ;  lie  died  in 
IGOti. 

l)A  VENANT,  Sir  William,  a  celebrated  poet 
of  the  ITth  century,  born  at  Oxford,  KiOo.  Flis 
lather  kept  an  inn  at  Oxford,  where  Sliakspcnre 
used  to  lodge  in  his  journeys  between  l,oiidon 
and  Warwickshire  ;  and  as  his  mother  was  a 
great  beauty,  some  have  siirniised,  but  without 
apparent  foundation,  that  he  derived  his  very 
beiiij;and  aiung  with  it,  his  poetical  tnlriiis,  from 
Sliakspeare.  In  11)37,  when  Ben  Jonson  died, 
lie  was  created  [loel  laureat.  He  had  agieaij 
turn  for  the  drama,  and  after  the  restoration  ol 
Cliarles  II.,  obtained  a  patent  for  erectuip;  a 
new  company  of  actors,  under  the  patronage,  ol 
James,  duke  of  York.  They  performed  many 
years  in  Little  I-incoln's  Inn  Fiehls,  where  he 
died  IGOv^.  and  was  inierred  in  Westminster 
Abbey,     ilis  works  <;onsisl  of  plays  and  (Kiems. 

IIAVKNANT,  Ur.  Charles,  the  eldest  son  oi 
Sir  William  Davenant,  born  1056,  and  died  ITI!. 
He  wrote  "  Circe,"  a  tra^ody  ;  but  waschiiHly 
cmployiitas  apolitical  and  commercial  writer. 

It.\VEXANT,  William,  fourth  son  of  Sir 
William,  a  noted  classical  scholar,  was  drown 
cd  at  Paris,  in  1G8I. 

DAVENANT,  John,  bishop  of  Palisbury,  a 
zealous  and  pious  divine,  author  of  tnaiiy  harii- 
cd  works,  the  tendency  of  which  was,  to  unite 
CInisiii  :i\ii\  one  sentiineiu.  He  was  born  in 
l,ondoii,  l.'iTO,  and  died  in  1640. 

DAVENPORT,  Christopher,  a  learned  En- 
glislinian  who  became  a  Fianciscan,  and  wrote 
several  relijrioiis  works  ;  he  died  in  1680. 

DAVENI'ORT,  John,  first  minister  of  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  and  one  of  the  founder 
of  the  colony  of  that  name;  he  published  nu- 
niei'dus  sermons,  and  died  in  ItfTO. 

DAVENrORT,.John,  minister  of  Stamford, 
('onneclicnt,  eurinently  faithful  in  his  office  and 
distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  the  learned 
lanzuaiies  ;  h«  died  in  1731. 

D.\VENP<i/RT,  Addinfon,  a  native  of  Mat's 
and  a  judse  of  the  supreu.o  court  of  that  state, 
died  in  1736. 

DAVID,  king  of  Israel,  was  anointed  by 
Samuel,  while  keepin;;  the  flocks  of  his  father, 
Jesse.  His  courage  in  killing  Guliah  made  iiiin 
fam<..!s;  he  died  1015  B.  C. 

DAVID,  St.,  the  patron  oi,,  Wales,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Bangor,  where  he  was  edijcated  in  the 
.'jth  century.  He  was  buried  at  St.  David's  Ca 
thcdral. 

D.A  VID,  an  Armenian  philosopher  of  the  .'tth 
rentury.  He  translated  some  of  the  Greek 
ClassicB. 

D.WID,  de  Dinant,  taucht,  in  the  13th  cen 
tury,  that  God  was  original  matter. 

D.WID,  de  Pomis,  a  Jewish  physician,  who 
ptetende<l  that  he  came  from  the  true  stock  of 
Judah.  He  wrote  a  Hebrew  and  Italian  die 
tionary. 

DAVID,  Georpe,  a  most  extraordinary  hero 
tic,  son  of  a  waterman  of  Ghent,  and  bred  n 
tilazier,  or,  as  some  say,  a  glass-painter.  He 
began  about  ]5'J5  to  preach  such  whimsies  as 
these :  namely,  that  he  was  the  true  Mes.siah 
the  third  David,  nepliew  of  God,  not  after  the 
flesh,  but  after  the  spirit.  A  prosecution  being 
tairunenced  agaitist  biin  aud  his  followers,  he 


D  A 

fled  rirst  to  Friosland,  and  Iroui  thence  to  Basil 
where  he  lurked  under  the  name  of  John  Bruck. 
and  died  in  Uiat  city  in  1.556. 

DAVID,  Gaiitz,  a  Jewish  liistori.in  of  the 
lOili  century,  the  author  of  a  Hebrew  chronicle. 

DAVID,  of  Hirazup,  a  Welsh  divine  and  poet, 
called  the  Black,  about  1350. 

DAVID  EL  DAVID,  a  Persian  Jew,  in  the 
12th  century,  who  jpretended  tol)e  the  Messiah. 

DAVID  AH  (iL'lLUM,  a  celebrated  Welsh 
bard,  who  inscribed  147  pnenis  to  hi.s  mistress  ; 
she,  however,  married  another  man. 

D.WID,  emperor  of  Trebizondc, defeated  an.l 
slain  by  Malioinel  11.,  in  lUU. 

DAVID  AP  EDMVND,  a  Welch  poet,  pres; 
dent  of  an  ai=9<Miibly  of  bards  wliu  met  at  tije 
request  of  Edward  IV. 

DAVID  I.,  earl  of  Northumberland  and  Hunt- 
ingdon, king  fif  Scotland.  He  married  Maud, 
grand  niece  of  William  the  CoiKpieror,  and  was 
a  mild  and  popular  king  ;  he  died  in  1153. 

DAVID  II  ,  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  Ronert 
Bruce,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  English  ia 
1346,  and  coniined  in  the  tower  10  years ;  he 
died  in  1371. 

DA  VIDIS,  Francis,  a  Htlngarian,  who  chang- 
ed his  religious  principles  four  limes,  and  finalh' 
ihrlarcd  that  no  worship  was  due  to  Christ ;  he 
illi'd  in  prison,  in  1570. 

DAVIDSON,  William,  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  American  revolutionary  army,  who  was 
killed  in  North  Carolina,  while  endeavouring  to 
prevent  the  passage  of  Cornwallis  over  the  Ca- 
tawba. 

DAVIE,  William  R.,  governor  of  North  (.'a 
rolina,  was  distinguished  for  his  services  in 
the  army,  during  the  revolution.  After  the 
peace,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  Congress, 
and,  in  1799,  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
ioners  for  negotiating  a  treaty  with  France.  He 
soon  after  withdrew  from  public  life,  and  died  at 
Camden,  in  1P20. 

DAVIE,  Mary,  of  Newton,  Mass. ;  dlv'd  in 
1752,  aged  116  years. 

DAVlES,  John,  a  writirig  master  and  poet, 
who  died  about  ICilH.  Bqsides  many  poems,  lie 
left  a  book  called  '•  The  Anatomy  of  Fair  Writ- 
ing." 

DAVIES,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  law>-pr  and 
poet,  born  at  Chisgrove,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1570. 
He  wassiicccssivly  attorney  general  and  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  of  Ireland  :  and,  go- 
ing over  into  England,  he  was,  in  162<i,  ap- 
pointed lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  ; 
but  before  his  instullaticui,  died  suddenly  of  ail 
apople.ijjr.  His  works  on  legal  subjects  are  nu 
nicrous  and  valuable.  Hiii  chief  poetical  woik 
was  intitled  "  NosceTeipsum." 

DAVIES,  Dr.  John,  born  in  Denbighshire  to- 
ward the  latter  end  of  the  16th  century,  and 
highly  esteemed  for  his  knowledge  of  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  his  own  nation,  and  in  the 
tVrcek  and  Hebrew  languages.  He  assisted  in 
translating  the  Bible  into  Welch  in  that  correct 
edition  which  came  out  in  1620. 

DAVIES,  Thomas,  born  1710,  was  for  many 
years  an  actor  on  the  London  Stasre.  'riii's 
profesision  he  .tt  length  quilteil  for  that  nf  a 
bookseller.  In  1780  he  wrote  and  puMisiicrl 
"The  Life  of  Mr.  Garrick,"  which  acqiiin.d 
him  much  lame  and  some  money.  He  after- 
wards published  "  Dramatic  Miscellanies,"  in 
3  vols,  in  which  he  discovered  much  learnini; 
and  critical  acumen,  and  enlivened  his  work 
with  many  interesting  and  valuable  anecdotes 
relating  to  tbe  stage  and  its  professors.  His 
y-  149 


'T 


UA 

oilier  works  are,  "Sume  Memoirs  of  Mr.  lien 
dersoii,"  "A  Review  of  LjiiI  Chesiorlielil'B 
Ciiaracters,"  '"A  Life  of  Ma-ssiiiger,"  '•  Lives 
(if  Dr.  Jolin  Eacliard,  Sir  .(olin  UdVies,  and  Mr 
Lillo;"  and  fugitive  piccus  williout  nuiiibLT,  in 
prost:  and  verse,  in  almost  all  the  public  news 
I'dpors.     Mr.  Davies  died  in  1785. 

D.W'IES,  Samuel,  president  of  Princeton  Col- 
lins?, New-Jersey  ;  eiiiiia-ui  as  a  preacher  ;  pub- 
li^li'-d  several  .sermons,  still  inucli  admired  ;  lie 
di..J  in  ITtU. 

D.\V[L.\,  Henry  Catherine,  a  celebrated  his 
torian,  born  of  an  illustrious  laniily  in  llie  isle 
of  Cyprus.  His  most  iinporiant  work  is  his 
"  History  of  the  civil  wars  of  France,"  which 
is  divided  into  15  books,  and  contains  every  tiling 
worth  notice  that  passed  from  the  death  of  Hen- 
ry H  ,  1559,  to  tlie  peace  of  Verviiis,  15yd.  This 
liisiory  has  always  been  reckoned  a  tine  one, 
and  lord  Bolingbroke  does  not  scruple  to  con- 
fess it  in  many  respacjs  equal  to  tUat  of  Livy. 
Davila  was  murdered  in  1().'!4- 

H.VVILA,  Peter  Francis,  a  famous  Spanish 
naturalist ;  died  in  lTd5. 

DAVIS,  John,  an  English  navigator,  who  first 
dis';o  vcred  tliose  straits  in  North  America  wliich 
bear  his  name,  1.385. 

DAVIS,  Henry  Edward,  was  born  at  Wind- 
sor, 175^,  and  at  the  age  of  31,  distinguished 
among  the  earliest  and  most  able  exajuiners  of; 
some  remarkable  assertions,  and  insinuations 
yet  more  extraordinary,  in  roduced  in  Mr.  Gib-j 
bon's  "  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  ihei 
Roman  Empire,"  and  tending  certainly  to  uii-i 
dervalue  the  testimony  of  the  Christian  religion. 
He  died  in  1784. 

D.WISON,  Jeremiah,  a  portrait  painter, bornl 
in  England,  of  Scotch  parenis,  studied  under  sir 
Peter  Lely,  excelled  in  painting  satyrs  and  died 
in  1745. 

D.\WES,  Sir  William,  an  English  nobleman 
and  prelate,  one  of  the  royal  chaplains  of  ijueen 
.A.nne ;  he  was  a  learned,  benevolent  and  piou. 
man,  and  the  author  of  several  religious  works 
he  died  in  1724- 

J),\WES,  Richard,  an  English  scholar,  cele- 
Brated  for  the  publication  of  a  work,  intitled 
"Miscellanea  Critica,"  born  1708,  died  1766. 

D.WVSON,  Joh'i,  a  mathematician,  and  an 
eminent  teacher  of  maiheinatics  in  England, 
diecj^in  1820. 

DAY,  JollHi,  an  eminent  English  printer,  and 
theTfl/st  who  printed  in  Greek  and  Saxon  cha 
meters  in  England,  died  in  1594.  He  printed  in 
-  1549  the  folio  Bible,  dedicated  to  Edward  VI. 

D.\Y,  Thomas,  was  born  in  London,  17' 
bred  to  the  law,  and  called  to  the  bar ;  but,  dis- 
gusted with  the  technical  nicety  of  legal  process, 
he  soon  quilted  Westminster  Hall,  devoted  his 
mind  to  literary  pursuits,  and  became  the  advo- 
cate of  human  kind.  The  admirable  poem  of 
"The  Dying  Negro,"  written  by  himself  and 
the  late  John  Bicknell,  esq.,  and  his  "  Fragment 
of  a  Letter  on  Slavery,"  mark  him  among  the 
lirst  of  those  who  exerted  their  efforts  to  eman- 
cipate a  large  portion  of  tlie  human  race  from 
cruelty  and  tyranny.  His  latest  work,  "  The 
History  of  Sandford  and  Merton,"  will  long  re- 
main an  instance  of  the  successful  application 
of  genius  to  form  the  minds  of  youth  to  active! 
and  inanly  virtue.  Plain  and  simple  in  his  lia-i 
bits,  denying  himself  all  the  luxuries,  and  ma-j 
iiy  of  the  conveniences  of  life,  no  man  could  ex-; 
pend  less  upon  himself,  or  bestow  more  uponj 
the  necessities  of  others ;  and  he  devoted  thej 
greater  pan  of  au  auipit:  income  to  acts  of  pub-, 
150 


DE 

lie  and  private  charity.    Mr.   D.  lost  his  life 
Sept.  1789,  by  a  tall  from  his  horse. 

U.AYTON,  Ellas,  early  engaged  in  the  war 
of  the  revolution,  and  contiimed  in  it  till  it  end- 
ed ;  he  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  IdO^^ie  was 
then  a  major  gcjieral. 

U.VVTON,  Joiin,  governor  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  afterwards  a  district  judge  of 
the  United  States,  died  in  i&i^i. 

DEACON,  James,  an  Eir.'lish  gentleman, 
known  fur  his  .skill  in  luubic,  painting  and  draw 
ing,  died  in  1750. 

DEAGEANT,  DE  ST.  .MARCELLIN,  Gui- 
chard,  a  French  writer  and  statesman,  in  the 
time  of  Lewis  XIH. 

DE.VNE,  Silas,  a  native  of  Oonnecticut,  was 
chosen  a  member  of  Congress  in  1774,  and  af- 
terwards appointed  minister  of  the  United 
Stales,  at  tlie  court  of  France  :  he  died  in  1789. 

LiKBORAUja  prophetess  of  Israel,  who  com- 
posed'a  beautiful  ode,  1285  B.  C. 

DE  BURE,  VVilliaiii  Francis,  a  bookseller  a» 
Paris,  well  known  for  his  '•  Bibiiogiaphe  Ins 
tructive,"  7  vols.  Svo.  ;  he  died  in  1782. 

DEC.'ITUR,  Stephen,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of 
the  United  States,  distingni-<lied  for  his  braver> 
land  professional  skill.  He  rendered  himself 
coiispiciiijus  by  nis  services  atTriimli,  in  1804 
by  his  actions  wiih  two  British  frigates,  durinj 
the  last  war,  and  by  his  success,  against  the  Al 
gerines  in  1815  :  and  was  afterwards  a  meinboi 
of  the  board  of  navy  commissioners  until  his 
death,  which  h.-ippened  in  a  duel,  in  1820. 

D13CEBABUS,  a  king  of  Dacia,  whose  coun- 
try w;is  reduced  to  a  Roman  province,  by  1  j 
jan,  in  105. 

DECEMBRIO,  Petp:.  ,Candido,  a  native  of 
Pavia,  secretary  to  the  ,,ope,  and  afterwards  to 
the  king  of  Arragon.  He  wrote  several  lives,  and 
translated  so;ne  of  the  classics  :  he  died  in  1477. 

DECHALES,  Claudius  Francis  Milliet,  au 
e.xci'llent  inalheinatician, mechanic,  and  astrono- 
mer, born  at  Chamberry,  the  capital  of  Savoy, 
in  1611.  His  principal  performances  have  been 
collected  in  3  vols,  in  folio,  under  the  title  of 
"  Miiiidiis  Mathcmaticus  ;"  being  indeed  a  com- 
plete course  of  all  the  matheinalics.  He  died  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics,  in  the  university  of  Tu- 
rin, in  1678. 

DECIO,  Philip,  of  Milan,  a  celebrated  lec- 
turer on  jurisprudence  at  Pisa ;  died  in  1635. 

DECIIJS,  Publius,  a  Roman  con-  ul  and  brave 
general,  memorable  for  having  devoted  himself 
for  his  country  in  a  battle  with  tlie  La'Jns,  340 
B.  C.  Decius  Mus,  his  son,  followed  his  father'.^ 
example,  as  did  a  grandson.  The  custom  was, 
that  the  officer  who  devoted  himself  to  the  gods 
for  the  service  of  his  country,  after  certain  ce- 
remonies of  consecration,  rushed,  completely 
armed,  into  the  enemy's  foremost  ranks,  when 
his  own  despaired  of  victory.  Though  this  was 
an  act  of  superstition  which  proved  fatal  to  the 
hero,  it  re-animated  his  party,  and  occasioned 
them  to  gain  the  battle. 

DECIUS,  a  Roman  emperor  after  Philip.  He 
perished  with  his  army  in  a  morass,  fighting 
against  the  Goths,  A.  D.  251. 

DECKER,  or  DECKHER,  John,  a  pious  and 
learned  Flemish  Jesuit,  who  wrote  much  on  Sa- 
cred Chronology,  was  born  1559,  and  died  1619. 

DECKER,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
some  celebrity  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  In  hia 
'Honest  Whore,"  and  the  comedy  of  "  Old 
Fortunatus,"  there  are  beauties,  as  to  character, 
plot,  and  language,  especially  in  the  former, 
equal  to  those  of  any  dramatic  writer  (Shak- 


DE 

spnare  excepted)  that  England  lias  piodurod. 

The  precise  time  of  this  author's  birih   and 

deaih  are  not  recorded ;  yet  he  conld  not  have 

died  young,  as  the  first  play  we  find  of  his  wri- 
ting was  publisiiod  in  1600,  and  the  latest  dHic 

we  meet  with  to  any  other  is  '■  Tlie  Wonder  ol 

a  Kuifjdoni,"  IffM.  , 

DE  COK  TLOUON,  Charles  Edward,  an  enii-| 

nent  English  divine,  assistant  preacher  lo  ihej 

chapel  of  theLock-hinpiial,  and  rector  of  (iod  I 

sloue,  in  Surrey,  died  in   IH-JO.    His  writing's 

are  principally  on  theoli'gical  suhjccls. 

DEDEKINU,  Frederic,  a  IJeruian  of  the  IClli 
century,  who  jmblished  a  curionis  ironical  eulo- 
giuni  on  Incivility  and  rudeness. 

r)EK,'J()hn,  a  ijreat  inaihemalician,  and  very 
extraordinary  pirson  in  the  republic  of  letters., 
born  in  London,  15-i7.  He  was  a  man  of  un- 
connnon  parts,  learning,  and  application  ;  and! 
might  have  performed  grr-at  things,  if  lie  had 
been  possessed  of  a  solid  jndgnn  nt ;  but  he  was 
eiireryely  credulous  and  supersliiious.  He  siif- 
tered  himself  to  be  deluded  into  an  opinion,  that 
by  certain  invocalions,  an  intercourse  or  coin! 

mnnication  with  spirits  might  be  obtained  ;  from  I  in  Ficjtrdy,  a  relation  ol  Cardinal  de  Retz, 
whence  he  promised  himself  an  insight  into  Ihej!  wliom  lie  attended  in  his  travels.  He  wrote 
occult  sciences.  He  found  a  young  man,  one|  "  Dictionary  of  Cases  of  Conscience,"  2  vols., 
Edward  Kelly,  a  nativeof  Worcestershire,  wlio;|aiid  died  in  161(1. 

had  already  dipped  deep  into  these  matters,  and  j  UEl.ANCY,  James,  a  judge  and  chief  justice 
who  readily  underiook  to  be  his  instrument  iiiljof  the  supreme  cunrt  of  the  colony  of  i\ew- 
fliem,  for  which  he  was  to  pay  him  50/.  per  an-j  York,  and  alterwards  lieutenant  governor,  died 


J)E 

some  measures  which  he  thought  unconstitu- 
lional  and  unjust,  he  not  only  cheerfully  under- 
went the  punishment,  but  at  the  same  time 
wrote  "  A  Hymn  to  the  I'illory,"  as  a  defiance 
of  their  usage  of  him.  But,  after  all,  De  Koe  ia 
hy  nothing  belter  known  al  present,  tlian  by  liis 
interesting  "History  of  liobinson  Crusoe;" 
which,  though  a  romance,  is  written  in  so  na- 
tural a  manner,  and  with  so  many  probable  in- 
cidents, that  it  was  judged  to  be  a  true  slory 
lor  some  time  after  its  publication.  He  was 
born  in  London,  IbiU),  and  died  at  Islington, 17.^1. 

UEiillUY,  an  eniinent  French  engraver,  diid 
in  1748. 

rtEHHER,  Anthony,  a  medical  professor,  of 
Montpeller,  author  of  a  dissertation,  "  i)fe  Ve- 
neris Morbis." 

niM.AURE,  N.  a  promising  French  poet,  who 
died  young,  in  1800.  He  wrote  LodiUlci  n<> 
ojierii,  which  has  been  received  with  rij* 

l»EJr)TAlM;tJ,  king  of  Galatea,  csp. 
cause  of  Ponipi-y,  for  wliich  he  was  dLU.:.  ..l^ 
by  Caasar. 

DSLAMET,  .'\drian  August  in  de  Hussy,  bom 


num.  Doc.  '2,  l.'itJl,  they  bccan  iheirtincanla- 
rtons;  in  consequence  of  which,  Kelly  was,  by 
the  inspcciioa  of  a  certain  table  consecrated  for 
•>•■ ,.  purpose,  with  m.iiiy  supprsiilio((s  cerenip- 
Xes,  enabled  lo  acquaint  Dee  with  what  the 
spirits  tliou^rht  lit  to  show  and  discover.  These 
conferences  were  con'    lued  loi  aboit  two  years 


in  )7i.O. 

DEE.INY,  Dr.  Patrick,  a  theological  writer 
of  Ireland,  but  perhaps  betler  known  as  the  in- 
timate friejid  and  correspondent  of  Dean  Swift, 
was  born  in  Ireland, 168(i,  and  died  at  Bath.J'lW. 

DELAN'Y,  Mary,  wife  of  the  foregoinc,  ce- 

lebrateil  for  Iter  skill  in  paintine,  and  in  ciitling 

and  the  subjects  of  them  commitlei  to  writing,  j  flowers  and  other  ornaments  in  paper,  was  boru 


but  never  published,  though  still  preserved  in 
Ashmole's  museim.  He  travelled  much  abroad 
in  company  wiui  Kelley,  who  had  in  his  pos- 
session, as  was  reported,  a  philosophical  pow- 
der of  projection,  by  which  they  were  furnished 
with  money  very  profusely,  in  the  latter  end 
of  his  life,  however,  he  became  miserably  poor ; 
and  it  is  highly  probable,  that  he  remained  un- 
der his  delusions  to  his  death  ;  frtr  he  was  ac- 
tually providing  for  a  new  journey  into  Ger- 
many, when,  worn  oui  by  age  and  distempers, 
he  died  in  1W>8,  aeed  80,  and  was  buried  atj 
Mortlake.  .'.Jlis  mathematical  works  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable. 

DEFESCH,  William,  a  Gorman,  eminent  for 
his  skill  on  the  violin,  died  about  1750. 

DE  FOE,  Daniel,  equally  famous  for  politics 
and  poetry,  was  bred  a  hosier.  In  that  situa- 
tion he  was  unsuccessful ;  and  this  probably  in- 
duced him  to  apply  to  his  pen  for  subsisience. 
Tutchin  having,  in  1700,  written  "  The  Foreian 
ers,"  an  infamous  satire  on  king  Willjani  and 
the  whole  Dutch  nation,  De  Foe  wrote  "The 
True-born  Englishman,"  as  an  antidote  to  it, 
and  thereby  recommended  himself  to  the  notice 
of  his  sovereign,  who  failed  not  to  reward  the 
author.  He  afterwards  wrote  an  amazing  num- 
ber of  tracts.  30  of  which  have  been  collected 
in  two  vols.  Bvo.  One  of  these  tracts,  entitled, 
"The  shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters,"  con- 
tained reflections  against  some  ecclesiastics  in 
power,  for  breathing  too  much  a  spirit  of  per- 
secution. Becoming  obnoxious  to  the  ministry 
•n  this  account,  he  wa.s  obliged  to  explain  him- 
self, which  he  did  very  clearly,  for  he  was  a  man 
of  great  firmness  :  and  when  he  was  sentenced 
•Aerwards  to  stand  in  the  pillory  for  attarking 


at  Coiilton,  in  Wiltshire.  1700,  and  died  17^'l?. 

DELAU.VE,  Thomas,  wrote  in  11183,  "  I'lea 
for  Nonconformity,"  which  gave  so  much  of- 
fence,that  hcwas  cast  into  prison,wliere  hedied. 

DELAWARE,  Thomas  West,  lord,  governor 
of  Virginia,  in  liilO.  He  fell  a  lUep  interest  in 
Ihe  affaii-sof  the  colony,  and  may  be  considered 
as  one  of  its  first  founders.  He  died  near  the 
mouth  of  Delaware  bay,  on  his  return  f lom 
England,  whither  be  had  v;onc  for  the  benefit 
of  his  iK-alth,  in  ir.l8.    ^ 

DELEYRE,  Alexar  ler,  a  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  an  analysis  js  Lord  Bacon's  vr^ks,  3 
Vols.  l'2mo.,  died  in  1^97.  '^  '  S 

DELFT,  .lacob,  ^'celebrated  portrait  painter 
of  Delft,  who  died  in  lOtil. 

DRLILIiE,  one  of  the  mo.st  distinguished 
poetical  authors  that  France  has  hitherto  pro- 
duced, died  at  Paris,  December,  1814.  He  niade 
at  an  early  age,  a  masterly  translation  of  Vii- 
gil's  "  Georgics"  into  French  verse  ;  wrote  a 
counteriiart  to  ^le  Georgics,  under  the  title, 
"  Les  Jardins  ;"  translated  the  "  iEneid,"  and 
wrote  many  original  poems.  In  the  latter  pe- 
riod of  his  career,  he  published  a  translation  of 
Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost."  Like  most  other  au- 
thors, however,  he  appears  to  have  left  his  pos- 
terity nothing  but  his  writings ;  which,  as  his 
eulogist,  M.  Campcnon,  says,  "Death  cannot 
destroy,  nor  time  annihilate!' 

DELIUS,  Christopher  Traugott,  a  native  of 
Walhausen,  an  eminent  mineralogist,  and  sur- 
veyor of  the  mines  of  Hungary  and  Venice, 
died  in  179<1. 

DELMONT,  Deodalt,  a  historical  painter, 
pupil  to  Reubens,  who  highly  esteemed  him  - 
he  died  in  1634. 

151 


/ 


DK 


DELOBEL)  a  French  painter,  of  the  ITtJi 
century,  whose  pieces  adorn  the  churches  and 

caUiodrals  of  France. 

DE  LOLME.    gee  LOLME. 

DEfJlIO,  Martin  Antliony,  a  most  learned 
tnan,  born  at  Antwerp,  1551.  The  profress 
he  made  in  Inters,  while  a  very  boy,  is  recorded 
Willi  wonder,  having  surprised  the  public  wlicii 
he  \vas  only  19  years  of  aft  with  sonie  pood 
notes  uiKJii  tlie  tragedies  oi  Seneca,  in  winch 
heciied  almost  1100  atilhori!,  with  all  the  assur- 
ance of  a  man  who  had  read  thtni  ihorouglily, 
and  weighed  their  scniiments  with  (;reat  jud;;- 
ment  and  i;.\acDiess.     He  died  in  1W6. 

DELRIO,  John,  deaiiof  Antwerp,  who  wrote 
coinmeniaries  on  the  119lh  psalm:  he  died  iti 
I(>e4. 

DEI.rC.    See  LUC. 

DEMADES,  an  Athenian  orator,  put  to  death 
bv  Casssiider  3-2-2,  15.  C. 

DEMARATlj'S,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  re- 
sijtiied  his  crown,  and  retired  to  Persia. 

DEMESTE,  John,  chaplain  and  chief  surgeon 
to  the  forces  of  the  prince  of  Liege,  well  known 
as  the  author  of  come  letters  on  chyniisiry, 
died  in  17S3. 

PEMETRIUS  POLIORCETES,  king  of  Ma- 
ccdoii,  wa.s  highly  honoured  by  the  Atheniani 
he  diPd  ^ac  P.  C. 

DEMETKIUS,  SOTER,  king  of  Syria,  was 
for  some  tiniea  hostage  at  Rome,  and  was  killed 
in  barile.  150  B.  C. 

DEMETRIUS  II.,  surnamed  Kicanor,  king 
of  Syria,  formed  an  alliance  wiUi  the  Jews;  ho 
was  killed  bv  the  governor  of  Tyre,  28'j  B.  C. 

PEMETKIUS,  PHALEREUS,  a  [wripatetic 
philosopher  of  Athens,  who  lived  in  the  time  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  Three  hundred  and  si.xty 
statues  were  erected  to  his  hojiour  in  that  city  ; 
and  not  undeservedly,  since  he  is  said  to  have 
augmented  the  revenues  of  it,  as  well  as  to  have 
improved  and  polished  its  buildings.  Kevcrthe 
less  he  died  in  banishment  by  the  bite  of  an 
asp,  284  B.  C.  His  writings  consisted  of  poetry, 
history,  politics,  rhetoric,  harangues,  and  em- 
bassies ;  but  none  are  e.xtant. 

DEMETRIUS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  in  the 
reign  of  Caligula ;  he  was  banished  by  Ves- 
pasian for  insolence.  ■ 

DEMETRIUS,  cz«r  of  which  coun- 

try he  invaded,  in  1(J0  ,  wi.a  dl  army,  and 

seated  himself  on  throne  ;    he  reigned  11 

months,  and  was  t'       assassinated. 

DE  MISSV,  CsEsar,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Berlin,  in  1703  ;  he  published  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  assistedJortin  in  his  life  of  Erasmus. 

DEMOCEDES,  a  physician  of  Crotona,  who 
afterwards  became  the  slave  and  physician  of 
Darius,  king  of  Persia. 

DEMOCRITUS,  one  of  the  greatest  philo- 
sophersof  antiquity,  was  born  at  Abdera,  a  town 
ef  Thrace,  about  the  80tli  Olympiad,  that  Is, 
about  4('0  years  before  Christ. — fie  is  said  to 
have  laughed  at  human  life  in  general,  which, 
Montaigne  says,  it  was  better  to  do  than  to  imi- 
tate Heraclitus,  who  wept  eternally  about  it; 
because  adds  he,  mankind  are  not  so  iinliappy 
as  they  are  vain.  He  was  the  forerunner  of 
Epicurus,  whose  system  differs  from  his  no 
otherwise  than  in  some  improvements. 

DEMOIVRE,  Abraham,  an  illustrious  ma- 
tliematirian,  born  at  Vilri,  in  Champaigno, 
May  1W7.  His  abilities  were  so  admired  by 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  that  they  judged 
hiin  a  fit  person  to  decide  the  famous  contest 
between  Newton  and  Leibnitz.  He  published 
some  capital  works,  but  is  generally  knov.'n  bv 
152 


DE 

jhis  "  Doctrine  of  Chances ;  or.  Method  of  calcu- 
lating the  Probabilities  of  Events  at  Play."  He 
died  at  London,  in  1754. 

DEMONAX,  a  philosopher,  of  Crete,  in  die 
jreign  of  Adrian,  who  had  the  greatest  contempt 
I  for  riches. 

I  DEMOSTIlEiNES,  one  of  the  greatest  ora- 
{tors  of  antiquity,  if  not  tlie  greatest,  was  born 
al  Athens,  in  tliVSd  year  of  the  lOlsi  Olympiad  ; 
itiiat  is,  about  .S70  jears  before  Chrisi.  It  is 
universally  agreed,' that  no  orator  ever  spoke 
:  wiiJi  such  force,  or  had  the  paR:^iolls  of  others  so 
inuch  in  his  power,  as  Demosthenes  ;  ineomuch 
that  he  actually  appeared  like  one  inspired.  He 
'opposed  riiihp  of  Mac  edonia  witJi  all  his  might, 
and  Alexander  after  him.  Alexander  requested 
of  the  Athenians  to  have  Deinosllieiies  given  up 
(to  him,  but  this  was  refused  ;  yet,  when  Anti- 
I pater,  his  Eiicce.'sor,  made  the  same  request 
(afterwards,  it  was  granted.  But  Deniostheiiesi 
I  would  not  be  given  up,  and  therefore  escajied 
into  the  island  of  Celauria  ;  where  he  imbibed 
poison  that  he  had  kept  on  purpose  in  a  quill, 
10  prevent  his  being  taken  alive-  He  died  in 
the  3d  year  of  the  114th  Olympiad.  There  are 
extant  under  his  name  61  orations,  which  Jiave 
frequently  been  published.  But,  though  he  ar- 
rived at  such  pcrlection  in  this  art,  he  fet  out 
under  great  disadvantages  :  for  he  liad  an  im 
pediment  in  his  speecli,  which  for  a  long  time 
would  not  suffer  him  to  pronounce  the  letter  r  , 
he  liad  a  weak  voice,  a  short  breath,  and  a  veiy 
uncoii'h  and  ungracious  manner;  however, by 
din  .  >,  resolution  and  intinite  pains,  he  over- 
came all  these  defects.  He  would  climb  up 
steep  and  craggy  places,  to  help  his  wind  ant 
strengthen  his  voice  ;  he  would  declaim  with 
pebbles  in  his  mouth,  to  remedy  the  imperfec 
lion  in  his  speech  ;  he  would  place  a  looking- 
glass  before  him,  to  correct  the  awkwardness  of 
his  gesture;  and  he  learned  of  the  best  players 
the  proper  graces  of  action  and  pronunciation, 
which  he  thought  of  so  much  consequence  tiiai 
he  made  the  whole  art  of  oratory  in  a  manner 
to  consist  of  them.  lie  was  so  intent  upon 
study,  that  he  would  often  retire  into  a  cave  of 
the  earth,  and  shave  half  his  head,  so  that  he 
could  not  with  decency  appear  abroad  till  his 
hair  was  grown  again.  lie  also  accustomed 
himself  to  harangue  at  the  seashore,  where  the 
agitation  of  the  w  aves  formed  to  hira  an  idea 
of  the  commotion  in  a  popular  iiseembly,  and 
served  to  prepare  and  fortify  him  against  them. 
From  these  several  kinds  of  hardships,  which 
he  imposed  upon  himself,  it  is  plain  that  he 
was  not  so  much  born  an  orator,  as  an  instance 
how  far  parts  and  application  may  go  toward 
the  forming  of  a  great  man  in  any  profession. 

DEMOURS,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
known  for  his  dexterity  as  a  surgeon  and  ocu- 
list ;  he  was  author  of  some  professional  works, 
and  died  in  1795. 

DE.MPSTER,  William,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
who  refuted  Raymond  Lully,  and  wrote  an 
ecclesiastical  history;  he  died  in  1557. 

DEMPSTER,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  historian  and 
commentator,  born  1579,  died  1625.  He  was  u 
very  learned  man,  but  of  a  singular  character  ; 
being  as  prompt  to  draw  his  sword  in  quarrel, 
as  to  wield  his  pen,  at  anytime.  He  became 
professor  of  the  BoUts  Lettres,  at  Pisa,  Nismes, 
and  Bologna,  and  had  s-uch  a  prodigious  me- 
mory, that  he  used  to  say  be  knew  not  what  It 
was"  to  forget.  This  gained  him  the  appellation 
of  "The  Living  Library." 

DEMPSTER,  George,  a  Scotch  lawyer,  and  a 
member  of  Parliajuent,  in  1702.  He  retired  from 


public  life,  and  devoted  hiinscll'  to  the  improve-  jiiolileman,  cttlcbrated  lor  liis  courage  duiing  llic 
ifieii;  of  the  lligiilandK,  until  his  deaili,  in  1818.  j|civil  wars.     He  was  fiiiully  laKcu  and  busely 


DKNELLE,  one  of  the  uifamous  friends  o£ 
Marat,  wlio  killed  iiis  wile  and  live  children 
with  his  own  hands.  Ha  suffered  a  merited 
ieaili,  on  the  scattbld. 

JJENHAM,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  poet,  born 
n  UuhUn,  in  161.5.  In  IG41  he  published  his  tra- 
.edy  called  "The  Sophy,"  which  was  ex 
leiiiely  admired  by  the  best  judges;  and  in  164-2 
tv  its  lirsit  printed  his  "  Cooper's  llill,"  "  a  poem 
(says  Dryden)  which,  for  majesty  of  style,  is, 
tiid  ever  will  be,  the  standard  of  go(Ml  writing." 
''ope  has  celebrated  this  poem  very  highly  in 
'lis  "  Windsor  Forest ;"  and  all  men  of  taste 
have  agreed  in  their  commendaiions  of  it.  He 
•lied  in  1668. 

DENIS,  Michael,  principal  keeper  of  the 
fanpei'ial  library  at  Vienna,  died  in  1800.  His 
writings  on  various  subjects  were  liighly  es 
teemed. 

UENMAN,  Thomas,  M.  D.  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  writer  on  midwilery,  born  at  Hake- 
well,  Derbyshire,  173:<,  died  in  London,  I8I.1. 

DENNER,  Ballhasar,  a  portrait  painter,  of 
Hainbuj-gh,  who  refused  in  London,  5(K)2:uiin'as 
for  his  piciureof  an  old  woman ;  he  died  in  1747. 

DENNIE,  William,  proprietary  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  17.)6.  He  was  superceded  in 
17jy,  as  unpopular  and  obno.xious  to  the  people. 

DENN IE,  Joseph,  a  nativeof  Massacliusetis, 
was  educated  a  lawyer;  he  however  soon  re 
linquished  the  profession  tor  literary  pursuits, 
and  as  editor  of  the  "Farmer's  Mus«u>ii,''  a 
newspaper  published  in  New-Hampshire,  and 
afterwards  of  the  "  Port  Folio,"  in  Pliiladelpliia, 
gave  evidence  of  a  powerful  and  higlily  culti- 
vated mind,  and  of  a  genius  of  superior  order  ; 
he  died  in  181-J. 

DRNNI.S,  .John,  a  celebrated  critic,  born  in 
London,  16.57.  Tliough  it  is  now  become  fash- 
ionable to  speak  lightly  of  him,  he  had  qualities 
enough  to  recx)mmend  him  to  the  ac<iuaiiitance 
of  some  of  the  most  eminent  personages  for 
birth,  wit,  and  learning,  of  his  time;  but  the 
black  passions  were  so  pritdoiDinant  in  him,  and 
his  pride,  en\T,  jealousy,  and  su^picioll,  hurried 
him  into  so  many  absurd  and  ridiculous  mea- 
sures, that  his  life  appears  to  have  been  nothing  j 
but  a  mixture  of  folly  and  inadiiens. — He  beiian 
to  be  a  write  as  early,  if  not  earlier,  liiaii  1690, 
and  so  contirtucd  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1733.  He  had  better  talents  for 
judging  of  the  performances  of  others,  than  for 
producing  any  thing  of  himself;  which  made  a 
smart  fellow  say,  that  "  Dennis  was  the  fittest 
man  in  the  world  to  instruct  a  dramatic  writer; 
for  lie  laid  down  excellent  rules  for  writing  good 
plays,  and  showeil  what  were  bad  by  his  own." 

DENNY,  Sir  Anthony,  a  man  of  great  learn 
ing  and  piety,  privy  counsellor  of  Henry  Vlll., 
he  died  in  1.550. 

DENTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  pre- 
bendary of  York,  an  intimate  friend  of  Tillot- 
«on.  lie  pulilL<hed  some  sermons  and  religious 
tracts  and  liled  in  1708. 

DENTKEt'iil.LES,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Je- 
suit, who  went  to  China  as  a  missionary,  in  1741, 
and  wrote  several  works  in  the  Cliincse  Ian- 
juage. 

DEMYS,  James,  a  historical  painter,  bom 
ait  Antwerp  in  1(^1.5. 

D'EON.    See  KON. 

DEPARCIEUX,  Anthony,  a  learned  French 
mathematician,  who  published  several  valuable 
works;  li'  died  in  ]7'.8. 

DERI"  Y.  James  Siaidey,  carl  of,  an  English" 

T 


beiieadi-d  in  lli.51. 

DERCYLLU).\S,  a  Lacedamonian  general, 
who  avenged  his  country  against  ttic  Persians, 
400  B.  C. 

DEKEIXG,  Edward,  an  eminent  divino, 
preacher  at  St.  Paul's,  London,  before  the  cmirt. 
He  v/rote  sermon.--,  lectures,  &c. ;  he  died  1576. 

l)EKH.'\.M,  William,  a  very  eminent  philo 
soplier  and  divine,  born  at  Slousliton,  near  Wor- 
cester, 1657,  aiid  died  17;a,  having  spent  his  lifu 
in  the  most  agreeable  and  improving  study  of 
nature,  and  made  all  his  researches  there  in  sub- 
serviency to  the  cause  of  religion  and  virtue  — 
His  works  are  extremely  numerous;  01  these 
the  best  known  are  his  "  Pliysico-Theolocy : 
or,  A  Demonstration  of  the  Being  and  Attri- 
butes of  Gotl,  from  his  works  of  Creation  ;" 
and  "Astro  Theology,  or,  A  Dcmonstraiion  of 
the  Being  and  Attribuii-.s  of  Gv>d  from  a  Survey 
of  the  Heavens;"  boUi  which  are  works  of 
considerable  merit. 

DIOIMNU,  Sir  Edward,  first  a  republican,  and 
ul'ler wards  a  royalist ;  a  member  of  paiiiunient 
during  the  civil  wars.  His  speeches  wi.re 
publi>lie(i  ill  4lo. 

DKUMODY,  Thomas,  a  poet  of  considerable 
talent,  but  so  dtvoid  of  common  prudence,  that 
the  bt^t  of  patronage  was  found  to  be  useU-ss 
10  him.  He  was  born  in  tiie  south  of  Ireland, 
Jan.  r.75.  His  father,  who  was  a  schoolmaster 
at  Ennis  for  some  lime,  is  said  to  have  employ- 
ed this  son,  when  only  in  his  ninth  year,  a? 
tireek  and  Latin  a.ssislant  at  his  own  school: 
!ind,  to  increase  the  wonder,  we  are  told  that 
he  had  written  as  much  geniiiiip  poetry  at  ten, 
as  either  Cowley,  Milton,  or  Pope,  had  pro- 
duced at  nearly  double  that  age.  With  all  his 
talent,  however,  he  was  of  so  uniformly  de- 
praved a  a>nduct,  that  he  no  sooner  excited 
compassion,  and  profited  hy  generosity,  than  he 
despised,  or  at  least  negleiied,  the  advice  of 
his  benefactors ;  and  ai  length,  wasted  by  dis- 
ease, arising  from  habitual  intemperance,  he 
died  at  an  obscure  hovel,  near  Sydenham,  Kent, 
18112,  in  his -iSih  year. 

DFJIRICK,  Samuel,  a  linen  draper  of  Dublin ; 
afterwards  a  writer  of  pamphlets  in  London, 
and  master  o'\  .».rtfliOiiiep  at  Bath  and  Tun 
bridge,  died  sii'>.  n  -'t.       /  5. 

DRK  YK,  or  DHUICK,  "^^Cornelius,  a  land- 
scape painter  of  Delft ;  pi  .K^pf  Jacobs.  He  died 
in  10:10. 

DEUYKE,  William,  a  historical  painter  at 
Antwerp,  died  1697. 

DivSAGULlEKS,  John  Theopliilus,  a  cele- 
brated lecturer  on  experimental  philosophy, 
who  made  several  iniprovemeiils  in  mecha- 
nics, was  born  at  Roehelle,  in  168:1,  but  went  to 
Ensland  when  an  infant.  His  most  celebrated 
publication  is,  "  A  Course  of  Eiperimenal  Plii- 
loHophy,  17:14,"  2  vols  4to.    He  died  in  1749. 

DESAUL'r,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  who 
wrote  on  the  cure  of  syphilis,  without  saliva- 
tion, and  on  tJie  stone ;  he  died  in  17:17. 

DFSAULT,  P-jU'r  Joseph,  a  French  surgenn, 
of  great  abilities,  who  attended  Lewis  XVIl., 
and  died,  probably  by  poison,  fortius  humanity. 
Ill  wasaiithoroi' a  valuable  treatise  on  surgery, 
and  died  in  1795. 

DES  B  \RRE.\UX,  James  de  Vnllec,  lord,  a 
French  nobleman,  'counsellor  of  parliament,  at 
Paris.  He  was  an  infidel  and  libertine,  but,  be- 
fore he  died,  save  him-ii'lf  up  to  meditation  and 
peiiiience;  he  itictl  in  1647. 

DESBLLLONS,  Francis  Joseph,  a  FreiKh 

153 


DE^ 

Jesuit,  who,  after  ppeiuling  15  years  in  thn  col- 
lege of  Lewis  XIV.,  ai  Paris,  reiin-d  lo  puhlisli 
hisfablos,  oSOiii  number, 2  vols,  lli*  licri  in  ITS^i. 

DliSBUIS,  Francis  Alexander,  a  Krencliman, 
autliorof  a  military  diciionary,  a  tliciionary  of 
agriculture,  arjd  one  of  birds:'  lie  died  in  1784. 

DESf'.MlTKS.    See  CARTKr^. 

DESERICICS,  or  DKSERl  1"/.,  .loscpli  Inno- 
cent, a  Hungarian,  made  a  Kumuii  cardinal,  au- 
thor of  ina.iv  works,  died  in  17ti5. 

Dl:;SGOD£TS,  Aniliony,  a  native  of  Paris, 
an  eminent  architect,  taken  by  the  .\lKerines, 
and  kept  Ki  inonth.s  in  .-Jlavery.  He  wrote  larjie- 
Iv  on  the  subject  of  his  profession,  and  died  in 
1728. 

DESIIAIS,  John  Baptist  Henry,  a  French 
painter,  of  very  superior  merit,  wlio  obtained 
the  prize  of  the  academy  of  Paris,  in  1751.  He 
died  young. 

DlvHIDERIUa,  or  DTDIER,  the  last  kins  of 
Lonjiiardv.     He  succeeded  Astolphus,  in  75t). 

DEiS.MAHIS,  Josejili  Francis  Edward  do  Coi- 
."omblci:,  a  generous  and  benevolent  French 
writer,  of  great  abilities,  author  of  a  comedy, 
and  of  some  elenaut  poetiy  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

DF/S  MAIZEAUX,  Peter,  secretary  of  the 
royal  society  of  London,  was  born  at  Auvergne, 
in  ItifW.  He  retired  early,  probably  as  a  refugee, 
into  England,  and  died  tliere,  in  174.5.  He  had 
intimate  conne.vions  with  St.  Evremont  and 
Bayle;  gave  a  very  handsome  edition  of  the 
works  of  the  former,  in  3  vols.  4io,  witli  the 
life  of  the  author  prefixed,  and  drew  up  the  life 
of  the  latter,  which  was  printed  before  the  edi- 
tion i>f  his  "  Dictronary,"  in  1730.  He  publish- 
ed also  the  "  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Bayle," 
in  4  vols,  folio.  He  was  the  editor  of  otlur 
things  ;  and  whatever  he  published,  he  always 
accompanied  with  literary  anecdotes. 

HIOS  .MARES,  Toussaint,  a  French  priest, who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  sermons,  and  other 
writings  ;  he  died  in  1(187. 

DESMARETS,  Nicholas,  minister  of  state, 
and  comptroller,  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV., 
died  in  1721. 

DESMOIJLINS,  Benedict  Camille,the  friend 
of  Dantoii,  and  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Jacobin  club,  at  Paris.  He  was  one  of  the 
iTkost  vile  and  ferocious  of  that  bloody  club,  and 
wa<  beheaded  In  1794. 

DESMONTIER,  Charles  Albert,  a  French 
poet  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Villers  Cote- 
rets,  in  17(10,  died  in  1801. 

D'ESPANGE,  John,  minister  of  a  French 
congregation  in  London.  He  was  admired  as  a 
preacher,  and  died  in  lC(iO. 

DESPARD,  Edward  Marcus,  an  Irish  officer, 
long  in  the  English  service,  who  laid  a  plan  to 
assassinate  his  king,  which  behig  detected,  he 
was  tried  and  beheaded,  in  1803. 

DESP.AU'I'ERE,  John,  a  Flemish  gramma- 
rian, whose  books  were,  at  one  time,  in  great 
repute;  lie  i'       'n  1520. 

DESPIE  ,  John,  superior  of  the  Bene- 

dictine col  Ai  Douay,  eminent  as  a  mathe- 

matician ail      s  a  mechanic,  died  in  1664. 

DESPLAC  JS,  an  eminent  French  engraver, 
died  in  1749. 

OESPORTRS,  Claude,  a  painter,  of  Cham- 
pa(?ne,  hiehly  favouretl  by  Lewis  XIV. and  XV., 
died  in  174.'i. 

HESSAIX,  Louis  Charles  Anthony,  a  brave 
and  very  successful  French  general,  in  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  was  born  in  August,  1768.  He 
ftU  at  the  battle  of  Marengo,  at  the  moment  the 
Pictory  turned  in  favour  of  his  couiUrymen,  in 
154 


DE 

1 180(1,  esteemed  by  the  French  soldiera,  honoured 
by  the  .\ustrians,  and  beloved  by  all  who  knew 
him.  His  Imdy  was  carried  to  .Milan,  umbalnicd, 
and  placed  in  the  hospital  of  Mount  St.  Bernard, 
where  a  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  me 
mory.  Di's.saix,  united  to  bravery,  the  mostun- 
inipeachable  inicgrity  ;  and  well  deserved  of  his 
country  the  superb  monument  fince  erected  at 
Paris.  On  this,  is  commemorated  the  share  he 
had  in  the  great  battle.^  of  Landau,  Kehl,  Weis- 
sembourg,  .Malta,  Chebreis,  the  pyramids,  Scdi- 
man,  Sannnanhoiit,  Kene,  Thebes,  and  Ma- 
rengo. 

DESTOUCHES,  Andre  Cardinal,  a  celebra- 
ted French  musician,  born  at  Paris,  in  1672,  died 
in  1749. 

L'1:mTOUCHES,  Phlllp  Nericnu:,  a  French 
dranuitir  writer,  born  at  Tour,  in  ll)f<0.  died  in 
1754.  Dcstouches  had  not  the  gayeiy  of  Regnard, 
nor  the  strong  warm  colouring  of  Moliere  ;  but 
he  is  always  polite,  lender,  and  natural. 

DEVAIJX,  John,  a  native  of  Paris,  esteemed 
as  a  surgeon,  and  as  the  author  of  several  works, 
died  ill  1729. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  born  in 
Hertfordshire,  in  1507,  is  memorable  for  having 
been  a  great  favourite,  and  an  unhappy  victim 
to  the  arts  of  his  enemies,  and  his  own  ambi- 
tion, in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  The  first 
great  shock  he  received  in  regard  to  the  queen's 
favour,  arose  from  a  warm  dispute  between  her 
majesty  and  himself,  about  the  choice  of  some 
fit  and  able  person  to  superintend  the  all'aiis  of 
Ireland.  The  queen  looked  ujion  Sir  William 
Knolles,  uncle  to  Essex,  as  the  most,  proper  jier- 
son  for  that  charge  :  Essex  contended  thai  Sir 
Oeorge  Carew  was  a  much  fitter  man  for  it. 
When  the  queen  could  not  be  persuaded  to  ap- 
prove of  his  choice,  lie  so  far  forgot  himself  and 
liis  duty,  as  to  turn  his  back  upon  her  in  a  con- 
temptuous manner ;  which  insolence,  her  ma- 
jesty not  being  able  to  bear,  she  gave  him  a  box 
on  the  ear,  and  bid  him  go  and  be  hanged.  He 
immedititely  clapped  his  hand  on  his  sword  ; 
and  the  lord  admiral  stepping  in  between,  he 
swore  a  great  oath,  declaring  that  he  neither 
could  nor  would  put  up  with  an  atl'rontof  that 
nature  ;  that  he  would  not  have  taken  it  at  the 
hands  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  in  a  great  passion 
immediately  withdrew  from  court.  He  was  af- 
terwards reconciled  and  restored,in  appearanc*, 
to  the  queen's  favour;  yet  there  is  good  reason 
to  doubt  whether  he  ever  recovered  it  in  reality  ; 
and  his  friends  have  been  apt  to  date  his  ruin 
from  this  unlucky  accident.  He  was  executed 
on  a  charge  of  treason,  Feb.  25,  1601. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  son  of 
Rlizabelh's  favourite,  appeared  in  parliament  a 
violent  opposer  to  the  measures  of  government, 
and  fought  many  battles  at  the  head  of  the  re- 
publican troops;  he  died  in  1640. 

D'EWES,  Sir  Symonds,  an  eminent  English 
historian,  and  antiquary,  born  at  (-oxden.  In 
Suffolk,  1002,  died  in  1650.  When  he  was  little 
more  than  30  years  of  age,  he  had  finished  that 
large  and  accurate  work  for  which  he  is  chiefly 
memorable,  vi/,.  "  The  Journals  of  all  the  Par- 
liaments during  the  reign  of  (iuecn  Ehzabeth, 
both  1/Ords  and  Commons,"  &c. 

PRWEV,  Daniel,  an  eminent  lawyer,of  Mas- 
sachuselts,  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  that 
state,  a  member  of  congress,  and  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  stale ;  he  died  in  1815. 

DE  WITT,  John,  the  famous  jiensionary,  was 
the  second  son  of  Jacob  De  Wilt,  (burgomaster 
of  Dort,  and  deputy  19  the  states  of  Holland^) 


m 

and  born  al  Don,  in  Uf2.')  He  was  thp  zealous 
patron  of  the  glory  ami  liberty  ot  hi-i  :iative 
country;  Ihe  greatest  ncrius  of  his  linie  ;  the 
ablest  politician  in  war  ns  well  «s  peace  ;  the 
atlas  of  the  commonwenlth  :  but  was  barl>a- 
rously  murdered  by  a  Dutch  mob,  in  KITS.  Up 
Wilt  wrote  a  book  coniaining  those  niaxims  of 
government  upon  which  be  acte  1,  which  will 
be  a  ne%'er  fading  nionumeni  io  his  immortal 
memory.  It  shows  the  true  and  genuine  printi 
pies  of  policy,  on  which  alone  it  is  possible  lo 
erect  an  administration  protitablc  at  home,  and 


<iuties  of  Inyalty  and  patriotism.  Tlie  influence 
o(  hi:)  .soiies  upon  seamen,  has  long  been  known, 
and  priibably  has  strongly  contributed  to  .stiiuii- 
•late  their  heroism,  and  inculcate  subm)!>sion  to 
[the  hardships  of  their  profossiun,  and  to  the  will 
,uf  Providence.  His  "  Poor  Jack"  i^  a  striking 
land  popular  example  of  this.  In  the  earlier  part 
of  his  life,  he  possessed  considerable  merit  as  an 
actor.  Mr.  DIbdin  was  bom  at  c^outhainpton, 
about  ITJ^.  and  died  at  Camden  Town,  neat 
|Loiidou,.Iulv  Oj,  1814. 

DICE.AKCUL'S,  a  disciple  of  Aristotle,  born 
which  must  command  respect  abroad.  A  trans-j  at  .Messina,  in  Sicily,  was  a  good  philosn)iher, 
lalion  of  it  from  the  original  Dutch,  entitled  Ihisioiian,  and  mathematician,  and  composed 


''  The  true  Interest  and  political  Maxims  of  the 
Republic  of  Holland,"  has  been  printed  in  Lon- 
don. 

DE  WITT,  James,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam 
His  best  work  is  Moses  appointing  the  70  elders. 
He  was  born  in  1695. 

DEXTER,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  staiesman,  of  Massachusetts,  was  born 
in  ITCl.  Soon  after  he  commenced  the  practice 
•f  the  law,  lie  was  chosen  a  mcmocr  of  con 
g.ess,  and  afterwards  of  the  senate  of  the  Tni- 
ted  Slates,  where  he  gained  a  high  reputation 
for  lalent.s  and  eloquence.  L'nder  the  lirst  pre 
sident  Adams,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  and  acting  secretary  of  state.  In  Ifl.') 
he  declined  the  office  of  miniver  to  Spain,  and 
died  suddenly  the  I'ollowing  year,  at  Athens,  in 
New- York 

DEYM'M,  John  Baptist  Van,  an  eminent 
miniature  painter,  of  Antwerp,  born  in  lfi20, 

DEYST7.R,  Lewis,  an  emintnt  painter  and 
engraver,  of  Bruges,  died  in  1711.  His  daugh- 
ter Anne  was  equally  famous  as  a  painter. 

D'HOSIER,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles,  the 
first  who  formed  genealogies  into  science,  died 
In  \^^m. 

DI  At'ONTS,  Paulus.  a  Lombard,  who  com- 
posed the  history  of  the  Lombards,  in  6  books, 
died  in  1770. 

UIAGURAS,  surnamed  the  Atheist,  .lourish 
ed  in  .Athens,  in  the  01st  Olympiad;  that  in, 
about  412  years  before  Christ.  The  history  of 
his  atheism,  is  thus  told.  He  delighted  in  rciak- 
ing  vor.<es,  and  had  composed  a  poem  which  a 
certain  poet  had  stolen  from  him.  He  sued  the 
thiti'.  wlio  swore  he  was  notguilty  of  the  crime  : 
and  soon  alter,  he  gained  a  great  reputation  by 
publishing  that  work  as  his  own.  Diagoras, 
considering  that  he  who  had  injured  him  had 
not  only  escaped  unpunished  for  his  theft  atjil 
perprv,  but  also  acquired  glory  thereby,  con- 
cluded that  there  was  no  Providence,  nor  ai^ 
gods,  and  wi  ote  some  books  to  prove  it.  He  died 
by  shipwreck. 
"  DI.'\Z,  Bartholomew,  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
who  discovered,  in  1486,  the  extreme  pfint  of 
.Africa,  now  called  the  Cape  of  Good  ll(>|"-. 

ni.VZ,  John,  a  Spaniard,  who  emhr.nred  the 
doctrines  of  Luther,  for  which,  his  bn  llier,  .M- 
phonsus,  a  violent  catholic,  hired  an  a>£assin  to 
da^h  out  his  brains,  in  l.'UG. 

DHUMN,  fbarles.  a  celebrated  sone-writer. 
and  dramatist.  In  the  former  character,  he  had 
scarcely  an  equal,  as  to  the  inimber  or  the  merit 
of  his  compositions.  His  songs  amount  to  up- 
wards of  1000 :  and  it  may  truly  be  said,  that 
thouKli  a  great  portion  of  them  are  in  praise  of 
love  and  festivity,  not  one  passage  can  be  found 
in  the  whole  numlvr,  of  a  licentious  tendency. 
On  the  contrary,  they  are  calculated  to  support 
the  interests  of  virtue,  and  to  exercise  the  best 


aflettiuiie  of  the  heart,  as  well  as  to  enforce  iheliliuinded  a  new  empire 


crear  many  books  upon  various  subjects,  and  in 
all  sciences,  which  were  much  esteemed. 

DICK.N'El'S,  an  Egyptian  philosopher,  in  the 
age  of  Aiiffustus. 

niCETO,  Ralph  de,  was  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  and  author  ol  English  history,  lives  of 
English  kings,  &c. :  he  died  in  1210. 

DICK,  Sir  Alexander,  an  English  physician, 
president  of  the  college  of  physicians,  at  Edin- 
burch.  He  introduced  the  culture  of  rhubarb 
111  E-ngland.  and  died  in  176,5. 

DK'K  I  XSON.Ednuind, an  eminent  andleam 
ed  physician  and  scholar,  who  wrote  In  defence 
of  the  Scriptures,  as  well  as  on  medicine.  He 
was  physician  to  Charles  II.,  aird  <Iied  in  1707. 

DICKLNSON,  Jonathan,  first  president  of 
New-Jersey  college  ;  he  published  several  ser- 
mons, besides  some  miscellaneous  works,  and 
Idled  ill  l';47. 

DICKINSON,  John,  a  distinguished  political 
writer,  and  friend  of  his  country,  a  native  of 
Delaware,  and  member  of  the  first  congress ; 
he  died  in  |fi()». 

DICKINSON,  Philemon,  a  brave  officer,  in 
ll.-e  revolutionary  war, particularly  activein  the 
battle  of  Monmouth  ;  ho  died  in  iP09. 

DK^KSON,  David,  a  Scotch  divine,  educated 
at  Glasgow,  and  divinity  professor  at  Edinburgh. 
Mis  violence  against  the  episcopalians  subjected 
him  lo  persecution  :  he  died  in  IBM. 

UICTYS  CRETENSIS,  a  very  ancient  hislo- 
lian,  who,  serving  under  Idomeneus,  a  king 
of  Crete,  in  the  Trojan  war,  wrote  the  history* 
of  that  expedition,  in  nine  books;  and  Tzetze;* 
tells  us.  thai  Homer  formed  the  "  Iliad"  upon 
his  plan. 

DIDKROT,  Dionysius,  a  celebrated  FreiicJi 
(loet,  and  writer  on  physics,  geometry,  and  me- 
taphysics, ethiis,  and  the  belles  lelires,  was  tlie 
son  of  a  cutler,  and  born  at  I-angres,  in  1713. 
He  conceived  the  stupendous  design  of  a  "  Dic- 
tionniiiie  Fncyiloprdique,"  which,  assisted  by 
D'.Alembert  and  others,  he  accomplished,  him- 
.self  compiling  the  descriptionsof  arts  and  trades. 
So  ill  was  he  paid  for  above  20  years  labour  at 
this  book,  that  he  wat  compelled  to  expose  hisli 
brary  to  sale,  for  a  subsistence.  The  empress  of 
Russia  ordered  it  to  be  bought  for  her  at  the 
price  of  50,000  livres,  and  ger  -\a\y  left  him 
the  use  of  it  during  his  life.  Ce'  Itnsitisnsoo 
ffovernment  and  religion,  in  f.  ''Encyclope- 
dique,"  have  exposed  Diderot  If.  .«e  charee  of 
having  favoured  atheistical  and  a,  .irchical  prin- 
ciples, or  what  at  the  present  day  is  termed  Ja- 
cobinism.   Diderot  died  suddenly,  in  Julv,  1784. 

DiDirS  JULIANl'S,  M.  Salvius  Severiis. 
a  Roman  emperor,  wlio  purchased  the  diadem 
of  a  corrupt  soldiery.  He  reigned  6G  days,  and 
wa.<>  put  io  denih,  A.D.  193. 

DIDO,  or  FLISSA.  queen  of  Carthage,  fled 
from  Tyre,  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  where  she 


^^m 


155 


1)1 

DIUOT,  FraiiciA  AmUrosu,  a  iiivmI  eiiiiiient 
Freacli  primer,  burn  ai  Fans,  17;!i),  and  « lassi- 
cally  educaitii.  lie  inaoduciil  a  luiiiibor  ol 
iiiiproveiiieiiiS;  iioi  oiiiy  iu  priiiiiiigi-rrssis  (ol 
v/iiicli  ihe  prcscul  tiruc  is  pr'itiliiig;  Itiit  also  in 
mills  lor  uiaKing  fine  paptr  One  ol  Ins  sons 
became  a  celebrated  lypi-ii.uiidiT.  Didol died, 
it  is  supposed,  fiuiii  too  strict  an  a|>plieatiou  to 
the  corr<-ciiou  oi  ilif  press  ol'  a  stereolype  edi- 
tion of  JNIoiitagne's  works  tevery  ?beet  ol"  winch 
lio  read  live  tiiiies,  and  corrKCltd  carefully  be- 
lore  it  was  sent  lo  llie  press;  July  10,  1804.  Hi> 
business  is  siill  successfully  carried  on  by  liis 
eons,  Peicr  and  Firniin  DIdot. 

DI11YMUS,  of  Alexandria,  an  eminent  gram- 
marian, in  the  a^e  of  Augusius,  said  to  have 
wriilen  4(>0  books. 

DIUY.MLS,  of  Alexandria,  an  ecclesiastical 
writer  of  tiie-iili  century. 

I)iEt;.MAN,  John,  rector  of  the  university  of 
Stade,  and  auihor  of  several  theological  and  plii- 
losophicttl  works,  died  in  I7:i0. 

DIEMLN,  .Antiiony  Van,  a  governor-general 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  seiiieineuiS.  In  iti4-2, 
he  sent  Tasman  ou  a  voyage  lo  the  south  ;  the 
ronsequcMce  of  which  was,  the  discovery  of 
that  part  of  Sew  Holland  called  Van  Diemen's 
Land.     He  died  in  lG4o. 

DIEMCRBROEK,  Isbrand,  a  professor  of 
physic  and  anaioray  at  L'trecht,  born  IGOt),  prac 
tised  physic,  and  read  public  lectures  with  gieai 
reputation,  and  died  ]ii74. 

DIEPE-NBECK,  .Abraham,  a  painter,  who 
studied  with  Reubens  ;  liisi  painted  on  glass,  and 
auerwardsin  oil ;  hedied  at  Antwerp,  in  1(575. 

DIEST,  Adrian  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  of 
the  Hairue,  who  paiiucd  plants  in  England  ;  he 
died  iu  1704. 

DIETRIC,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran,  bom  in 
Wetteravia,  and  profess«)r  of  Greek  in  his  own 
town.  He  was  a  classical  scholar  and  aulh:.>r  ; 
he  died  in  1667. 

DIETRICH,  John  William  Ernest,  born  at 
Weimar,  a  celebrated  painter,  di»d  ui  1774. 

DIETRV,  a  painter,  of  Dresden,  who  suc- 
ceeded particularly  in  landscape  views,  died  in 
1730. 


PI 

alioiit  ieii;:iheiiiiig»ut  life  to  the  period  ol  tliepa 
iriuichs.  Descartes  assured  ^ir  Kenelm  Ihat 
he  had  long  bben  projecting  a  ^clieaie  for  that 
pur|>osp  ;  and  a  vfiy  noiabic  one  iindoubteitly 
il  would  have  been,  if  that  philosopher  had  btil 
lived  ;  but  he  had  the  misfortune  to  die  just  be- 
fore he  could  bring  it  to  bear. 

DKiljy,  Lord  George,  an  English  nobleman 
of  great  pans,  son  of  John  Oigby,  earl  of  Hris- 
iol,  was  born  at  Madriil,  1612.  "  He  was  (says 
a  late  writer,  sonn-whal  severely)  a  singular 
person,  whose  lift;  was  one  contradiction.  He 
wrote  agahisi  popery,  and  embraced  it :  he  was 
|a  zpalous  opposer  of  the  court,  and  a  sacrifice  for 
,if.  was  coiiscK'iitiously  converted  in  the  midst 
jof  his  prt)secution  of  lord  Stalford,  and  was 
most  uncon.scientiously  a  proseciuor  of  lord  Cla- 
rendon. With  great  parts,  he  always  hurt  hiiii- 
'self  and  his  friends ;  romanticly  brave,  he  was  al- 
ways an  unsuccessful  coinniander.  He  spoke  for 
th'-  teat-act,  though  a  Roman  Catholic  ;  and  ad- 
dicted himself  to  astrology  on  the  birthday  'if 
true  p'lilosophy."   He  died  earl  of  Bristol,  16"e 

DIGBY,  John,  made  gentleman  of  the  privy 
cbaniber  by  James  I,  who  arterwards  knighted 
him,  and  sent  him  ambassador  to  Hpain.  He 
was  the  auihor  of  some  poems,  and  died,  in  ex- 
ile, at  Pana,  in  1653. 

DIGGE)*.  Leonard,  an  English  gentleman,  fa- 
mous for  his  mathematical  learning,  died  about 
1574. 

DIGGES,  Thomas,  only  son  of  Leonard  Dig- 
ces,  and  one  of  the  greatest  mathematicians  of 
Ins  age,  died  1595. 

DK;GES,  Sir  Dudley,  master  of  the  rolls  to 
Charles  I.,  was  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Diggcs, 
just  mentioned,  and  born  1583.  He  was,  it  is 
said,  a  great  asserter  of  his  country's  liberty  in 
the  worst  of  times,  when  the  sluices  of  prero- 
gative were  opened,  and  the  banks  of  the  law 
v.-ere  almost  overwiielmed  by  the  inundations 
of  it.  He  was  author  of  several  literary  per- 
formances, and  died  1639. 

DGGES,  Thomas,  brother  of  Sir  Dudley,  a 
learned  man,  who  translated  several  works  from 
the  Latin  and  Spanish  ;  he  died  in  1635. 

DIGGES,  Dudley,  third  son  of  Sir  Dudley 


DIEIT,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  divine,  born  atj  He  wrote  on  the  unlawfulness  of  subjccfs  taking 
Flushing.  He  refused  to  be  court  minister  at;  uparms  against  their  sovereign,  and  died  in  1643. 
the  Hague,  and  went  lo  Leydeii,  where  he  was       "" 


made  divinity  profeswr.     He  published  many 
learned  worhi,  and  died  in  1642. 

DIGBY,  Everard,  an  English  gentleman  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge.  He  wrote  some  curious, 
and  learned  books  in  Latin,  and  died  in  1592. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Everard,  born  15S1,  was  drawn  in 
to  be  privy  to  the  gunpowder  plot ;  and  though 
not  a  principal  actor  in  that  dreadful  affair, 
nor  indeed  an  actor  at  all,  yet  he  oli'ered  1500/. 
toward  defraying  the  exjienses  of  it ;  enter- 
tained Guy  Fawkes,  who  was  to  have  e.vecuted 
it  in  bis  house  ;  and  was  taken  in  open  rebel- 
lion with  other  papists  after  the  plot  was  de- 
tected and  had  miscarried.  He  whs,  with  other 
conspirators,  iiiKin  the  30th  of  January,  1605-6, 
hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered,  at  the  west  end 
of  St.  Paul's  church,  in  London. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Kenelm,  a  very  famous  English 
philosopher,  and  eldest  son  of  sir  Everard,  was 
born  at  Gothurst,  in  Buckinghamshire, lfi03,  and 
died  on  his  birthday,  in  1665.  Having  read  the 
writings  of  Descartes,  he  resolved  to  go  to  Hoi 
land  on  purpose  to  see  him.  He  did  so,  and 
found  him  at  his  retirement  at  Egniond  D 
Maizeuux,  in  his  life  of  St.  Evreinoiid,  tells  us 
ef  a  conversation  between   these  great  men 

]5G 


DIGGES,  Edward,  governor  of  Virginia,  in 
1654  His  administration  was  judicious,  and 
calculated  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  col- 
ony. He  was  afterwards  sent  to  England  as 
agent  for  the  colony. 

DILLENIU.S,  John  James,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man botanist,  who  was  the  first  professor  of  bo- 
tany at  O.xford.  He  was  the  friend  and  cor- 
respondent of  Linnieus.  His  drawings  and  manu- 
scripts still  remain  at  Oxford  ;  he  died  in  174T. 

DILLON,  Wcsiworth,  earl  of  Roscommon. 
See  Roscommon. 

DILVVORTH,  Thomas,  a  school-master  of 
Wa(jping,  England,  well  known  by  two  or  three 
useful  school-books  which  he  compiled,  and 
which  have  gone  through  editions  almost  innu- 
merable.    Mr.  Dilworh  died  in  1781. 

DI.MSDALE,  Tliomas,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  whose  celebrity  was  such,  th.it  the 
empress  (Catharine  requested  him  to  visit  Rus- 
sia, where  he  inoculated  herself  and  son  with 
the  small-pox  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

DIXARCHUS,  a  Greek  orator,  tlie  pupil  of 
Tlnophrastiis,  340  B.  C. 

DIXGLEY,  Rjbert,  an  English  puritan,  and 
author;  was  rector  of  BrixtOtt,  in  the  Me  df 
Wight ;  he  died  in  1C59. 


m 

DINO,  prolViSsor  oi' jm  ispnideiiuc  ftt  IJologna, 
eiiri  ivrtiioiof  some  valualili-  works,  died  in  1S07. 

DL\0(,'RATES,  ;i  celebiali d  uiKiiiif  aru/ii- 
iec(,  i>l'  Maccduiiia,  employed  by  Alexnndor  iii 
ouildiiig  the  city  of  AlcxandiiH.  Aiiotln  r  me- 
morablt  iiisfunce  of  Diiiutinics'  aicliilLcionic 
skill  is,  his  irstorin^  aiid  buililiiifr,  in  a  mort 
a'.it;ii3t  and  iiiagniticini  niauiicr  than  hflort', 
''he  celebialud  teni|)le  ol  Uiana  ai  F.pUt-i^us,  after 
Eiatoslratiis,  foi  llie  sake  of  iiiiniortali/.iiig  liis 
naiijv.  had  drsiroywi  il  liv  fire. 

DINOSTR  ATI'S,  a  mathematician,  the  pupil 
of  Piato,  and  inventor  of  the  tjuadiatic  curve. 

DINOTH,  Richard,  a  piutcsiant  writer  of 
France,  whowiotcan  accurate  work,  "DeBello 
civili  Gollici),"  and  died  in  l(i80. 

DINOUART,  Anthony  Joseph  Toussaint, 
rendered  t'amous  by  his  periodical  luiblicaiioi  s 
in  Paris,  which  drew  upon  liiiu,  troubles  and 
lawsuits  ;  he  died  in  1715. 

DINWinniE,  Robert,  succeeded  Lee  as  go- 
vernor of  Virginia,  in  1752.  Uraddock's  expe- 
dition and  defeat,  occurred  under  his  adminis- 
Iraiion.  Jle  left  the  colony  in  1757,  and  dud  in 
England,  in  1770. 

DIO  CPRVSOSTOM,  a  celebrated  orator  and 
philosopher  of  the  1st  century,  born  at  I'nisa, 
a  city  of  Bilhynia,  and  called  Chiysostoin,  on 
account  of  bis  eloquence.  There  arc  extant 
of  liis,  t^O  orations  and  dissertations  ui)on  poliii- 
cal.  moral,  and  pliilosii|ihical  subjects. 

Dlot'LKS,  a  matheniatician  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury inventor  of  the  cissoidor  curve  line. 

I)l()('IiE?IAN,  Cuius  Valefius,  aRoman  em- 
peror, whose  bloody  persecution  of  the  t'liri*- 
tians  forms  a  chronological  a:ra,  called  the  /F,ra 
ef  Di(x:lcsian,  or  the  Martyrs  ;  it  was  for  a  lontr 
time  in  use  in  theological  writings,  and  is  still 
followed  by  the  Coptes  and  Abyssiiuans.  It 
commenced  August  2!itl),  A.  U.  284. — Dioclesian 
was  bom  iTI,  and  died  313. 

Dl(  'D.VTI,  .lolin,  a  famous  minister,  and  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Geneva,  born  at  Lucca,  in 
].)7!l,  died  at  (Jeueva,  in  1G52.  He  is  distinguished 
by  iranslaliniis  of  "The  Bible  into  Italian," 
■'The  Bible  into  French,"  and  of  "  Father 
Paul's  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent  into 
French." 

HIODORrS  SIcrLT'S,  an  ancient  historian, 
born  at  Agyriuni,  in  ?icily,  flourished  in  the 
limes  of  JidiusCa'sarand  Augustus.  Diodorus 
says,  in  the  beginning  of  his  history,  that  he 
wiif  no  less  than  30  years  in  writing  it,  in  the 
capital  of  the  world,  viz.  Rome.  He  calls  liis 
work  not  a  "History,"  but  a  "Historical  Li- 
brary ;"  and  had  comprised  in  forty  books,  the 
mo.-it  remarkable  events  which  had  happened 
in  the  world  during  the  space  of  1138  years 
but,  to  the  great  p-ief  of  the  curious,  of  the  40 
books,  only  15  are  now  extant. 

DIOnORUS,  bishop  of  Tarsus,  eminent  as  a 
divine  and  as  an  instructer  of  youth,  in  the  4tli 
cenlurv. 

DIOGFXES,  a  philosopher  of  Babylon,  200 
B.  C.     He  succeeded  Zeno  in  bis  school. 

DIOGFNKS,  the  Cynic,  was  born  at  Sinope, 
a  city  of  Pontiis,  413  B.  C,  and  expelled  fron 
thence  for  coining  false  money  ;  as  was  hi; 
father  also,  who  was  a  banker.  He  retired  to 
Athens,  and  prevailed  on  the  philosopher  An- 
tlsthenes  to  become  his  ma«cr.  He  not  only 
submitted  to  the  kind  of  life  which  was  peculiar 
to  the  followers  of  ihai  fotinder  of  tlie  Cyidcs, 
but  added  new  degrees  of  austerity  to  it.  He 
ordered  somebody  to  provide  him  a  cell ;  but, 
»4  that  ordf  I  wa£  nut  speedily  executed,  he 

1 


m 

i:rew  imputi<nt,  and  lodg.'d  iiimM.lf  iu  a  tub, 
ile  looked  down  on  all  the  world  with  scorn, 
and  magisieiially  censured  all  mankind.  Alex- 
ander one  day  paid  him  a  visit,  and  made  him 
an  otTer  of  riches,  or  any  thing  else  ;  but  all 
ilial  the  philosopher  requeued  of  him  was,  to 
-land  from  betwixt  liim  and  the  sun  :  as  if  he 
had  said,  "Do  not  deprive  me  of  the  benefits 
ot  nature,  and  I  leave  to  you  those  of  fortune." 
The  Conqueror  was  so  affected  by  the  vigoui 
and  elevation  of  his  soul  as  to  declare,  "that 
if  he  were  not  Alexander  he  would  choose  to 
be  Diogenes  :"  thai  is,  if  he  were  not  in  posses 
siou  of  all  that  was  pompous  and  splendid  in 
life,  hewoul^,  like  Diogenes,  heroicnlly  despise 
it.  Diogenes  had  a  great  presence  ol  mind,  as 
appears  from  his  smart  sayings  and  (piiek  re- 
pailees ;  and  Plato  is  thought  to  have  passed 
no  ill  judgment  upon  him,  when  lie  called  him 
'  a  mad  Socrates."  He  died  at  Corinth  when 
he  was  about  90  years  old  :  but  authors  are  not 
agreed  either  as  to  the  time  or  manner  of  his 
death.    Jerome  says  that  he  strangled  himseil. 

DIOGF.KES,  a  Cretan  philosopher,  Uie  suc- 
cessor of  Anaximenes.  .'JdO  B.  C. 

DIOGENES  LAF.RTirS,  an  ancient  Greek 
oiMhor,  who  wrote  ten  books  of  the  "Lives  of 
ibe  Philosophers,"  still  extant. 

DlOGMVrrs,  a  philosopher,  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

DION,  a  Syracusan,  celebrated  as  the  friend 
of  Plato,  and  the  opponent  of  the  Dionvsii, 
tyranis  of  Sicily  ;  he  was  murdered,  354  B.  C. 

DIOM  CASSH'S,  an  ancient  Roman  historian, 
known  also  by  the  surnames  of  Cocceius  and 
Cocciiaiais,  was  born  at  Nica-a.a  city  of  Bilhy- 
nia, and  flourishwi  in  the  3d  cenlury.  '  His  histo- 
ry began  from  the  building  of  Rome,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus.  Wha< 
we  now  have  of  it  begins  with  the  expedition  o 
Lucullus  a;;ainst  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontns, 
about  the  year  of  Rome  <>84,  and  ends  with  th» 
death  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  about  the  year 
SOfi. 

DIONIS,  Peter,  a  French  surgeon,  and  the 
first  who  demonstrated  anatomical  diss-ectionn 
and  chirurgical operations,  established  by  Lewis 
XIV.,  in  the  royal  garden  of  plants.  This  in 
geiiioiis  person  died  in  1718. 

DIONYSIUS  I.,  tyrant  of  Sicily,  raised  him- 
elf  from  obscurilv  to  the  throne;  he  reigueU 
40  years,  and  died  3G6  B.  C. 

DIONYSIUS  II.,  succeeded  his  father  as  ty- 
rant of  Sicily,  and  was  expelled  by  Dion,  343 
B.  C.  ' 

DIONYSIUS,  a  tyrant  of  Heraclea,  who  mar- 
ried a  niece  of  Darius,  died  304  B.  C. 

DIONYPH'S,  a  bishop  of  Corinth,  who  suf 
fered  martvdoni  in  178. 

DION  Yell's,  an  ancient  poet  and  geographer, 
w  role  a  great  number  of  pieces ;  but  his  "  Pe- 
riegesis,"  or  '  Survey  of  the  World,"  is  the 
only  one  that  we  have  remaining  ;  and  it  w  onld 
be  superfluous  to  say,  that  this  is  one  or  the 
most  e.xact  systems  of  ancient  geography,  when 
it  has  been  related  that  Pliny  himself  proposed 
it  for  his  pattern. 

DIONYSIUS,  bishop  of  Home,  condemned 
the  heresy  of  the  Sabellians  in  a  full  synod,  died 
in  2f.9. 

DIONYSIUS  HALICARNASSENSIS,  a  his- 
torian and  critic  of  antiquity,  born  at  Hali 
carnassus,  a  town  in  Caria  ;  which  is  also  me- 
morable for  having  produced  Herodotus  bnfor* 
him.  His  history  is  intilled  "Of the  Roman 
Antiquities,"  and  was  comprised  in  30  bon* 
157 


DO 

of  which  only  Iho  first  11  areno-.v  extant.  TIkI 
repuiatioii  dI"  this  historian  stands  very  liipiij 
on  many  a^counis.  As  to  wlia;  iclates  lo  chru- 
nolo^'y,  ail  llie  critics  liave  bneii  apt  to  preler 
liim  even  to  Livy  hiinspll';  than  his  style  and 
diction,  nothing  can  be  more  pure,  more  ck'ar,| 
or  more  elef;anl. — But,  besides  the  "  Rouiam 
Aiiti<iuities,"  there  are  other  writings  of  his] 
extant,  critical  and  rhetorical.  His  most  nd-i 
inired  piece  in  this  way  is,  "  Ve  StructuraOra- 
tionis." 

DlONYSri'S.  a  Romish  monk,  called  "The 
Little,"  it)  the  5th  century  ;  he  compiled  or 
wrote  several  «'ork8. 

DIONVSIl'S,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  born  a 
heathen,  was  a  diligent  inquirer  alter  truth, 
which  he  looked  for  in  "ain  among  the  sects  ot 
phiktsopliers ;  bin  ai  last  found  it  in  Christianity, 
lie  was  made  bisliopoi  Ale.\andria,  in  247,  andj 
dind  -.M?. 

UIO.V  YSIUS,  the  Areopagate,a  learned  Athe- 
nian, member  of  the  court  of  Areopagus,  was 
converted  to  Christianity  by  the  preaching  of 
St.  Paul. 

DIOPHAXTUS,  a  celebrated  mathematician,! 
of  .-MKxaiidria,  reputed  to  have  been  the  iiiven-| 
tor  of  algebra.  When  Diopiiantus  lived,  is  noti 
itnown.  His  reputation,  however,  appoai-s  to| 
have  been  very  high  amon^  the  ancients,  who; 
made  no  scruple  to  rank  him  witli  Pythagoras! 
and  Euclid,  in  inatheniatical  learning.  I 

DIOSCORIDI'.S,  Pe*larius,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, of  Anaxarba,  since  called  Ca^sarca,  in 
Cilicia,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Nero,  and; 
composed  live  books  of  the  "  Materia  Medicn." 
DIPPEL,  John  Conrad,  a  curious  and  extra- 
vagant character,  who  pretended  to  have  disco- 
vered the  philosopher's  stone,  and  yet  was  con 
fined  for  debt.  He  travelled  in  almost  all  parts 
of  Europe,  and  wrote  several  books ;  he  died  in 
1734. 

DIROIS,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,! 
wrote  several  books  on  religious  subjects ;  hej 
died  in  1700.  } 

DISNEY,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
clergyman,  chaplain  to  bishop  Law,  and  vicar 
of  Swinderly,  died  in  1816.  His  biographical 
sketches  of  distinguished  individuals,  have  ad- 
ded to  his  reputation. 

DITHMAR,  a  monk,  bishop  of  Mersburg, 
known  as  the  author  of  a  ciironicle  of  tiie  em- 
perors HenrvL,Olho  11.  and  IIL,  andHemyll., 
died  in  102^. 

DITILMAR,  Justus  Christopher,  liistorical 
professor,  at  Frankfort.  His  work  on  the  liisto 
ry  of  Germany  displays  great  learning ;  he  died 
in  1737. 

DITTON,  Humphrey,  a  mathematical  and 
theological  writer,  born  at  Salisbury,  in  107.5, 
Jiod  in  1715. 

DIVINI,  Eustachi'.is,  an  Italian  artist,  employ- 
ed in  making  telescopes,  died  in  16C4. 

DIXWELL,  John,  one  of  the  judges  who 
condemned  the  unfortunate  Charles  I.  to  the 
block.  At  the  restoration,  he  fled  to  America, 
and  resided  at  New- Haven  until  his  deatli,  in 
lG8fi. 

DLUGOSS,  John,  a  Pole,  archbishop  of  Leo- 
pold, and  author  of  a  history  of  Poland,  in  La- 
tin ;  he  died  in  1480. 

DOBBp*,  Arthur,  governor  of  North  Carolina, 
died  in  1705.  after  an  impolitic,  unpopular,  and 
weak  administration  of  12  years. 

DOBSON,  William,  an  English  painter,  born 
III  ICIO.     How  much  he  was  beholden  to  Van-] 
dyke,  inav  ea«ily  be  seen  in  all  his  woiks,  no 
158 


DO ;^__ 

[lainli'r  having  ever  coine  so  ii«;ar  loilie  iM-rfec- 
ion  of  that  excellent  master  a^i  this  happy  imj- 
tutor.  He  was  also  further  iiidi'bied  to  the  ge- 
nerosity of  Vandyke,  in  presi.niiiig  hini  to 
<.'lia:les  1.,  wlio  look  liini  into  his  immediate 
protection      He  dii-u  in  iri-17. 

DOH,  John,  an  Kiiglish  non-conformist,  whose 
pious  observations  were  once  very  popular.  He 
was  nil  eiiiiiient  Hebrew  scholar,  and  died  in 
1045. 

DODART,  Dcn\-s,  physician  to  Lewis  XIV., 
and  member  of  the  French  academy  of  sciences, 
born  in  ID'M.  Among  other  things,  he  was  the 
aiiihor  of  a  "  .Statica  .Medirnia  Gallica:  and  died 
III  1707.  Guy  Patin  called  him  "  nionstruja 
sine  viiio,"  a  prodigy  of  wisdom  and  science, 
without  any  dit'ect. 

DuDD.  Dr.  William,  an  ingenious  divine,  of 
unfortunate  memory,  was  born  1729,  at  Rournc, 
in  Lincolnshire,  of  which  place  his  father,  lieing 
a  clergyman,  was  vicar.  In  I75:t,  he  received 
orders  ;  and.  being  settiod  in  London,  soon  be- 
ca-jie  a  pojmlar  and  celebrated  jireacher.  He 
obtained  several  leciijre>iiips,  and  advanced  his 
theological  character  greatly  by  an  almost  unin- 
terrupted publication  of  sermons,  and  tracts  of 
piety.  For  ihe  .same  piirptise  also,  he  was  very 
zealous  in  promoting  and  assisting  at  charitable 
institutions,  and  distinguished  himself  much  in 
regard  to  the  Magdalen  hospital,  which  wa.s 
opened  in  August,  17.V<  :^Iie  became  preacher  at 
ihe  chapel  of  iliis  chanty,  for  which  he  was  al- 
lowed yearly  1001.  But,  notwiilisianding  hia 
aiteiilion  to  spiritual  concerns,  he  was  by  no 
iiiiMiis  negligent  in  cultivating  his  temporal  in- 
terests ;  for,  besides  writing  constantly  in  tlie 
Public  Leger,  he  superintended  and  contribu- 
ted largely  to  the  "  Christian's  Ma^'a/ine  ;"  for 
which  he  received  from  the  proprietors  lUOi. 
yearly.  The  truth  is,  Dodd's  finances  by  no 
means  answered  his  style  and  manner  of  liv- 
ing: they  were  indeed  much  too  small  for  it; 
and  this  obliged  him  to  recur  to  such  methods 
of  au'.'ineniiii!;  them.  Happy  if  be  had  never 
recurred  to  e.\pcdients  worse  than  these  !— Ptill, 
however,  he  preserved  theological  ap|X"arances, 
and  now  meditated  a  disign  of  publisiiing  a 
large  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible,"  which  he 
began  to  publish  in  weekly  and  monthy  num- 
bers, and  continued  to  publish  ir  regularly  till  it 
was  completed,  in  3  vols,  folio.  In  1700,  betook 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.,  at  Cambridge,  having 
been  made  a  chaplain  to  the  king  sonic  timelie- 
lore.  In  1772,  he  was  presented  lo  the  living  of 
Hocklilfe,  in  Buckinghamshire  :  but  what  could 
such  preferment  as  this  avail  ?  The  habits  of 
expense  had  eained  a  wonderful  ascendency 
over  him ;  he  was  vain,  he  was  pompons,  which 
persons  emerging  from  low  situations  of  life  are 
apt  to  be,  and  thus  became  involved  and  sink- 
ing under  debts.  To  relieve  Iiimself  he  was 
tempted  to  asicp  which  ruined  hiin  for  ever  with 
the  public;  and  this  was,  to  procure  by  indirei'.t 
means,  the  rectory  of  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square.  On  the  preferment  of  Dr.  Mo.ss  to  the 
see  of  Bath  and  Wells,  in  1774,  that  rectory  fell 
to  the  disposal  of  the  crown ;  upon  which,  Dodd 
caused  an  anonymous  letter  to  he  sent  to  lady 
.Apsley,  offering"  the  sum  of  30001.,  if  by  her 
means  he  could  be  presented  to  the  living.  Alas! 
he  was  unfortunate  in  his  woman:  the  letter 
was  immedi  itely  communicated  to  the  chancel- 
lor, and,  after  bcine  traced  to  the  sender,  laid 
before  the  kiivg.  His  name  was  in  consequence 
ordered  to  be  struck  out  of  the  list  of  chaplains 
From  this  period  every  step  led  to  complete  Iiib 


DO 

ruin.  In  the  summer  of  177G,  he  went  to  France; 
out  reiurned  in  the  begiiuiin!:  ol  winter,  and 
proceeded  to  everci^e  his  function  as  usual,  par- 
ticiilnrly  attlic  Masdaleii  Chapel,  where  his  la.-t 
sermon  was  prcaclitd  Feb.  C,  1777.  Two  dajs 
al'ler  this,  he  signed  a  lio:id,  whieli  he  liad  lor- 
i;ed,  as  from  Ills  pupil,  lord  Chesterfield,  for  the 
sum  of -^01.,  and  upon  the  crtilit  of  it  ohiained 
a  considerabie  sum  of  niruiey  ;  but  detection  in- 
stantly foHowiiij.',  lie  was  coinniilled  to  prison  ; 
tried  aiui  convicted  at  the  Old  Haili;y,  Feb.  2-1, 
and  executed  ai  Tyburii,  June  '27. 

DODDIUUGE,  or  DOnKlUIMIR,  Sir  John, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  kind's  bench,  about 
ll>XI,  and  the  author  of  many  works  on  Llie 
laws  of  England. 

DODDRIDGE,  Dr  Philip,  an  emir.ent  dis 
srnling  minister,  born  in  London,  in  1700,  died 
1751.  He  was  21  years  pastor  of  a  nieetin!;- 
house,  at  Northamplon  ;  director  of  a  tlouri.-'li 
iiip  academy  ;  and  author  of  many  excellent 
writings;  in  which,  his  pious,  benevolent,  and 
i:idefaligable  zeal,  to  make  men  wise,  good,  and 
happy,  is  every  where  manifest.  lie  left  many 
Hdrksi  behind  him  ;  the  principal  of  which  arc 
"  The  Ri.^eand  I'roirressof  Religion  in  the  Soul, 
Jlluslrated  in  a  course  of  serious  and  practical 
.•Vddresses,  suited  to  peisonsofeverj-  Character 
and  Circumstance ;"  and  "  The  Family  Expo- 
sitor, containing  a  Version  and  Paraphrase  of 
the  \ew  Testament,  with  Critical  Notes;  and 
a  Practical  Improvement  of  each  Section,"  in 
0  vols.  4to. 

DODOENS,  or  DODON/EUS,  Ramnert.  phy- 
sician of  the  eni])eror  Maxiinilian  11.,  and  Ro- 
dolphiis  II.  lie  was  a  botanist,  and  professor  at 
Leyden,  and  died  in  loSfi. 

bODSEEY,  Robert,  an  eminent  bookseller, 
and  ingenious  writer,  born  at  Mansfield,  in  Not- 
tinchanislMre,  in  J7(>3.  His  first  setting!  out  in 
life,  was  in  a  scrx'ile  Btalion,  (footman  to  the 
honourable  Mrs.  Lowther;)  from  which,  liow- 
L'ver,  his  abilities  very  soon  raised  him  ;  for, 
having  %vritten  "The  Toyshop,"  and  that  piece 
being  shown  to  Mr.  Pope,  the  delicacy  of  satin- 
which  is  conspicuous  in  it,  though  clothed  with 
the  greatest  simplicity  of  design,  so  strongly  re- 
(•oiinnended  its  author  to  the  notice  of  thai  ct'le- 
braied  l>oet,  that  he  continued  from  that  time  to 
the  day  of  his  death,  a  warm  l"riend  and  zealous 
patron  to  Mr.  Dudsley.  Hisfarce,  called  "  The 
King  and  Miller  of  Mansfield,"  made  its  appear- 
ance the  ensuing  year,  viz.  IT.Jfi.  From  the  suc- 
cess of  these  pieces,  he  entered  into  that  busi- 
ness which,  of  all  others,  has  the  closest  con- 
ne.Tion  with,  and  the  most  immediate  depend- 
ence on,  persons  of  genius  and  literature,  viz. 
that  of  a  bookseller.  In  this  station,  Mr.  Pope's 
reconunendation,  and  his  own  merit,  soon  ob 
tallied  him  not  only  the  countenance  of  persims 
of  the  first  abilities,  but  also  of  those  of  the  first 
rank,  and,  in  a.  few  years,  raised  him  to  greai 
eminence  in  his  profession,  of  which  he  was  al- 
most, if  not  altogether,  at  the  head.  He  wrote 
six  dramatic  pieces,  which  are  enumeraud  in 
the"  Bioeraphia  Dramatica;"  and  besides  these, 
be  published  in  his  life-time,  "  The  Muse  in  Li- 
very ;"  "  Friendly  Advice  to  his  Brethren," 
173i :  a  little  collection  of  his  own  works  in  one 
vol.  8vo,  under  the  modest  title  of  "  Trifles," 
1745  ;  and  a  poem  of  considerable  length,  enti 
lied  "  Public  Virtue,"  1754,  4to.  A  second  vo 
lumeof '•  Trifles,"  was  collected  after  his  death, 
consisting  of,  1.  "  Oleone :"  2.  "  Melpomene,  or 
Ibe  Regions  of  Terror  and  Pity,  an  Ode ;" 
3.  "  Agri<,ullnrc,  a  Poem  ;"  dud  4.  "  The  Eco 


noMiv  ol  Hnnian  Life."  Mr.  Dodsley  also  exe- 
cutid  two  woiks  of  great  service  to  the  cause 
uf  genius,  as  they  are  th<!  means  of  preserving 
pieces  of  merit,  that  might  otherwise  sink  into 
oblivion;  viz.  the  publication  of"  A  Collection 
of  Piieins  by  ditfenwit  eminent  Hands,"  in  tj  vols. 
8vo,  and  "  A  Ccdlection  of  Plays  by  old  Authois,'' 
in  12  vols.  12ino.     He  died  Sept.  25,  17l>4. 

HODSON,  Michael,  an  English  lawyer,  and 
rnmmissioiier  of  bankrupts.  Author  of  atians- 
.ilion  of  Isaiah,  and  several  ives ;  he  died  in 
1799 

DODSWORTH,  Roger,  jornin  YorKshire,  in 
l,>-'o,  died  lf).54.  Mr.  Gough  (Topographer  of 
Yorkshire)  thus  »!peaks  of  him:  "One  caiinut 
approach  the  holders  of  this  county  wiihcu' 
paying  tribute  to  the  memory  of  that  indcfatiga- 
l)lc  collector  of  its  antiquities,  Roger  Dods worth, 
who  undertook  and  executed  a  work,  wliicti,  to 
ilic  aiiii<|iiaries  of  the  present  ago,  would  have 
been  liie  stone  of  Tydides.  122  volumes  of  his 
own  wriling,  besides  original  M?S.  which  he 
had  obtained  from  several  hands,  making  all  to- 
gether 102  volumes  folio,  now  lodged  in  that 
ceielnated  repository  of  ancient  monuments,  the 
liodleian  library,  at  0.vford,  are  lasting  memo- 
rials of  what  his  country  owes  to  him  ;  as  the 
two  voluiiies  of  the  "  Monasticon"  (which, 
though  published  under  liis  and  Dugdalp'snaineei 
oiijninily,  were  both  collected  and  v?ritten  to- 
tally by  him)  will  immortalize  that  extensive 
industry  which  ha."  laid  the  whole  kingdom  un- 
der obligation." 

noUVVELIy,  Henry,  a  most  learned  and  pious 
man,  born  at  liublin.in  1641,  died  1711,  having 
written  a  great  nninber  of  theological  works. 

DODVV  F.I.L,  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the  pieced 
ing,  was  author  of  a  pamphlet,  "  Clirifilianity 
not  fi  nnded  on  argiimciit." 

DOES,  Jacob  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
laiidscTpes  arc  very  much  admired,  died  in  1<;73. 

DOES,  Jacob  Vander,  son  of  the  preceding, 
who  displayed  promising  talents  as  a  paiiuer, 
but  died  aged  19. 

DOES,  Simon  Vander,  brother  to  tlicprercd 
ing.  Hi.'  landscapes,  battles,  &c.,  are  in  a  pleas- 
ing style  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

DtiGGET,  Thomas,  a  comedian,  formerly 
belongiim  to  Driirv--laiie  Theatre,  where  he  bo- 
came  joint  manager  with  Wilkes  andCibber- 
in  which  situation  he  continued  till,  on  a  discuj* 
betook  in  the  year  1712,  at  Mr.  Bootli's  being 
forced  on  them  as  a  sharer  in  the  nianaceinen*, 
he  ".brew  up  his  part  in  the  property  of  tlu  tlu  a- 
tre,  though  it  was  looked  on  to  have  been 
worth  HKMll.  per  annum.  As  an  actor,  he  had 
great  merit,  and  his  colcmporary,  Cibber,  in 
forms  us,  that  he  was  the  most  original,  and  ilie 
strictest  observer  of  nature,  of  any  actor  of  his 
time.  He  died  in  ITSL  In  his  political  princi- 
ples, he  was,  in  the  words  of  Sir  Richard  Steelci 
a"  whig  up  to  the  head  and  ears;"  and  so  strict- 
ly was  he  attached  to  the  interests  of  the  house 
f  Hanover,  that  he  never  let  slip  any  occasion 
that  presented  it-self  of  demonstrating  his  senti- 
ments in  that  respect  One  instance,  among 
others,  is  well  known  ;  whicii  is,  that  the  year 
after  George  L  came  to  the  throne,  this  perform- 
er gave  a  waterman's  coat  and  a  silver  badge 
to  be  rowed  for  by  six  \\atenfien,  on  the  first 
day  of  August,  being  the  anniversary  of  that 
king's  accession  to  the  throne  ;  and,  at  his  death, 
bequeathed  a  certain  sum  of  money,  the  inlerc.s*- 
of  which  was  to  be  appropriated  annually,  for 
ever,  to  the  purchase  of  a  like  coat  and  badge, 
to  be  rowed  for  in  honour  of  the  day  :  which 
159 


DO 

ceremony  U  every  year  periorintil  on  the  1st  ul' ; 
Au^st,  ibe  cluiiiiunls  setting  out,  at  a  signal ' 
given,  at  (liat  liuieof  tliu  tide  wlicn  the  current  | 
IS  strongest  against  them,  anil  rowing  iVnm  thc{ 
Old  Swan,  near  London  bridge,  to  the  White  l 
Swan,  at  Chelsea.  As  a  writer,  Dog»!et  leil  bf-  ] 
liinil  liiin  only  one  comedy,  wliitii  has  not  been'; 
perlormcd  ia  its  original  state  Co:  many  years,  j 
entitled  "  T)ie  Country  Wake,  109;!,"  4lo.  It 
lias  been  altered,  liowevcr,  into  a  ballad-taree, 
which  occasionally  makes  iLs  appearance  under 
the  title  of  "  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the  Well." 

UOISSIN,  Lewis,  a  .li:suit,  wlio  wrotp  ele- 
gant Latin  verses  on  the  subject  of  sculpture 
and  engraving,  died  in  1753. 

DOLAUELL.V,  P.  Cornelius,  son  in-law  of 
Cicero,  a  friend  of  Osar,  and  governor  of  Sy- 
ria, put  an  end  to  his  life  ai  27  years  of  age. 

UOLBIN,  John,  a  man  of  education,  niajor  I 
in  the  king's  sen-ice,  during  the  civil  wars,  and ' 
afterwards  dean  of  Westniiuster,  and  bishop 
of  llochester  ;  lie  died  in  166.S. 

UOLCE,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Venice,  a  poet, 
translator  of  some  of  the  ancient  authors,  and 
author  of  several  learned  works,  died  r.i  1508. 

DOLCE,  Carlo,  a  painter,  of  Florence.  His 
St.  John,  painted  wlie  .  he  was  only  11  years 
old,  is  much  admired  ;  lie  died  in  1080. 

1)0LE?\  Stephen,  a  learned  Frencliinan,  a 
painter  and  bookseller,  at  Lyons,  was  burnt  for 
atheism,  in  154C. 

DOLLOXD,  John,  a  very  eminent  optician, 
and  the  inventor  of  the  achromatic  telescope, 
was  born  in  Spital- fields,  June  10,  1700,  died 
Nov.  :ttl,  1701.  He  was  reading  a  new  puhlica- 
lion  of  M  Clairaut,  on  the  Theory  of  the  Moon, 
and  on  which  lie  had  been  long  inteully  engaged 
when  he  was  seized  with  apoplexy,  and  died 
in  a  few  hours  after.  The  business  and  the 
abilities  of  the  father  were  inherited  by  his  two 
sons,  Peter  and  John. 

DOLLO^iD,  Peter,  son  of  the  optician,  known 
as  the  author  of  papers  communicated  to  the 
royal  society,  on  his  improvement  of  the  tele- 
scope, on  his  alterations  of  Hadley's  quadrant, 
&c.,  died  in  1820,  aged  90. 

DOLOMIEU,  Deodat,  an  eminent  French 
naturalist,  who  visited. all  the  volcanic  regions 
of  Italy,  and  was  afterwards  sent,  among  other 
men  of  science,  to  collect  and  describe  the  anti- 
quities and  natural  curiosities  of  Egypt.  Re- 
turning from  that  country,  he  was  driven  into 
Naples,  and  there  committed  to  a  close  and 
loathsome  confinement ;  but,  after  sufl'ering  a 
long  captivity,  he  was  liberated  by  the  humane 
interposition  of  the  celebrated  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.  He  had  scarcely  reposed  after  his  I;?- 
tigues,  when  he  went  to  visit  Mont  Simplon, 
whence  he  returned  rich  in  mineralogical  acqui- 
sitions ;  when  a  disease,  which  comniPnced  in 
liis  imprisonment,  terminated  his  career,  De- 
ccml)er,  1801. 

DOJI.'^T,  John,  a  celebrated  French  lawyer, 
born  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne,  in  1025,  died  at 
Paris,  in  1096.  The  confusion  which  he  had 
observed  in  the  laws,  put  hiin  upon  forming  a 
design  of  reducing  them  to  their  natural  order, 
which  he  completed,  and  published  in  four  vols. 
4to,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Civil  Laws  in  their 
Natural  Order,  1G89."  It  has  been  usual  to  re 
commend  this  work  to  young  lawyers  and  di- 
vines, who  would  apply  themselves  to  the  study 
of  morality  and  the  civil  law. 

POME.N'ICIHXO,  an  Italian  painter,  on  sacred 
subjects  and  landscapes,  born  at  Uoiupna,  15-^1 
He  always  applied  liintself  tu  his  work  v.iih 
160 


IMJ 

much  study  and  thciuglill'iilneps,Tnd  never  olFer- 
ed  to  touch  his  priicil  till  he  iou:td  a  kind  of  cn- 
thiisi:i5m  or  inspiration  upon  him.  His  excel- 
lence lay  priiicipally  in  the  CDrrtctness  of  his 
style,  and  in  e.vpiessiiig  the  passions  and  alfec- 
liiins  of  the  min.l.  He  died  in  IGll,  not  witliout 
the  suspicion  of  being  [loisoned. 

nOMlMC,  de  Guzman,  a  r^paniard,  founder 
of  the  order  of  the  Predicants,  born  in  .Arragon, 
|iii  II7U,  di.  d  at  Bologna,  in  Italy,  in  12-21,  and 
was  afterwaids  inude  a  .saint  tor  the  prodigious 
setvicts  he  had  dime  the  church. 

DOMINICIIINI.  Lodovico,  a  native  of  Pla- 
ceniia,  lamous  for  his  voluminous  transialions 
from  ancient  authors,  died  in  1574. 

DOMIMS,  Mark  Aiiiony  de,  archbishop  of 
Spolaio,  ill  Dalmatia,  in  the  Itilli  cenlnry.  He 
wrote  against  the  pjijial  power;  turned  proles- 
lant ;  then  again  tiiret'd  catiiolic  :  he  was  siis- 
pecied,  seized,  and  impiisoned.  After  his  death 
Ills  body  was  dug  up  and  burned  as  a  heretic  in 
1045. 

UOMITIAN,  Titus  Fiavii's,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, ai  first  mild,  but  alierwards  licentious  and 
cruel,  was  assassinated  in  'JH. 

DOMITIAXUS,  Douiitius,  general  and  dio- 
clcsirtn,  was  proclaimed  emperor  of  Egypt,  in 
2rfi  ;  he  dud  by  violence. 

UON.'^LD.'^O.N',  John,  an  eminent  artist  of 
F.diiiliuigh,  distinguish'  d  as  a  minialurc  iwrlrail 
painier,  and  an  exact  imitator  with  his  iieii  of 
the  old  engravers ;  also  a  |>oet  and  a  chymist : 
hediidin  1801. 

l)ON,\TO,  Bernardino,  Greek  professor  at 
Padua,  author  of  a  Lai  in  dialogue,  on  I  he  differ- 
ence beiweeii  Aristotle's  and  Plato's  pliilosophy , 
he  died  in  1550. 

DON  ATO,  an  arcliitect  and  sculptor,  of  Flor- 
ence, of  srreat  eminence,  died  in  1400. 

DONATO,  Jerom,  a  VeneiiJiu  nobleman, 
eminent  for  hi:^  learning,  his  niilitary  services, 
and  particularly  for  his  negotiations,  died  in 
1.511. 

DONATO,  Alexander,  a  Jesuit  of  Sicima, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  description  of  Home  ;  he 
died  in  IfHO. 

DONATO,  Marcclhis,  an  Italian  count,  who 
wrote  a  learned  work  on  the  Latin  writers  of 
Roman  history,  8vo.,  in  1007. 

DONATUS,  bisliop  of  Carthage,  banished  in 
350. 

DONATUS,  jElius,  a  grampiarian  of  the  4tli 
centui-y,  preceptor  of  St.  Jerome,  and  author  of 
coniini  ntarieson  Terence  and  Virgil. 

DONATUS,  a  bishop  of  a  rtliiiious  sect  in 
Africa,  who  began  to  be  known  about  the  year 
329,  and  greatly  confirmed  his  faction  by  liis 
character  and  wViliiigs.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
parts  and  learning  ;  but  withal  so  prodigiously 
haughty,  thai  he  treated  all  m.inkind  with  con- 
tempt. The  Donalists  affirmed  baptism  in  other 
churches  to  be  null  and  of  no  effect ;  while  other 
churches  allowed  it  to  be  valid  in  theirs:  from 
which  they  inferred,  that  it  was  the  safer  to 
join  that  community  where  baptism  was  ac- 
knowledged by  both  jjarties  to  be  valid,  tiiaii 
that  where  i'  was  allowed  to  be  so  only  by  one 

DONCKF.R,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Gouda,  stu- 
died at  Kome,  and  died  1608. 

DO.VDl'S,  or  DK  CONDIS,  James,  a  physi 
ciaii,  of  Padua,  learned  also  in  mathcmalics  and 
mechanics,  died  in  1350. 

DONEAU,Hngh,  professor  of  law  at  Bonrgei 
and  Orleans.  He  wrote  commniuaries  on  civil 
taw,  5  vols,  folio,  and  other  work*  and  died  i» 
LTOI. 


DO 

UONGAN,  Tiiomas,  carl  of  Limerick,  a  jiidi 
eious  and  popular  go\«nior  of  New- York,  re 
signed  the  oliicp  in  HW,  ami  returned  to  Eng- 
land, in  consequence  of  liis  sovereign's  displea- 
sure. 

DOXI,  Anthony  Franias,  a  Florentine  priest 
who  possessed  great  satirical  powers,  and  wrote 
Biaiiy  hooks  :  ho  died  in  1374. 

UO,\I  D'ATTICIH,  Lewis,  a  Florentine  no- 
lilcnian,  whose  modesty  and  learning  nconi 
mended  him  to  Richelieu,  who  made  him  bishop 
iif  Autun.  He  wrote  many  volumes,  and  died 
in  l&yi. 

DOiVI,  .Toim  Baptisfe,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Fi;)i-ence.  His  treatise  on  music  is  well 
knoifn  ;  he  died  in  1647. 

DOXXE,  John,  an  English  poet  and  divine, 
born  at  London,  1.573,  and  di^scenried,  hy  Iiisnio 
thcr,  from  the  family  of  sit  Thoma-^  More.  Sion 
after  his  taking  ordccs  (which  ln>  did  .U  the  spe 
eial  request  of  kina;  James)  he  was  chosen 
preach'jr  of  Linca'ii's-Inn;  in  MWl,  he  wa.s 
made  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  there  was  some 
thin::  singular  in  the  ciscunisiancos  .".ttendinL'  it. 
The  deanery  becomiiie  vacant,  the  king  sent  iV.r 
Dr.  Uonne,  and  ordered  him  to  attend  him  the 
next  day  at  diimor.  When  his  majesty  was  set 
down,  before  he  had  eaten  any  meat,  he  said, 
*'  Dr.  Donne,  I  have  invited  y«u  to  dinner;  and 
thougli  you  sit  not  down  with  me,  yet  I  will  carve 
to  you  of  a  dish  that  I  know  you  love  well  ;  for 
knowing  you  love  London,  I  do  therefore  make 
you  dean  of  St.  Paul's  ;  and  when  f  hare  dim  d, 
then  do  you  take  your  beloved  dish  home  to 
your  study:  say  grace  there  to  yonr.self,  and 
much  good  may  it  do  you!"  He  died  lOUl,  and 
was  buried  in  the  catliedral  chuvcli  of  St.  I'anl, 
where  a  monument  was  er<;cted  over  him.  His 
poems  consi.st  of  songs  and  sonnets,  epigrams, 
epitlialamiums,  satires,  letters,  funeral  elegies, 
holy  sonnets,  &c.  pnhlislie<l  at  ditfereni  times. 
Dryden  has  justly  given  Donne  the  character  of 
"  the  greatest  wit,  though  not  the  greatest  poet, 
of  our  nation  ;"  and  lord  Falkland  styles  Donne 
**  one  of  the  most  witty  and  most  eloquent  of 
modern  divines." 

DON'XE,  Henjamin,  a  mathematician,  made 
master  of  mechanics  to  the  kins  in  173f).  He 
was  a  native  of  Devonshire,  and  wrote  several 
treatises  much  esteemed. 

DOOLITTLE,  Tlmmas,  a  imn  conformist, 
many  years  minister  of  St.  Alpiige,  London. 
He  wrote  several  books  on  practical  divinity, 
and  died  in  1707. 

DOI'PLE-M.\rER,  John  Gnltriel,  professor  of 
mathematic.'f  at  Xuremburg  He  was  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  &c. 

DORBAY,  Francis,  a  French  architect,  who 
fiirnished  desicns  of  several  beautiful  works  at 
tiie  Louvre,  the  Thuilleries,  &c.,  died  in  Ifi97. 

DORFLl.NO,  a  Prussian,  who  from  a  tailor, 
became  a  soldier,  aiid  tinally  a  field  marshal 
under  the  elertor  of  BrarHlcnburg. 

DORI.A,  Andrew,  a  Genoese  admiral,  the  re- 
storer of  the  independency  of  (lenoa  when  un- 
der the  French  yoke,  bom  1403,  died  IjIK). 

DORIG.VY,  Michael,  a  painter  and  cngravrr, 

Srofessor  in  the  academy  of  painting  of  Paris 
[is  works  are  to  be  seon  in  the  castle  of  Vin- 
cennes  ;  he  died  in  1C65. 

DORIGXY,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French  en 
graver,  who  was  knighted  by  George  I.;  he  died 
•t  Paris,  in  1740.  His  broiimr  Lewis,  also  an 
engraver,  died  at  Verona,  in  174'2. 

DORING,  or  DORIXK,  Matthias,  a  German 
Fraaciwran.  wlioiiiliii  writingSiifivcighs  against 

]^ 

X 


DO 

the  vices  of  tne  popes  and  e.irdinals.    He  wns 
the  forernnnner  of  Luther,  .iiid  died  in  1494. 

DOlU.SL.\US,  Isaac,  a  Dutchman,  who  went 
fiom  Leydcn  to  England,  and  read  lecturer  on 
history  at  Cambridge.  He  was  alternately  a 
republican  and  royalist,  during  the  civil  wars, 
and  turned  out  a  prctlignte  and  guilty  man ;  li« 
idled  in  1C49. 

DORilANS,  John  de,  cardinal  and  chain-el- 
lor  of  France  under  Charles  V.  He  founded  a 
college  in  Paris,  uml  died  In  11173. 

DORN.WIL'S,  (Caspar,  a  physician,  born  in 
Volshthind,  and  an  author  ut  some  humoious 
and  whimsical  pieces,  died  in  1631. 

DORSCH,  Everard,  a  Du:ch  engraver  of  za- 
niiis,  of  superior  abilities,  died  in  1712.  His  son 
I'liri.stopher  was  equally  famous  in  the  same 
lit,  and  died  in  1732. 

Di  (R.-^KV,  John  S)  ng,  M.  D.,  professor  of  ma- 
teria me.lica  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  afterwards  of  anatomy,  a^  succes-sor  to  Dr. 
Wistar;  he  died  suddenly  at  Philadelphia,  ia 
1818. 

DO.*lTH,F,rS,thc  first  herpsiarch,a  magician 
of  S;\niaria,  wiiose  followers  remained  2t  hours 
in  the  s.inie  po>iure  in  which  they  were,  when 
the  Sabbath  cominencetji.  He  starved  himself  to 
death.  '^ 

DOITRLET,  N.  an  eminent  French  surgeOH, 
who  left  some  valuable  professional  writings  ; 
he  died  In  ITiU. 

Dorci.N',  Lewis,  a  French  Jesuit,  who  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Xestorians,  and  other  works; ' 
he  died  I75r.. 

DOIjFFBT.  Gerard,  a  painter,  of  Liege,  and 
a  pupil  of  Rubens,  famed  tor  the  variety  an(> 
accnrmy  of  his  pictures,  died  in  ItXiO. 

fUM'tJ.ADU:^,  Venance,  a  capuchin,  horn 
near  ( 'iircassonne.  The  French  revolution  wa* 
a  field  fit  10  display  his  ambition  and  intrlgiie  : 
he  was  di-agged  lo  the  scaffold  tor  his  polllicul 
opinions  in  171(4. 

DtJUGHERTY,  Michael,  one  of  the  first  set 
ileis  of  Georiia  ;  died  in  181)8,  aged  13.). 

DOUGL.VS,  Gawin,  bishop  of  Dunkeld,  and 
'^nilneut  for  his  poetical  talents,  was  born  at 
Annandale,  in  Scotland.  In  1471,  and  died  of  the 
pUiHue  in  London,  In  15-.I2  Mr.  Warton  styles 
him  '■  one  of  the  distingnished  lumin.irics  that 
marked  the  restoration  of  letters  in  Scotland,  at 
(he  commencement  of  the  ItHh  century."  He 
itranslated  the  •'  iEiieid"  of  Virgil  into  Scottish 
herolcji,  with  the  additional  (13ih)  book  of  Ma- 
plieus  Vegius,  4to,  1553.  He  also  wrote  an  ori- 
•jinal  piece  called  "Tlie  Palace  of  Honour,"  and 
other  iK)eins.  He  was  likewl.se  a  promoter  of 
|)nbllc  spirited  works,  and  finished  the  stone 
bridge  over  the  river  "I'ay,  begun  by  his  prede.- 
ce.ssor. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
commissioned  by  Robert  Bruce.  He  had  made 
a  vow  lo  go  on  a  crusade,  but  he  perished  on  the 
way,  in  1327 

DOUGL.\S,  James,  an  English  anatomi.^t, and 
distliigui-shed  practitioner  In  obstetrics.  He  was 
also  an  eminent  author,  and  died  in  1742. 

DOt'GL.AS,  admiral  Sir  Charles,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  -as  originally  in  the  Dutch  service  ; 
nnd  it  was  not  without  some  difficulty  that  he 
|«as  enabled  to  obtain  rank  in  the  English  navy. 
He  was  so  c.vcellent  a  linguist, that  he  spokesix 
European  languages  correctly.  (»nth«  war  with 
.\merica  breaking  out,  he  had  a  broad  pendant 
given  him,  and  commanded  the  squadron  em- 
ployed in  the  gulf  of  St.  L.twrence.  His  servi- 
ces Diere  Obtained  Iniii  very  flattering  honcnr* 


^ 


• DO 

on  his  return  to  England  ;  and  after  Brereton 
was  rtiBinhfi-pd,  for  iniecoiiduct,  from  tJie  Duke, 
of  98  punf,  Sir  Charles  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand htr.  In  this  Fhip,  he  cultivated  liis  me- 
chanical propensity  so  much  to  the  improvement 
of  tlie  guns,  and  the  use  of  locks  instead  of 
matche$,that  thn  practice  wa:?  univeraally  adopt- 
ed ihrouphout  the  navy.  During  the  prt-para- 
lious  for  war,  in  the  year  1787.  hr.  wa.s  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  rear  admiral,  and  died  in  January, 
i789. 

d6ugL.\S,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
a  learned  divine,  born  at  Piilenweeui,  in  Fiir- 
shire,  in  1751,  and  educated  chiefly  at  Baliol 
College  Oxford.  This  venerable  prelote  was 
one  of  tltc  first  literary  characters  of  the  age, 
and  the  last  surviving;  member  (the  bishop  of 
Dromore  excepted)  of  the  Beef  Steak  Club,  ce- 
lebrated by  Dr  Goldsmith,  in  his  poem  of  "  Re- 
taUatJon."  The  lilcrary  talents  of  bishop  Doug- 
las were  first  evinced,  in  detecting  tho  attempt 
of  Lauder  to  depreciate  the  merits  of  Milton. 
He  vindicated  the  originality  of  that  illustrious 
bard,  and  covered  his  opponent  witli  contusion. 
His  next  performance  possessed  such  merit,  as 
highly  to  recommend  his  character,  both  as  a 
literary  roan,  and  an  advocate  for  revealed  re- 
ligion. It  was  entitled  the  "  Criterion,"  in  an- 
swer to  Mr.  Hume's  Essay  on  Miracles.  He  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Law  in  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle,  in 


1783;  and  upon  the  translation  of  Dr.  Barring-  'He  made  bis  name  immortal  by  a  voyage  int» 


I 


ton  to  the  see  of  Durham,  was  appointed  his 
successor.     His  lordship  died  May  18,  1S07. 

DOUGLAS,  James,  earl  of  Morton  and  Aber- 
deen, a  man  of  great  learning  and  many  virtues. 
He  was  president  of  the  London  Royal  Society, 
in  1733. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  M.  D.,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  afterwards  a  physician  in  Boston,  who 
first  made  known  at  Constantinople,  the  practice 
of  iiinoculatlng  for  the  small  pox,  but  was  oppo- 
sed to  its  introduction  into  Anurica ;  he  pub- 
lished several  works  on  small  pox,  &c.,  and  died 
in  1752. 

DOUSA,  James,  a  very  learned  man,  born  at 
Korthwick,  in  Holland,  1545,  died  in  1G04.  He 
was  a  great  scholar,  statesman,  and  soldier. 
His  learning  was  indeed  prodigious ;  and  he  had 
such  a  memory,  that  he  could  at  once  give  an 
answer  to  any  tiling  that  was  asked  liim  rela- 
ting to  aneient  or  modern  history,  or,  in  short, 
to  any  branch  of  literature.  He  was  (say  Mel- 
chior,  Adam,  and  Thuanus,)  a  kind  of  liviiiir 
library,  the  Varro  of  Holland,  and  the  oracle 
of  the  university  of  Levden. 

DOUVRE,  Thomas  de,  was  raised  by  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror  to  the  see  of  York,  where 
he  rebuilt  the  cathedral :  he  died  in  1100. 

DOUVRE,  Thomas  de,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  archbishop  of  York,  in  1108. 

DOUVRE,  Isabella  de,  of  the  same  family, 
was  mistress  to  Robert,  the  natural  son  of  Hen- 
ry I. ;  she  die<l  in  1106. 

DOVE,  Nathaniel,  an  ingenious  penman,  au- 
thor of  "  The  Progress  of  Time."  He  kept  an 
academy  at  Hoxton,  and  died  in  1754. 

DOW,  Gerard,  a  celebrated  Dutch  painter, 
the  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  born  at  Levden,  1613, 
died  in  1C80. 

DOWAL,  William  Mac,  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  in  1590.  He  held  several  important 
•ffices  under  Charles  I.  and  TI. 

DOWNHAM,  John,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  well-known  pious  work,  called  "  The 
Christian  Warfare,"  died  In  1044. 

DOWNING,  Calibut,  LL.  D.,  an  English  di- 
162 


DO 

Tine,  &c.  He  tiirntid  republican,  and  stirred  up 
liis  people  to.  tK2  up  arms  a^'ainsi  their  king; 
lie  died  in  1W3. 

DOVVNMAN,  Hugh,  a  phyttcian  and  poet, 
born  at  Ncwion  St.  Cyres,  Devonshire,  in  1740, 
Idled  nt  Exeter,  in  1809 ;  having  published  seve- 
ral tragedies  and  poems,  on  various  subjects ; 
of  the  latter,  the  principal  one  is  entitled  "  In 
lanrv." 

PRAIUCIUS,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  enthusi- 
ast, born  about  1537,  in  Morana,  where  his  fa- 
ther WHS  burgomaster.  When  he  was  upwards 
jof  .")()  >  ears  of  age  he  commenced  prophet,  and 
|publi>l!iil  tome  ixiraordiiiary  political  chime- 
ras, which  he  called  "  ViBions." 

DRACO,  a  celebrated  legislator  of  Athens, 
whose  laws  were  so  revere,  that  thcvwere  said 
to  be  written  in  blood.  He  flourished  ahoutROU 
yeiirs  B.  C. 

URACOMTES,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine.a 
bishop  fn  Prussia,  and  the  learned  author  of 
some  connnentaricB  on  the  Scriptures.  He  be- 
gan a  polyglott  Bible,  but  died  before  its  com- 
pletion, in  I5GG. 

DRAGUT,  Rais,  or  captain  RACUT,  the  fa- 
vourite and  successor  of  Barbaiossa,  a  famous 
pirate,  m  1566. 

DRAKE,  Sir  Francis,  a  di?tinguishcd  navnl 
heio,  who  tlourishcd  in  the  reign  of  Elizahetli, 
was  ttorn  near  Tavistock,  in  Devonshire,  1.545. 


the  South  Seas,  through  the  strait  of  Magellan, 
which  was  what,  at  that  time,  no  Englishman 
had  ever  attempted.  He  sailed  from  England, 
Dec.  lit,  1577,  and  entered  the  li.irbour  of  Ply- 
inonth  on  his  return,  Nov.  3,  15K0 ;  perfonuing 
thus  a  voyage  round  the  globe  in  two  years  and 
about  ten  months.  His  expeditions  and  victo- 
ies  over  the  Spaniards,  have  been  equalled  by 
modern  admirals,  but  not  his  generosity  ;  for  ho 
divided  the  booty  he  took,  in  just  proportional 
shares  with  the  ciminion  sailors,  even  to  wedges 
of  gold  given  him  in  return  for  his  presents  to 
Indian  chiefs.  He  died,  after  having  rendered 
the  most  eminent  services  to  his  country  by  his 
bravery  and  skill,  1595-6,  on  board  his  own  ship, 
in  the  West  Indies.  The  town  of  Plymouth 
had  vpfy  particular  obligations  to  Drake  ;  for, 
in  1587,  he  undertook  to  bring  water  into  it; 
tbroKgh  the  want  of  which,  till  then,  it  had  been 
grievously  distressed  ;  and  he  performed  it  by 
onducting  thither  a  stream  from  springs  at  eight 
miles'  distance,  that  is  to  say,  in  a  straight  line : 
lor,  in  the  manner  he  brought  it,  the  course  of 
it  runs  upwards  of  20  miles. 

DR.'VKE,  Samuel,  published,  in  1709, in  folio, 
a  splendid  edition  of  archbishop  Parker's  "  De 
Antiquilale  Rrilantiica"  ecclesio-,'"  &c. 

DRAKE,  James,  a  celebrated  political  writer 
and  physician,  born  at  Cambridge,  in  15()7,  died 
1706-7.  He  is  chiefly  known  now  by  his  medi- 
cal works,  by  a  "  System  of  Anatomy,"  parti 
larly,  which  was  (inishe*!  a  little  before  his  de- 
re.a.se,  and  publi.'-'hed  in  1707. 

DRAKE,  Francis,  a  surgeon,  at  York,  and  an 
eniinent  antiquary,  published,  in  1736,  "  Ebora- 
cum ,  or.  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
City  of  York,  from  its  Original  to  the  present 
Time,"  &c. 

DRAKE,  William,  a  physician,  born  at  York, 
where  he  settled.  In  his  old  age  he  collcclert 
various  records,  and  published  a  valuable  histo- 
ry of  his  native  town,  in  folio ,  he  died  in  1760. 

DRAKE,  Rotlcer,  D.  D.,  a  physician,  who 
became  a  popular  preacher  in  Lon  on.  Hewa.? 
learnetl  and  oious,  and  died  after  the  restmatton. 


UR/ 

nUAKE.N'UERG,  Chrisiian  Jacob,  was  born 
"n  Norway,  and  al'tcrlii  iiig  in  celibacy  UJycais 
marrieii  a  widow  aged  00. 

DHAlCENBORCil,  Arnoldus,  a  professor  of 
history  and  elofiucacc  at  Utrecht,  died  in  1718 
lie  is  iiieniorable  lor  having  jjiven  line  editions 
tn  4to  of  two  ancient  authors,  "  Titus  Liviiis," 
7  vols. ;  and  "Siliusltaliciis,"  with  very  learned 
notes.  He  is  al.io  Uie  author  of  some  small 
works. 

DR.AN,  Henry  Francis  le,  a  famous  surgeon, 
and  lithotomist,  author  of  Surgery,  >  vols.,  and 
other  surgical  works,  died  at  i'aris,  in  177U. 

DR.VPEU,  Sir  William,  an  English  general, 
born  at  Bristol,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  ai 
King's  College,  Cambridge;  but  preferring  a 
military  life,  lie  went  to  the  East  Indies,  wlieru 
be  attained  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  in  17i)3,  in 
co-operation  with  admiral  Cornish,  reduced 
Manilla,  where  they  consenitd  to  accept  a 
Ainsom  for  the  fort  of  4,000,000  dollars,  which 
the  Spanish  goverinnent  never  paid.  In  17C'.), 
being  then  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  the  colonel 
appeared  in  print,  as  the  ant.igonist  of  Junius, 
in  defence  of  the  marqufs  of  Graiiby.  Sir 
William  died  at  Bath,  in  17(?7. 

DRAYTON,  Michael,  an  Englisli  poet,  born 
in  Warwickshire,  15(JJ.  VV'lienbui  10  years  of 
age  he  appears  to  have  been  page  to  some 
person  of  honour,  as  wn  collect  from  his  own 
words.  It  appears  too,  that  he  was  then  anxi-' 
ous  to  know  ''  what  kind  of  strange  creatures 
poets  were  V  and  desired  his  tutor,  of  all  things, 
that,  if  possible,  "he  would  inaUc  him  a  poet." 
He  took  delight,  and  was  eminent  for  hie  talent 
in  this  way,  nine  or  ten  years  before  the  death 
of  queen  Elizabeth,  if  noi  something  sooner. 
Drayton  died  in  lti31,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster abbey,  among  the  jwels.  His  works, 
which  are  numerous,  and  of  great  merit,  were 
collected  and  printed,  in  171{r,  in  one  volume 
folio. 

DR.V.YTON,  William,  a  politic-il  writer  of 
coneiderable  eminence,  in  South  Carolina,  ac- 
tive in  forwarding  the  American  revolution  • 
he  publislied  a  history  of  the  war,  and  died 
in  1779. 

DRAYTON,  William.  LI>.  D.,  a  judge  of  the 
'ederal  court  fur  the  district  of  South  Carolina ; 
died  in  17'J0. 

DREBEL,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  philo.aopher 
and  alchymist,  of  whom  some  curious  particu- 
lars are  related,  with  respect  to  his  power,  to 
cause  rain,  cold,&c.,  by  the  operations  of  his 
machines  ;  he  died  in  1572. 

DRELINCOURT,  Charles,  minister  of  the 
church  of  Paris,  born  at  Sedan,  1595,  and  died 
lf(G9.  His  "  Consolations  against  the  Pears  of 
Death"  have,  of  all  his  works,  been  the  most 
frequently  reprinted ;  having  passed  through 
above  4H  editions,  and  been  translated  into 
several  languages.  His  "Charitable  Visits," 
In  5  vols.,  have  served  for  continual  consolation 
to  private  persous,  and  for  a  source  of  materials 
and  models  to  ministers.  He  published  three 
vclumes  of  Sermons  ;"  in  which,  as  in  all  the 
foreinentioned  pieces,  there  is  a  wondsrful  vein 
of  piety,  which  is  very  affecting  to  religious 
minds. 

DRE86ERTTS,  Matthew,  a  German,  who 
oecame  professor  of  rhetoric  and  history  at 
Jena,  and,  in  15f?l,  accepted  the  chair  of  jxilitc 
learning  at  I>eipsic.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  died  in  HiO*. 

DRECX  DU  RADIER,  John  Francis,  a 
French  advocate,  who  abandoiiod  the  bar  for  [I 


DR 

the  pursuits  of  literature,  and  bi'catnc  the  autlior 
of  various  works;  he  died  m  17i?0. 

DRKVET,  l'eter,aiieinincntengraveratParis; 
his  son,  also  named  Peter,  was  equally  trainen: 
In  the  same  profession.  They  both  died  in 
1739,  the  lather  aged  75  ;  the  son  42. 

DKEXELIUS,  Jeremiah,  a  Jesuit,  of  Augs- 
buieh,  author  of  a  curious  poem  on  licll  tor- 
ments, in  which  he  calculates  how  many  souls 
can  be  contained  in  a  given  space;  he  dieU  ia 
1G38. 

DRIEDO,  John,  a  learned  divinity  professor, 
of  Jiouvain,  whose  abilities  were  employed 
against  the  Lutheran  Calvinists.  lie  pubiislieu 
4  vols,  folio,  on  theological  subjects,  and  died  in 
1535. 

DRINKER,  Edward,  a  native  of  Phlladelphi!i 
died  in  1782,  aged  103.  He  lived  to  see  the 
5ih  generation,  and  having  survived  the  reigns 
of  seven  sovereigns,  he  at  length  saw  tin  day 
that  made  America,  a  free  and  iiidependenr 
naiion. 

UUOLINGER,  Charles  Frederick,  privy  coun- 
sellor to  the  margrave  of  Baden  Duilach,  was 
admired  as  a  poet,  and  scholau- ;  he  died  in  174.'. 

DROU,  N.,  a  French  advocate,  dislinguislieJ 
for  his  eloquence,  and  for  his  defence  of  tl;e 
poor  as  well  as  the  rich ;  he  died  in  178:1. 

DROUAIS,  Hubert,  a  painter,  of  Normandy 
who,  by  his  pencil,  raised  himself  to  fame  and 
opulence ;  died  in  1767. 

DROUET,  Stephen  Francis,  a  laborious 
French  writer,  who  died  in  1779. 

DRUMMOND,  William,  of  Hawihorndcii,  a 
Scottish  poet  and  historian,  born  15^3,  died 
Dec.  4,  l(i49.  He  preceded  VValler  in  polishing 
Englisli  versification.  His  poems  have  ah.irnio- 
ny  and  sweetness  in  them,  unequalled  by  any 
yf  his  time;  and  in  his  "  History  of  the  Five 
Jame.ses"  his  manner  of  telling  a  story,  and 
interesting  the  reader  in  what  he  relates,  has 
been  highly  commended.  Ben  Jonson  so  much 
admired  our  autlior,  thathenndertook  a  journey 
on  foot  into  Scotland  on  purpose  to  visit  him, 
and  esteemed  some  months  that  he  spent  in  his 
society  the  happiest  of  his  life.  Some  of  the 
conversation  at  this  meeting  has  been  ))r<=served . 
Drumnuind's  poems  were  first  printed  at  Edin 
burgh,  in  4»o.,  ir.ltS;  afterwards  in  8vo.,  If-.V!. 
and  a  complete  collection  of  his  works  in  fblio, 
1711.  The  poems  were  reprinted  in  1791.  His 
■Toneral  merits  have  been  ingeniously  appre- 
ri;Ufd  by  Mr.  Neve,  Mr.  Headlcy,  Mr.  Pinkerlon, 
and  Dr.  Anderson,  in  their  several  biographical 
skeichcs  of  our  earlier  British  poets. 

DRUMMOND,  Robert  Hay,  successively  bi- 
shop of  St.  Asaph,  of  Salisbury,  and  of  York. 
He  published  six  occasional  sermons,  and  died 
in  1773. 

DRURY,  Robert,  wag  shipwrecked  in  17tii 
on  the  island  of  Madagascai-,  where  he  remaincj 
15  years.  After  his  escape,  he  published  aa 
account  of  the  natives,  &c. 

DRURY,  Dru,  a  jeweller,  of  London,  who 
wrote  3  vols,  on  ins«ets,  and  collected  a  vast 
number  of  curiosities ;  be  died  in  1804. 

DRUSILL.V,  Livia,  disgraced  herself  by  an 
incestuous  commerce  with  her  brother  Caligula; 
she  died,  A.  D.  38. 

DRU8IU3,  John,  a  most  learned  man  among 
the  Protestants,  was  horn  at  Oudenard,  in  Flan- 
ders, in  1555,  and  was  author  of  several  works 
which  show  him  to  have  been  well  skilled  in 
Hebrew,  and  to  have  gained  a  considerabl* 
knowledge  In  the  Jtwish  antiquities.  He  Uiofl 
ill  1016. 

163 


liR 

nUr.SL'.S,  son  ol  GoniiaiiicuM,  \\a»  put  to 
dcilli  t.y  Tiberius,  .A.  I).  ii;i 

DIM  i^L't^,  M.  Livius,  an  aiiihitious  Roman, 
itiurdert'd  lor  his  auuiuptg  to  eiilorcc  the  agra- 
rian law,  190  B.  C. 

IiRUSUS.  Nero  Claudius,  brotiicr  of  the  em- 
peror TiberiuB,  was  iioiunircd  with  a  triuiii|>l] 
lor  liis  victories  in  lieniiaii>  ;  he  died  "Jl  B.C. 

DULSL'S,  son  ol  T'bcnub  and  Vispania,  was 
baiiished,  A.  D.  23. 

DKVA.NDER,  John,  a  Hessian  medical  and 
mathtrniaiical  writer,  died  li.iO. 

UkVliEN,  John,  an  illustrious  English  poet, 
v.as  son  of  Erasmus  Oryden, olTicliiinTsh, in 
.\orihaiuploii8hire,  and  boi  n  at  Aldwincle,  in  ar 
Ouiidle,  ill  ihai  county,  Aug.  9,  16:51.  He  was 
educated  in  granunar  learning  at  Weslininstci 
Kchdol,  being  king's  scholar  there  under  the  I'a- 
inrius  Ur.  Hus-by,  and  was  frini  thence  elected, 
ill  ItioO,  a  scholar  in  Trinity  L'olJegc,  Cambridge. 
Uis  re|iulaiion  as  a  poet,  together  with  his  al- 
tucluiient  to  the  court,  procured  liijn  the  place 
ol' poet-lauteat  and  historiographer  to  Cliarles 
II.,  which  accordingly  he  took  possession  or,j 
niK.a  the  drath  of  sir  William  Daveuant,  iiii 
mS.  In  1609  his  first  play,  a  comedy,  called  1 
"  The  Wild  (iallant*,"  was  acled  at  the  Thi:i-| 
tre-ioyal,  but  with  so  little  success,  that  ilUie 
author  liad  not  had  a  peruliarly  strong  inclina- 
tion to  dramatic  writin",  he  would  have  btenl 


PL 

I  DUAKKN,  Francis,  a  French  civilian,  who 
jtauglil  civil  law  at  Buuigrs.  lie  publivhed  sutue 
!\vurKs,  cliictiv  on  law,  and  ditd  m  lS3'.i. 

UL(>OLA0k,  Mary  Anne  le  Page,  a  French 
l|ad},  who  iraiislaled  into  her  own  language, 
|lV)pe's  Tell. pic  ol  Fniue,  and  Milton's  Paiadieo 
loft.  Mie  was  a  member  ol  niuny  learned  s<>- 
{cK.'ties,  and  lamous  tor  licr  iioetry  and  coiiipo- 
bilion.    t^lie  died  in  18(U. 

I  DUBOIS?,  U  illiani  du,  a  French  prelate,  who 
supimriod  the  duke  ol  Orlemi;-  in  all  lii.s  licen- 
tiouEiiess,  and  scbeiiies  of  amlmion.  He  \^as 
made  u  cardinal,  and  afterwards  priun.'  ii.iiiis- 
tcr.  He  was  a  hyiiocriie  and  an  intriguer,  and 
died  in  ll-Si. 

IHjHOIc;,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
rVnglesea,  who  married  a  musician,  and  was 
disowned  by  her  father.  She  wi-oie  ThLodvra, 
a  novel,  and  died  in  lw4. 

Dl'IiOLS,  f^imon,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp,  who 
went  to  Knglaiid,  mid  acquired  great  laiiic  by 
his  art,  he  died  in  1706. 

Dt'BOS  Charles  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  dean 
of  liUcon.  He  wrote  the  life  of  Barilkin,  bishop 
of  LiK'on,  and  died  in  I'liii. 

Ufl'.OS,  John  Baptist,  a  French  abbot,  au- 
thor of  rttlfctions  on  poetry  and  painting,  died 
in  17-i2. 

Ul.'BOS,  Jerome,  a  Dutch  painter,  whore 
represeiilation  of  hell,  struck  its  beholders  with 


sufftcifcutly  discourajitil  from   any  farther  at-j|trrror  and  astonisliment,  he  died  in  the  b»gin- 
ttnipli  ill  it.    He  went  on,  however,  and  in  the||iiing  of  the  lOili  century. 

spaic  of  2.5  y<ars  produced  27  plays,  besides  hisji     HUBOCCHKR  .Matthew,  a  native   of  Dasr, 
rllit'i'    niiinerous   poetical  writings.    He    died  | who  published   some   law   tracts,  a  poem  on 


May  ],  1701.  As  to  Dryden's  character,  it  ha: 
been  treated  in  extrenu-s,  some  setting  it  too 
hii.'h.  others  too  low  ;  tor  he  was  too  deeply  en- 
gai'i'd  in  parly  to  have  strict  justice  done  him 
eittittr  way  C'ongieve  rci>rt-««;iits  him.  in  re- 
eard  to  Ins  moral  characir^r,  in  every  respect  iioti 
only  blamcles.<,  but  amiable:  and  "as  to  liiij 
writings  (says  he)  no  irian  hath  written,  in  ourj 
language,  so  much  and  so  \  arious  matter,  and 


friendship,  &c.  died  in  IPOl. 

DI'miAU,  or  D[)BKAViUSSCAI,A,  John, 
bishi>p  of  Olmutz.  He  was  sent  ambassador  lu 
Siltsia,  and  was  author  of  a  history  of  Bohe- 
mia in  33  books :  he  died  in  IS.'iS. 

DL'C,  Fronton  du,  Fronto  Ducftus,  a  Jesuit, 
of  Bordeau.x,  a  man  of  learning  and  devotion, 
editor  of  St.  Clirysostoin's  works,  0  vols,  folio; 
lie  died  in  Ufz4. 


ill  so  various  manners,  so  well.    Another  ihing  I     DUC,  John  le,  a  Dutch  painter  of  eminence, 


I  may  say  was  very  peculiar  to  hiin  ;  which  is, 
that  his  parts  did  not  decline  with  his  years,  but! 
that  he  was  an  improving  v.'riter  to  the  last, 
even  to  near  70  years  of  ape  ;  iniproving  even 


born  in  1C36. 

UUCAHEL  Dr.  Andrew  Coltee,  F.  R.  ami 
A.  S.  born  at  Caen,  in  Nonnandy,  in  1713,  dii-d 
in  1785.    He  was  one  of  the  siipcrintenilcnts  of 


iii  lire  and  imagination  aswell  as  in  .iedgment :  :lhe  Paper-office,  keeper  of  the  library  at  Lam 

v.-itness  his  "  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,''  andjbeth,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent  antiquarians 

Jiis  "Fables,"  his  latest  performances.    Jlewas,  o>'  iiis  tin-e 

equally  excellent  in  verse  and  in  prose.    His'     DUCaRT  fsaac,  a  skilful  painter  of  flowers 

prose  had  all  the  clearness  imaginable,  together!  on  sat  .r.   died  at  Amsterdam,  in  16!t7. 

with  all  the   nobleness  of  expression,  all  the'!     DUCA?  Michael,  a  Greek  historian,  author 

jriaccs  and  oniaments  proper  and  peculiar  to  :t,||a  histcn,'  of  Greece,  from  Andronicu-s  to  tlie  fall 

without  deviatin;;  into  the  lan-^uace  or  diction  ofl  of  tiieeinp.re,  printed  at  Paris,  in  1649. 

"   ■  ■  '  '     DFCHAL   lames,  a  dissenting  minister,  of 

Dublin,  whose  sermons  were  published  in  3  vols 
8vn.  died  in  17til. 

DUCHANGE,  Gaspaid,  a  French  engraver, 
whose  best  pieces  are  the  driving  out  of  the  money 
changers,  and  the  pharisee's  supper,  died  in  1757 
IIUCHAT,  Jacob  le,  aFicnrlmian,  was  boru 
at  Metz,  in  1P58,  and  died,  in  1735.  He  was  ri 
garded  as  a  very  learned  person,  yet  he  is  dis 


poetry.  I  have  heard  hiin  frequently  own  with 
lilex--ure,  that  if  he  had  any  talent  ifor  English 
jiroso,  it  was  owing  to  his  iiaving  often  read  the 
writings  of  the  great  archbishop  Tillotsou.  His 
versification  and  hie  numbers  he  could  learn  of 
nobodv  ;  for  he  first  possessed  those  talents  in 
pcricction  in  our  tongue.  In  his  poems,  his  dic- 
tion is,  wherever  his  subject  requires  it,  so  sub- 
limely and  so  truly  poetical,  that  its  essence 
iik<  that 

\Vhat  he  has  done  in  any  one  species 
kind  of  writing,  would  have  been  sufficient  to 
have  acquired  him  a  gnat  name.  If  he  had 
written  nothing  but  his  prefaces,  or  nothing  but 
liis  songs  or  his  prologues,  each  of  them  would 
have  entitled  him  to  the  preference  and  distinc- 
tion of  excelling  in  his  kind." 

UU.-\NE,  Jamos,  first  Mayor  of  New- York, 
after  its  recovery  from  the  Britisli,  and  judge  of 
Ihe  district  court  of  Xcw-York  •  he  died  in  1797. 
164 


of  pure  gold,  cannot   he  destroyed  I'.tingnished  as  an  editor  r:uhcr  than  an  author 
las  done  in  any  one  species  or  distinct   Ile'gave  new  editions  of  the  "  Menipjiean  Ha 


-  -  gave 

ires,"of  thi^  Worksof  Rabelai.',"*ofthe"Aiiol 
ogie  for  Herodotus,"  by  Henry  Stephens,  &.r. 
ail  accompanied  with  remarks  of  his  owni. 

DUCH.'VTEI..  Gaspard,  a  deputy  in  tl'K 
French  convention,  celebrated  for  his  manly  and 
'able  defence  of  the  unfortunate  Lewis  XVI. ; 
Ihe  was  luillotined  in  1793. 

DUCi.ATELFT  D'HARAUCOURT,  Lewis 
[Marie  Plorent  difo,  o  colonel  in  the  French  at- 


l»U 


hv 


my,  imprisoned  ami  guillotinuii  (or  bis  auacll-n  tc  Iii3  ambition),  he  was  beheaJcd  Augubt  iJl, 
men:  to  his  kill);,  ill  l".iy.  i  l')53. 

UVCllE,  I)K  VAXCV,  Josepli  Francis,  a 
French  poet,  auilior  of  tliree  irageditc;,  Debo- 
rah, Jonathan,  and  Ab.salotn.    He  wiis  a  man 


uiiiveisaily  resj)fcl<Hl,  and  dit'd  in  17U1. 

DUCK,  Arthur,  boi  ii  iii  Devonshire,  1580,  and 
dii'il  I&IU.  llii  was  an  exueilent  civilian,  a  tolera-, 
Idfipoet,  cspeciahyin  liisyounyerdays,  and  very' 
tvell  versed  in  liistory,  ecclesiastical  as  vvcli  as; 
civil.  He  lell  belaud  hiin  "  Vila  Henrici  Chi 
chelo,"  i!cc.,and  "  De  Usii  el  Aiiliioriiaie  Juiisj 
Civilis  Romanoniin  in  Duminiis  principuml 
Christianoriiui ;  "  a  very  u?l'1"u1  and  euteriainiiip 
work,  which  has  been  printed  several  limes  ini 
England  and  elsewhere. 

DUCK,  J^iephen,  a  thresher  and  a  poet,  born 
at  Charlton,  Wiltz,  at  which  place  an  anniver- 
sary, called  Thresher's  Feast,  is  still  held  to  his 
memory.  He  had  originally  no  other  leaching 
than  what  enabled  him  to  read  and  write  Kiig- 
lisu  ;  about  his  14th  year  he  was  token  I'roin 
school,  and  wis  afterwards  successively  en- 
gaged in  the  several  lowest  employments  of 
a  coinilry  life.  He  had  from  his  inlaiicy  '•  pre- 
dilection for  poetry  ;  somcliines  turned  his  own 
thoughts  into  verse  while  he  was  at  work,  and; 
at  last  began  to  venture  those  thought?  a  little! 
upon  pap'!r.  At  lengtJi  st)rae  of  his  e-^says  fall 
kiL!  into  the  hands  of  a  lady  of  quality  who  at 
tf  lulcd  on  the  Lite  queen  Caroline,  he  became 
known  to  her  luaiesiy,  who  took  hiui  under  her 
protectiim,  and  seiUed  on  him  a  yearly  pension 
of  about  30/.  ;  such  a  one  at  least  as  wa: 
.«u!ficieiit  to  maimaiu  liiin  indcpendontly  of  la 
hour.  Duck  was  afterwards  adiuilied  into  or 
ders,  and  preferred  to  the  living  of  Bytloet,  in 
Surrey.  Here  he  continued  for  many  years  to 
maki-  poems  and  sermons,  and  was  much  fol 
lowed  by  iho  people  as  a  preacher;  till  falling 
atleii;^lli  liiKi  a  low-spirited  melancholy  way,  he 
tJirew  himself  into  a  trout-stream,  at  the  back  of 
till!  lilack  Iiion  Inn,  near  Reading,  and  was 
drowned.  This  unhappy  accident,  for  lie  was 
perfectly  lunatic,  befell  him  March  30,  I7,")6. 

DlTcfjOS,  Cliark-B    Dinean,   historiographer 
of  France,  born  at  Dinant,  in  Bretagiie,  in  170: 
lie  died  in  177:^. 

IJUCLOS,  Mary  Ann,  a  French  actress  of 
preat  merit,  who  for  many  years  gained  much 
appl.iuso  ;  she  died  in  1748. 

DUCUEUX,  N.,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Paris, 
who  went  to  Vienna  to  lake  portraite  of  the  iin 
pcri.nl  family.     He  died  in  1802. 

DUCROISY,  I'hilibert  Gassaud,  a  French  ac- 
tor, of  excellent  character,  and  great  merit. 

DITDKFFA.NT,  N.,  a  French  lady,well  known 
in  Paris  for  ber  elesant  and  critical  taste.  She 
wa^  acquainted  with  all  the  learned  men  of  the 
times,  and  died  in  1780. 

l>nDIT(I,  Andrew,  a  Hungarian  divine,  em- 
ployed by  Ferdinand  II.  in  important  ali'airs  of 
slate.  He  wrote  on  physic,  poetry,  &c.,  and  was 
a  man  highly  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  l.'it'it. 

DUDIjRY,  F.dmund,  a  celebrated  lawyer  and; 
EIHjaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  V  H. ,  but  infamous  in  history  iVir  beini; 
the  instrument  of  the  extortions  of  that  mon 
arch  ;  he  was  born  in  1042,  and  cxccctcd  far  trea 
son,  in  Aug.  IR,  1.510. 

I)UDLKY,,lolin,  son  of  the  prccedinsj,  and 
duke  of  N'onliumberl.iiid,  was  horn  in  150-IJ,  and 
afterwards  became  one  of  the  most  powerful 
subjects  in  England.  For  an  attempt  lo  place 
the  crown  on  (he  head  of  his  daughter-in-law, 
laity  Jairie  Grey,  (wlio  Likewise  r»!I  a  victim 


DUDLEY,  Ambrose,  carl  of  Warwick,  son  of 
.lolin,  duke  of  Norlhumliorland,  born  I.iy0,  ex- 
hibited great  wisdom  and  integiity  ap  a  states- 
man, and  bravery  as  a  general,  under  qupen 
Klizabeth,  and  acquired  the  appellation  of'  Tin.- 
Good  Karl  of  Warwick."    Ho  died  in  1580. 

DI'DJjEY,  Koberl,  earl  of  Leicester,  son  to 
John,  duke  of  Northumberland,  and  biiulier  m 
.\mbrf)se.  earl  of  Warwick,  before  mentioned, 
born  15:t-2,  died  1588.  On  the  accession  of  i'ii;'.- 
abeth,  he  was  entcriained  at  court  us  a  priiici|Kil 
favourile;  obtained  pro<ligiou9  grants,  one  ai:.  ■■ 
another,  from  the  crown  :  and  all  tilings  !:a^  ■• 
way  to  his  ambition,  influence,  and  policy.  In 
his  private  life  he  aliected  a  wonderful  regular- 
ity, and  caiTicd  his  pretence  to  piety  very  liigli : 
though  to  gratify  his  passions,  there  were  no 
crimes,  liowevercxorbitant,  whicli  he  would  not 
commit. 

DUDLEY,  sir  Robert,  stm  of  Robert,  carl  of 
Leicester,  born  at  Sheen,  in  Surrey,  157U,  dietl 
1039.  Among  the  learned,  he  held  a  vei.v  lii-^li 
'ank,  as  well  on  account  of  his  skill  in  philoso- 
phy, cliymistry,  and  physic,  as  bis  perfect  ac- 
ipiaintance  with  all  llic  braiichcK  of  the  mailie 
matics,  and  the  means  of  applying  them  lor  Ine 
service  anil  benefit  of  mankind. 

DUDLEY,  Tliomas,  governor  of  Ma?s.  «nd 
one  of  the  founders  of  that  colony  ;  lie  died  in 
lti53. 

DITDIjEY,  Joseph,  governor  of  Ufass.,  son  of 
the  preceding ;  of  rare  endowments,  and  an 
honour  lo  his  country  ;  he  died  in  17^. 

DUDLEY,  Paul,  chief  justice  of  Mass.  (oun 
der  of  the  Dndleian  lecture, in  Harvard  College  : 
he  (lied  in  1751. 

DUFFHT,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  the 
17th  century. 

DUFFI i'.LD,  George,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
minister  of  Philadelphia,  represented  to  have 
been  niicommonly  eloquent ;  he  died  in  17!iO. 

DUFRESNE,  Abraham  Alexis  (luinaiilt,  a 
French  actor  of  eminence,  who  succeeded  pur- 
ticnlarlv  in  noble  characters;  he  died  in  1767. 

DUFRES.NOY,  Charles,  Alphonse,  a  native 
of  Paris,  who  acquired  celebrity  as  a  painter 
and  poet ;  he  died  in  l(if>5. 

DUFRES.MY,  Charles  Riviere,  a  nailve  ol 
Paris,  called  grandson  of  Henry  IV.,  from  his 
resemblance  to  that  monarch.  His  dramatic 
works  were  published  in  C  vols.  He  died  in 
1721. 

DUGARD,William,masterof  Merchant  Tai- 
lor's school,  London.  He  was  imprisoned  for 
being  concerned  in  Salmasius'  defence,  and 
reduced  to  poverty  ;  but  was  a  man  of  great 
ieaviiing,  and  worth  ;  he  died  in  1082. 

DUUD.ALE,  Sir  William,  a  very  eminent 
English  antiquary  and  historian,  was  born  in 
Warwickshire,  Sept.  12.  1G05,  and  ilicd  Feb.  10, 
H»8fi. 

DUGOMIER,  N.  a  French  general,  who  com- 
manded in  Italy  during  the  rcvobiiion,  and  was 
next  employed  against  the  Spaniards.  He  waa 
killed  in  battle,  in  1794. 

DUOUAY  TROUIN,  Rene,  a  celebrated  ad- 
miral in  the  French  navy,  who  displayed  the 
gre.itest  skill  united  to  the  most  consummate 
wisdom :  he  died  at  Paris,  in  173»i. 

DUGUF.T,  James  Joseph,  a  French  writer, 
of  great  learning,  and  uncommon  sweetness  of 
temper.  He  wrote  nearly  20  works  in  French, 
and  died  in  1733. 

DUIIALDE,  John  Baptist,  a  French  Jesuit, 
165 


^ 


I»U 


vv 


'!     DL'NBAU,  Willimii,    an    (.'iiiiiitnt    iScottiali 
port,  borii  ahiiut  UTO,  di'-il  about  J53U.    Uia 


author  ofn  historical  and  geographical  descri| 

lion  01  Cliina,  in  4  vole,  lulio  ;  lie  dind  in  IT'.^.    ,,_   .,  , 

DUIIAMKI.,  John  Baptist,  a  FrencU  ccclc*i-|i''  Jliistli-  and  Kobe"  Und  (ioldim  Tei-yo"  ar" 
as!ic,  of  great  karniMf; ;  eminent  fcir  liis  workh  gcnorallv  aiui  jusllv  e.-iei-nud  ins  most  canjial 
^"r.,fu^.'w'^?^'^'."''''"'""''"'^  ■  '■e'lit'*'''  I'Oti-!  works.    'Jlieyare  to  be  IouimI  in  JlieCollLciioiis 

HLHAMtL  DV  MO.NCEAL',  Heury  Luwisjol  PuikcrtMi,  (17>G,)  and  iJannatyi'e;,  (177U  ) 
a  learned  Frenchman,  wbo  de\olid  hiniscK  tO|j     DLS ItAK,  Dr.  Janus,  pronator ofiiliilosophy 


tiie  iniprovcnicni  ol' agriculture,  aiidcoiuinerce 
ho  died,  greatly  respited,  in  1T(<2. 

DUilA.N,  Lawrence,  a  prol'esBor  of  pliiJoRo 
phy,  01  tlie  collefe  du  Plessis,  for  iS  years  ;  lie 
left  some  wnrkii,  and  died  in  17J0. 

DUItiENAN,  I'atrick,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
Irish  civilian,  wlio  from  obscure  birth,  became 
a  judge  of  the  prerogative  court,  a  pri\-y  conn 
tellor  and  a  iiieinber  of  the  Irish  and  Englibii 
parliaments.     Il«died  in  IfrlG 

UL'ILLKJS,  Nepos,  the  first  RoMian  who  ob- 
tained a  naval  victory  over  Cartuaee,  2t)0  B.  ('. 
UUISBURG,  I'eier  de,  a  native  of  the  duchy 
of  Cleves,  in  the  IGtIi  century,  author  of  a  chron- 
icle of  I'ruseia,  from  12iC  to  i:i25. 

UI.'JARDIN,   Charles,  a   Dutch  painter,  of 
Anisierd;ua,  who  e.vcelled  in  delincannii  inar- 
Jcets,  robbers,  mountebanks,  &c.,  died  in  11)74. 
DUKE,  Richard,  a  poet  of  some  credit,  in  the 


'in  King'ti  rollef.'e,  Abetd<  en,  and  author  (>f 
"  K:Tsayson  the  History  ol  .Mankind  in  rude  mid 
uin  uliivaitd  Aijes,"  tivo,  17«*0,   died  May  28, 

i7y«.  ^ 

I  JiUKC'.AX,  Mark,  a  Scotch  physician,  profos 
sor  of  philosophy,  and  principal  of  the  Calva- 
nist's  college  at  ^auinur  ;  he  died  in  IWO. 

l)L"Nt;AN,  Daniel,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
and  learned  pliysiiians  of  liis  time.  He  was  born 
of  Scotch  parents,  in  I''raiice,and  gradually  rose 
to  the  higlHii  distinction  ;  he  was  known  j»  a 
practitioner,  in  almost  every  part  of  Duiojie. 
The  kiiif  ol'  I'mssia  invited  hini  to  settle  ul  Ber- 
lin, as  his  physician,  Sec.  lie  wrote  many  works, 
and  died  in  London,  in  IT^iS. 

DINtJAN,  William,  an  ingenious  critic  and 
translator,  born  at  Alwrdeen,  in  1717.  He  wrote 
lor  Dodsley's"  I'n.ccptoi"  the  article  "Logic," 
which  wag  so  ijuicli  approved,  that  it  wa?. print- 


last  century,  and  by  Dr.  Johnson  included  anioiifj.jed  separately  in  17j'J,  and  has  in  some  measure 
tlie  classics.  He  died  suddenly,  Feb.  10,  1710  11.  superseded  that  of  Dr.  Watts.   His  last  prnduc- 

DUL.4Ny,  Daniel,  one  of  the  most  learned |tion  was  an  excellent  translation  of  "  Ca-isar's 
and  accomplished  counsellors  of  the  counti-j',]  Commentaries;"  previous  to  the  ptibhcation  ol 
a  native  of  Maryland  ;  he  died  at  an  early  age.||  wliich,  he  was  appointed  profcissor  of  philoso 

DL'LAU,  John  Marie,  archbishop  of  Aries,  a'l  phy  in  the  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen.     H» 
member  of  the  states-general  of  France.      He  died  in  17ii(). 
was  a  Eood  marij  and  therefore  sacrificed  by  the  j     DLWC.W,  Adam,  lord  viscount,  a  gallant 


Jacobins,  in  1792. 

DULAUREiVT,  N.,a  worthless  French  priest, 
who  displayed  great  abilities  on  liceDtious  sub- 
ject; 


British  admiral,  whose  name  will  be  immortaliz- 
ed in  the  annals  of  his  country  by  the  victory 
which  he  pained  over  a  Dutch  fleet,  between 
(.'ani|>erdown  and  E^'mont.  within  five  inih's  of 


DCLI.ART,  Herman,  a  painter  and  poet,  of  [jibe  Dutch  coast,  Oct.  11,  ll  97,  for  which  he  waa 
Rotterdam,  the  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  whose  jdeaervedlv  rewarded  with  a  peerape.  He  v.-as 
pieces  are  freqnenily  taken  for  those  of  his  mas-  born  at  Dundee,  in  North  Britain,  July  1,  173], 
ler;  he  died  in  ICSl.  and  early   adopted  the   naval  profession.     It 

DUMAS,  liewis,  a  native  of  Nisraes,  an  emi-,  should  be  meniioiied  to  his  honour,  that  through 
ncnt  mathematician,  who  invented  a  methnd  of  life,  admiral  Duncan  w  as  a  man  of  great  and 
teaching  children  to  read  and  write  mecliiini-j|unalt'.'cied  piety,  and  felt  it  an  honour  to  lie  a 
caliy;  he  died  in  1744.  1]  Christian.      When  the  victory  was  decided, 

DCM  AS,  Charles  Lewis,  a  French  anatomist, ,  which  has  fi.\cd  his  renown,  he  ordered  the  crew 
and  profesjor  of  anatomy  at  Montpelier,  died  at|  of  his  shiji,  to  be  called  together  ;  and  at  their 
that  place  in  1814.  j  head,  upon  his  bended  knees,  in  the  presence  of 

DCAIEE,  Joan,  a  learned  lady,  born  at  Taris.  the  Dutch  admiral  (wlio  was  greatly  allected 
!>hc  applied  herself  particularly  to  astronomy, |  with  the  scene)  solemnly  and  pathetically  of- 


aiid  published  a  4to  vol.  on  the  subject,  which 
difplays  much  erudition,  1C80. 

DC'.MESNIL,  N.,  a  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  Latin  synonymes,  died  in 
1802. 

DUMMER,  Jeremiah,  an  agent  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  England,  where  he  rendered  important 
services  to  the  colony  ;  he  died  in  1739. 

DUMMEB,  William,  lieutenant  governor  of 
BIassachii<ietl3,  highly  respected,  died  in  17()]. 

DUMON'T,  John,  author  of  Political  Memoirs, 
4  vols.,  Travels  in  France,  Italy,  &c  ,  4  vols.. 
Universal  Diplomatic  Body,  &c.,  8  vols,  folio. 
He  waff  a  Frenchman  of  great  celebrity,  and 
die>d  in  1726 

DUMONT,  George,  a  native  of  Paris,  secre- 
tary of  the  French  embassy  to  Russia.  He 
wrote  on  history  and  commerce, and  died  in  1 

DIIMONT,  "N.,  surnamed  the  Roman,  a 
French  painter, died  in  1781 

DUMOURIER,  Anthony  Francis  Duperier, 
»  native  of  Paris,  eminent  as  a  commissary  in 
ihc  French  armies,  and  autbor  of  several  books. 


fered  up  praise  and  thanksgiving  to  the  Cod  of 
Battles  ;  strongly  proving  the  truth  of  the  as- 
sertion, that  piety  and  courage  should  be  inse- 
parably allied,  and  that  the  latter  without  the 
former  loses  its  principal  virtue.  He  died  Ang. 
4,  1P04. 

DUNCOMBE,  William,  a  dramatic  author 
and  tianslalor  of  Horace,  horn  in  London,  1690, 
and  died  17G9. 

DUiNCOMBR,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
pious  divine  and  ingenius  poet,  born  in  1730,died 
in  1780. 

DUND.^S,  Sir  David,  a  major  general  of  hiph 
rei'Utation,  and  afterwards  commander  in  chiei 
of  the  British  army,  and  a  privy  counsellor ; 
he  died  in  1820. 

DUNDAS,  Henry,  viscount  Melville,  lord  ad- 
vocate and  keei)er  of  the  signet  for  Scotland, 
afterwards  pre-^ident  of  the  board  of  control  lot 
East  India  affairs,  secretary  of  state  for  th» 
home  department,  and  first  lord  of  the  Englisli 
admir.ilty;  he  died  in  Scotland,  in  1811. 

DUNGAL,  a  monk  of  St.  Dennis,  in  the  9th 
century,  was  consulted  by  Charlemagne,  about 


died  in  1767.  j,  .._„ ., ^  

mm,  David  Erskine,  loirt.    See  ERBKINE.  two  eclipses  wbicli  happened  in  810. 
166 


DU 

DtTNLOP,  William,  Q pious,  learned,  and  elo 
quent  divine,  born  at  Glasgow,  WJ'-l,  died  at 
Edinburgh,  1720. 

DUNLOP,  Alexander,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  bom  in  America,  but  went  to  Scotland 
and  was  elected  professor  of  Hreek  atGlasRow. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  Greek  granininr,  Ktill  nsi'd 
in  the  university  of  Glasgow;  lie  died  in  1712. 

DUNMOEE,  John  Murray,  carl  of,  governor 
of  the  colony  of  New-York,  In  17ti9,  afterwards, 
the  last  royal  governor  of  Virijinia  ;  after  coni- 
nntting  many  drpredatjons  u|>on  the  colonists, 
he  returned  to  Kngland,  wlicrt  he  died  in  Mi'.t. 

DUNN,  Samuel,  an  English  mathematician, 
and  author  of  several  niaihematical  works, 
died  iu  1792. 

DUNNING,  John,  lord  Afhburton,  chancel- 
lor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  one  of  tl.o 
most  distinguitihcd  pleaders  that  ever  adornc^d 
the  English  bar.  His  rise  was  rapl.1,  and  thtre 
weir  Very  few  causes  tried  in  the  court  of  K  inn's 
Bench  in  which  he  was  not  eniploycd  as  Uad- 
ing  couiiBcl,  either  for  the  plaintiff  or  defendant. 
His  industry  luid  zeal  for  the  Interest  of  his  cli- 
ents were  equal  to  his  abilities ;  and  in  cas<'g 
where  the  fees  were  small,  he  was  never  kuown 
to  show  less  ardour  than  when  they  were  con- 
sideiahlc.  The  causes  of  the  poor  and  the  op- 
pressed he  frequently  pleaded  without  reward. 
He  was  born  in  Devonshire, about  the  year  1"<32, 
and  died  August  18,  1763.  To  Mr.  Dunning, 
(among  oihcrc)  Junius'  Letters  have  been  as- 
cribed ;  we  do  not,  however,  believe  that  the 
real  author  has  yet  been  dctcrree. 

DUNOD  DE  CHARNAGE,  Francis  Ignatius, 
a  learned  professor  of  law  at  Desancon,  hia  na- 
tive town  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

DUNOIS,  John,  Count  of  Orleans  and  Lon- 
giieville,  a  famous  general  of  France,  in  the 
timeof  Charles  VIL  who  called  him  the  restorer 
of  his  country.  He  was  a  man  ofmany  private 
virtues,  and  died  in  1-1G8. 

DUNS,  John,  commonly  called  Duns  Scotus, 
a  celebrated  theologian  of  the  order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, iKirn  in  Nnrtliumberland.  He  distinguished 
himself  so  much  by  the  actiteness  of  his  parts, 
■  and  eepecially  by  his  manner  of  disputing,  that 
liea£(|liired  the  name  of"  The  Subtile  Doctor." 
He  affected  to  maintain  opinions  contrary  to 
those  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  which  produced 
two  parties  in  the  schools,  the  Thomists  and  the 
Scotlsts.    He  died  1308. 

DUNSTAN,  St.,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  a  man  well  known  for  his  talents  and  in- 
trigues ;  he  died  in  988. 

DUNSTER,  Henry,  first  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  resiened  on  account  of  embracing 
the  sentiments  of  the  Antipcdo-bapiists ;  he 
died  in  IfiSS. 

DUNTON,  John,  a  bookseller,  who,  upon 
failing  in  business,  turned  author,  and  in  1710 
published  his  Athenianism,  containing  tiOO  trea- 
tises, in  prose,  and  verse,  on  all  subjects;  he 
died  in  1725. 

DUPATY,  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux,  an  upright,  enlightened,  and  clo 
quent  French  magistrate,  died  at  Pari.';,  in  1788. 
He  lias  left  some  excellent  historical  reflections 
on  "Penal  Laws,"  some  "Academical  Die- 
soMrsos,"  and  "  Letters  on  Italy." 

DT 'PER  RAY,  Michael,  a  French  lawyer,  of 
Paris,  who  wrote  some  books  on  ecclesiastical 
subjects,  and  died  in  1730. 

DUPHOT,  N.,  a  French  general,  who  was 
*8nt  ambassador  to  the  pope,  where  he  was  as- 
UBeiiiatcd,  during  a  popular  tumult,  \i\  1797. 


pu 

DUPIN,  Lewis  Ellis,  a  very  learned  doctor 
of  the  SorboBi>«,  and  one  of  the  greatest  critics 
of  his  time,  especially  in  what  regarded  ecclesi- 
astical matters,  born  at  Paris,  1057,  died  1719. 
His  chief  wotk  is,  "  liibliotheque  Uuiverselle 
des  Auteurs  Eccleti.isuques."  He  had  an  un- 
conmion  talent  at  analyzing  the  works  of  aii 
autlior,  which  mukos  his  Pibliotheque  so  valu- 
able, for  there  we  have  not  only  a  history  of 
tile  writers,  but  also  the  substance  of  what  they 
wrote  ;  which  is  a  great  coiivenieiioe  to  persdiig 
who  are  desirous  to  know  something  of  them, 
yet  have  not  either  time,  or  knowledge  of  lan- 
gnages,  sullicient  to  read  their  works. 

DUPLANIL,  J.  D.,  a  French  physician,  who 
translated  several  English  medical  works  into 
his  own  language  ;  he  died  in  180'J. 

DUPLEIX,Scipio,  historiographer  of  France, 
died  in  lliCl  Among  his  works  are.  History  of 
France, 6  vols,  folio,  and  Roman  History,  3  vols, 
folio. 

DUPLEIX,  Joseph,  a  French  merchant,  of 
great  abilities,  governor  of  Pondicherry,  which 
he  defended  with  bravery  against  the  Hiiglish,  in 
1748 

DITORT,  Jamoe,  dean  of  Peterborougli,  in 
the  17th  century,  left  behind  him  .several  Iviiriicd 
works,  among  which  is  a  Latin  version  of  the 
Psalins. 

I>rroRT,  Francis  Mathurin,  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  a  warm  partisan  of 
the  duke  of  Orlenns,  which  last  circumstance 
brought  him  to  tin-  guillotine,  in  1794. 

Dl'l'PA,  Krian,  bishop  of  Winchester,  born 
af  Lewishani,  in  Kent,  1588-9,  appointed,  in 
1638,  tutor  to  Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  and  a1- 
terwaids  to  his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  was 
!  a  great  favourite  with  Charles  I.,  and  is  said  by 
some  to  have  aasustid  in  conijxjsiiig  the  famous 
Eikon  Basilike.  This  bishop  is  tUservcdly  me- 
morable for  his  numerous  charitable  institu- 
tions ;  among  which  is  to  bo  remembered  an 
alms-house  at  Richmond,  on  the  gate  of  which 
is  this  inscription,  "  I  will  pay  my  vows  which 
I  made  to  God  iu  mv  trouble,"  &c.  He  died 
lu  1(162. 

DUPRAT,  Anthony,  a  very  eminent  French 
slatpsmau,  and  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris  ;  a  man,  Wffo,  to  increase  his  fortune,  or 
enlarge  bis  power,  did  not  hesitate  lo  sacrifice, 
either  fame  or  virtue  ;  he  died  in  1535. 

DUPRE  DE  GUYER,  John,  a  hermit,  said  to 
have  built  in  the  solid  rock  with  only  the  help 
of  his  servant,  the  hermitage  at  Friburg,  the 
chimnev  of  which  rises  90  tcet. 

DUPRE,  Mary,  a  learned  lady  of  the  17th 
century,  who  studied  rhetoric,  poetry,  the  lan- 
guages and  philosophy.  Some  of  her  writings 
were  read  with  a|)plause. 

DUPRE  D'AUNAY,  Lewis,  a  learned  native 
of  Paris,  who  wrote  on  the  generation  of 
animals,  on  the  transfusion  of  the  blood,  &c., 
he  died  in  1758.  , 

DUPRE  DEST.  MAUR,  Nicholas  Francis, 
a  native  of  Paris.  He  translated  Milton's  Para- 
dise lost,  and  regained,  Addison's  odes,  &c.  ;■  he 
died  in  1774. 

DUPUIS,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  of  merit, 
who  died  at  Paris,  in  1742. 

DUQUESNE,  Abr.iham,  a  native  of  Nor- 
mandy, a  naval  commander  of  great  fame,  wlio 
distinguished  himself  in  various  battles  againn 
the  Spaniards,  Dutch,  &c.,  he  died  at  Paris,  in 
1688. 

DURAND,  William,  a  native  of  Provence 
eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  aftenvards  raised  lo 
1«7 


'% 


DU DY 

a  bisboprick  by  the  poi>e.  He  wrote  somo  tvorkajaiid  would  not,  as  we  say,  be  paid  with  a  song." 
of  merii,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  12%.  'Pliose  wiio  have  a  curiosity  to  see  liis  ballads, 

DL'RA.NDE  HE  ST.  POfUCAIN,  William. jionncts,  &c.  may  find  a  large  number  of  them 
a  Frencli  l)isliop,  called,  from  liis  powers  in  arju  .jbron;,'ht  together  in  a  collection  in  6  vols,  in 
nient,  till.'  "  resolute  donor ;  he  died  in  1372.       iluoilecimo,  entitled,  "  Pills  to  purge  Melancho- 

DUR.WDE,  N.,  a  piiysiciaii  of  emjr.enre  at  jly,"  of  which  the  Guardian,  in  No.  29,  speaks 
Dijon,  wiio  published  some  interesting  tracts  [in  very  favourable  terms.  The  titles  of  his 
on  his  profession,  died  in  ITl'O.  [klramaiic  pieces  (31  in  number),  may  he  found  in 

DL'R.\NT,  GillPi,  t^ieur  dc  la  Bcrgcrie,  oneJilic  "  Diofrraphia  Dramalica."  On  a  stone  tablet, 
of  the  nine  persons,  appointi-d  to  reform  tlic||al  the  west  entrance  of  St.  James'  church, 
customs  of  Paris.     He  pojsi-sstd  ereat  laleiil.s  IWrsiminster,  is  Inscribed  the  following  merao- 

rial ;  "Tom  D'l'rfey  dyed  Feb.  ye  X,  1723." 


for  ludicrous  [Kietry,  of  which  he  wrote  several 
pieces.     Hi-  works  were  puhlisheil  in  1534, 

DrUA.VTI,  John  .Stephen,  finst  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  which  cily  he  used 
his  influence  to  preserve  from  the  plaiiue,  the 
year  before  his  death,  which  was  caused  by  a 
mob  in  15';9. 

Dl,'RB.\CK,  .\nne  Louisa.  aGerman  poetess, 
who  from  the  occupation  of  walchinR  caitle, 
rose  hy  her  genius  to  become  a  favourite  of 
the  Prussian  court,  where  she  was  invited  by 
the  monarch;  she  died  in  17^0. 

DURELL,  John,  an  eminent  Enulish  divine 
arid  controversial  writer,  born  at  Jersey,  lf>25, 
dii-d  1SS3. 

DPRELL,  David,  a  native  of  Jersey,  made 
principal  of  Hertford  College,  in  1757,  and  in 
J767,  rose  to  the  prebendary  of  Canterbury.  He 
was  the  author  of  critical  remarks  on  several 
parts  of  the  Scriptures  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

DURER,  Albert,  born  at  Nurernhnrg,  1471, 
was  one  of  the  best  enirravers  and  paiuteis  of 
his  ajre.  He  was  the  first  who  hrousht  the  an 
of  engraving  in  wood  to  any  perfe«;tion,  and  by 
many  authors  is  deemed  the  inventor  of  it. 
Albert  Durer  wrote  several  works,  wliich  were 
published  after  his  death  (1528),  the  principal  of 
which  is  his  book  upon  the  niles  of  painting, 
entitled,  "  De  syranietria,  partium  in  rectis  for- 
inis  humanorum  corporum." 

PURET,  Lc^is,  a  physician,  who  practised 
'.villi  great  success  at  Paris,  and  was  in  the 
household  of  Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  III.  He 
published  a  Commentary  on  Hippocrates,  and 
died  in  1586. 

DTJRFEY,  Thomas,  a  facetious  English  poet, 
born  at  Exeter  about  1628.  This  author,  who 
ii  more  generally  spoken  of  by  the  familiar  name 
of  Tnm,  was  oiiginally  bred  to  the  law,  but 
fooii  quitted  it  to  become  a  devotee  of  the  JIuees, 
in  wiiich  he  met  with  no  small  success.  His 
dramatic  pieces,  which  are  veryniimerous,  were 
in  general  well  received  ;  but  what  Sir.  D'Urfey 
obtained  his  greatest  reputation  by,  was  a  pecu- 
liarly happy  talent  he  possessed  in  the  writing 
of  satires  and  irregular  odes.  Many  of  these 
were  upon  temporani'  occasions,  and  were  of 
no  little  service  to  tiie  pa/ty  in  whose  cause  he 
VFrote;  which,  together  with  his  natural  viva- 
city and  good  humour,  obtained  him  the  favour 
of  great  numbers  of  persons  of  all  ranks  and 
conditions,  monarchs  themselves  not  excluded. 
Tiie  author  of  the  Guardian,  who,  in  No.  67, 
hai  given  a  very  humorous  account  of  Mr. 
D'L'rfey,  with  a  view  to  recommend  him  to  the 
public  notice  for  a  benefit  play,  tells  us,  that 
be  remembered  king  Charles  II.  leaning  on  Tom 
D'Urfey's  shoulder  more  than  once,  and  hum- 
ming over  a  song  with  him-  Yet,  at  last,  to 
spt-ak  in  his  own  words,  "  after  having  written 
more  odes  than  Horace,  and  about  four  times  as 
'many  comedies  as  Terence,  he  found  himself 
reduced  to  groat  difficulties  by  the  irnportuni 
ties  of  a  set  of  men  who  of  late  years  had  fur- 
ruahed  him  witi  the  accomrasduiions  of  life 
168 


DURHAM,  Jaincjj,  a  very  popular  and  eh)- 
(luent  preacher,  at  Gla.sgow  ;  died  in  1658. 

Dl'RINGER,  Melchior,  profesaor  of  ecclesi- 
asilcal  history,  at  Picrne.  He  passed  his  life  in 
celibacy,  s<3litude,  and  melancholy ;  he  died  by 
a  fall  from  his  house,  while  it  was  on  fire,  in 
172.^. 

DURY,  John,  in  Latin,  Durxus,  a  divine  of 
Srotland,  who  laboured  with  great  zeal  to  re- 
unite the  Luthcians  and  Calvinists;  in  which 
laudable  cause  he  travelled  over  llie  greater  part 
of  Europe,  and  died  about  1675. 

DI'.SART,  a  painter,  of  Haerlem.  He  was 
chiefly  great  in  representing  taverns,  and  low 
company,  and  died  in  1704. 

DUS.SALTLX,  John,  who  after  having  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  arme,  devoted  himself  to 
liierary  pursuits.  He  became  president  of  the 
national  institute  of  Paris,  and  the  author  of 
several  works ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1799. 

OUTENS,  Lewis,  a  learned  writer  on  anti- 
quities, bom  in  France,  1729,  obtained  orders  in 
the  church  of  England,  and  died  in  lcll2. 
'  DUV.VL,  Peter,  geographer  royal  of  France, 
[author  of  some  geographical  tracts  and  maps, 
iformerly  in  great  esteem  ;  died  at  Paris,  in  16ff3 
!  DUVAL,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
[studied  under  Corloua,  and  was  made  director 
of  the  academy  at  the  Hague ;  he  died  in  1732. 
DUVAL,  Valentine  Jamcrai,  an  extraordinary 
character,  honi  in  Champagne.  He  lost  his 
father  when  youug ;  and  having  no  friends,  was 
obliged  to  obtain  his  subsistence,  by  watchinu 
poultry  and  sheep  ;  but  by  perseverance  and 
labour,  he  obtained  books  and  maps,  aiul  learned 
geography,  history,  and  antiquities  with  aston- 
ishing rapidity,  so  tnat  he  became  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time,  and  en,ioye'".~the 
pifronage  of  princes,  and  the  notice  of  lUe 
learned  ;  he  died  in  177,5. 

DUVENEKB,  Mare  Van,  an  eminent  hisloit- 
cal  painrer,  of  Bruges,  died  in  1729. 

DWIGHT.  Timothy,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,a  grand- 
son of  the  first  president  Edwards,  was  bom  at 
.Northampton,  Mas.sachusetts,  1752.  Early  dis- 
tinguished for  his  talents  and  learning,  he  be- 
came one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  coun- 
ti-y.  As  a  poet,  philosopher,  and  divine,  he  had 
few  equals ;  as  president  and  professor  of  divinity 
in  Yale  college,  he  stood  unrivalled,  both  for 
talents  as  an  instructor,  and  for  eloquence  as  a 
preacher :  he  died  in  1817,  universally  regretted 
as  a  loss  to  the  institution  over  which  he  pre- 
sided, to  the  country  he  adorned  by  his  learning, 
and  to  the  cause  of  learning  and  truth  itself. 
His  system  of  theology  has  been  frequently 
republished  in  Europe ;  and  his  travels  in  New 
England,  have  been  much  read  and  admired. 

DYCHE,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
schoolmaster,  well  known  by  his  useful  "Eng 
lish  Dictionary' '  and  "  Spelling-book ;"  the  latter 
of  which  has  gone  through  many  editions.  He 
died  about  1750. 
DYER,  William,  a  non-confonni9t.  of  Eng 


EA 

la.ul,  will)  turned  quaker.  He  wnilf  much 
unci  llie  manlier  ol'  Bunyan,  and  died  in  iC'JG. 

DVi;K,  Sir  Jauies,  ati  ciuiiieiit  Gnghsli  law- 
yer, ami  cllief  juslitc  of  il:u  Cuniinon  Pleas  in 
Itii^  rei^'U  of  queen  Klizalielii,  bum  at  KoundliUI 
in  Soinecsetsliire,  X511,  ami  ilitii  10:^1.  lie  was  the 
aiiUior  i>r  a  large  book  of  lUporls,  winch  were 
p>ibli-.licd  about  Co  years  alkr  nis  decease,  and 
ha.e  been  IlijjUlyeslt-ciutd  lor  Ihcir  sucrinciins^ 
and  Solidity.  He  Icit  behind  hnn  aiijo  other 
wriiiiiu^:  relative  to  his  prole^^lan. 

i)VKK,  John,  an  £ngUh  divine  and  poet, 
liorn  at  Aber^lusney,  in  L'aeriuarilieiishire,  in 
ITiM,  and  died  in  )75d.  His  cliaraeler  as  a  writer 
has  been  fixed  by  three  poems,  "  Urongar  Hill," 
"The  Kuins  of  Rome,"  and  "Tlie  fleece;"" 
wherein  a  poetical  imagination  peitVctly  ori 


EO 

public  opinion  was  strongly  in  his  favour,  he 
met  with  mortilications  and  disappointiuent, 
which  hastened  his  death,  in  1811. 

KliEK'i'LS,  Theodore,  a  learned  professor, 
of  rianklorl,  in  the  17lh  century,  and  author 
of  some  works. 

EUIO.N,  a  stoic  pliilosopher,  father  of  the 
sect  of  the  Ebionites,  who  denied  the  miracu- 
lous conception  and  divinity  of  Christ,  flourish- 
ed aboiii  A.  U.  '2. 

EUKII.IDES,  a  philosopher,  of  Miletus,  au 
Ihor  ol  some  comedies. 

EUR(.)!i\,  mayor  of  the  palace,  under  Clo- 
tliHiie  Hi.  ;  he  was  distinguished  i'or  liu  pride 
and  crnclty,  and  was  a.-^sassinated  in  C81. 

EC'CARD,  John  George  d',  a  (iernian  histori- 


an and  antiquary,  and  author  of  several  workd, 
filial,  a  natural  simpiiciiy  coiinocied  with,  and  Idled  in  17:!0. 
uAen  prodnclive  of,  the  true  .sniilime,  and  the*^    ECCHEIjLEN6!S,  .'\brallanl,aMaronite,pro- 


warmesl  senliinents  of  benevolence  and  virtu 
have  l/cen  universally  observed  and  admired. 

f)Yr>R,  Eliplialet,  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Conn. ;  was  active  in  forwardiiig  ilie 
levoluiioii ;  he  died  in  lb07. 

DVA'.VMUSj,  a  French  rhetorician  of  the 
4th  century,  born  in  Uordcau.\. 


EACH ARD,  Dr.  John,  an  English  divine,  well 
known  as  a  writer,  especially  against  Hobbcs  ; 
lie  dud  in  1097. 

EAUMER,  an  English  historian,  who  nour- 
ished in  the  I'2th  century 


essor  of  oriental  languagf^'S,  at  Rome ;  he  as- 
Isistcd  in  translating  the  liible  into  Arai>ic,  and 
Idled  in  IGM. 

j  ECChES,  Solomon,  an  English  musician,  who, 
turning  qnakcr,  destroyed  his  inslrunients,  died 
near  the  close  of  the  17ih  century. 
I  E("H.'\RD,  Jacques,  a  doininican,  of  Rouen, 
author  of  an  account  ot  learned  men  belonging 
to  lii.s  order,  died  in  1774. 

I     ECU  ARD,  Lawrence,  an  English  divine  and 

I  historian,  born  inSuIfolk,  in  11)71,  died  in  17:i0. 

ille  wrote  "  A  History  of  Kiigland,  from  the  in- 

Ivasion  o''  Julius  Ciesarto  t!io  establishment  of 

VVilliain  and  .Mary;"  "  A  General  Kccltsiasti- 

|cal  History,  from  the  nativity  of  onr  Blessed  Sa- 

E.'VMES,  John,  a  teacher  in  England,  wiiojiviour,  lo  l lie  first  esiubli.shniKntof  Christianity, 

was  noticed  by  Newloii,  and  others,  and  admit-  by  luinian  laws,  under  the  emperor  Constanline 

ted  to  the  royal  society  ;  he  died  in  1711.  hhe  (.'real ;"'  "  An  Englisli  translation  of  I'lautus 

£.\RLE,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at|iand  Terence ;"'"  A  Gazeleer,  or  Newsman's  Iii- 

Tork,  in  ItiOl.     In  160:1  he  was  iranslaicd  from  'lerprotcr ;"  and  a  piece  entitled  "  Maxims  e\ 


the  .see  of  Worcester,  to  that  of  Salisbury, 
Slid  died  at  Oxford,  in  Ititw.  The  besi  known 
iff  his  published  works,  is  "  Micro  cosmography, 
or  a  Piece  of  4he  World,  discovered  in  Essays 
and  Characters,"  12ino;  of  which  there  have 
been  several  editions. 

EARLE,  Sir  James,  knt.,  a  very  eminent  sur- 
'geon,  and  a  writer  of  high  professional  distinc- 
lion,  died  in  London,  Sept.  '2i!,  1817,  aged  7iJ. 
He  was  F.  R.  S.,  and  master  of  the  royal  col- 
lege -^tsurgeons. 

E.VHLE,  William  Benson,  an  Englishman, 
wlio  bequeathed  much  of  his  estate  lo  charita- 
ble institutions,  and  died  in  1796. 

E,\RLY,  Peter,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Geor- 
gia, was  a  member  of  congress,  and  afterwards 
a  judge  of  'Jie  supreme  court,  and  governor  of 
that  state.     He  died  in  1817. 

EASTON,  .Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  afterwards  go- 
vernor of  the  colony,  died  in  1675. 


traded  from  archbishop  Tillolson's  Works." 

ECKirs,  John,  a  learned  (Jcrinan  divine  and 
controversial  writer,  born  in  1483,  died  in  )H3. 
He  is  chiefly  memorable  for  bis  disputations 
with  Luther  and  Melancthon. 

ECLUSE,  Charles  de  I'  Chisius,  a  physician 
of  Arras,  in  the  service  of  Maximilian  II.,  and 
Rodolphus  II.,  died  in  ]f>09. 

ECLUSE,  DES  LOGES,  Pierre  Mathuran 
de  r,  doctor  of  ihe  Sorbonnc,  editor  of  the  me- 
moirs of  Sully,  died  in  1775. 

EUELINCk,  Gerard,  a  most  excellent  engra 
ver,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  ir>41,  died  in  1707. 

EDEMA,  Gerard,  a  much  aiimircd  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  who  visited  ^"linam,  and 
America;  lie  died  by  excessive  drin.   i.',  in  1700 

EDEN,  Cliai les,  governor  of  the  <  ii'iiy  of 
North  Carolina,  in  1714,  died  in  172i,  and  wan 
succeeded  by  Thomas  Pollock,  then  president  of 
the  council. 

EDEN,  Sir  Robert,  the  last  royal  governor  of 


E.A.STON,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  Maryland,  relinquished  the  oflic«  by  order  of 
also  governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  in  i  congress,  and  retired  'o  England,  .^t  the  cIo<(e 
1690.     He  died  in  1705.  'of  the  revolution  he  returned  to  .America,  wher« 

E.ATON,  Theophilus,  first  governor  of  IVevv-iiie  recovered  his  estates,  and  died  in  1TP4. 
Haven  colony,  and  one  of  its  founders,  died  in  |     EDER,  (ieorge,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the  16lh 
Kj.57,  highly  respected  and  beloved.  i  century  ;  he  published  several  work.s. 

EATON,  William,  a  general  in  the  service  |  EDliAR,  successor  of  Edwy  to  the  throne  of 
of  the  United  States,  and  a  consul  l>oin  that  .England,  in  959.  lie  was  a  warlike  prince,  and 
government  to  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  w.is  dis-  died  m  975. 


tinguished  for  the  important  services  he  render 
sd  his  country  in  that  station,  and  as  navy  agent 
of  the  L'nited  States,  for  the  Barbary  powers,  as 
well  as  for  his  enterprise  and  greai  bravery. 
Being  compelled  by  a  treaty  to  relinquish  the 


EDGAR,  son  of  Malcolm  UI.,  was  king  of 
Scotland  :  he  died  in  1107 

EDGEU'ORTH,  Richard  I,ovelI,  a  philan- 
thropist, and  practical  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Bath,  in  1744.     In  1707,  he  invented  the  tele- 


k 


advantages  ht^  had  gained  for  his  country  in  graph,  which,  many  years  afterwards,  he  saw 
Tripoli,  Me  returned  home;  where,  although  |general!y  adopted.    Uedied  in  Ireland,  in  Judo 

160 


ED 

1817 ;  leaving  Ix'liind  him  a  daughter,  Maria, 
wlio  is  iiiglily  distinguished  as  a  writer.  His 
father  was  tonltsesor  to  Louis  XVJ.,  on  tliu 
ycalfold. 

I.UMF.R,  or  EADMER,  an  English  bencdic- 
tiup,  vliD  wrote  the  hiitury  oi"  his  owti  lime, 
from  ICHiG  l.>  1112. 

KDilOiVUlCS,  sirThomas,  an  eminent  states 
.ntaii  and  poiiricai  ivriler,  horn  at  I'iyiuouili, 
1  jfill.  and  ditd  in  I'.VJ'J. 

EDMOiVDKS,  element,  an  Enphshman,  Fee- 
rctary  for  llie  JVeiicli  to  Elizabeth  :  a  man  ol  let- 
ins  and  nn  aiilliur. 

EJ)MONiJSO.\,  Joseph,  an  able  heraldic  wri- 
ter, w  l;o  roue,  by  dim  otiiigenuily  and  persever- 
aiicc,  from  the  situation  ol  a  barber's  ajiprentice, 
10  (hat of  Mowbray  Herald  Extraordinary;  he 
died  in  London,  17.-!G  ;  Ituving  several  publica- 
tions behind  him,  wliicli  will  transmit  hisnanie 
10  posterity  with  great  credit ;  the  principal  of 
wliich  are,  "  A  Complete  Body  of  Heraldiy," 
ITt<0,  2  vols  folio,  and  a  magnificent  work,  en- 
tiiled,  "  Baronagium  Cenealogicum,  or,  The 
Pedigree  of  English  Peers,"  J784,  6  vols,  folio. 

EDMUND,  St.,  king  of  the  East  Angles,  made 
on"  of  the  saints  ;  he  was  shot  to  death  with  ar- 
luws,  by  Ivar  the  Dane,  who  had  taken  him 
pri.soiier,  in  870 

EUML'XD,  St.,  a  native  of  Abingdon,  preacher 
to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  died  in  li'40. 

EDMUND  I.,  succeeded  Athelstan,  as  king  of 
England,  in  941,  and  was  stabbed  to  death  in 
1)43. 

EDMUND  II.,  surisamed  Ironside,  succeeded 
Eth'-ired.  in  lOlG,  and  was  assassinated,  in  1017, 
EDWARD,  the  Elder,  succeeded  Alfred  in  900 
and  died  in  978. 

EDWARD,  St.  or  Martyr,  succeeded  to  the 
ihrone  of  England,  in  975,  and  was  basely  mur- 
dered bv  his  stepmother,  Elfrida,  in  978. 

EI)\VARD,  the  Confessor,  succeeded  Hardi- 
canuie,  in  1041.  He  was  a  weak  impolitic  prince, 
and  died  in  lOtiG. 

EDWARD  I.,  kit.'g  of  England,  successor  of 
Jlem-y  ril.,distinguished  for  his  wisdom,  and  tiie 
equity  of  his  laws,  and  died  in  1H07. 

EDWARD  U.,  son  and  successor  of  Edward 
[.,  less  wise  and  firm  in  bis  kingdom  than  his  fa- 
tlier,  was  murdered  in  132". 

EDWARD  HI.,  son  and  successor  of  Edward 
II.,  aprince  of  great  military  talents,  and  military 
successes,  died  in  1377. 

EDWARD  IV.,  son  of  Richard,  duke  of  York, 
who  claimed  the  throne,  but  whose  ti'lewas  dis 
puted  by  the  reigning  monarch,  Henry  VI.,wbich 
dispute  filled  the  kingdom  with  blood  ;  he  died 
in  1483 

EDW^ARD  v.,  son  of  Edward  IV.,  was  mur 
dercd  while  very  young,  by  his  uncle,  the  duke 
of  Gloucester  who  ascended  the  throne,  as  Ri 
chard  HI 

EDWARD  VI.,  son  of  Henry  VIIl.,  ascend 
ed  the  throne  at  10  years  of  age,  in  1547.  His 
character  was  humane  and  amiable ;  iie  died  at 
the  age  of  IG.  in  )5,53. 

EDWARD,  prince  of  Wales,  surnamed  the 
Black  priflcc,  son  of  Edward  HI.,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  his  father,  especially  at 
the  battle  of  Cressy  :  he  died  in  1376. 

EDWARD,  or,  as  some  say,  EDWARDS, 
^^'illi3nl,  architect  and  bridge  builder.  Tliece- 
«tiraled  bridge  on  the  river  Taatl",  in  Wales, 
failed  Pont  y  tu  Pridd  (by  the  Enelish,  New- 
bridge,) was  constructed  by  this  e.vtraordinaiy 
man.  It  is  the  pegment  of  a  circle,  whose 
chord  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  is  147  feet, 
J  70 


ED 

and  is  the  boldest  and  targest  arch  in  Euroi^e 
He  was  then  a  common  mason;  but  his  lame 
was  soon  ditTusrd  ihroughoiit  the  kingdom,  aiid 
his  o.-^bistanci  sought  wherever  difficulties  oc- 
curred in  constructing  bridges.  Heoicd  Aug.  7, 
1789. 

EDW'ARDS,  Richard,  born  in  Somersetshire, 
in  l.l-j;!,  died  15lUi.  He  is  one  of  the  lir.«t  Eng- 
lish dramatic  writers,  liaving  lefl  behind  him 
three  pieces;  the  earliest  of  which  is  dated  in 
15IJ2.  He  wa."  esteemed  an  excellent  poet  and 
musician,  and  wrote  several  poems,  wliicli  were 
published  after  his  death,  loceiher  witli  some 
of  other  authors,  in  a  collection,  entitled  "  Tlie 
Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices,  1576." 

EDWARD^!,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
a  non-conforniisi,  who  wrote  severely  against 
llie  royalists  ;  he  died  in  lG-17. 

EDWARDS,  Dr.  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine, of  the  17th  century,  who  distinguished 
himself  chiefly  by  his  writings  against  the  So- 
cinians. 

EDWARDS,  George,  born  at  Stratford,  lf-94, 
an  eminent  English  ornithologist.  He  publisli- 
ed,  between  1743  and  1764,  4  vols.  4to,  of  llie 
''  History  of  Birds,"  and  three  under  the  title 
of  "  Gleanings  of  Natural  History;  and  thus, 
after  a  long  series  of  years,  the  most  intense 
applic.ition,  and  a  correspondence  in  every 
quarter  of  the  world,  he  concluded  a  work, 
which  contains  engravines  and  descriptions  of 
more  than  GOO  subjects  in  natural  history,  not 
before  described  or  delineated.  He  died  in  1773. 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  critic,  of 
eminence,  horn  in  1699,  died  Jan.  3,  1757.  His 
poetiy,  of  which  specimens  will  be  found  ii\ 
Dodsley's,  Pearch's,  and  Nichols'  collections, 
is  simple,  elegant,  and  pathetic ;  his  criticisms 
are  exact,  acute,  and  temperate.  His  "  Canons 
of  Criticism,"  first  printed  in  1747,  under  the  ti- 
tle of  "  A  Supplement  to  Dr.  Warburton's 
Shakspeare,"  did  him  great  credit  both  as  a 
critic  and  as  a  scholar;  but  provoked  the  ven- 
geance of  Dr.  Warburton,  whicli  he  wreaked 
very  illiberally,  in  a  note  on  the  Dunciad,  (iv. 
5G7,)  of  which  Mr.  Edwards  was  more  suscepti- 
ble than  the  circumstance  required. 

EDW'ARDS,  John,  a  divine,  of  the  church 
of  P^ngland,  whom  Dr.  Kippis  called  the  Paul, 
!ihe  Augustine,  the  CaKin  of  his  age;  he  dieW 
in  1745 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  of 
England,  master  of  Coventry  grammar  school : 
he  published  several  works,  and  died  in  17S5. 

EDWARDS,  Timothy,  first  minister  of  Eas» 
Windsor.Conn.,  and  father  of  the  famous  Jona- 
than Edwards  ;  he  died  in  1758 

EDWARDS,  Jonathan,  an  American  divine, 
author  of  several  distinguished  works,  particu- 
larly on  "  Original  Sin,"  "  Freedom  of  the 
Will,"  &c.  He  settled  at  Northampton,  and 
afterwards  was  president  of  New-Jersey  col- 
lege ;  be  died  in  H.'iS. 

EDWARDS,  .Tonafhan,  D.  D.,  president  of 
Union  college,  New-York,  was  a  son  of  the  pre- 
|c(>tiirig,  and,  like  his  father,  was  distinguished  as 
a  thorough  scholar,  an  able  theologian  and  me- 
jtaphysician,  and  as  a  controversial  writer,  on 
itheoiogical  subjects.  He  died  in  1801,  a  short 
Itime  after  his  elevation  to  the  presidency  of  the 
college. 

EDWARDS,  Brjan,  author  of  an  elegant 
"  History  of  the  West  Indies,"  and  other  lesser 
productions,  connected  with  the  islands  in  that 
Ipart  of  the  world.  Mr.  Edwards  was  born  at 
Westbury,  in  Wilts,  1743,  made  a  very  large 


EG 

rorlujif;  as  :i  West  liiilla  moicliant,  lioeanie  .' 
member  of  the  British  pailiaiiiciil,  lor  01  rani 
poiiml,  ill  Cornwall,  and  died  iu  1800. 

EDWARDS,  Edward,  an  eminent  artist,  of 
London,  uid  teacher  of  drawuig  ;  afterward; 
teacher  of  perspective,  in  liie  royal  acaUcmy 
he  died  in  ISOii. 

EDWIN,  Jolin,  an  excellent  low  comedian, 
of  Covent  Garden  and  the  Uayinarket  iheaires 
kj  whose  talents,  U'Keife's  extravayuut  drama,- 
were  :.'reaily  indebted  for  iJu-ir  snccess;  he  wa: 
born  ill  London,  in  171'J,  and  died  in  17U0. 

EDWY,  succeeded  liis  uncle,  Edred,  as  king 
af  Ensland,  in  '.>;ij,  ajid  died  in  959 

EEtlKHOIj"!',  Gerbraiu  Vaiiden,  of  Ainster 
:1am,  a  successful  imitator  of  Runibraiit,  hi: 
master ;  liis  paiating^s  were  numerous.  He  died 
in  l(i74. 

EECKHOUTE,  Antiiony  Vanden,  a  painter 
of  Bruges,  who  settled  in  Lisbon.  Kis  pieces 
were  inui'h  admired  ;  he  was  shot  in  Itll)."). 

EGBERT,  last  Iting  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy 
and  first  King  uf  England,  died  in  HOd. 

EGEDE,  John,  a  Dane,  who  was  missionary 
10  Greiinland,  died  in  1758. 

EGKDE,  Paul,  bishop  of  Greenland,  was  bom 
in  the  year  1708,  and  at  12  years  of  age  was  an 
active  asuistant  to  his  father,  the  celebrated 
Haus  (or  John)  Egede,  (to  whom  Denmark  is 
indebted  for  its  colony  in  Grceidaiul,)  having 
accompanied  him  on  Ins  voyage  thither  in  17'-W. 
His  zeal  for  the  conversion  uf  the  Greenlanders 
to  Christianity,  exerted  with  unabated  ardour 
through  the  course  of  a  long  lil'e,  both  during 
liis  residence  in  their  country,  and  at"ter  iiis 
<initting  it,  is  strongly  displayed  in  his"  Account 
•if  Greenland,"  published  shortly  before  his 
death,  which  happened  June  3,  1789. 

EilEU  VOX,  Thomas  Viscount  Brackley,  an 
eini  lent  and  learned  lawye.r,  and  chancellor  of 
England,  in  the  reign  of  Jaines  I.,  born  in(.'he- 
ehire,  in  l.>10,  died  in  1G17. 

E(;ERT0.\,  John,  bishopof  Durham,  a  pious 
and  leanipil  prelate,  who  distinguished  hiin.JClf 
greatly  by  an  exemplary  discharge  of  his  epis- 
copal functions,  by  rccouciliiigcoutondirg  inte- 
rests in  that  county  and  city,  and  by  various 
wise  regulations  both  in  his  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral di''parlnient.  He  was  born  in  London,  in 
17'2',  and  di^-d  in  Grosvenor-sipiare,  in  1787. 

EGGRLIXG,  Joiin  Henry,  a  native  of  Bre- 
men, secretary  of  tlie  republic,  died  in  1713. 

EGINH  \RT,secrctary  to  the  emperor  Charles 
the  Great,  was  a  German,  a:id  is  the  most  an- 
cient historian  of  that  nation.  He  wrote  "The 
Life  of  ('harles  ;"  "  .\nnals  of  the  Acts  of  king 
Pepin,  Charles  the  Great,  and  Lewis,  from  741 
to  i?-23  ;"  and  other  works,  ecclesiastical  as  well 
as  historical.     He  died  in  841. 

EGIXTON,  Francis,  justly  celebrated  for  his 
ingenious  discovery  of  painting  and  staining  of 
glass,  after  the  maimer  of  the  ancients;  in  wliich 
numerous  works  will  long  continue  as  inonu- 
inents  of  his  unrivalled  ability.  A  good  speci- 
men of  it  may  be  seen  in  the  window  of  Sta- 
tioners" Hall,  presented  to  that  company  by  the 
late  alderman  Cadell.  Mr.  E's  first  work  of  any 
consequence  was  the  arms  of  the  knights  of  the 
Garter,  for  two  Gothic  windows  over  the  stalls 
in  St.  George's  chapel,  at  Windsor.  This  inge- 
nious artist  died  near  ftirmingham,  in  1305. 

EG  MONT,  [..amoral,  count  of  llolland,  dis- 
tinguisiied  himself  iu  tlie  service  of  Charles  V., 
JR  Af'ica,  and  under  Philip  II. ;  he  was  behead- 
ed bv  the  d'lkc  of  Alva,  in  1568. 
EC.M(~>.\T,  Justus  Van,  a  painter,  bom  at 


# 


IX 

liCyden,   became  painter  to  Lewis  Xlil.,  and 
XfV.,  of  Trance  ;  he  died  in  1C74. 

EG.S'.VTlUd,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  man,  of 
Venice,  who  contributed  to  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing ;  lie  published  nuiiierouM  worits,  and  died  in 
l.).>3. 

EllRET,  George  Dionysius,  a  Gernian,  eini 
neiit  as  a  pauiler  of  tlouers,  died  in  17711. 

EISKE,  Charles,  an  artist,  of  Brussels,  died 
iu  1778. 

EISENGREIN,  Martin,  D.  D.,  chancellor  oC 
the  university  of  Ingolsiadt,  became  a  prolesl- 
anl,  and  again  a  catholic;  he  died  in  ly.S. 

EISENSCIIMIUT,  John  Gaspar,  a  German 
maiJiemaiician  and  physician,  who  wrote  a 
treatise  on  weights  anil  measures,  &.c. ;  he  died 
in  171-2. 

EKLN'S,  Jeffrey,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
dean  of  Carlisle,  publialied  some  works,  and 
died  in  1771. 

ELBEE,  N.  d',  one  of  the  bravest  and  mott 
formidable  of  the  royalists,  of  la  Vendee. 

EI,l!l].\E,Alphon"susd',  a  native  of  Florence, 
author  of  some  works,  died  in  1008. 

ELBERT,  Samuel,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
army  of  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  govern- 
or of  the  state  of  Georgia,  died  in  1788. 

ELIJCEl'F,  Reno  de  Lorraine,  marquis  d', 
son  of  the  duke  of  tJuise,  known  as  the  disco- 
verer of  Ilercnianeum  ;  he  died  in  1566. 

EIjBRLCHT,  John  Van,  a  painter,  who  set- 
tled at  Antwerp.and  who  excelled  in  landscapes, 
&c.,  lived  in  the  early  pan  of  the  16th  centur>-. 

ELEANOR,  duchess  of  Guienne,  whose  in- 
lainous  conduct  caused  her  divorce  from  her 
husband,  Lewis  VI!.,  of  France.  She  after- 
wards married  Henry  II.,  of  England.  Her 
dowry  (Guienne,)  was  Uie  source  of  those  wars 
wliich  for  three  centuries,  deluged  France  with 
English  blood. 

ELEAZAR,  hich-priesl  of  Judea,  292  B.  O. 

ELEUTHERICJS,  elected  pope  in  170,  died 
in  18."). 

ELI,  liigh-pricst  and  judge  of  the  Israelites, 
115GB.  C. 

ELIAS,  Matthew,  a  painter,  who,  under  the 
patronage  of  Corheen,  rose  from  obscurity  to 
real  eminence  in  his  profession ;  he  died  in 
1741. 

KLl.AS,  Levita,  a  learned  German  rabbi,  ot 
the  16ih  century :  published  several  works  on 
language. 

ELlcn,  Lewis  Philip,  a  native  of  Marpurg, 
known  in  the  17ih  century  for  his  impious 
publications. 

ELICII.M.'VN,  John,  a  native  of  Silesia,  prac- 
tised physic  at  Leyden,  and  was  remarkable  for 
luiderslanding'Ui  languages.  He  was  of  opinion, 
that  the  German  and  the  Persian  languages 
were  derived  from  the  same  original,  and  gav« 
several  reasons  for  it. 

ELIEZER,  a  r.ibbi  of  the  8th  centur>',  put>- 
lished  a  work  on  sacred  liLstory. 

ELIJAH,  an  illustrious  prophet,  of  Israel, 
under  Ahab  and  Aha/jah,  895  D.  C. 

ELIOT,  John,  an  Englishman,  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1G31,  became  a  famous  missionary  to 
the  Indians,  and  translated  the  Bible  into  theii 
language;  he  died  in  1690. 
I     EI,IOT,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  minister 
jof  Newton,  Mass.,  greatly  assisted  his  failiei  in 
ihis  missionarv  labours,  atid  died  in  1G68. 
I    ELIOT.  .Andrew,  D.D.,  aclergynianof  Boston, 
distinguisheil  fur  his  pic^',  learnini;  and  usel'ul- 
ness  in  the  ministry  ;  he  died  in  1778. 
ELIOT,  Jniin,  D.  D.,  a  con^'regaiional  clergy- 

171 


EL 

man,  of  Boston,  was  the  son  of  the  prcredin;:,! 
and  succeswr  to  his  taiiier  in  the  niinit-try.  Dv 
was  the  author  of  a  Biograiihical  Uictioiiaiy  oi 
the  ciuiiiient  men  ot'  >i'cw  Li:yl:uid  ;  he  dicu  in 
1S13. 

fiJLJOTT,  Sir  John,  an  eminoit  Kiiglish  physi 
cian,  difd  I'Ici?. 

ELIOTT,  George  Augusius,  lord  IleatJificId 
K.  B.,  governor  ol  Gihraltar,  and  colonel  ot"  the 
15ili  rc.:;iinent  of  light  dragoons,  was  l>uni  at 
i*lot<bs,  in  Jioxhurgiishiie,  171b.  In  1735  he  be- 
came a  volunteer  in  llie  ^d  regiment  of  foot,  or 
Royal  Welch  l'"usileers,  and  soon  aiier  was  ad 
miUed  into  tiie  engineer  corps  at  Woolwich 
iioin  whence  he  purchased  the  adjutancy  of 
ibe  2d  tro<ip  of  horse-grenadiers;  in  which  he 
l>ecamo  a  captain  and  major,  as  well  as  lieii- 
tj'iiani-colonel ;  when  he  resigned  his  comniis- 
sioii  as  an  engineer.  In  1759,  he  quilted  the 
horse-guards,  and  was  selected  to  raise,  form, 
;;i):l  discipline  llie  ist  regiment  of  light-horse, 
kvlnuli  buie  liLs  name.  Having  gone  through 
various  deparlinenls  in  ditVeieni  senices,  with 
the  greatest  marks  of  bravery  and  miUiary  know 
icdge,  in  3775  he  was  appuinled  comniandei-in 
i.liief  in  Ireland  ;  which  he  soon  relinquished, 
;u!d  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  Gibraltar 
in  a  foriiinaie  hour  tor  tie  safety  of  that  inipur- 
tnnt  fortress :  where,  ly  a  cool  and  temperate 
demeanor,  lie  maintaiiud  his  station  for  three 
years  of  conslunt  investment,  in  which  all  the 
[lowers  of  Spain  wert;  employed.  The  eyes  of 
all  Hiuope  were  on  this  garrison  ;  and  his  con- 
duct jiisily  e.xaltcd  hitn  to  the  most  elevated 
'.ank  in  the  military  annals  of  the  day.  On  his 
return  to  Englaiid,  the  gratitude  of  the  British 
:;enate  was  as  forward  as  the  public  voice  in 
giving  him  the  distinguished  mark  that  his  rneiil 
(ieserved  ;  to  which  his  majesty  was  pleased  to 
.■idd  that  of  the  peerage,  by  llie  title  of  lord 
Healhlield,  baron  Gibraltar,  on  June  4,  1787; 
jH'i'mitling  his  lordship  to  take  also  the  arms  of 
liie  loitress  lie  had  so  bravely  defended,  to  pei- 
jiftuaie  to  futurity  his  noble  conduct.  He  died 
At  Aix-la-Ohapelle,  July  6,  1790,  and  was  buried 
at  Buekiand,  in  Devonshire. 

ELIOTT,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  who 
liecame  a  dissenter,  and  published  some  coniro- 
versial  tracts  ;  he  died  in  1789. 

ICLISHA,  a  prophet  among  the  Israelitei 
died  8:<0  B.  C. 

fJUZ.'VBKTH,  of  Austria,  a  very  virtuous, 
and  higiily  respetited  ([ueen  of  France,  vt'ife  to 
(JharleilX.,  died  in  ]5y2. 

ELIZABETH,  Petrovna,  daughter  of  Peter 
the  Great,  who  ascended  the  throne  of  Russia, 
in  1741 ;  she  was  mucli  given  to  secret  amours, 
and  died  in  1761 

ELIZABETH,  queen  of  England,  was  the 
daughter  of  Henry  VIII.,  by  his  second  wife 
Ann  Boleyn,  and  born  Sept.  7, 1.^)33.  She  begai 
to  reign  in  15.58,  being  then  35  years  of  age,  and 
Uigiily  accomplished  both  in  person  and  mind 
Her  reign  continued  44  years,  4  months,  and 
68  days.  She  died  Maich  24, 1603,  in  her  70th 
■year. 

ELLER  DE  BROOKHUSEN,  John  Theo- 
dore, an  able  and  learned  physician  to  the  king  of 
Prussia ;  he  died  in  17i50. 

ELLERY,  William,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  hidepcndence,  was  a  member  of 
congress  from  Rhode  Island,  distuiguished  for 
his  active  and  determined  oppusition  to  the  en- 
croachments of  Britain,  and  for  the  judgment 
and  ability  he  displayed  in  tbat  body ;  he  di«d 
in  1820,  aged  93. 
172 


EL 

ELJ-IGLK,  Ottomar,  a  painter,  who  settled 
at  litrrlin,  and  was  much  admired  ;  h«  flourished 
about  ii'>jll. 

ELLlGEIt,  Oitoniar,  son  of  the  preceding, 
equally  distin;.:iishe(l  as  his  fallnrintbe  use  of 
the  pencil :  he  died  by  iniempcranre,  in  1732. 

EijLIOT,  Call  b,  n  visionary  eiiihutiast,  who 
starved  himself  near  Slortbnrii',  in  Devonshire, 
Dec.  14, 1'^il.  It  is  uiiaginen  Ui^t  he  meant  to 
have  fasted  40  days,  as  he  actually  lived  W 
wicliuui  food  of  any  kind,  having  refused  all  sortE 
of  suriienance. 

ELLIS,  Clement,  M.  A.,  an  Englishman, 
distinguished  as  a  scholar  and  divine  ;  lie  died 
in  1700. 

ELLIS,  Jolui,  deputy  of  Broad-street  ward, 
and  a  member  of  the  corjioration  ot  London, 
nearly  half  a  century,  was  the  la.«t  of  that  an- 
cient profession  called  scriveners,  which  is  one 
of  the  companies  of  I^ondoii ;  but  the  business 
is  now  carried  on  by  attorneys  and  others.  He 
was  a  uiau  of  literature,  anil  wrote  some  Hudi 
br.istic  translations  •,  but  never  put  his  name  to 
aiiy  thing  that  he  published.  Of  him  Dr.  John- 
son once  said,  ''  Tlie  most  literary  ccnversation 
that  I  ever  enjoyed  was  at  the'iai.ie  of  Jack 
Eilis,  a  money-scrivener  behind  the  Iloyal  E.\- 
cliange ;  with  whom  I,  at  one  period,  used  to 
dine  f;cnerally  once  a  week."  It  may  be  sup- 
posed, that  the  merit  could  not  be  inconsiderable 
which  oitorted  such  praise  from  Dr.  .'ojmstm. 
He  was  born  in  London,  1698,  and  died  Dec. 
31,  1701. 

ELLIS,  George,  an  English  niiscellaaeous 
writer,  died  in  1815. 

ELLIS,  Henry,  F.  R.  S.,  an  English  lawyer, 
colonial  governor  of  Georgia,  and  afterwardu 
governor  of  Nova-Scotia;  he  died  in  Europe, 
at  ail  advanced  age. 

ELLIS,  Caleb,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  a  member  of  congress,  and 
afterwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme  coiut  of  that 
state  ;  he  died  in  1816. 

ELLSWOBTH,  Oliver,  LL.D.,  an  emiiient 
jurist  of  Connecticut,  and  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  Slates,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  strong  powers  of  his  mind, 
for  the  solidity  of  his  judgment,  and  for  his 
great  piofessional  learning.  He  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  a 
judge  in  his  native  state,  and,  in  1799,  ambassa- 
dor to  France  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

ELLWOOD,  Tlioma.s,  an  Englishman,  some' 
time  re.ider  to  Milton  ;  he  wrote  ui  defence  of 
the  Quakers,  and  died  iii  1713. 

ELI-YS,  Dr.  Anthony,  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
bom  1093,  and  died  1761.  He  was  a  ni.n'i  of  line 
parts,  extensive  knowledge, and  sound  judgment, 
witJi  a  heart  overflowing  with  benevoleiue  and 
candour,  and  a  mofit  Chrisuaii  temper  ;  for  he 
always  thought  a  person,  though  on  the  rigiit 
side  of  the  question,  with  principles  of  persecu- 
tion, to  be  a  worse  man  tlian  he  wlio  was  on  the 
wrong. 

ELMACINUS,  George,  author  of  a  history  of 
the  Saracenw,  or  rather  a  chronoU'gy  of  the  Ma- 
hometan empire,  flourislied  in  Egypt  toward 
the  middle  of  the  13lli  century. 

ELMEN  HORST,  Geveihart,  a criticof Ham- 
burgh, and  author  of  notes  on  ancient  aithors ; 
he  died  in  1621. 

ELMEN  HORST,  Henry,  author  of  aueatisc 
on  public  spectacles,  of  wliich  he  seems  to  al^ 
ji-ove. 

ELPHINSTON,  James,  born  at  Edinbtugh, 
Uk.  6, 1731,  very  early  devoted  his  atteRtioH  to 


lUi'.ii  (i<  sptTting  liiiiiseli)  of  an  cxiraordinarily 
iii-iiiiiiou!;  and  aincular  turn ;  instances  of 
vvliioli,  tlisi  nimost  sta;;5cr  hi  lief,  anj  rplated  in 
an  iiiliTisting  acnunit  of  his  lifu,  published  bv 
K.  'I'ophani,  esq.  Hvo,  1790.  He  ilif  J  Nov  &'., 
IT.-fll,  a!,'Ctl80. 

F.LXAI,  or  KLXr.l'S,  founder  of  a  sect 
anioni;  the  Jews,  in  the  Od  crnlury  ;  l:e  tauyht 
his  followers  to  pray  toward  .leriisali'm  ;  tlie  sect 
|continned  till  the  -llh  century. 

EliVOT,  Sir  Thomas,  wn<  employed  by  Hen- 
ry VIII.,  in  several  emliassie.<.  lie  was  an  ex- 
cellent praminarian,  poet,  rhetorician,  ptiilooo- 
pher,  physician,  co^innsrrapher,  and  historian  : 
and  distinsnished  a'' much  for  his  ctindonr,  and 
the  innocence  and  intecrity  of  his  life,  as  for  his 
aocomplishments.  He  wrote  and  translated  se- 
veral works,  anil  died  in  I5-If>. 

ELYS,  Ednuiud,  an  Englishman,  who  wrote 
against  Tlllot-nn's  sermons  on  the  incarnation ; 
lie  died  arter  li'.OS. 

EL'/.EVlfiS,  celebrated  printers,  at  Atnster- 
dam  and  Loyden,  in  the  17lh  ct'ntury,  who  gnat 
ly  adorned  the  republic  of  letters  by  many  beau 
tifiil  cdkions  of  (he  best  authors  of  antiquity 
Their  Virgil,  Terenr  e,  and  Greek  Testament, 
have  been  reckoned  their  master-pieces;  and 
are  indeed  so  very  fine,  that  they  justly  gained 
them  the  reput.llion  of  being  the  best  primers  in 
Europe. 

EM.\.\('EI,.  succeeded  .Tohn  II.,  as  king  of 
Portugal,  di3lini;ulshed  fr>r  patronising  comincr 
cial  encerprises  ;  be  died  In  l.V'l. 

EM  ERR  A  ET.  a  Flemish  painter,  at  Antwerp, 
who  was  eminent  in  landscapes,  livtd  in  the  17th 
century. 

EMERI,  Sebastian,  an  advocife,  of  Paris,  in 


Ef^ 

establishing  the  princijiles  of  the  Eiislisli  lan- 
guage, but  with  the  best  intentions,  his  zeal  led 
him  astray  into  entbusiiism.  As  a  grammarian, 
he  stood  on  very  high  ground  ;  but  he  loudly  em 
braced  an  idea,  that  the  oriliograpliy  of  the  Eng 
lisli  language  might  be  thoroughly  reformed ; 
and  being  cniouraged  by  llr.  FrauUlln,  he  con- 
ceived the  project  of  etfecting  it.  I.y  spellina 
words  OB  they  are  pronounced.  Tin.-  romantic 
(not  to  say  ridiculous)  scheme,  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  life,  became  his  hobby-horse,  and  for  a 
while  clouded  the  genuine  claims  he  h.id  to  the 
gratitude  of  every  Englisbnnn  ;  claims  candidly 
acknowledged  by  most  F.iit'h.-li  scholars,  anil 
publicly  hytlie  late  Mr.  Walker,  author  of  "  The 
Pronouncing  Dictionary,"  where  his  nann.'con- 
■tantly  recurs  in  references  to  auUiority.  In  17fi2, 
lie  published,  in  4to.  a  translation  of  the  "  Epi- 
frams  of  Martial ;"  out  it  exhibited  more  of  elab- 
orate erudition  than  of  poetical  ease  or  grace, 
and  was  severely  treated  by  llir  critics.  Jnr.  El- 
phirLston  was  unaffectedly  pir,\i9  and  virtnon.« ; 
perhaps  the  most  distinguishing  feature  of  hi? 
mind  was  a  simplicity  and  purity  that  never 
doubted  the  truth  or  virtue  of  another.  Hisdeath 
itappened  Oct.  8,  1809. 

ELPIIl.NSTO.NE,  William,  a  Scotch  prelate 
and  statesman,  born  at  Stirling,  in  }4'M,  died  in 
i.')13,  having  written  a  "  History  of  Scotland,"  a 
eopy  of  which  in  MS.  is  now  in  the  Bodleian  li- 
brary. 

ELSHEIMER,  Adam,  a  celebrated  German 
painter,  born  at  Franktbrt,in  l.'>74,  excelled  par- 
ticularly in  landscapes,  histories,  and  night  pie- 
ces, with  little  figures.  His  works  are  very  few  ; 
and,  for  llie  incredible  pains  and  labour  which  j 
lie  bestowed  upon  them,  valued  at  such  prodi- 
gious rates,  that  they  are  hardly  any  where  to  belltlie  lOih  century :  he  refused  to  defend  the  du 
found  but  in  the  cabinets  of  princes.  He  died  chess  of  Angoulemc  against  the  constable  of 
in  1010.  iRourbon. 

EIjSNER,  James,  a  Prussian,  professor  at  J    EMERSOX,  William,  a  verj' eminent  maihe- 

Lingen,  and  author  of  various  works  ;  he  died  Imaticlan,  born  at   Hiirworth,  a  village  on  the 

in  1750.  Iborders  of  Durham,  1701,  died  in  1782.    He  wa«i 

ELSTOB,  William,  an  English  divine,  emi- ha  man  of  great  .singularity  in  his  manners,  dress, 

■ent  for  his  skill  in  tiie  Saxon  language,  born  aijand  conversation.     His  works  are  extremely 

"'  valuable  and  luimerous. 

EMERSON,  Joseph,  minister  of  Maiden, 
Mass.,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  humility, 
died  in  1707. 

E:\nLI.\NO,  John,  an  It.ilian  pliilosoplicr  of 
th'-  lOth  centuni'. 

EMIiYN,  Ttiomas,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng- 
lish dissentine  divine,  memorable  for  his  snfTer- 
ings  on  the  score  of  heterodoxy,  wa.s  born  at 
Stamford,  in  LincolnsUirc,  IGtvl,  a:id  died  1741. 
His  son,  SoUora  Emlyn,  was  bred  to  the  law, 
became  an  eminent  counsellor,  and  was  employ- 
ed to  publish  lord  chief  justice  Hale's  "  Pleaa 
of  the  Crown,"  which  he  did  with  notes,  and  6 
preface,  and  died  in  the  year  1756. 

EMLYN,  Hcniy,  a  very  eminent  architect, 
to  whom  king  George  IH.  confided  the  whole 
management  of  the  architectural  improvements 
in  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor ;  to  which,  pei 
haps,  no  edifice  of  the  kind  in  Europe  is  eqim) 
in  beauty.  There  is  a  publication,  by  Mr.  Em- 
lyn, of  a  "  Design  for  a  New  Order  in  .^rchi- 
tecturc,"  which  consist-s  of  a  double  pillar  froi* 
a  single  pedestal.  Mr.  Emivn  died  «t  Windsor, 
in  his  87th  venr,  Dec.  10,  1815. 

EMMA,  wife  of  Ethelred,  of  England,  after- 
wards married  Canute,  and  upon  her  husband's 
death,  rcianed  jointly  with  her  son. 

E.MMII  'S,  rbo,  a  professor  of  Groningen  ;  he 
published  several  works  on  Chronology,  Bio 
graphv.  *.c  .  and  died  in  1635 

173 


Newcastle,  in  167:1,  died  in  1714.  ' 

KLSTOB,  Elizabeth,  sister  of  the  above,  and 
a  famous  Saxonist  also,  born  in  1G83,  died  1756. 
She  published  a  curious  Saxon  homily  on  the 
birtliday  of  St.  Gregory,  with  a  translation,  in 
8vo,  17U0  ;  and  in  1715,  a  grammar  of  the  Saxon 
languace,  in  4to. 

ELSWICH,  John  Herman  d',  a  Lutheran 
divine,  nati%'e  of  Holstein,  published  several 
works,  and  died  in  1721. 

ELSYNGE,  Heniy,  clerk  of  the  house  of 
commons,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  L,  born  at 
Battersea,  in  1596.  He  was  the  author  of  a  few 
things  which  were  reckoned  very  good. and  have 
been  much  esteemed  ;  particularly  "  The  an- 
cient method  and  manner  of  holding  parlia- 
ments in  England,  1663 ;"  reprinted  often  since. 
He  died  in  1664. 

ELVIUS,  Peter,  a  native  of  Upsal,  who  made 
turveys  of  the  Swedish  lakes,  and  invented  sc- 
reral  machines  to  go  oy  water ;  he  died  in  1749. 

ELWES,  John,  M.  P.,  for  Berkshire.  He 
was  a  man  of  clear  perception,  sound  judg- 
ment, and  unskaken  integrity  ;  and  in  such  high 
Mtimation  was  he  held  (or  his  love  of  justice, 
that  numberless  disputes  among  his  constituents 
and  others,  which  would  have  been  decided  by 
courts  of  law,  were  left  to  his  sole  arbitrament ; 
and  his  determination  was  sure  to  be  thorough- 
ly satisfactory  to  the  judicious.  Yet,  notwilh- 
«landing  his  great  and  goeii  quBlitiw ,  h«  was  a 

15 


EN 

~EMPEl)ori.E:^,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher 
popt,  and  histurian,  ot'  Asrigeniuin,  in  (Sicily 
died  140  H.  C.  Some  say,'that  he  lell  or  threw 
hiiiisill  iiilo  the  buruing  iriilf  of  ^tna;  and 
otlii'is.  that  lie  W^ drowned  in  the  sea. 

EMPEIIKUR, swell  known Frencli engiaver, 
in  iho  18ih  century- 

EMPF.UraR.  fonstantine  1',  of  Holland,  pro 
fetsor  01'  Hclirinv  at  Leyden  ;  he  published  se- 
veral works  on  the  Jewish  books,  and  died  in 
10-48. 

K.MPOLI,  Jacopo  da,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Fnipoli,  died  in  1G40- 

EMTORl.^S,  a  learned  rhetorician  in  the  7tli 
ccnturv- 

EMPSON',  Sir  Richard,  favourite  of  Henry 
VII.,  was  afterwards  beheaded  in  1.010. 

ENCOLPII'S,  a  favourite  of  the  emperorAl 
exaiider,  whose  liistor>'  he  wrote. 

EXDICOT,  Jolui,  governor  of  Mass.,  was  a 
native  of  England  ;  he  was  violent  in  his  oppo 
sition  to  sectarians,  and  died  in  10(55. 

ENFIELD,  William,  a  dissenting rlergyinan 
of  Norwich,  born  at  Sudbury,  1740,  died  r/97 
He  had  been  lecturer  in  the  belles  lettres  at 
Warrington  Academy,  and  was  well  known  to 
the  public  by  many  ingenious  and  useful  publi 
cations,  of  which  t.'ie  principal  are,  "  The 
Preacher's  Directory  ;"  a  great  number  of  '  Ser- 
mons;" the"  Speaker,"  and"  Exercises  in  Elo- 
cution ;"  the  two  latter  very  popular  selections 
of  passages  from  celebrated  authors:  "The 
English  Preacher,"  the  "  History  of  Pbiloso 
phy,"  &c. 

E.NGELBRECHT,  John,a  German  Lutheran 
of  Brunswick,  who  maintained  doctrmes  simi 
lar  to  those  which  Swedenborg  has  since  pro 
mulL'ated  :  he  dii-d  in  lf'>41. 

ENGHELUKECHTSEN,  Cornelius,  a  pain- 
ter, of  Leyden,  the  first  who  painted  in  oil ;  he 
died  in  l.i3:<. 

ENOHELRAMS,  Cornelius,  a  painter  in  wa- 
ter colours,  was  born  atMalines,anddiedin  loS."?. 

ENGHIEN,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  of  Bour- 
bon was  seized  by  order  of  Buonaparte,  hur- 
ried to  Paris,  condemned  after  a  mock  trial,  for 
having  carried  arms  against  his  country,  during 
tJie  tyrannv  of  RobespieiTe,  and  shot  in  ]>'04, 

ENGLISH,  Hester,  a  French  lady,  settled  in 
England,  and  eminent  for  the  most  exquisite 
.skill  in  penmanship.  She  lived  in  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

ENJEDIM,  George,  an  ingenious  unitarian 
of  Hungary,  who  Wrote  against  trinitarians 
he  died  in  i.'i97. 

ENNirS,  Quintns,  an  ancient  Latin  poet 
horn  in  Calabria,  237  B.  C.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  70  years  ;  and  liis  death  is  said  to  have  been 
occasioned  by  the  gout,  contracted  by  an  immo- 
derate use  of  wine,  ol  which  he  always  drank 
very  freely  before  heapplipd  himself  to  writing. 
Hor.  Lib.  I.  Ep.  19.  He  was  the  first  am ongi 
the  Romans  who  wrote  heroic  verses,  had  an| 
admirable  genius,  and  did  prodigious  things  for] 
polishing  the  Latin  poetry,  though  he  left  a  greatl 
deal  to  be  done  by  succeeding  ages.  He  wrote 
the  "  Annals  of  Komk;  ;'  which  were  so  highly 
f  steemed,  that  they  were  publicly  recited  with 
va?t  applause  by  Ciuintus  Vargonteius,  who  di- 
gested them  into  hooks  ;  and  they  were  read  at 
Vuteoli,  in  the  theatre,  by  a  man  of  learning 
who  as,sumed  llie  name  of  the  Ennianist.  He: 
translated  several  tragedies  from  the  Greek, 
and  wrote  others.  He  published  likewise  seve- 
ral comedies ;  but  whether  of  hi?  ov.^n  inven- 
?io;i.  or  trans;atc<i  hv  him,  it  uncertain.    It  ap- 


pears from  Ills  writings,  that  he  had  very  slroru; 
■^eiiiinientsof  rehgion.  He  held  the  doctrine  oi 
iiansmigration,  and  is  .saio  i'.  huvi  .'uTinnetJ 
that  Homer's  soul  was  trai  ■him. 

ENNODlUS,MagnuH  F'  '  ivi:i, 

in  Italy,  born  473,  died  .Wl.  -   i  liielly 

theolocical,  are  not  voluminou). 

ENOt'H,  son  of  Jared,  .seventh  from  Adam, 
wat!  translated  to  licavtn  wilbout  dying,  3017 
B.  C. 

ENSENADA,  7.cno  Somn  de  Siiva,  marquis 
de  la,  an  able  minister  of  Spain,  who  rose  lo 
that  station  from  being  a  book-keeper  to  a 
banker  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

ENT,  Sir  George,  a  very  ingenion?  and  emi 
nent  English  physician  and  medical  writer 
born  at  Sandwich,  in  Kent,  1004,  died  lOHO. 

ENTICK,  John,  an  English  divine,  who  pub- 
lished a  "Spelling  Dictionary,"  a  "  History  of 
the  War  which  terminated  in  17C3,"  and  a 
"  History  of  London,"  and  died  May  C2,  177'3. 

EXTIiVOPE,  an  architect  of  Candia,  in  the 
5th  cemurj',  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  Ve 
nice. 

ENZIN.'jS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Burgos,  and 
disciple  of  Mclaiicthon  ,  he  translated  tlic  new 
Testament  into  Spanish. 

EOBANUS,  Elias,  surnamed  Ilessus,  an  ele- 
gant scholar  and  good  poet,  was  professor  at 
Nureniburg;  he  died  in  1.540. 

EON,  de  I'Eloile,  a  fanatic,  of  Brittany,  who 
pretended  that  he  was  the  son  of  God  :  he  had 
some  followers,  but  eventually  died  in  priton. 

EON,  Chevalier  Charles  Geuieve-L(-uiru 
.Itigiista-Andreti-Timothee  du  Beaumont  il', 
horn  at  Tonnerre,  in  Burgundy,  August, 5,  17i>j. 
died  in  London,  May  -£1.  18)0.  The  clievalie.i 
was  memorable  as  a  political  character,  arid 
once  charge  des  affaires  in  England  from  the 
icourt  of  France  ;  but  more  so  on  account  of  the 
questionable  gender  to  which  this  extraordinary 
character  naturally  appertained.  In  the  year 
1777,  policies  were  opened  to  ascertain  the  sex 
of  this  extraordinary  nondescript,  lothe  amount 
of  200,000/.  whi'.h  were  eventually  decided,  and 
paid,  upon  a  surgical  certif  'ate,  after  personal 
examinktion,  that  the  reputed  chevalier  was  a 
female.  From  that  period  the  chevalier  wore 
female  habiliments.  /After  death,  however, 
|it  was  a.=;certained  that'  the  deceased  was  of 
the  masculine  gender. 

EPAMKXONDAS,  a  famous Thcban general, 
slain  in  battle,  363  B.  C. 

EPAPHKODITUS,  a  bishop  of  Philippi,  wlio 
carried  the  contributions  of  liis  country  to  the 
saints  of  Jerusalem,  and  brought  back  Paul's 
epistle  to  his  church,  A.  D.  ('.2. 

EPEE,  Charles  Michael  de  I',  a  very  ingenious 
and  benevolent  French  abbe,  and  the  extensive 
promoter  (if  not  the  inventor)  of  a  mode  for  re- 
lieving the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  rendering  them 
useful  members  of  society.  Some  of  his  pupils 
were  enabled  to  learn  several  languages ;  some 
became  profound  mathematicians ;  and  others 
obtained  academical  prizes  by  poetical  and  li- 
terary works.  This  amiable  man  died  in  Feb. 
1790,  justly  lamented  by  his  country ;  and  was 
succeeded  in  his  school  by  the  abbe  Sicard. 

EPHORUS,  a  historian  of  Cuma,  pupil  of 
Isocrales. 

EPHRAIM,  son  of  Joseph,  who  gave  name 
to  one  of  the  tribes  of  Israel. 

EPHREM,  St.,  an  ancient  Christian  writer 

of  the  4th  centtiry.     PhotiuB  tells  us,  that  ha 

wrote  above  1000  orations,  and   that  himself 

had  flMn  49  of  hi*  sermons  :  and  Sozom«D  eb- 

1.74 


EP 

serves,  that  lie  composed  3U0,ll()0  verses.  His 
works  were  so  liigiily  esieeincd,  tliai  tliey  were 
]>ublicly  read  in  ilie  churclies  alter  tlic  Scrij 
lures.  St.  Kplnem  was  a  man  of  ilie  ijreatest 
f  everity  of  morals  ;  and  so  strict  an  observer  of 
cliasiiiy,  thai  lie  avoided  even'llie  siglil  of  wo- 
iiKMi.     He  di':d  in  37S. 

EPICHAKMLTS,  an  ancient  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, born  iii  the  island  oi  Cos,  and  earned,  as 
l.aeriius  tells  us,  into  Sicily,  when  he  was  but 
tive  months  old.  He  had  Uie  honour  of  beiny 
taught  by  Pythagoras  himself:  and  he  and 
Piionnus  are  sani  to  have  invented  comedy  in 
Syracuse,  tbouj^h  others  have  pretended  to  the 
glory  of  th.1t  riifi;ovcry.  He  composed  6.j,  or, 
aecordinq;  to  others,  35  plays ;  but  his  works 
have  been  so  long  lost,  that  even  their  character 
is  scarcely  on  record.  Luciau  says,  that  he 
lived  to  the  age  of  97  years. 
EPICIE,  an  eminent  French  engraver. 
EPK'TK  ri'S,  a  celebrated  pllilo^opller,of  an- 
tiquity, born  near  the  end  of  Nero's  reign,  as  is 
coinmoidy  supposed,  at  Hierapolis,  in  I'liryyia. 
He  lived  in  extreme  poverty  at  Rome,  in  a  lit- 
tle cottage  without  so  much  as  a  door  to  it;  no 
attendants  but  one  old  woman,  and  no  1  urni- 
ture  but  an  earthen  lamp,  to  the  light  of  which 
we  owe  thos"  beautiful  and  divine  thoughts,  of 
which  Arrian  has  preserved  some  noble  le- 
uiaiiid.  This  lajiip  was  purchased  for  about 
100/.  after  his  death,  by  a  person  whom  Lucian 
ridicules  for  it,  as  lioping  to  acquire  the  wisdom 
of  Epictetus  by  studying  over  it.  VVe  have  no 
account  that  can  be  depended  on,  cither  of  what 
distemper,  or  about  what  time,  he  died.  Epic 
tetns,  though  a  philosopher,  was  a  man  of  great 
tiutiiility  and  modesty;  which  was  most  emi- 
nent in  his  own  practice,  as  well  as  in  his  re- 
commendation of  it  to  others.  His  "  Comment- 
aries," and  tlie  "  Enchiridion,  or  Manual  of  tlie 
Stoic  Philosophy,"  have  been  often  published, 
and  translated  into  almost  every  language. 

EPICURUS,  the  greatest  philosopher  of  his 
age,  wtisborn  atCargettus,  in  Attica,  about  the 
year  340  B.  C.  From  the  place  of  his  birth,  we 
rtnd  hiin  often  calked  by  ancient  authors,  the 
*'  Gargettic  author,"  the  "  Gargettic  old  man," 
and  simply,  the  "  (Jargellian."  Whereas  other 
prote.-isors  of  sects  m:  de  choice  of  particular 
places  in  Athens,  as  the  Academy,  the  Lyceum 
Sec,  Epicurus  purchased  a  very  pleasant  garden, 
where  he  lived  with  his  friends  in  great  tran- 
quillity, and  taught  philosophy  to  a  great  num- 
6er  of  disciples.  They  lived  all  in  common 
with  their  master ;  and  a  better  regulated  so- 
ciety had  never  been  seen.  He  wrote  a  prodi- 
gious number  of  books,  and  died  in  his  7'2d 
year.  As  to  his  doctrine,  that  tho  happiness  of 
man  consists  in  pleasure,  though  it  has  occa- 
sioned some  effects  which  have  discredited  his 
.«ect,  yet,  if  it  be  rightly  interpreted,  it  is  cer- 
tainly very  reasonable ;  for  it  amounts  to  no- 
thing mure,  than  that  the  happiness  of  man 
consists  in  his  being  at  ease,  and  in  feeling 
pleasure,  or,  generally,  in  being  contented^ 
Couhl  we  ask  Epicurus  where  this  ease  and 
contentment  must  be  found,  he  would  not  say 
ill  good  eating,  drinking,  or  in  commerce  wiiii 
women  ;  but,  in  sobriety,  temperance,  and  the 
checking  of  tumultuous  and  disorderly  passions, 
which  deprive  the  soul  of  her  state  of  happi- 
ness ;  that  is,  the  soft  and  quiet  acquiescence  in 
her  condition.  These  were  the  pleasures  in 
which  Epicurus  made  the  happiness  of  man  to 
consist.  But  people  exclaimed  against  the  word 
pleasure:  those  wbo  were  corrupted  already 


ER 

made  an  ill  use  of  it;  the  eiieinies  of  hisseCT 
took  advantage  of  it ;  and  bo  the  name  of  Epi- 
curean liecaine  odious :  aU  this,  however,  is  ac- 
cidental to  tlie  doctrine  ;  for  it  is  certain  that 
ne  lived  in  a  most  exemplary  manner  himself, 
and  conformably  to  the  rules  of  philosuphictfl 
wisdom  and  frugality. 

El'lMEMUES,  an  ancient  poet  and  philoeo 
plier,  born  at  Gnossus,  in  Crete.  Many  won- 
derful things  are  related  of  luin ;  and  his  rcpu 
lation  was  so  great  all  over  Greece,  that  he  was 
there  esteemed  a  lavourite  of  the  gods.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  157  ;  and  is  alluded  to  by  St. 
Paul,  Thus,  c.  i.  v.  12.  Plutarch  tells  us,  that 
he  was  accounted  the  7tli  wise  man  by  those 
who  would  not  admit  Periaiuler  into  the  nuniliet 

EPIPII.VMUS,  bishop  of  Salamis,  in  Cyprus, 
born  33-2,  and  died  403.  He  was  very  conver- 
sant ill  ecclesiastical  antiquities,  on  wJlich  ac- 
count he  is  chielly  regarded. 

EPlPHANU'.s,  a  writer  of  the  6th  century, 
who  translated  tlie  histories  of  Socrates,  Sozo- 
men,  and  Tlieodoret. 

EPIPH.VNUS,  a  heretic,  who  advocated  a 
community  of  women. 

EPISCtilMUS,  Simon,  a  theological  ajid  con- 
troversial writer  of  uncommon  parts  and  learn 
ling,  and  the  chief  support  of  the  .'\rminian  sect., 
born  al  .\nisterdaiii,  in  1583,  died  1G43. 

EPPE.NDORF,  Henry,  a  noble  German,  who 
acquired  celebrity  by  his  dispiiie  with  Erasmus. 

EH.VSlSTlvATUS,  an  eminent  Greek  physi- 
cian, whose  works  are  mentioned  by  Galen,  bui 
are  now  lost.     I'e  llourislicil  iJUl  li.  C. 

ERASMUS,  Desiileriiis,  born  at  Rotterdam, 
the  ii^th  of  Oct.,  J467.  He  was  called  Gerard, 
after  his  father;  and  afterwards  took  the  name 
of  Desiderius,  which  in  Latin,  like  the  surname 
of  Erasmus,  in  Greek,  signify  much  the  s-umc 
as  Gerard  among  the  Hollanders,  that  is,  "  ain- 
abilis,"  or  amiable.  He  was  the  most  learned 
man  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  contri- 
buted, by  his  example  and  his  writings,  to  the 
restoration  of  learning  in  the  several  countries 
wherein  he  occasionally  resided,  viz.  Italy, 
Switzerland,  Holland,  France  and  England  : 
with  the  la.st  he  was  most  satisfied  ;  and  there 
he  met  with  the  greatest  cncourageniciit  from 
Henry  VUI.,  sir  Thomas  More,  and  all  the 
learned  Englishmen  of  those  days.  He  was  the 
most  correct  and  elegant  Latin  writer  among 
the  moderns;  anil  died  in  153G.  Nothing  has 
made  the  city  of  Rotieidam  more  famous,  than 
her  having  given  hirth  to  this  great  man,  whose 
works  were  published  at  Leyden,  170G,  in  a 
very  handsome  manner,  in  ten  volumes  folio. 

ER.'VSTUS,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  physician 
and  divine,  born  at  Baden,  in  Germany,  about 
l5-.!4,  died  in  1583.  He  wrote  several  books  on 
philosophy,  physic,  and  divinity;  but  what 
made  the  most  noise  of  all  his  performances, 
and  chiefly  makes  him  memorable  now,  wtis 
his  hook  "  I)e  Excommuiiicatione  Ecclesias- 
tica."  In  this  he  denies  the  power  of  the  church, 
and  alfirins  their  censures  to  be  incapable  of  ex- 
tending bevond  the  present  life. 

ERASTbSTHENES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
mathematician,  liisloriau,aiid  poet, died  li)4  B.C. 

ERATOSTRATUS,  an  Ephesian,  who  on 
he  very  night  that  Alexander  the  Great  was 
born,  356  B.  C,  burnt  the  temple  of  Diana,  at 
Ephesus,  merely  to  eternize  his  name  in  the 
records  of  history. 

ERCHEMBERT,  a  Lombard,  of  the  9th  cen 
tury,  author  of  a  Chronicle  of  the  Lombar<2<< 
from  774  to  8S8. 

175 


ER^ 

ERCILL-YA-CUNIGA,  Don  Alonzo  d",  a; 
SpauiarJ,  who  fuuglit  agaiust  the  Indians  of 
Cliili  and  Peru,  and  made  his  advcntuii-s  tht 
tubjcct  01' an  aniniated  poem,  called  Araucaua 
ER(,'KEKN,  Lazarus,  a  German,  was  auper- 
i;itoiideut  of  the  mines  of  Hungary,  6t.c. 

ERCOLE,  a  painter,  patronised  by  tJie  court 
W  c^a\  oy,  died  in  1676. 

EKEMITA,  Daniel,  of  Antwerp,  intiinaic 
with  iJcaligtr,  author  of  several  works,  some 
poems,  &.C. ;  be  was  a  deist,  and  died  at  Leg- 
liorn,  in  lC13c 

ERIC  IX,  king  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway,  solemnly  deposed,  and  rctirod  to  Pome 
rania  ;  he  died  in  1159. 

f^KIC  XIV.,  succeeded  his  father Guslavus on 
;!)c  ilirone  of  Sweden,  and  became  the  unsnc- 
ctis-.ful  suitor  ofqueen  Elizabeth;  he  died  in  1578. 
ERIC,  Peter,  a  Venetian  admiral,  iulamous 
for  his  cruelly  to  the  widow  of  the  bashaw  of 
Tripoli,  whom,  with  her  treasures,  he  carried 
to  Constantinople ;  he  was  beheaded  by  order 
of  the  Venetian  senate. 

ERlGEiVA,  John,  Scotus,  bom  at  Ayr,  in 
Scorland,  flourished  in  the  9th  century,  and  was 
very  learned  in  a  very  barbarous  age.  He  was 
employed  by  Ring  Alfred  to  promote  learning 
and  the  liberal  arts.  For  this  purpose  he.wa; 
appointed  to  preside,  at  Oxford,  over  the  studies 
of  geometry  and  astronomy  in  particular ;  that 
university  being  either  lately  founded  or  lately 
restored  by  Alfred.  Three  years  he  spent  in 
this  situation;  but,  some  disputes  and  disturb 
ances  arising  at  Oxiord,  he  left  that  place,  and 
retired  to  a  monastery  at  Malmesbury.  Ther 
he  opcjied  a  school ;  and,  behaving  harshly  and 
with  severity  to  his  scholars,  was  stabbed  by 
them,  with  the  iron  bodkins  tiiey  th<;n  wroK 
whh,  in  such  a  manner  that  he  died.  His  dcatli 
happened  in  883. 

ERINNA,  a  Grecian  poetess,  cotemporary 
with  Sappho. 

ERIZZO,  Lewis  and  Marc  Anthony,  two  bro- 
thers, of  a  noble  Venetian  family,  who  mur- 
dered their  uncle  for  his  riches ;  lor  which  the 
one  was  beheaded ;  the  other  died  in  prison 
about  1546. 

ERIZZO,  Paul,  a  noble,  of  the  same  family 
inhumanly  butchered  by  Mahomet,  in  1469,  after 
having  surrendered. 

ERIZZO,  Sebastian,  a  noble  Venetian,  author 
of  a  work  on  medals,  died  in  1585. 

ERKJVINS,  a  famous  architect  of  Steinbach 
who  died  in  1305. 

ERLACH,  John  Lewis,  father  of  the  six 
families  of  the  same  name,  so  illustrions  in 
Switzerland ;  he  vi'as  distinguished  in  military 
lite,  and  died  in  ItjoO. 

Kii.N'ESTI,  John  .Augustus,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  liCipsic,  author  of  ntimerous  works, 
Titerai  V  and  theological ;  he  died  in  1781 

ERPENIUS,  Thomas,  or,  as  he  is  called  in 
Dutch,  Thomas  of  Erpe,  a  most  learned  writer 
and  inconiparablv  skilled  in  tlie  oriental  tongues, 
liorn  1584,  died  1624, 

EP.,SKINE,  Ralph,  a  Scotch  divine,  and  non- 
conformist who  was  imprisoned  about  1602, 
and  liberated  by  the  earl  of  Mar ;  he  died  in  1696 
ERSKIN'E,  Ebenezer,  son  of  the  preceding. 


ES  

in  one  volume  12mo.,  under  the  title  of  "Lord 
Dun's  Advices."  He  was  born  at  Dun,  in  An 
gusshire,  1670,  and  died  there  in  1755. 

ERSKINE,  James,  lord  Alva,  one  of  the 
barons  of  the  Scotch  exchequer,  afterwards  ap- 
pointed to  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scotland ; 
he  died  in  IHW- 

ERVIN'G,  WilUam,  an  officer  in  the  Britidb 
army,  which  he  quitted  at  the  conunenccment 
of  Uic  American  war ;  he  bequeathwl  lOOOi.  to 
Harvard  college,  and  died  in  1 .91. 

ERXLEBEiS,  John  I.  hristian  Polycurp.  a  na- 
tive of  Quedlinburg,  and  an  able  uaiuialkil 
died  in  1777. 

ERYCEIRA, Ferdinand  de  Mencscscount  d', 
distinguished  himself  as  governor  of  Penicha 
and  Tangiers. 

ERY('EIR.4i,  Francis  Xavicr  do  Mentses 
cotint  d',  born  at  Lisbon,  in  1673,  increased  the 
valuable  library  of  his  ancestors  with  15,000 
new  vols.,  and  "lOUO  MSS. ;  he  wrote  100  dilfer- 
ent  publications. 

ERYTROPHILUS,  Rupert,  a  German  di- 
vine, in  the  17th  century,  author  of  a  work  on 
the  passion. 

ES,  James  Van,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp,  well 
known  for  his  pictures  of  birds,  &c. 

Er5AU,  eon  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  died  about 
1710  B.  C. 

ESG.ALO,  Mastin  del',  elected  podestat  of 
Verona,  in  1259,  was  assassinated  by  his  ene- 
mies, in  1273. 

ESCALUUENS.  William,  capitou  of  Tou- 
lo)ise,  in  1326;  he  ord^ied  himself  to  becarriod 
to  the  cathedral  in  acolTin,  and  then  invited  the 
attendants  to  a  feast. 

ESCOBAR,  Marine  d',  the  foundress  of  the 
reconciliation  of  St.  Bridget,  in  Spain,  died  IfiSS. 
ESCOBAR,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  whose 
works  in  16  vols., and  his  Principles  of  Morality, 
in  7  vols.,  were  ridiculed  by  Pascal ;  be  died  in 
1669. 

ESCOB.AU,  Bartholomew,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Seville,  went  to  Amenta  as  a  monk:  he  em- 
ployed himself  in  works  of  charity,  and  died  in 
1624. 

ESCOLTJLEAU,  Francis  d",  caidinal  de 
Sonrdis,  a  ?reat  favourite  with  pope  Leo  IX., 
died  in  1686. 

ESCOUBLEAU,  Henry  d',  brother  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  preceding,  was  at  the  siege  of 
Rochelle,  under  Lewis  XIII.  ;  he  died  in  1645. 

ESCUBE,  N.  de  P,  a  general  of  la  Vendee 
remarkable  for  his  loyalty,  courage,  &c. ;  h« 
died  of  his  wounds  in  1794. 

ESPAGN.\C,  John  Baptist  Joseph  de  Sapu- 
guci  Damarzil  baron  d',  a  French  general,  who 
signalized  himself  in  the  campaigns  of  Italy, 
died  in  1783. 

ESPAGNANDEL,  Matthew  1',  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  of  the  17th  century. 

ESPAONE,  John  d',  a  Frenchman,  who  set- 
j  tied  in  England,  as  minister  of  a  French  pro- 
testant  congregation,  in  the  reign  of  James  II. 
I  ESP.AGNET,  John  d',  a  Frenchman,  pre«i- 
idenf  of  the  parliament  of  Bordeaux,  who  wrote 
in  opi)ositioii  to  Aristotle's  tenets. 
I  ESPAGNOLET,  Joseph  Riberia  I',  a  Spanish 
painter,  particularly  successful  in  the  represen 


born  in  prison,  became  a  seceder,   published  I  talion  of  terror,  anguish,  &C. ;  he  died  in  1056 
several  volumes  of  sermons,  and  died  in  1755.     I     ESP.ARROIS,  Charles  d'  Arcussia  Viscoum 
EKSKINE,  Ralph,  brother  to  tlie  preceding,  d",  author  ofa  treatise  on  hawking  and  falconry, 
published  many  works  and  sermons,  and  died  publish':d  in  1644. 

in  IT.il.  I   ESPEN,  Zegcr  Bernard  Van,  born  at  Louvain 

ERSKINE,  David,  lord  Dun,  a  celebrated  I  wrote  against  the  pope's  bull  unigenitus,  and 
Scotch  judge,  who  published  an  e.xcellcnt  work|!died  in  1723. 
176 


5^'^1'K.N'CE,  (.'laiitle  d',  a  Frcncliman,  a  ilis 
tiii;-i(i:v!i(.>u  orator,  and  author  ol'  cotiiiiicntark-s 
oil  llif  opistles  :  he  dind  in  15T1. 

r.Sl'KR,  John  Frtdcric,  a  native  of  Prossen 
Ti  lit.  in  Dayreiith,  a  botanist  and  naturalist,  and 
auilior  uf  worko  on  these  bubjecls  ;  he  died  in 
17ril. 

KSi'I'KIKNTr,  Philip  Callimachus,  a  Tur- 
ran.  pK  ceptor  of  an  aciidcmy  under  Pius  II ; 
ailfirw.irdb  ambassador  to  Constantinople,  &.C. 
(litd  in  14%. 

^:S^IlK.MENlL,  James  Duval  d',  an  advocate 
and  ciiunsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  re 
inarki-lilo  for  his  violent  procccdinjrs  during  the 
levohilicin  ;  lie  was  guillotined  in  1704. 

KWPlirr,  James,  n  Frenchman,  an  agreeable 
writer,  the  friend  of  Kochefoucault  and  Cunti 
died  in  lti78. 

i;SS.\RS,  Pierre  des,  a  French  nobleman 
Alio  served  in  the  Seolch  avmy  at'JiiiiBl  theKng 
lish,  in  1402;  on  his  return  to  France,  he  was 
rni»:d  to  posts  of  honn\ir,  became  suspected, 
was  imprisoned,  and  beheaded  in  HO. 

KSi5.\RS,  Charlotte  des,  countess  ol  Ronio- 
renlin,  mistress  to  Henry  IV.,  and  others,  who, 
tn  atloinptin^  to  advance  her  son,  fell  under  the 
resentment  of  the  king  and  Richelieu,  by  whom 
she  was  imprisoned,  where  she  died  in  1()51. 

KS.SFX,  James,  famous  for  his  skill  in  ;rothic 
architecture.  His  principal  practice  wasai  Cani- 
hridiie,  Ely,  Lincoln,  and  VVinche.'ster  ;  and  IiIk 
writings  may  be  found  in  the  Acha'olor'n,  vol. 
iv.  vi.,  &.C.  "  He  was  born  in  1723,  aim  aied  al 
Cainbridpo,  in  1784. 

EriTAING,  Charles  Henry  count  d  ,  a  French 
admiral,  who  connnanded  the  French  ll','i't 
in  I  h>?  American  revolution;  he  was  guillotined 
in  1793. 

E.ST/VMPF.f,  Anne,  of  Pls.seleu,  duchess  of, 
mistress  to  Francis  I.,  of  Franci>.  She  was  a 
\voni:in  of  great  cunning  and  intrigue  ;  and  one 
of  Uiose  instances  which  prove  that  the  a.scen- 
•laiicy  of  a  mistress  may  bo  the  nun  of  a  kins;- 
dom  ".  for  by  her  ambitious  views  the  monarcliy 
of  France  had  nearlv  been  subverted. 

ESTAMPKS,  Leonor  d',  bishop  of  Chartres, 
In  1020,  who  ojiposed  the  Jesuits  in  the  aii.-<embly 
of  th,'  French  clergy. 

ESTCOCRT,  Richard,  well  known  both  as 
an  actor  and  a  dramatic  writer.  In  all  his  parts, 
he  was  mostly  indebted  for  his  applause  to  his 
jKiwersof  mimicry,  in  which  he  was  inimitable, 
and  which,  at  tnues,  aflorded  him  opportunities 
of  appe.nrinj;  a  much  better  actor  than  lie  really 
was,  by  enablinp  him  to  copy  very.«.\actJy  seve 
ral  performers  of  merit,  whose  mannner  he  re- 
membered and  assumed.  His  company  was 
e.xtremely  courted  by  every  one  ;  and  liis  minii- 
rry  so  much  admired,  that  persons  of  the  first 
(pialiiy  frequeiuly  invited  him  to  their  enter- 
tninincnts,  in  order  to  divert  their  friends  with 
his  diollery  ;  on  which  occasions  he  constantly 
ri-ceived  very  handsome  presents  for  his  com- 
p.Tny.  He  died  in  1713,  leaving  behind  him  two 
dramatic  pieces. 

I'S'!'HER,  a  Jewess,  mistress  to  Casimir  III., 
kinp  ''f  Poland,  in  the  14th  century. 

ESTHER,  a  Jewish  maid,  who  became  wife 
to  .'^hwuerus,  king  of  Persia,  and  was  the 
ineai'^  of  saving  the  Jews  from  destniclion. 

ES'i'IUP,  VVillian  ,a  native  of  Holland,  divi- 
nity professor  of  Douay  university,  and  author 
of  reiiiinenlaiies  on  the  epistles,  died  in  1G13. 

ESTT.AGER,  Christopher,  a  writer  of  Sieir- 
mark,  in  the  iSth  century. 

ESTOILR  Pierre  de  r,  grand  auditor  of  the 


ET 

cliaiicery  of  Paris,  .ind  author  of  se'.  eral  valua- 
ble works  ;  he  died  in  Kill. 

ESTOILE,  Claude  de  1',  son  of  the  preced- 
ing :  he  wrote"  several  plays  and  poems,  and 
died  in  lf>5'2. 

ESTOUTEVILLE,  William  d',  a  Norman, 
and  a  cardinal,  who  reformed  tlic  university  of 
Paris;  he  possessed  great  firmness  and  benevo- 
lenre.  and  died  in  1483. 

ESTRAUi:!*,  Godfrey  count  d',  marcchal  of 
France,  and  viceroy  cf  America,  ambassador 
to  England,  &c.,  died  in  ItSfc'fi 

ESTRAiNGE.     See  L'ESTRANGE. 

I'.STREES,  John  d',  page  to  queen  Anne,  of 
Uritlany,  disiingeished  himself  in  several  bai- 
lies, and  died  in  l-WT. 

ESTRKEB.  Francis  Ai.nibal  d',  son  of  the 
nrecidiiig.  a  duke,  peer,  and  murechal  of  France, 
diril  in  1070. 

ESTREES,  Cjesard',  son  of  the  prerrdiiig. 
was  rniplnyed  in  several  itnpiiriant  officci  by 
ilie  Fieiuh  king,  and  died  in  17  !4. 

F-.-^TREES,  Gabrielle  d',  sister  of  Francis, 
mistress  of  Henry  IV.,  died  in  ISilO. 

EH'I'REES,  Victor  Mane  il',  a  vice  aiimira) 
of  France,  and  a  learned  man,  died  in  1737. 

E.-^TREES,  EewLs  Cn-sar  duke  d",  maiechal 
of  France,  and  minister  of  slate,  disiinzuished 
himself  in  tlie  war  against  Spain,  he  died  in 
1771. 

ETHELREFT.  kingof  Kent,  became  a Clirrs- 
tian  by  the  preachius;  of  Austin,  and  di«d  in  tilO. 

ETilELliERT,  king  of  England,  was  a  popu- 
lar and  benevolent  prince. 

ETHEEREO,  king  of  England;  to  deMver 
himself  from  the  oppressive  tax  which  he  paid 
to  the  dames,  he  caused  those  unlbrtunale  for- 
eigners to  he  all  murdered  ;  he  died  in  lOlC. 

ETIIELWOLF,  king  of  England,  in  838, 
went  to  Rome  to  improve  the  <'ducation  of  his 
son  the  great  Alfred  ;  he  died  in  857. 

ETHEREGE,  Sir  George,  a  celebrated  En- 
lish  wit,  and  eminent  in  particular  for  his 
omic  ffenius,  flourished  in  the  reiLiis  of  Charles 
II.  and  James  II.  His  three  comedies  arc,  "  The 
Comical  Hevencc  ;  or.  Love  in  a  Tub;"  '^  She 
Would  if  She  Could ;"  and  "  The  Man  of  Mode ; 
or,  Sir  Foppling  Flutter ;"  in  which  last  piece 
he  is  supposed  to  have  drawn  some  of  the  chief 
characters  from  certain  of  his  cotemporarics, 
and  ac(|uaintance.  Thus,  beau  Hewit,  the  most 
notorious  fop  of  Jiis  time,  was  supposed  lo  be 
designed  under  his  first  character ;  Dorimant 
tor  his  friend  lord  Rochester,  under  which  are 
characterised  inconstancy,  falsehood,  and  tri- 
umphs, in  the  coKquest  and  ruin  of  the  fair, 
vaniished  over  with  agreeable  and  cap;ivating 
graces  of  modish  gallantry,  peculiar  to  that 
witty  hut  licentious  nobleman.  He  was  also 
siispecied  to  have  sketched  out  himself  in  the 
character  of  Medley.  Applauded,  however,  ii.s 
this  play  was  for  wit,  yet,  like  his  others,  it  waa 
:nndemned  for  immorality.  He  was  born  in 
Oxfordshire,  about  1030,  aiid  died  about  1090. 

ETHRYG,  George,  or  ETHERIDGE,  or  ED- 
RYCT'S,  an  Englishman,  who  H\ed  about  1550. 
He  excelled  not  only  in  the  Greek  and  Hebrew, 
but  also  in  medicine  and  music. 

ETTMULLER,  Michael,  an  eminent  pln-ai- 
cian  bom  at  Leipsic,  l(i44,  died  1GH3.  His  works, 
amounting  to  no  less  than  5  vols,  in  Ijplio,  were 
printed  at  Naples,  in  1729 

ETTMULLER,  Michael  Enie  St.,  professor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery,  wrote  s<'veral  learned 
and  curicnis  treati«£«  uu  medical  subject!,  and 
died  inl732 

177 


EU 


EUCHAURiiJ,  Augiielinus,  a  Latin  l]i3(0'||    EUUr.NIUS  J.  8t.,  pope  ai'lor  Martin,  iii  (iol , 


EUCHAP.Itns,  or  HOL'CHARIUS  Eligiiw,  al 


dwiiie  and  ii><e(,  of  Glieiit.    He  wrote  the  lives  and  (li':(l  .1  years  aft«r. 


he  (lied  3  venrs  after. 
EUGF.\IITS  ir.,  succcnded  Pascal  I.  in  ^24, 


of  S'..  Leviniu,  Coleia,  and  Bertulfius,  Ate. 

EUOHKIiIl':?,aiclibi.-<lif>i>oi Lyons,  was  can-! 
onlz':d  for  his  piety  ,  lie  died  in  454.  | 

KVCUID,  .ipiiiljiojiiior,  of  .Mr^'ara,  founder  of 
the  yett  o!' wianglfrt-.  j 

ECCr.lD,  .'1  ui>.-t  celebrated  mathematician i 
Rnd  a?trononn;r,  wlio  rdllectetl  all  ihe  fuudu- 
iiitMita!  principles  of  pure  initlioniaMis,  which 
h  id  been  delivered  down  hy  Tiialts,  Pylliag"ra.<, 
Kudoxns,  a'ld  other  inathcinaticians  before  liiin, 
V.  hicli  he  digested  into  regularity  and  order, 
«'jili  in.ii'y  otiiersof  liisown:  on  which  account 
he  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who  reduced 
arithmetic  and  geometry  into  the  form  of  a  sci- 
tiici;.  When  this  great  man  was  born,  and 
wiiar  was  his  country,  vvc  have  no  distinct  ac- 
count; but  he  flourished,  as  appears  from  Pro- 
cliis'  Comment  upon  his  Elements,  about  277 
years  before  Christ,  and  taught  mathematics  at 
Aleinndria  with  vast  applause. 

EUD^E.MON,  John  Andrew,  a  Jesuit,  pub- 
tiflied  some  works,  and  died  in  1025. 

EUDES,  John,  founded  the  congregation  ofl 


EUGENICS  III.,  was  made  pope  in  1145,  and 
died  in  1153. 

rUf-JENIUS  n'..  Gabriel  Condolmern  ejected 
pope  in  1431.  lie  was  unjurily  di;|H)se.!,  for  a 
lime,  bill  w:is  aOerwards  restored ;  heilied  1147. 

EI'GENILS,  emperor  in  Dauunme,  full  in 
battle  in  394. 

E'JI.FR,  Eronnrd,  a  very  emineni  rr.aihe- 
ina'ical  writer,  liorn  at  Badii.'iu  17'J7,  di«rt  Sept. 
7,  1783.  He  possewietl,  to  a  great  degree,  wiiat 
is  commonly  cai'.cd  ernd;ri.in:  had  read  al!  tne 
Latin  classics;  was  perlict  master  of  ancient 
mathematical  lii<>raiure  ;  and  had  the  history 
of  al!  ages  and  nations,  even  to  the  iiiinulcst  facts, 
ever  present  to  his  mind. 

EULOGHJS,  a!ialriavrh,of  .■\Iexandria,  wrote 
against  the  Novarians,  and  difd  in  I'M. 

EULOGICS,  the  martyr,  of  ( 'ordova,  was  put 
•  to  death  by  tho  Saracens,  inSC-'J.  He  wrote  a 
jhistory  of  some  martyrs. 

EU.MATHIUS,  a  Greek,  writer  of  ainaiorial 
[composiiioiis;  in  what  aire  he  wrote  isuiiknown. 

EC.MENES,  a  celebrated  general  "f  Alexan- 


thc  Eudists ;  lie  left  some  devotional  works,  and  ider,  put  lo  death  by  Antiuonns,  3i()  B.  C 


died  ill  l&SO, 

EIJDOCIA,  daugliter  of  Leontius,  an  Athe- 
nian sophist  anil  philosopher,  born  about  400. 
Her  father  took  such  care  of  her  education,  that 
»he  became  at  length  contfumnialely  learned ; 
aad  so  accomplished  in  every  r".:-pect,  that,  at 
his  death,  he  left  his  whole  estate  to  his  two 


ECMENES,  a  king  of  Pergainus,  2(13  B.  C. 
His  nephew  of  the  same  name  was  kirig,  JiJ7 
B.C. 

EITMENIUS,  an  eminent  orator,  about  310. 

EUNAPIUS,  a  native  of  Sardis,  in  Lydia, 
flourished  in  the  4th  century.  He  was  a  cele- 
brated sophist,  a  physician,  "and  no  inconsidera- 


soiis,  except  lOfi  pijces  of  g'>ld,  which  he  left  tohble  historian.  We  have  no  remains  of  Euna- 
his  daughter,  with  this  declaration,  that  "  hcr|  pius,  but  his  "  Lives  of  the  Philosophers  anrt 
own  good  fortune  would  be  snlliciciit  for  her."|  SophiPts." 

Upon  this  she  went  to  law  with  Iter  brothers,  EUNOMHTS,  a  heresiarch,  of  t+ie  4tli  centn- 
but  without  succens  ;  and  therefore  carried  her  |ry,  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  and  founder  of  the  sect 
cause  to  Constantinople,  where  .ihe  was  rcconi-  I  that  have  gince  been  called  Eunoniinns.  He 
nietided  to  Pulcheria,  sister  of  the  emperor  The-  jdied  very  old,  about  .394,  after  having  e.\[)erien- 
odosins  ihe  Younger,  and  became  her  lavourite.ljcedgredt  variety  of  .sufl'erings.  Eunomius  wrote 
In  421  she  embraced  Christianity,  and  was  bap-  I'many  things,  and  his  writings  were  so  highlv 
fized  by  the  name  of  Eudocia,  for  her  heathen  |  esteemed  by  his  followers,  tha*  they  thonsht 
name  was  Athenais  ;  and  the  same  year  was  'their  authority  preferable  to  tltaiof  the  gospel, 
married  to  the  emiieror,  through  the  powerful  j  His  doctrines  were,  that  "  there  is  ojie  God  un- 
rccommendation  of  his  sister  ;  by  which  event  hcreate  and  without  beginning  ■  who  has  nothint; 
the  words  of  her  fa'lier  inght  seem  to  have jiexissing  before  him  ;  for  r.otliing  can  exist  be- 


something  prophetic  in  them.    She  died  about 

A.n.m). 

EUDOCI.A  or  EUDOXIA,  queen  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  1(H>7,  died  in  prison,  the  government 
having  been  usurped  by  Michael,  her  son,  in 
1071. 

ElJDOCT.\,  Feodoreuna,  first  wife  of  Peter 
the  Great,  was  divorced  in  lG9fi,  on  account  of 
her  infidelilv  ;  .she  died  in  1731. 

EI'DUXIL'S,  bishop  of  Germanicia.  He 
wrote  a  discourse  on  the  incarnation  of  the 
word  ;  hn  died  in  370. 

EUnOXUS,  of  Cniduji,  a  city  of  Caria,  in 
Asia  Minor,  flourished  about  S70  years  before 


fore  what  is  uncreate  :  nor  with  him ;  for  what 
is  uncreate  must  be  one :  nor  in  him  ;  for  Ooil 
is  a  simple  and  uncompounded  being.  Tliis 
one  simple  and  eternal  being  is  God  the  creator 
and  ordainer  of  all  things  ;  first  indeed  and  prin- 
cipally of  htg  oidy-begotten  Son,  and  then 
through  him  of  all  other  things:  for  God  be- 
got, created,  and  made  the  Son  only,  by  his  own 
direct  operation  and  power,  before  all  things  and 
every  other  creature  :  not  producing,  however, 
any  other  being  like  hinnself,  nor  imparting  any 
oC  his  own  proper  substance  to  the  Son:  for 
God  is  immortal,  uniform,  indivisible,  and  there- 
fore cannot  communicate  any  part  of  his  own 

fThrist;  and  was  bo  skilful,  that  Cicero  did  notijproper  substance  ;o  another,"  ic. 

scruple  to  call  him  the  greatest  astronomer  that  |  EIJPHEMIA,  ElaviaElia  Marcia, a  concubine, 

had  ever  lived.  [and  wife  of  the  emperor  Jusiin  [.,  died  in  523. 

EUGENE,  Franci",  prince  of  Savoy,  born     EUPHEMIUS,  a  patriarch,  of  Constantinople, 

1^*3.     Having  found  himself  slighted  by  Lewis  was  banished,  and  died  in  51.5. 


XIV.,  in  France,  his  native  country,  he  retired  to 
Gerinanv,  and  spent  his  life  in  the  service  of 
tiie  house  of  Austria.  His  victories  over  the 
Turks,  and  afterwards  over  the  French,  too 
numeroits  lo'  be  detailed  in  this  work,  have 
rendered  his  name  immortal  in  the  annals  of 
fame.  This  illustriobs  hero  died  at  Vienna,  in 
173'.. 

178 


EUPHORION,  a  Greek  poet  and  historian, 
of  Chalcis,  274  B.  C 

EUPHRANOR,  an  excellent  sculptor  and 
paintT,  of  antiquity,  flourished  about  362  B.  C. 
He  wrote  several  volmnes  on  the  art  of  colour- 
ing, and  on  symnwtry  ;  and  was  the  first  who 
signalized  himself  by  representing  tho  majesty 
lof  heroes 


EIT 

KUrHRATES,  a  heretic,  of  tlip  '2(1  cf^ntiiry,] 
wlio  maintained  that  our  tiist  parcius  were  de-l 
ceivpri  by  Clirist  in  tfio  form  nf  a  serpfiit  I 

EI'l'OLlS,  an  Atheni.iii  tmuic  poet,  in  the] 
85tii  Olympiad.  He  u~i<l  the  freedom  of  llie  ani 
cieiit  comedy  to  Insli  liie  vit oe  of  ilie  people  ;j 
and  Iiaviiift  lo~t  hm  life  in  a  senfiglit  honveeni 
tile  Athenians  and  Laceda'nionians,  his  death] 
WHH  so  lamented,  that  a  statute  was  enacted, | 
wllicli  dwrcpd  that  no  poet  ^'hould  thcncelbrthl 
•Tve  in  the  wars. 

EIJKIPIDES,  an  ancifnt  Greek  poet,  horn  in 
the  islaiHl  ot  .Salamis,  in  tlie  1st  year  of  the  T5th 
Olympiad.  lie  wrote  a  f^reat  niimher  of  trant.-l 
di.^3.  which  were  highly  esteeni;;d,  both  in  hisj 
life-liiiie,  and  after  his  death  ;  and  nothing.;  run 
better  deinonrJtr'ite  the  hieh  esteem  they  wore] 
in.  than  the  service  ti.ey  did  to  the  Athenians, 
in  Sicily.  The  \[l)eaian  army  under  the  com- 
mand of  Nicias,  snllered  all  the  calamities  that 
iil-toriune  can  reduce  men  to.  The  victors  made 
a  ino.st  cruel  advantage  of  their  victories  :  but, 
although  they  treated  the  Athenian  eoldiers 
widi  so  much  inhninanity,  yet  ilioy  were  exl 
tremely  kind  to  such  as  could  ri-|M'nt  any  ofj 
Eiiripiiles'  verses.  An  unhappy  accident  con-j 
eluded  his  life.  lie  wa.-;  walking  in  a  wood, 
and,  according  to  his  usual  manner,  in  deepi 


EV 

and  afterwards  opposed  Arianism ,  be  died  in 
3.8. 

EUSEBIUS,  bishop  of  Doryleum.in  Plirygia, 
was  depo9f>d  in  449. 

ErSTACE,  John  Skejr,  a  brave  officer  in  the 
American  war ;  sometime  iiid  to  general  Lee, 
and  afterwards  to  general  Greene:  he  went  to 
France  in  1794,  where  he  was  made  brigadier 
and  major  general ;  he  returned  and  died  in  IriOS. 

El't^TACHE,  iJavid,  a  protestant  niinister, 
of  Montpelier,  sent  by  the  synod  of  Ludun.  in 
IfiG'J,  to  address  the  French  king;  hiii  speech 
was  much  admired. 

El'STACIlIl'S,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
physician,  of  the  IGth  century,  who  published 
anatomical  tables  ;  be  died  in  1.S70. 

EIJSTATIIUJS,  archbishop  of  Thessalonlca, 
was  born  at  Constaiitinople,and  flourished  about 
A.  T).  1I7U.  He  ifl  chicily  niemornble  for  hi^ 
"  f'omnieiitarii'g  npon  Homer." 

EU.S'I'.^THIUS,  a  learned  Greek,  commenta- 
tor on  Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geographer  ; 
he  died  m  1  I'M. 

El'STOCHTl'.M,  a  Roman  lady,  well  skUled 
in  Greek  and  Hebrew  ;  she  died  in  419. 

Erj?rUATIUS,a  bishop  of  Nice,  who  wrote 
commeniaries  on  Ariutoilc,  lived  in  the  13th 
centurv. 


iiioditation,wlien  uni<iriuiiately  liappeiiinpuponj      F.UTHYMIT'S,  an  Isanrian,  made  patriarch 
Archelaus' hounds,  he  wa.s  by  them  torn  to  pie-  of  Constantinople,  in  900;   he  was  displaced, 


res,  in  the  7.')lh  year  of  his  a?e.  He  in,  of  all 
writers,  n  inarkahie  for  h.ivin'.'  iiilersiiersed  mo- 
ral retieciions  and  philosophical  aphorisms  in 
ijis  dramatic  pieces.  It  is  said  that  he  used  to' 
gliiit  himself  up  in  a  iiiooiiiy  cave,  and  there 
compose  his  works.  This  cave  was  in  the  isle 
of  tjalamis,  and  Auliis  (Jellius  had  the  r iiriosilyj 
:ii  Eo  into  it.  He  composed  his  verses  witli  great 
'Jifficulty ;  and  one  d.iy  complained  to  the  poet 
Alcestis,  that  in  the  last  ilnc.e  d.iys  he  had  been 
able  to  write  but  three  vert>es,  thonsih  he  hadj 
laboured  with  all  his  might.  Alcesiis  observed, 
with  an  air  of  high  vanity,  that  lie  had  written 
a  hundred  with  the  utmost  case.  "  -Ay,  hut 
(pays  Euripides)  you  don't  consider  the  differ- 
ence:  your  verses  are  made  to  live  no  loii;;er 
Itian  these  three  days  ;  whereas  mine  are  to  con- 
tinue for  ever."  There  are  now  extant  but  19 
of  his  trapedic."!,  and  part  of  a  20tU  ;  tliouglil 
Siiidas  savs  that  he  composed  92.  j 

EIJRVniCE,  wife  of  Amyiuas,  king  of  Ma- 
tedon,  and  mother  of  Philip. 

EHRYDICE,  dauuhtorof  .\rida;u8,  was  put 
to  death  by  Olympias. 

El'SDE.V,  Lawrence,  an  Enplish  divine  andl 
poet,  born  in  Yorkshire,  was  preferred  in  1718J 
to  the  laureatship.  He  had  several  enemies ; 
and,  among  others,  Pope,  who  put  him  into  hi 
Ounciad  ;  liiough  we  do  not  know  what  provo- 
oati.in  he  gave  to  any  of  them,  unless,  by  being 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  i>e  laurel.  lie  was  no 
in.Mn:;iderable  versifier,  and  died  at  his  rectory, 
at  ('oninysby,  Lincolnsllire,  in  1730. 

EIJt<EBIA,  abbess  of  St.  Cyr,  at  Marseilles 
who  cut  off  her  nose  to  secure  herself  from  the 
brut.ility  of  theParaccnp,  in  731. 

EUSEBIUS,  Pamphilus,  an  ecclesiastical  his- 
forian,  born  in  Palesiiiie,  bishop  of  Cajsarea;  he 
npp<ised  Arius.  and  died  in  ;i3c<. 

Ei:sEBIUS,  a  bishop  of  Berytus,  and  after 
*'ards  of  Constantinople;  he  died  in  341. 

EUSEBIUS,  a  bishop  of  Emesa,  in  Syria, 
died  in  300. 

EI.SEBlt.'S,  bishop  of  Vercell,  in  Picdinont, 
ioicnded  .•^lbana^iuE,  and  died  in  371. 

EL'SEBU't',  bisliop  of  S=amo:Hia,  favoured, 


and  died  in  exile,  in  910  or  911. 

EL'THY.MIUS,  /igabcnus,  or  Zipadcnus,  a 
Greek  monk,  of  Constantinople,  autlior  of  se- 
veral works,  died  after  1118. 

EUTOClCs,  a  Greek  mathematician,  of  the 
6th  centurv,  auUior  of  several  wor;>s. 

ErTRonu?,  Flavins,  an  Italian  sophist,  iws 
Suidas  calls  him,  wrote  a  compendious  hittory 
of  Roman  atfairs,  divided  into  10  books,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  city,  to  the  mgn  of  Va- 
lens,  (to  whom  it  was  dedicated,)  that  is, to  A.D. 
364. 

EUTROPIUS,  a  eunuch,  and  minister  to  Ar- 
ctdius,  was  consul,  but  was  banished  and  be- 
headed about  399. 

EtfTYCHFS,  an  abbot  of  Constantinople, 
who  maintained  that  Christ's  body  was  an 
aerial  form,  and  therefore  not  hunmn. 

ETJTYCHIANUS,  pope,  successor  of  Felix, 
in  27,1.  was  martyred  in  283. 

EUTYCHRTS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
in  563 ;  deposed  in  564  ;  restored,  and  died  in 
585. 

EUTYCHTUS,  a  Christian  atithor,  patriarch 
of  .Alexandria,  was  born  at  Cairo,  in  Egypt,  in 
H7(i,  and  became  eminent  in  the  knowledge  of 
physic.  He  wrote  annals  from  the  beginning 
of  the  world  to  the  year  900  ;  in  which  may  b« 
found  many  things  which  ocxur  no  where  else  . 
but  certainly  many  more  which  were  rollectej 
from  lying  legends,  and  are  entirely  fabuioua. 
He  died  in  950. 

EUZORIUS,  a  deacon  of  Alexandria,  depo- 
sed and  condemned  by  the  council  of  Nice,  for 
adhering  to  Arius  ;  he  baptized  Constant iin, 
and  died  in  370.  Another  of  the  eame  iiatue 
was  bishop  of  Ceesarea 

EVAGORAS,  king  of  Cyprus,  was  defeated 
by  the  Persians,  and  assassinated  394  B.  C. 

EVAGORAS,  a  Greek  writer.  In  the  age  of 
AngiiBtuB,  author  of  a  history  of  Egypt,  ttc. 

EVAGRIirS,  a  monk  of  the  5tli  century,  au- 
thor of  "  .Mtercatio  Simonis  Judei  et  Theophili 
Christian!." 

KVAGRIUS,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  died  iu 
30?. 

179 


F.V 

KVAOUUIS  Sl^liblASTlCUs',  an  aiiikil 
ecclesiasiiial  historian,  born  at  Eplpliania,  a  city 
of  Hyvia  t^ocunda,  about  ilie  year  .130.  He  pub- 
li^lied  "Six  books  ol"  Kcclesiahiical  Hir'tory," 
btciiiniii^'  with  the  year  43]  ;  wliereTlieoUorct, 
SiirratLs,  and  Sozoiiien,  conclude  ;  and  ending 
wiir;  594.     It  is  not  certain  wlion  he  died. 

EVAGaiUS,  Ponlicus,  a  monk  of  the  4tli 
century,  archdeacon  of  Conslantinojile. 

LVANCKUSTA,  a  learned  civilian,  author 
ofConsulia  varia  in  jurocanonico,"'  &c.,died 
in  1;VJ5. 

KVANS,  Cornelius,  during  the  civil  wars  lie 
played  the  part  of  an  impostor,  pretended  he 
was  the  prince  of  Wales.  »vho  ))ad  escaped  from 
France ;  was  sent  to  Newgate,  but  escaped,  and 
was  never  after  heard  of. 

KVANS,  Aiisc,  a  Welch  engineer,  died  about 
the  time  of  the  rebellion. 

EVANS,  Abel,  generally  styled  Dr.  Evans 
the  Epigrammatist,  lived  at  the  end  of  the  37th 
and  beginning  of  tlie  il?th  centuries.  He  was 
bursar  to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  vicar  of 
Saint  Giles',  and  appears  to  have  been  inti- 
mate with  Mr.  Pope. 

EVANS,  John,  D.  D.,a  dissenting  minister, 
was  popular  as  a  preacher,  and  died  in  1732. 

EVAiN'S,  Caleb,  D.  D.,  instructed  young  men 
for  the  dissenting  ministry;  he  published  some 
works,  and  died  in  1791. 

EVANS,  Evan,  a  clergyman,  obtained  no  pre- 
ferment, and  died  of  intemperance  in  1790. 

EVANS,  Nathaniel,  a  minister  of  N.  Jersey, 
a^d  a  poet,  was  a  missionary  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel ; 
lie  died  in  707. 

EVANS,  John,  came  from  England  as  deputy 
governor  (if  Pennsylvania,  in  1703.  His  unpopu- 
larity caused  his  impeachment  and  removal  in 
1709. 

EVANS,  Lewis,  eminent  for  his  acquain- 
tance with  American  geography,  was  surveyor 
ill  Pliilailelphia  :  he  constructed  many  maps. 

EVANSON,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warrington, 
author  of  .some  works,  diediu  1805. 

EVANTITJS,  an  old  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 
'•  De  ambicuis,  sive  hyhridis  animalibus." 

EVANTI'S,  a  bishop  of  Vienne,  in  the  6th 
centurv,  died  in  586. 

EVAKISTUS,  bishop  of  Rome  in  100,  was 
iiiartj'red  r.iiie  years  after. 

EVELYN,  John,  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
philosopliers  that  England  ever  produced,  was 
born  at  W'otton,  in  Surry,  in  1020.  Among  his 
numerous  writings  (which  are  on  the  subjects 
<>t  agriculture,  navigation,  commerce,  antiqui- 
ties, sculpture,  painting,  &c.)  the  most  cele- 
brated at  the  present  day  is  "  Sylva  ;  or  a  Dis- 
foiirse  of  Forest-Trees,  and  the  Propagation  of, 
Timber  in  His  Majesty's  Dominions."  Full  of 
age  aiul  honours,  this  amiable  author  died  Feb. 
27,  KOo-fi,  in  his  80th  year :  and  was  interred 
at  Wotton,  under  a  tomb  of  freestone,  shaped 
like  a  coffin,  with  an  inscription  upon  a  white 
niaible,  expressing,  according  to  his  own  inten- 
tion, that,  "  Living  in  an  age  of  extraordinary 
events  and  revolutions,  he  had  karncd  from 
I  hence  this  truth,  which  he  desired  might  be 
thus  communicated  to  posterity.  That  all  is 
vanity  which  is  tint  honest,  and  that  there  is  no 
fclid  wisdom  hut  in  real  piety."  The  eulogiuins 
which  have  been  bestowed  upon  him  are  as 
numerous  as  they  are  great. 

EVELYN,  John,  8onof  the  preceding,  at  the 
ase  of  15  wrote  an  elegant  Qreek  poem ;  he 
4:ei  in  1698. 

180 


^,^^ 

j  EVF'.RARl),  Sir  Kichard,  baronet,  was  pr» 
[prietary  governor  of  North-Carolina,  in  17-? 
alter  aji  adniinisiration  of  tlirre  or  four  year* 
which  was  ilibturbcd  by  controveisiee  with  othei 
branches  of  th«'  govcinment,  he  returned  to  Eii 
i;land,  where  he  died  in  1733. 

EVERDINGEN,  Ctrsar  Van,  a  Dutch  paintei 
of  eminence,  died  in  1075. 

EVEUETT,  Oliver,  minister  in  Boston  foi 
some  years ;  afteru  ards  judge  of  the  court  ol 
common  pleas  for  Norfolk  ;  he  died  in  1-;02. 

EVitEMCJND  ST.,  Charles  de  St.  Deni*:. 
lord  of,  a  celebrated  French  olhcer  and  satirical 
\yriler,  born  in  Normandy,  1013,  died  1703.  As 
for  religion,  he  always  professed  llie  Romish,  in 
which  he  was  born  ;  though  at  the  bottom  he 
was  certainly  a  freethinker ;  hut  whatever  might 
be  his  scntimcntB  of  leliuion,  he  never  let  tall 
any  loose  expressions  about  it ;  he  could  not 
bear  that  any  one  should  droll  upon  it  ;  for,  said 
he,  "  bare  decency,  and  the  regard  due  to  one's 
fellow-creaturss,  will  never  suffer  it." 

EWALD,  John,  a  native  of  Copenhagen, 
who,  from  a  military  life,  studi"d  divinity,  and 
wrote  several  poems  of  much  merit ;  he  died 
in  1781. 

EWING,  John,  D.  D.,  minister  iu  Philadel- 
phia, and  provost  of  the  college  in  that  city ; 
he  was  much  respected  for  his  talents,  learning, 
and  piety,  and  died  in  1802. 

EXPILLI,  Claude  d',  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Grenoble,  and  a  writer  of  some  merit ; 
he  died  in  1030. 

EXUPERIUS,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of  Tou- 
louse, distinguished  for  his  charities,  died  about 
417. 

EYCK.    SeeVANEYCK. 

EYKENS,  Peter,  a  much  admired  painter, 
of  Antwerp,  born  in  1599. 

EYMAR,  A.  M.  d',  a  deputy  from  Forcal 
quier  to  the  states-general,  in  1789,  much  at- 
tached to  the  principles  of  Rosscau,  as  a  lovei 
of  republicanism  ;  he  died  in  1805. 

EZEKIEL,  the  third  of  the  great  prophets, 
was  a  captive  at  IJabylon,  599  B.  C. 

EZEKIEL,  an  eminent  Jew  and  poet,  authoi 
of  some  fragments  on  Scripture  subjects,  flou- 
rished, according  to  some,  300,  according  lo 
others,  200  B.  C. 

EZRA,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Aaron,  son 
of  Serai  ah ;  he  rebuilt  the  temple  at  Jerusalem 
about  467  B.  C. 


FABER,  or,  according  to  some,  FEVRE  LE, 
Nicholaus,  a  very  ingenious,  learned,  and  pioua 
man,  born  at  Paris,  in  1541.  During  the  cour.ie 
of  his  studies,  a  terrible  accident  happened  to 
him.  As  he  was  cutting  a  pen,  a  bit  of  the  quill 
flew  into  his  eye,  and  isave  him  such  excessive 
pain,  that  hastily  lifting  up  his  hand  to  it  he 
struck  it  out  with  the  knife.  He  applied  him- 
self to  the  mathematics  particularly ;  in  which 
he  succeeded  so  well,  that  ho  discovered  imme- 
diately the  defect  in  Scaliger's  demonstiaticn 
of  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  When  Henry 
tV.,  of  France,  became  at  length  the  peaceable 
possetsor  of  the  crown,  he  appointed  Fahcr  pre- 
ceptor to  the  prince  of  Conde.  During  this  im- 
portant trust,  helound  time  to  labour  upon  some 
considerable  works  .and  composed  his  fino  pre- 
face to  the  fragments  of  Hilary,  in  which  he  dis- 
covered many  important  facts  relating  to  the 
history  of  Arianism,  not  known  betbrc.  After 
tUe  death  of  lieiiry  IV.,  he  was  clwsen  by  tiie 


KA 

queen,  preceptor  lo  Ltwis  Xlll.    He  died  in 
ICII. 

FABER,  Tanaqiiil. in  French,  TaiiPguyleFe- 
vre,  a  very  loavirod  man,  born  at  (."acn,  in  Nor 
iiianay,  iu  1615.  Cardinal  de  Ricliclifu,  settled 
on  liii'n  a  pension  of  20(10  livrps,  lo  inspt  i-t  all 
the  works  priutf-'d  at  tin;  Louvre.  He  died  in 
'f>>2,  K^aving  a  son  of  his  own  name,  and  two 
dau^Iuei-s,  one  of  whom  was  tJie  cclibratid 
inuiianio  Dacicr,  the  other  married  I'aul  Baiildri, 
proH'ssor  at  Utreclit. 

FAHIAX,  a  saint  of  the  Romish  church,  wlio 
was  made  po)ip,  in  SiO,  and  MitRrcd  martyrdom 
in  the  roi^Mi  of  the  eminior  L)<ctus. 

F.VHIAX,  Kcberi,  author  of  the  "Chronicle 
of  KnjMand  and  France,"  or,  as  he  himself  calls 
it,  "  The  Concordance  of  Stories,"  was  b<jrii  in 
fjondoii,  in  the  I.5th  century.  He  was  broiiphi 
up  lo  trade,  and  became  so  considerable  a  hht- 
chanl,  that  he  was  chostn  an  alderman  of  that 
city  and  in  14P:!,  was  ctie  of  the  sheriffs  lor 
llie  Kanie.  He  died  at  London,  iu  1512,  and 
wa^i  buried  in  St.  Rlichacrs,  Cornliill. 

FARIIJS,Maximu9Rulliauus,:i  Roman, master 

of  the  horse,  and  afterwards  dictator,  Cf^T  K.  C. 

FAHM'S,   Maximus  Quintus,  an  illusirious 

Roman 'rcneral,  who  opposed  Haniiibal  in  Italy  ; 

he  di(  d  -Zm  U.  C. 

K.*\1!I!'S,  Pictor,  the  first  Latin  historian 
meiilioiii'd  amoni:  the  Romans,  225  B.  C. 

FAIUiK,  Joan  Claude,  a  priest  of  the  orato- 
ry of  Paris,  known  as  an  indefatigable  compi- 
ler, died  in  1753. 

F.\P.KK,  N.,  a  native  of  Languedoc,  who 
vohiMianly  submitted  to  6  years  confmcment  in 
the  galleys,  to  save  his  father  from  that  punish- 
ment in  17.52. 

FABUK,  D'EGLANTINE,  Philip  Francis 
Mazaire,  successively  an  actor,  a  comic  writer, 
and  ast.'ilesman,  was  the  friend  of  Danton,  and 
other  promoters  of  the  infernal  butcheries,  dur- 
ing the  revolution  ;  he  was  himself  guillotined 
in  1794. 

FABRFTTr,  Raphael,  a  very  learned  anti 
qiiary  of  Italy, born  at  Urhino,  in  1619 :  died  1700. 
Kahretii  had  an  admirable  talent  for  dccypherins 
the  most  ditlioiill  inscrijitions  ;  and  discoveri:f! 
a  method  of  makiii;;  something  out  of  those 
which  seemed  entirely  disliguved  through  at^e, 
and  tlie  letters  of  which  were  effaced  in  sticli  a 
manner  as  not  to  he  discernahle.  He  cleaned 
the  surface  of  the  stone,  without  touching  those 
places  where  the  letters  had  been  engraven. 
He  then  laid  upon  it  a  piece  of  thick  papi.r  well 
moistened,  and  pressed  it  with  a  sponge,  or 
wooden  pin,  covered  with  linen ;  by  v.hirh 
means  Uie  paper  entered  into  the  cavity  of  the 
letters  .and  taking  up  the  dust  there,  discovered 
the  traces  of  the  letters. 

FABRI,  Honorc,  a  learned  Jesuit,  professor 
sf  philosophy,  at  Lyons,  and  penitentiary  at 
Aome,  died  in  U\?9.  He  is  said  to  have  disco 
Tcred  the  circulation  of  the  blood  before  Hervey 
FABUIANO,  Gentileda,  a  historical  painter 
of  Verona,  who  deservedly  attained  the  honours 
of  Venetian  nobility  ;  he  died  iu  1412. 

FABUIcn.'S,  Caius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
oon(iuereJ  the  Samnites,  and  spurned  the  offers 
ef  Pyrrhus  to  bribe  him.  He  afterwards  expos 
ed  to  PjTrhiis,  the  plot  of  his  -iiysician  to  poi 
son  him,  2,50  B.  C. 

FABRICIUS,  William,  a  surgeon  and  physi- 
cian, atBerne,autlior  of  several  surgical  works, 
died  in  1634. 

FABRlCltJS,  Jerome,  an  Italian,  was  a  phy- 
sician of  va-'t  repute  in  his  day     The  republic 


KA 

of  Venice,  settled  up  jn  him  a  yearly  stipend  of 
.1000  crowns  in  gold,  and  honoured  liiln  wilii  a 
islaiue  and  a  gold  chain.  He  died  about  ICIl.'i, 
'leaving  behind  hmi  several  treuliscc  both  in 
'physic  and  chirurgery. 

FABRICIUS,  George,  a  learned  Gerinan,  born 
in  Upper  Saxony,  1516.  His  chief  work  is  en 
titled  "  Roma,"  containing  a  description  of  that 
city.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous  Latin 
poem.s,  written  with  great  purity  and  elegance, 
land  dii'd  in  15T1. 

FABRICIUS,  John  Lewis,  professor  of  tht'i- 
logy  and  philobophy,  at  Heidelberg,  and  al.'^o 
|fecilesiastical  counsellor  to  the  elector,  died  at 
iFianklort,  in  lf)'.i7. 

I  FABRICIUS,  Vincent,  a  learned  Gernmn, 
iborn  at  Hamburgh.  He  wrote  Latin  jwetry  with 
'eai^e  and  elegance ;  he  was  counsellor  lo  the 
bishop  of  Lub'cc,  and  13  times  deputy  to  Poland  ; 
lie  died  in  16ti7. 

FABRICIUS,  John  Albert,  a  most  leamed 
and  laborious  historian  and  critic,  born  at  Leip- 
sic,  1668,  died  173G.  Fabricius  has  laid  the  whob; 
learned  world  under  the  greatest  obligalions , 
since  he  has  conlribnted,  more  perliajis  than 
any  other  man  e\er  did,  to  abridge  and  siioiicn 
the  fatigue  and  drudgery  which  scholars  ate 
obliged  to  undergo,  in  order  to  be  acquuiuli  li 
with  the  materials  of  tJicir  profession. 

F.VBRICII'S,  Baron,  known  to  the  pulilic  b> 
his  Ittleis  relating  to  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden, 
during  his  residence  in  the  Ottoman  empire. 
He  stood  very  high  in  the  good  graces  of  that 
|)rincc  ;  accompanied  liiin  in  his  cxetciscs,  was 
frequently  at  liis  table,  and  ?pent  hours  alone 
will)  him  in  his  closet.  He  had  but  one  enemy 
in  the  court,  viz.  general  Daldorf,  who  was 
made  prisoner  by  the  Tartars  when  they  storm- 
ed the  king's  camp  at  Bender.  Fabricius  look 
pains  to  fmd  him  out,  released  him,  and  suppli- 
ed him  Willi  money;  which  so  entirely  van- 
quished the  general,  that  l;e  ai'iorwards  l*e«  'nie 
a  warm  friend.  This  amiable  person  was  jce- 
wise  in  favour  with  kiiij;  Stanislaus,  and  with 
George  I.,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his  last 
journey  to  Hanover,  and  who  may  be  said  to 
have  died  in  his  arms. 

FABRICIUS,  Charles,  a  painter,  of  Deia 
who  gave  indications  of  great  merit,  perisliea 
in  his  house,  with  his  ])Ui)il  Spoors,  by  the  ex- 
plosion of  a  powder  magazine. 

FABRONl,  Angiolo,  a  native  of  Tuscany, 
was  prior  of  St.  Lorenzo's  church,  at  Florence, 
and  curator  of  Pisa  University.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  illustriou.<  men  of  the  house  of 
Medicis,  and  another  of  the  Iearn'?d  men  of 
Italv  in  the  17th  and  18lh  centuries,  in  21  vols  ; 
he  died  in  1802. 

FABROT,  Charles  Hannibal,  a  French  advo- 
eale  and  professor  of  law,  at  Aix,  in  Provence. 
He  published,  at  Paris,  an  edition  of  the  Baai- 
iica-,  or  the  constitutions  of  the  Eastern  empe- 
rors, and  other  valuable  and  impurtan'  forks, 
and  died  iu  10.59. 

FACCIOLATI,  Giacomo,  an  Italia*  irator 
and  grammarian,  of  Padua,  died  in  176ft 

FACHETTI,  Pietro,  an  eminent  pain.ir,  of 
Mantua,  died  at  Rome,  in  1613. 

FACINI,  Pietro,  a  historical  painter,  of  Bo- 
logna, pupil  to  Annibal  Carracci,  died  in  1602. 

FACIO,  Bartholonieo,  a  Genoese  historian 
and  biographical  writer,  in  Latin,  born  atSpez- 
zio,  in  Genoa,  died  in  1457. 

FACUNDUS,  bishop  of  Heiinianum,  in  Asia, 
during  the  reign  of  Justinian. 

FADLALLAH     or    CIIODSA    RASCHID 

ir>  181 


FA 


FA 


ADDI\,  a  Persian  author  of   a  liuiory  of  Hull    FAlrt'"  KNHKUGEU,  Aiithoiiy,  adi-un^iiisli- 


MuKiils,  v.-a-i  vizici  to  L'uzaii,  the  sultan  of  Tau- 
rus. ah-U  ICSH- 

FAi;il\rs,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Cremona, 
was  a  ravniirilr  of  pops  Pins  IV.,  and  was  ili»- 
tiugiiished  as  a  critic  and  poet  in  the  lOil;  cen- 
tury ;  ho  died  in  lot'il. 

F.VOAN,  Christopher,  a  French  cnniic  poet, 
born  1702,  died  1755.  His  plays  were  printed  iii 
4  vols.  l'2mo,  in  17C0. 

FAGE,  Raimond  de  la,  an  artist,  cclebr^tec! 
fur  his  drawings  with  the  pen  and  Indian  ink  ; 
he  dii'd  at  Laniiuedoc,  in  ItiilO. 

FAGIUS,  Paul,  alias  BUi;HLlN,  a  very 
Iparncd  proiestant  (ieruian  minister,  bom  at 
Rii(  iiizabeni,  in  1.501.  He  and  Bucer  went  to 
Ensland,  upon  receiving  letters  from  Crannier, 
in  1549.  were  entertained  some  days  in  the  pa- 
lace at  LaniuPth,  and  destined  lo  reside  at  Cam- 
bridjje.  whure  they  were  to  perfect  anew  truns 
)iiion  and  illustration  of  the  Scriptures,  Fagius 
taking  Jiie  Old  Testament,  and  Kuoer  the  New, 
for  their  several  parts.  Dut  thi?  was  al'  pnl  an 
end  to  by  the  sudden  illness  and  death  ot  boili 
these  profes^rs.  Fagius  died  Nov.  1550  ;  and 
Bucer  did  not  live  above  a  year  after. 

PAG.NAXl,  Prospero,  an  Italian  corimtntti- 
tOT  on  the  5  books  of  the  decretals,  and  secreta- 
ry to  Ih.'  holy  coiigrecation,  died  in  1678. 

FAG.NANO,  Juiius  Charles,  count  of,  nirr- 


ed  lan(1.-<-ape  painter,  of  Insprnck  died  in  17 
Ills  brother  Josepli  was  equally  eminent  in  the 
same  branch  of  Ins  profession. 

F.\LCA.\UL'S,  Hugo,  an  accurate  historian, 
of  rtiolv  ;  the  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

FALCONUEKG,  Mary,  countess  of,  third 
daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  was  a  woman  of 
jreat  beauty,  and  uncommon  strength  of  mind. 
r>.i  ibe  depor<i(ion  of  her  brother  Kiciiard,  she 

ieiied  h^T  influence  in  favor  of  the  restora- 
iMi  >f  C  U;.  '-ro  M.     She  died  in  171-2. 

F.VLCONE,  an  Dcnevento,  secretary  to  pope 
Fnnocent  II.,  and  author  of  a  History  of  Naples 
from  ll(KtolI40. 

FALCONEK,  William,  an  ingenious  Scotch 
sailor,  author  of  a  "  Jlarine  Dictionary,"  4tc<., 
au<l  of  a  charming  pathetic  poem  called  "  The 
Shipwreck,"  foundtiion  a  disaster ex|>ericiiced 
by  himself;  in  a  second  calamity  of  whi' ti 
kiiii!  he  lost  his  life,  in  1770,  on  board  of  the 
.Vurora  frit'ate. 

F  ALCO.VET,  Camille,  an  eminent  physician, 
;of  Lyons,  a  member  of  the  Frei.ch  academy, 
died  in  17CI.  His  library  contained  nearly 
500,000  volumes.  • 

FAIA'ONIA,  Probo,  a  Latin  poetess,  who 
lived  ill  the  age  of  Thcodosius. 

FALDA,  Giovanni  Uaptista,  an  admired 
Ilaliun  e'lLTaver  of  the  laet  centuiy. 


quisof  Toschi,  autiior  of  a  fie-tv.se  on  the  p-o-l)  FATjETI,  Jcronimo,  a  piet,  historian,  and 
jierties  and  use  of  the  geometrical  curve;  lie'NateMiian,  of  S.ivon.i,  ne.ir  Genoa,  ambassador 
died  in  1760.  i  (:oiii  t'lec'uke  of  Ferraia  to  Venice,  lived  about 

FAGON,  Guy  Crescent,  an  eminent  phv"!-,  lat'.". 
cian  and  botanist,  of  i  aris,  professor  oi"  boianv||    FAIiIERI,  Ordelalo,  a  doge  of  Venice,  was 
and  ciivruistrv  in  the  tovai  gardens,  and  physi-iikilled  at  the  sic^e  of  a  revolted  city  in  Dahna- 
cian  to'Loviis  XIV.,  died  in  1718.     One  of  his!  tia,  ii'  :;20. 

sons  became  a  bishop,  the  other  a  counsellor  of  |l  FALIi^lU,  Marino  .adogeofVenice,  whowaa 
state.  ijiieiected  in  a  plot  to  render  himself  absolute,  by 

FAGUNDY,  Stephen,  a  Portuguese  Jcsuil.jiihe  assassination  of  all  the  senators;  he  wa« 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1M5.  eTccutcd  in  13".4,  at  the  age  of  80,  with  aboui 

FAnUENHElT,  Gabriel  Daniel,  a  natural' 400  of  his  associates. 


philosopher,  eminent  for  his  great  improvements 
in  tiie  conslrucrion  of  thermometers,  was  born 
at  Dantzic,  1686.  He  published  a  "  Disserla- 
iion  on  Thermometers,"  1724,  and  died  in  17:ii). 
FAILLE, William  dela,  a. syndic ofToulouse, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  tliat  city,  died  in  1711. 

FAIRCLOUGH,  Samuel,  an  English  clergy- 
man, educated  at  Cambridse,  died  in  1678. 

FAniF.\X,  Edward,  an"  English  poet,  who 
floarished  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James 
I.,  and  chietly  distiliguished  himself  by  a  trans- 
lation of  Tasso's  "  Godfrey  of  Bouillon."  His 
merits  were  so  great,  that  Waller  protessed  to 
have  learnt  from  him  the  art  of  versification. 
He  was  born  at  Dentoi;,  in  Yorkshire,  and  died 
ill  103-2. 

FAIRFAX,  Thomas,  lord,  general  of  the 
parliament  forces  against  Charles  I.,  died  1671. 
See  CKO.MWELL,  Oliver. 

FAIRFAX,  Brian,  minister  of  the  episcopal 
church  in  Alexandria,  Virginia,  died  in  18(M2. 

FAIRTHOR.VE,  William,  an  eminent  English 
painter  and  engraver,  wiio  flourished  in  the  17th 
century.  He  wrote  a  book  ''  Upon  Drawing, 
Graving,  and  Etching,"  for  which  he  was  cele- 
brated by  his  friend  Flatman,  the  poet,  in  an 
cJegy  wliich  ends  with  these  lines : 

"  So  long  as  brass,  so  long  as  books  endure, 

"  So  long  as  neat-wrought  pieces,  thour't  se- 
cure ; 

"A  'Fairthorne  sculpsit,'  is  a  charm  can 
Bave 

"From  dull  oblivion  and  a  gaping  grave." 
Fairthorne  was  born  about  IGIC;  and  died  1C91. 


F.-M/K,  Jol.ii  Peter,  a  Swede,  who  studied  bo 
lany  and  medicine  'aiider  Linnsus,  ami  was  af 
terwards  professor  of  botany  at  Petersburgb 
he  died  in  1774. 

F.\LKENSTEIX,  John  Henry,  director  of  ai 
academy  of  noblemen  at  Erlingen,  and  after- 
wards in  the  service  of  the  margrave  of  Ann 
pacli ;  h"  died  in  1760. 

FALKLAND,  lord.     See  CARY. 

FALLE,  Pnilip,  a  clergyman,  aitthor  of  the 
Historv  of  Jersey,  where  he  was  horn  in  IW.! 

F.\LLOPl US,  Gabriel,  born  at  Jlodcna,  in 
1400.  lie  possessed  great  powers  of  mind,  which 
he  cultivated  by  an  intense  application  to  his 
studies  in  philosophy,  physic,  botany,  and  ana- 
tomy. In  this  last  he  made  some  new  discoveries, 
and,  among  the  rest,  that  of  the  tubes  by  which 
the  ova  descend  from  the  ovarium,  and  which, 
from  him,  are  called  the  "  Fallopian  tubes." 
He  died  at  Padua,  in  15C3. 

FALS,  Raymond,  a  medal  engraver,  settled 
at  Paris,  where  he  obtained  a  pension  of  1200 
livres,  died  at  Berlin,  in  1703. 

FALSTAFF.    See  FASTOLP. 

FALSTER,  Christian,  a  Danish  critic,  wh03« 
writingg  are  numerous ;  the  time  of  his  death  i» 
unknown. 

PANCOURT,  Samuel,  an  English  disgenting 
clergyman  and  controversial  writer,  and  insti- 
tutor  or  promoter  of  the  first  circulating  library 
ever  opened  in  England.  He  died  in  1768,  aged 
90  years. 

FANEUIL,  Peter,  founder  of  FsneuilhaJI,  in 
Boston,  died  in  1743. 


/> 


KAi\MiN<j,  Eilmunu.  J.L..  1).,  a  iiaiive  off 
CoPiioc.icut,  scttleil  as  a  Inwyiu  in  Norlij-Caro- 
ll/ia.  In  tlir  war  of  I  he  n-vnintion,  he  united 
wild  '.tie  Bri»:sfi,  aivl  ^\Zf  conspiciunif-',  fur  the 
Liiter:i«s8aii<lzoal  heiUsjilnyed  agaiiixi  hiscnuii- 
tryinen.    He  was  aftcrwiiids  made  a  gt-iieral  in 


FA 


ty  was  prodiijaliiy,  and  tlioir  ap;)lau3e  adora- 
tion. "One  <;oU,  one  Fariiiplll;"  -.viU  be  Ions 
reuicmberid  of  a  lauy  of  J'sunetion,  who,  be- 
iiig  charmed  with  a  purticula.-  pus-saco  inoneof 
his  song's,  lettered  alouo  from  ihe  '.ntes  that  iin- 
jiioiis exclamation.  IlpquiUed  Ehglaiid  inl737. 
th>'  British  service,  and  liniitenant-governor  of  I     F.VUINGUON',  Anthony,  an  r.!ii;lish  lUvine, 


Kova-!?coiia.     Me  died  in  1H18. 

F.AA'NIi.'S,  surnaniid  Strnhn,  a  Roman, 
known  by  Jii*  law  to  cliecit  the  extravagance  of 
Iiis  countrymen-  Another  of  the  same  n.inie, 
wrotp  nil  account  o(  Niui's  reign,  which  i.-.  lest. 
FANSIi.VW,  sir  Richard,  an  English  eentli- 
man,  lamous  for  his  enihassies  and  poetic  writ- 
ins;':,  born  at  Ware  P-irk,  in  Ilertfttrdshire,  1G07. 
died  Jt)«"i.">.  A  iranc^ljtion  by  hiin,  of  the  "  Pastor 
Kido"  of  Guarini,  did  niiii  much  crniit.  fc^oine 
intcrestinc  private  history  o."  tnis  family  will  be 
found  ill  Mr.  Seward's  •'  Anecdotes  of  Distin- 
gnish'^d  P.'rsciis.' 


and  author  of  several  volumes  of  sermona,  died 
in  105f!. 

F.-\R.Mr.R,  Hugh,  a  dif5sen»ing  minister,  edu- 
cated under  Dr.  Ooddndge.  a.nd  known  as  a 
theological  writer;  he  died  in  1787. 

FARMER,  Dr.  Richard,  inasterof  Emnianii,! 
College,  Cnnib.idge,  principaJ  lihrariaa  to  ;ik- 
uni  versify.  Ace.  &c. ,  was  bnm  at  Leices'er,  in 
lT.i5,  anil  distincuished,  himself  in  the  walks 
of  literature  by  a  vciy  masterly  "  Essay  on  the 
Leariantr  of  gliakspearc;"  in  which  hedecid^J 
a  point  that  had  been  much  litigiited  among  the 
loariu'd.    For  a  man  of  his  rare  eiulowment.s 


F.\RUt;Mi.\,  Michael  Angelo,  professor  ofjl  he  published  but  little:  the  essay  already  nien- 
iintiiral  histciry  and  astronomy  at  Padua,  died  at, |ti(>aed:  8omc"NotcsonShakspcarc;''a  "  room 
Napbs,  in  1"1P.  j|on  lavini;  the  first  stoiii'  of  the  public  library  in 

FARE,  Charles  Anjustus.  marquis  de  la,  a|  175.>,''  and  a  sonnet  on  tiio  king's  death,  ifi  ITfiO, 
cap;ain  in  the  French  i^nard?,  known  as  the  au-||  (both  in  the  Cambridge  coll"cticn  of  verse<?:) 
tlior  of  Memoirs  on  tfw  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,.  "  Directions  for  the  stu.ly  of  English  H>«lory  " 
dieil  ill  171'J.  ||(Eiir.ip.  Mag.  xik.  415,)  and  a  "Letter  on  DVp- 

F,\RFL,  William,  an  ,ih!e  reformer,  bom  in.jiiis  the  Critic,"  (Europ.  Mag.  xxv.  412,)  boii.g  ail 
J4?9.  Being  Jri\en  fiom  F'a'ip,  as  a  protestant,||that  is  known.  Dr.  F.,  however,  assisi'J  n.ir.v 
he  wmjt  to  Strasburgh,  (Jeiieva,  Ba.sil  and  Neiifiianthors  in  various  works,  for  which  ne  .eceive  I 


•ihatef,  where  he  preached  the  doctrines  of  the 
relbiinalion,  with  r.eal,  ability,  and  succeps,| 
ahhongi<  opposed  with  ridicule  ar'l  abuse.  He, 
was  the  associate  of  Calvin,  nnd  died  In  ISC."), 


their  public  acknowledgments  and  tl.aiiks     Uo 
difd  in  ]7;'7. 

FARNABY,  Tliomas,  an   English  grr.n.nia 
rian  and  critic,  born  .n  London,  in  1575,  dii,J  in 


F  \RET,  Miliol  1:,  one  of  the  first  membersi  16)7 
of  t'le  French  academy,  died  in  Ifvtrt.  jl     FAR ??E?E,  Peter  Louis,  son  of  pope  Paul 

FAUl.N,  Eniaiiuel  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguesel  III.,  by  a  secret  marriaiTe,  duk*?  of  rarnia,  and 
knight  and  ambassador  at  Ro'iic,  distinguished  Ipi^cenria,  w<is  as?;tisi;i  ited  in  1547,  on  account 
as  a  pt'Ot  and  histonan,  died  in  K'tO  !of  bis  tvrannv  and  debruclun'. 

FARIiNACClO,  Prosper,  an  I'alian  lawyer,']  FAR\ESR,  Alexander,  known  by  '.ho  >:!le 
whose  writings  on  the  civil  law,  are  muclii  of  cardiprJ  Farnese,  v.as  son  n»  the  f-stduke 
esteemp''  at  E'ltie,  died  in  1513.  jof  Parma,  and  br.ni  i^tiii  (long  befire  lis  fattier 

F.-iRiN  \'rO,PnuI,a'iHniin  ■iitltalianpaintfcr,liwas  novanced  to  thi  dukei-)in.>  At  fourteen 
born  ,T  '*e'cna,  l.'i2'2,  and  cut,  it  is  said,  oi;t  of  |, years  of  age  he  wis  made  biihop  of  Parma  by 
his  mother'?  wimb,  who  was  just  dead  in  la-L Clement  Vlf.  Paul  III.,  raitfd  him  to  tlie 
bour.  'If  s\as  fainoi?  also  tor  being  an  ex-|;  purple  in  1554,  and  employed  him  in  various 
cellent  swordsmir,  airl  i  very  good  orator,  andj; embassies.  He  died  in  1599,  lamented  as  a  true 
for  Ins  knowledge  it' vculptuie  and  architecture,  I  patron  of  the  arts,   and  protector  of  n;en  of 


cpp'-cially  th.it  part  of  it  which  relates  to  fortifi- 
cations. His  lasL  momet.ts  are  said  to  have 
been  as  remarkable  as  his  first,  on  account  of 
the  death  of  his  nearest  relation.  He  lay  upon 
his  death-bed  in  ICOC,  and  hi.'  wife,  who  was 
■ick  in  the  same  room,  hi;aring  him  cry  out, 
"  !iC  was  going,"'  told  him,  "she  would  bear 
him  company ;"  and  was  as  good  as  her  word, 
Ihev  both  expiring  at  the  very  same  minute. 
F.^RINELLI,  Carlo  Broschi,  an  Italian  sing 


letters. 

FARNESE,  Alexander,  nephew  to  the  Ca'di 
nal,  w.18  the  3d  dii'ie  of  Panua,  and  governor 
of  the  Low  Countries.  He  was  mortally  'vound- 
ed,  at  the  siege  of  P.euen  by  Henry  IV.,  of 
France  ard  died  in  15i>2. 

FARNEWORTH,  Ellis,  di-stinguisiiod  by 
translating  some  eminent  authors,  was  born  at 
Bonteshal!,  in  Derbyshire,  and  died  17fp3.  His 
publications  were,  "The  Life  of  Pope  Sixriipj 


er,  boiiiat  Naples  1705  ;  and,  being  trained  loi|V.,  translated  from  the  Italian,"  "  Davila": 
sin^iiisr,  acquired  great  reputation  at  Rome  and'j  History  of  France,"  "The  works  of  I\^chi,i\>'i, 
at  Bologna.  The  fame  of  his  great  talents  reach-ji  illustrated  with  Annotations,  Dissertations,  an:t 
inp  England,  he  was  engaged  to  sing  in  thel  several  new  plans  on  the  art  of  war." 


opera  at  London,  in  1734  ;  for  England  was 
then,  as  it  is  eminently  now,  the  place  of  all 
places  for  fiddlers,  singers,  dancers,  tuinblirs, 
•harpers,  and  impostors  of  every  kind,  to  flock 
to  and  grow  rich.  His  arrival  in  that  country 
was  in  the  newspapers  announced  to  the  public 
Bs  an  event  worthy  of  national  attention.  Cpon 
what  terms  Farinelli,  was  eneasedtosing  is  not 
known  to  any  de.Trep  of  ce.Hinty;  his  salary, 
however,  be  it  what  it  might,  bore  hut  small 
proportion  to  the  annual  amount  of  hia  profits, 
f  he  excessive  fondness  which  the  nobiiity  dis- 
covered for  this  peiiion,  the  caresses  they  be 


■towed  on,  ai'd  the  presents  they  made  him. 

Indicated  little  less  than  infatuation :  their  bo«n-i  1707,  before  h~e  was  30  years  of  age.    His  ron 

183 


FARaUHAR,  George,  an  ingenious  comic 
writer,  was  the  son  of  a  clergynan,  in  Ireland, 
and  born  at  Londonderry,  in  1678.  In  KWG  ht; 
went  to  London,  and  was  solicited  by  his  friend 
Wilks,  the  celebrated  actor,  to  write  a  play ;  but 
he  was  still  more  substantially  invited  by  a 
genteel  accommodation,  which  suffered  him  to 
exercise  his  genius  at  his  leisure :  for  the  earl  of 
Orrery,  who  was  ;■.  patron  ns  well  as  master  of 
letters,  conferred  a  lieutenant'scommission  upon 
him  in  his  own  regimei.t  in  Irelaiid,  which 
Farquhar  held  seveial  years,  and  behaved  him- 
self so  well  as  an  oflirer,  giving  sover.il  iitooi's 
both  of  courage  and  conduct.    He  died  in  Apr- 


FA 


FE 


•lies  display  asprightlygtnius,  and  are  extreme 
ly  divertine. 

FASTOLfT,  Sir  John,  a  valituit  and  renowned 
penoral  during'  the  Eneliili  cuiuiiusts  in  France, 
Jora  at  Yarmouth,  in  iSorfolk.iii  i:i77,  died  1459. 
fie  was  kniglited  in  Uieticid,  and  honoured  with 
the  (;arter.  Sir  John  was  a  bciieraclor  to  bold 
the  universities,  bequeathiue  a  considerable  le- 
gacy to  Cambridge  lor  building  ihe  schools  of 
Piiilosophy  and  Civil  Law  ;  and  at  Oxford  Ik 
was  iH)  bountiful  to  Magdalen  College,  that  him 
name  is  tliere  commemorated  in  an  anniversary 
."pcech.  Shakspeare  has  been  very  unjustly 
accused  of  bavini'  drawn  his  .^ir  John  Falsiaif 
to  ridicule  this  preal  and  pood  man. 

FAUCHET,  Claude,  vicar-general  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Briigcf ,  and  preacher  to  Louis XVI. 
His  manner  of  prcachitig  disgusting  the  mo- 
narch, Fauchet  brranie  a  bitter  enemy  of  the  go- 
vi-rnineni.  a  leader  in  thedestrutiipn  of  the  Bas- 
tile,  and  a  member  of  the  national  assembly 
and  of  the  convention:  lie  was  guillotined  in 
17!t3.  ! 

FACCHET,  Claude,  a  French  antiquarian, 
and  historiographer  to  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1601. 
His  writings  are  valuable,  Imt  inelegantly  writ- 
ten. 

FAUCIIEUR,  Michael  le,  a  French  protectant 
divine,  admired  as  a  preacher,  died  at  Paris,  in 

iw-. 

FAUGERES,Marsarptta  v.,  distinirnished  for 
her  hterary  acconiplishnients,  was  a  native  of 


the  state  of  New- York  ;  slie  was  unfortunate  in  icste'.med. 


keeper  of  the  tnendicean  library,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Xocera  ;  he  died  in  J.loT. 
I     r.AVKE,  Anthony,  au  eminent   lawyer   at 
Bre-se,  aAerwaids  governor  ol  Savoy, died  in 
Iti'-M. 
FA  VRE,  Claude.    SeeVAUGELAS. 
FAWCETT,  sir  William,  an  English  offic«r 
of  great  merit,  who,  for  his  services,  was  pro- 
'moied  to  the  rank  of  general,  made  a  knight  of 
'the  bath,  and  governor  of  Clielsea  hospital ;  he 
died  in  1604. 

t  FAWKES,  Francis,  an  ingenirjus  English 
poet  and  divine,  horn  in  Yorkshire,  17^1.  He 
published  a  volume  of  poems,  by  subscription, 
1701,  in  8voi  and  several  jjoeins  afterwards. 
But  his  great  »tren|:th  is  supposed  to  have  Iain 
in  translation  ;  as  his  Anacrcon,  Sappho,  Bion, 
Mosclius,  Musaiiis,  and  Theocritus,  show.  His 
name  is  set  to  a  "  Familv  Bible,  with  iioteE, 
1701,"  in  4to.     He  died  Aug.  20, 1777. 

FA  YDIT,  Anselm,  a  Provencal  iwet,  or  trou. 
badour,  celebrated   among  the  princes  of  his 
['time  for  his  wit,  and  the  elegance  of  his  man- 
iners  ;  he  died  in  1220. 

FAY'^DIT,  Peter,  a  French  priest,  known  for 
his  satirical  attacks  on  Bossiiet  and  Fenelon, 
Idled  in  1700. 

I  FAY'EITE,  Louisa  do  la,  a  French  lady  ef 
lareat  celebrity,  maid  of  honour  to  Anne  of  Aus- 
jtria,  and  the  confiileiit  of  Lotiis  XIII.,  retired  to 
[a  convent,  after  reconcilii.g  the  monarch  to  his 
queen,  where  she  died  universally  beloved  and 


hor  marriage,  and  died  in  IdOl.    She  published 
several  little  poems. 

FAULKNER,  George,  a  worthy  printer,  of 
Dublin,  of  no  mean  celebrity,  being  the  fust  man 
who  carried  his  profession  to  a  high  degree  of 
credit  in  Ireland.    He  waa  the  confidential  prii 


FAYETTE,  Marie  Madeleine,  countess  of,  a 
French  lady,  more  distinguished  by  her  literary 
productions  than  by  hor  family.  !?lie  was  mar- 
ried to  the  count  de  Fayette,  in  165,"),  and  died  in 
1693.  /rhe  principal  works  of  this  lady  are, 
'Zaide,"  a  romance  often  printed,  and  "La 


ter  of  dean  Swift ;  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  .Prinresae  de  CIcves,"  a  romance  also,  to  which 
and  patronage  of  the  earl  of  Chesterfield,  whose|  Fontcnelle  is  said  to  have  given  four  readings. 


ironical  letters  to  Faulkner,  comparing  him  to 
Atticus,  are  perhaps  the  finest  parts  of  his  writ- 
ings. He  settled  at  Dublin,  as  a  printer  and 
bookseller,  soon  after  the  year  1726;  raised 
there  a  very  comfortable  fortune  by  his  well- 
known  "  Journal,"  and  other  laudable  under- 
takings ;  and  died  an  alderman  of  Dublin,  Aug. 
26, 1775. 

FAUtlUIER,  Francis,  succeeded  governor' 
Dinwiddie,  as  chief  magistrate  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia.  He  was  respected  for  his  integrity, 
talents,  and  piety,  and  was  extremely  popular 
with  the  colonists;  he  died  in  1768. 

FAUR.  Guy  de,  lord  of  Pibrac,  advocate-gene- 
ral of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  counsellor  of 
Slate,  known  also  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  1584. 
FAT'ST,  or  FAUSTUS.  See  FUST. 
F.^UST  A,  Flavia  Ma.ximiana,  second  wife  of 
the  emperor  Constantine,  was  sufiocaied  in  a 
bath,  for  her  incontinence,  in  327. 

FAUSTINA,  Anna  Galeria,  the  wife  of  An- 
toninus Piua,  known  only  for  her  profligacy, 
died  in  111. 

FAUS TUS,  an  English  monk,  abbot  of  the 
monastery  of  the  Lerin  islands,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Riez,  in  Provence  ;  he  died  in  481. 

FAVART,  Charles  Simon,  a  Parisian,  known 
for  his  admired  operas,  died  in  1793. 

FAVARTjMarie  Justine  Benoite,  a  celebrated 
French  actress,  wife  of  the  preceding,  died  in 
1772. 

FAVOLIUS,  Hugo,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
poet,  died  in  1585. 

FAVORLNUS,  a  Platonic  philo.sopher,  who 
lived  in  the  a;;e  of  Adrian 
FAVORI.\US,  Varinus,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
184 


M.  Fayette  was  so  regardless  of  fame,  U»at  shu 
published  these  works  under  the  name  of  So^ 
grais,  who,  however,  is  supposed  to  have  been* 
no  farther  concerned  than  in  aiding  a  little  in 
the  design  of  them.  Voltaire  says,  that  the  ro- 
mances of  Fayette  were  the  firsi  which  oxhi- 
hited  the  manners  of  people  of  fashion  in  a 
graceful,  easy,  natural  v/ay  :  all  before  having 
been  pompous,  bombast,  and  swelling  every 
thing  beyond  nature  and  Ufe. 

FEARNE,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  con- 
veyancer, and  author  of  a  well-known  work, 
entitled.  "An  Essay  on  Contingent  Remainders 
andExccutory  Devises,"  born  in  1742,  died  Jan. 
21.  1794. 

FE  ATLEY ,  or  FAIRCLOUGH.Daniel,  D.D., 
an  English  divine,  celebrated  as  an  able  theolo- 
gian, and  as  a  popular  and  eloquent  preacher; 
he  was  provost  of  Chelsea  college,  where  he 
[died  in  1645. 

FECHT,  or  FECHTIUS,  John,  a  Lutheran 
[divine,  settled  at  Rostock,  died  in  1716. 

FECKENHAM,  John  de,  so  called  because 
he  waB  born  of  poor  parents,  in  a  cottage,  near 
the  forest  of  Feckenliam,  in  Worcestershire,  his 
right  name  being  Ilowman.  He  was  the  lost 
abbot  of  Westminster,  and  died  in  1585.  Cam- 
den calls  him  a  "  learned  and  good  man,  that 
lived  long,  did  a  ^real  deal  of  good  to  the  poor, 
and  always  solicited  the  roinds  of  his  adver- 
saries to  benevolence." 

FEIJOO,  Benedict  Jcrom,  a  Spanish  Bene- 
[dictine,  who  attempted,  by  hi?  writings,  to  ex- 
pose the  ignorance  of  the  elerg^',  and  the  inuti- 
litv  of  pilarimages,  &c.    He  died  in  1765. 

JFEITHUS,  Everard,  a  learned  Gennan,  wlto 


FE 

rotircii  to  Frc-uioe,  wliere  he  became  coiispicu-l 
oiis  lor  his  learning,  ajid  was  huiiouretl  with  the] 
f'n.'iulship  of  the  most  eminent  licerJlry  men  of 
tli;u  couiiiry. 

FKl.l  HIEN,  Andrew,  counsellor  and  hutorio 
giajiiiei  to  the  kiiijj  of  Franco,  boni  at  Chartre« 
ill  liil!),  died  IfiUS.  liis  "  Dialogues  upon  the 
Livi.9  of  the  Painters"  have  dune  hiiu  great  ho- 
nour. 

FELIRIEN,  John  Francis,  son  of  the  prcced 
inx,  inherited  from  lii;^  lailicr  a  lawte  and  know 
I  il^u  of  the  line  arts,  and  sticcieded  him  in  all 
his  appulnnncnts;  he  died  in  1733 

FiCl.llilEN,  James,  brother  of  Andrew,  and 
iri'.luli:acon  of  Chartres,  died  in  1716. 

FClilBlEX,  Mich.icl,  son  of  Andrew,  an  au 
thiirol  reputation,  died  in  17111. 

FEI. IX,  governor  of  Judca, ill  llicrcijpiofXero. 

FKIJX,  bishop  of  Ur!;olla,  in  Spain,  disposed 
Tor  ItereHi'al  opinion'-,  <Jied  in  exile  in  81.). 

FKMX,  Mini'dns,  a  lather  of  the  primitive 
church,  wlio  floui'i.=hed  in  the  3d  cen*'iry,  about 
The  year  ihJO.  He  wrote  a  very  elegant  dialogue 
ill  del'eiice  of  the  Christian  religion,  entitled 
"  Octaviiis." 

FELIX  I.,  pope  after  Dionysius,  was  put  to 
death  in  i'li,  and  canonized. 

FFLI.X  II.,  was  elected  pope  in  353,  and  af- 
Cerw.ird.s  died  in  exile  in  3G5. 

FF.LIX  III.,  elevated  to  the  papacy  in  the 
reiiin  of  Zeno,  died  in  492. 

FF.LIX  IV.,  a  pious  and  e.vemplary  prelate, 
was  chosen  pope  in  52G,  and  died  four  years  after 

FF.LL.  Dr.  John,  an  eminently  learned  di- 
vine, nnd  bishop  of  Oxford,  b'jrn  alLongworth, 
in  H^rksliire,  IG-ii,  died  l(H(i. 

FELL,  John,  an  Knglish  dissenting  minister, 
tutor  i:f  an  academy  at  Hoinerton,  died  in  1797 

FELLER,  .loachim  Frederic,  a  learned  Ger 
man,  secretary  to  the  duke  of  Weimar,  died  in 
17-\>. 

FF.LLER,  Francis  Xavirr,  an  ex-josuit,  of 
Brussels,  author  of  Observaiions  on  Xewton's 
riiilosophy,  and  on  Bnllon's  works,  with  other 
writings  :  he  died  in  ]SOi. 

PELLTII  AM,  Owen,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  ill  Suffolk,  wiio  lived  many  years  in  the 
family  of  the  earl  of  Thomond,  wrote  a  book 
Creat  merit,  called  "  Resolves,  Divine,  Moral, 
and  rolitical,"  many  edi.ions  of  which  have 
been  published.     He  died  about  1R78. 

FELTON,  John,  an  Englishman,  known  only 
as  the  murderer  of  Villicrs,  duke  of  Bucking 
ham,  in  I(>23,  for  which  he  was  executed,  llis 
father  and  grandfather  had  been  executed  be- 
fore him,  as  biaoted  and  seditious  catholics. 

FELTON,  Hcnrv,  principal  of  Ednmnd  hall 
Oxford,  died  in  1739. 

FEXDALL,  Josias,  governor  and  chief  jus 
lice  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  was  succeed ud 
in  Il><iO  by  Calvert.  He  was  afterwards  banislicd 
from  the  province,  for  misdemeanors. 

FE.NELON,  Francis  de  Salignac  de  la  Motte 
archbishop  of  Cambray,born  at  the  castle  of 
Feuelon,  in  the  province  of  Perigord,  16.51,  died 
ni.'i.  Ho  wrote  many  works;  but  what  lia.«^ 
gainid  him  the  greatest  reputation,  and  for 
wliich  he  will  be  immortal,  is  his  "Telem;u  !m3."| 


FE 

one  of  the  best  books  that  is  written  in  French, 
upon  that  subject. 

FENN,  Sir  Joiin,  a  very  learned  antiquary, 
born  in  Norwich,  1739,  died  February,  1794,  hay- 
ing greatly  distinguished  himself  by'lds  applica- 
tion to  the  study  of  natural  history  and  antiqui 
ties,  which  enabled  him  to  collect  and  publish^ 
in  4  vols.  4io,  a  large  collection  of  "  Original 
Letters,  written  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VI., 
Edward  IV.,  Richard  III.,  and  Henry  VIL,"  by 
such  of  the  Paston  family,  and  others,  as  were 
personally  present  in  court  and  camp,  and  were, 
in  tho^ie  times,  persons  of  great  consequence  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk.  These  letters  contaiit 
many  curious  and  authentic  state  anecdotes,  re- 
laliun  not  only  to  Norfolk,  but  to  the  kingdom  in 
general,  aud  to  the  warn  in  France. 

FENNER,  Arthur,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Rhode-Island,  died  in  1805. 

FENTON,  sir  GeolTrey,  an  eminent  writer 
and  statcsm.iu  during  the  rtigns  of  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.,  was  born  in  Nottinghamshire,  and 
dkd  in  1(108.  He  is  known  by  a  translalioil 
from  the  Italian  of  "The  IlistTiiy  of  the  Wars 
of  Italv,  by  Guiciardini 

FENTON,  Elijah,  secretary  to  the  earl  of  Or- 
rery, an  elegant  iwet,  and  one  of  the  worthiest 
and  most  modest  men  that  ever  adorned  the 
court  of  Apollo.  In  1717  he  published  a  volume 
of  poems,  and  in  17-23  introduced  upon  the  stage 
his  tragtHjy  of  "  .^lariamne."  Fenion  was  much 
beloveil  by  Mr.  Pope,  who,  after  his  death, (1730) 
honoured  him  with  the  following  epitaph : 

"  This  modest  stone,  what  few  vain  marbles  can , 
"  May  truly  say.  Here  lies  an  honest  man : 
"  A  port  bless'd  beyond  a  poet's  fate, 
"  Whom  Heaven  kept  sacred  from  the  proud 

and  great : 
"  Foe  to  loud  praise,  and  friend  to  learned  ease, 
"  Content  with  .science  iii  the  vale  of  peace, 
"  Calmly  he  looked  on  cither  life,  and  here 
"  Saw  nothing  to  regret,  or  there  to  fear  : 
"  From  Nature's  temperate  feast  rose  satisfied, 
"  Thank'dhcav'n  that  be  had  liv'd,  aud  that  h9 

died." 

FERAJITOLI,  Nuzio,  an  eminent  Italian 
land-rape  painter  in  the  17th  century. 

FERD!N.\ND  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  waa 
crowned  king  of  Hungary,  in  15-27,  elected  king 
of  the  Romans,  in  1531,  and  succeeded  his  bro- 
tlier  Charles  V.  as  emperor,  in  1558 ;  he  died  iii 
15M. 

FERDINAND  IT.,  king  of  Bohemia  andHun- 
uary,  and  emperor  of  Germany,  in  IfilO;  after 
subduing  his  revolted  Bohemian  subjects,  anJ 
waging  successful  war  against  Denmark,  and 
other  neighbouring  powers,  he  died  at  Vienna, 
in  1037. 

FERDINAND  III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  wa.-» 
also  king  of  Boheinia,  &c.,  and  emperor  of  Ger- 
many. His  plans  of  ambition  and  aggrandize- 
ment were  successfully  opposed  by  the  Swedes, 
under  the  duke  of  Weimar,  and  by  the  French, 
under  the  great  Conde,  until  the  peace  of  West- 
phalia, &c.  :  the  emperor  died  in  lt".)7. 

FERDINAND  I.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
urnamed  the  Great,  defeated  tlie  kins  of  Leon, 


No  work  ever  had  a  greater  reputation;  tlirjj  and  usurped  his  throne  ;  he  pciietraiid  into  the 
style  of  it  is  livi  ly,  natural,  aud  brautit<il  :  flu  ||  centre  of  Portugal,  and  afterwards  defeated  and 
fictions  well  conuivod  ;  the  moral  subliine  :  andj  'Killed  his  brother,  the  king  of  Navarre ;  he  died 


the  political  maxinis  lending  all  to  the  liappine 
of  mankind.  He  published  another  ronsiderubie 
work,  entitled,  "A  Demonstration  of  the  Being 
of  God,  grounded  on  the  knowledge  of  Nature 
and  suited  to  the  uieanusi  capacity;"  whic'i  is 


16* 


in  10f55. 

FERDIN'AND  TI.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
and  son  of  Alplionso  VIII.,  died  in  1187. 

FERDINAND  III.,  St.,  obtained  the  throne 
of  Castile  on  (he  abdication  of  his  mother;  and 


1P5 


FK 


FE 


fliai  of  Leon,  on  the  death  of  his  lallier,  Al- ilwiiirh   he   resigned  in  favour  of  Mr.  Uugald 


jthoiLso  IX.,  in  1230  ;  he  made  war  guccessiully 
against  the  Moors,  and  died  in  lio2. 

FKRUIXANi)  IV.,  succeeded  to  llie  ilirone  of 
Caslil'j  at  10  vearii  of  ago,  and  died  suddenly  in 
i:tJ3. 

FERDINAND  V.,  aurnamed  the  Calholic. 
•inited  the  kiij<:dums  of  (, aniile  and  Arragon,  by 
his  marriage  with  l«nbella,  of  t  'asiile.  Duriiis 
their  reign,  the  Moorisn  power  in  t?pain  wa<<  de- 
stroyed by  Ferdihiind,  and  a  new  world  was 
added  to  tlieir  d'lniinions,  by  the  discoveries  of 
Columhn?  ;  he  died  in  151'i. 

FF.RDINAM)  VI.,  surnanied  the  Wise,  suc- 
ceeded his  fatlier,  Philip  v.,  ill  174G.  lie  was 
(iislinL'nished  for  his  justice,  prudence,  and  be- 
iievoli-iice,  and  his  reiyn  v.  a.s  prosperous  and 
pofiular;  he  died  in  1759.  ^ 

FKUD1.\-\NU  I.,  king  of  Nai.,.,  i  and  Siuily, 
alihougli  a  patron  of  coinnici-ce  and  the  arts,  was 
unpopular  lor  his  cruelties ;  he  died  in  1494. 

Fli^KDINANI),  king  otPorluL'al.(tied  in  1383, 
afi'T  a  iiirbulent  and  unfortunate  re).!n. 

FERDIN.\ND  I.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
einliient  for  the  wisdom  and  energy  of  his  go- 
vernment ;  tie  died  in  1009. 

FERDINAND  II.,  piand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
after  Cosmo  11.,  was  respected  by  all,  for  the  de- 
cided and  iiiiparlial  neutrality  he  preserveddur- 
Mj;  liie  wars  between  France  and  6pahi;  he  died 
ill  IGta. 

FKRDINAND,  of  Cordova,  aSpaniard,  of  the 
jTitli  century,  so  conspicuous  for  his  learninp, 
tliai  he  was  considered  by  the  vulgar  as  a  magi- 
eian. 

FF.ROINAND  LOPEZ,  aPortuguese,  who,  in 
the  liith  century,  visited  the  Ea:<t  Indies,  and 
publiified  a  valuable  account  of  his  voyage,  fee. 
FEUD1.V.\ND,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philoso- 
pher of  Rru20s.  died  at  Paris,  in  1494. 

FERDIN.^Nb,  .lohn,  a  Jesuit,  of  Toledo, 
known  as  a  ilieoiogical  writer,  died  in  1595. 

I'EIIDIN.VND  DE  JESUS,  an  elofiuent  Car- 
Dielire  nioiik,  of  Spain,  in  the  17th  century. 

FEllDlN.-VNDl.Epiphanius,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician. dii;d  in  lG:i8. 

FEllDOUSI,  Hassan  Ben  Scharf,  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  the  Persian  poets.  His  epic 
j).>fin,  entitled  "  Schaiianiek,"  that  is,  "  The 
History,"  contains  the  ainials  of  the  kinu's  of 
Persia,  and  consists  of  60,000  verse-s.  Feidousi 
Composed  this  poem  at  the  command  of  the  sul- 
tan Mahraoud,  and  was  employed  upon  it  thirty 
years;  after  which  recei\ins only 60,000 drach- 
mas of  silver  for  his  trouble,  he  quilted  the  court 
of  Mahmoud  in  disgust,  and  wrote  satirical 
vcrs<!.--  against  him.    He  died  in  lO-'JO. 

FERG,  or  FERGIRE,  Francis  Paul,  an  emi- 
nent landscape  painter,  born  at  Vienna,  died  at 
Jjiiiidoii,  in  1740. 

^ERGU^^  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  elected  ' 
for  his  services  in  repelling  the  Picts  ;  hi 
drowned  in  404. 

FERGUSON,  Robert,  a  non-conforinif  li- 
vine,  and  a  teacher ;  afterwards  the  associate 
of  ^Ionmouth,  died  in  1714. 

FERGUSON,  Wiliiam,  a  Scotch  painter,  died 
in  1690. 

FERGUSON,  Dr.  Adam,  a  natural  and  mo- 
ral philosopher,  and  political  writer,  born  in 
i^cotland,in  1724.  His  principal  writings  were 
"  An  Essav  on  Civil  Society;"  "  History  of  the 
Roman  R«"public  ;"  "  A  Treatise  on  .Moral  and 
Political  Science;"  and  "  Institutes  of  Moral 
Philosophy."  Dr.  Ferguson  held  many  years  a 
professorship  in  the  university  0^  Edinburgh 
186 


Stewart.     He  died  in  1816. 

FERGUSON,  James,  an  cxtraordiuary  phe- 
noinennn  of  the  self-taught  kind,  particularly  in 
till  asirononiical  branch  of  science,  was  boiT. 
ill  iiainlfshire,  Scotland,  in  1710.  His  partnls 
being  in  low  circumstances,  he  was  obliged  tu 
keep  sheep  for  four  years;  but  in  this  situation 
he  learned  to  mark  tiie  position  of  the  stars 
with  a  thread  and  bead.  Une  Alexander  Cant 
ley,  butler  to  Thomas  Grant,  esq.,  taught  him 
icciinal  aritlimelic,  algebra,  and  the  elements 
of  geometry :  after  this  he  went  into  two  very 
hard  services.  His  ingenuity  ai  length  intro- 
duced him  to  Sir  James  Dunbar,  when  he  loom- 
ed to  draw,  and  began  to  take  portraits.  At  30 
years  of  age,  he  invented  his  Astronomical  Ro- 
tula,  a  machine  for  showing  tlie  new  moons  and 
;clipses.  About  J744  he  went  to  London ,  and, 
by  his  delineation  of  the  complex  line  of  the 
moon's  motion,  procured  the  honour  of  being 
elected  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  without  pay- 
ing for  admission.  His  dissertations  and  inven- 
tions in  mechanics,  and  other  branches  of  the 
mathematics,  introduced  him  to  the  favour  of 
king  George  III.,  who  conferred  an  annual  pen- 
sion of  501.  uiwn  liiin.  He  died  November  16 
1776. 

FERGUSSON,  Robert,  a  very  ingenious 
though  unfortunate,  Scotch  poet, born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1750,  died  Oct.  16,  1774.  He  was  pos- 
sessed of  the  brightest  genius,  and  the  best  heart; 
but  his  social  qualifications  were  so  fascinating 
iiliE.  ihey  led  him  into  a  course  of  dissipation 
and  imprudence,  which  too  often  is  the  ruin  of 
men  of  genius.  Burns  (his  brother  poet,  ainS 
nthusiaslic  admirer)  erected  a  neat  monument 
to  his  memory  in  the  Canongate  church  yard. 

FERM.\T,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  was 
distinguished  as  an  able  lawyer,  ami  an  eminen. 
mathematician  and  philosopher ;  the  associate 
01'  De-^rartes  and  Huygens ;  be  died  in  16('>4. 

FERMOK,  William  count  Von,  an  officer  in 
the  Russian  service,  distinguished  for  his  vie 
tories  over  the  Turks  and  Prussians,  and  parti- 
cularly over  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  for  the 
capture  of  Berlin ;  he  died  in  1771. 

FERNANDEZ,  Anthony,  superior  of  the 
Portuguese  Jesuit  missionaries,  in  India,  and 
author  of  commentaries  on  parts  of  the  Did 
Testament ;  he  died  in  1628. 

FERNANDEZ,  Benedict,  a  PortugucBe  Jesuit, 
and  also  a  writer  of  commentaries  on  Scripture 
died  in  ir.:i0. 

FTCKN.^NDEZ,  .-Vlphonso,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican,  and  writer,  died  in  1640. 

FF.RNEL,  John  Francis,  physician  to  Hcnr* 
11.  of  France,  was  distinguished  for  bis  indefaL. 
gable  attention  to  his  studies,  for  his  attainmenW 
n  philosopliy  and  medicine,  and  for  his  attach- 
ment to  private  life  ;  he  died  in  1558. 

FERNOITILI-OT  DE  FALBAIRE,  Charles 
George,  a  French  author;  he  died  in  1801. 

FERRACINO,  Bartolomco,  a  selftaughl  and 
ingenious  nvjchanic,  born  at  Bassan,  in  Padua^ 
died  in  MCA. 

FERRAND,  James,  a  French  physician,  and 
author  of  a  treatise,  "De  la  Maladied' Amour," 
printed  at  Paris,  in  1622;  and  published  in  En- 
glish, in  1640. 

FERRAND,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  ani 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  died  iii  1699 
FERR.VND,  .Anthony,  a  counsellor  of  Paris, 
author  of  madrigals,  songs,  &c.,  died  in  1719. 

FERR.\ND,  James  Philip,  a  French  painter 
in  enamel,  died  in  173i! 


FE 

VkKRANUL'ss,  Fulsfiilius,  a  deacon  of  Car- 
tiia'^i',  iUv.a  beliiru  551. 

I'lUlKAR,  Robert,  bistiop  of  St.  Davids,  was 
burnt  as  a  hcrfiic,  in  the  rei^n  of  Mary,  in  I55J. 

l'i;UR.VH,  Nicholas,  a  native  ol'  LouiIdu, 
was  secretary  to  the  Virginia  company,  and 
al'ierwards  a  iiiembor  of  parhaiiient ;  he  died 
!ii  Hi:)". 

K1-;RK.\RI,  Lewis,  of  Milan,  professor  of  ma- 
Uiematics  at  liolofina,  where  he  died  in  IfiOi. 

l'EKR.\Rl,  Antony  Mary  Zacliary  Canlio 
liwuew,  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Bavnabitct: 
at  Milan,  died  in  1544. 

FIORK.VKl,  (Jctavian,  an  Italian  author,  born 
at  Mil.m,  1518,  died  in  l.)r?t).  Though  excellently 
skilled  in  poiito  literature,  yet  he  was  princi- 
pally 1'aniiiu.s  tor  pliilosop|iy,  being  esteemed  a 
second  .•\rlstotlc. 

FEKll.MH,  Francisco  Bernavdino,  of  the 
sauic  family  with  the  former,  horn  at  Milan, 
1577,  died  lf>60.  He  was  an  able  divine  and 
isacred  hisioriaii,  and  of  no  mean  talents  as  an 
aniinuary. 

FKKR.\JII,  Octavio,  hi8torioj;rapher  of  Milan, 
of  the  same  laniily  with  the  foiniiM-,  born  in 
lt)07,  died  iu  1082.  lie  was  remarkable  lor  the 
sweplness,  sincerity,  and  allability  of  lii^  temper ; 
aud  had  so  happy  a  way  of  conciliatiii';  persons 
exasp<eraicd  astaiust  each  other,  that  he  acquired 
the  title  of  "  'J'lie  Reconciler." 

FKRIIARI,  .lohii  Baptist,  a  Jesuit,  author  of 
a  Syriae  Dictiouary,  Sec. ;  lie  died  in  16.55. 

FRRRAllI,  liiovaimi  Andrea,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  died  in  l(ir>9.  '  '' 

FKRRARIKN.siS,  a  general  of  the  Domini 
cans,  and  a  writer  on  philosophy,  died  iu  1x28. 

FEKR.VKS,  George,  a  dLstiiiguislied  advocate, 
a  member  of  parlianieiii,  and  a  favourite  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  of  his  siicces'^or.  He  wrote 
the  History  of  Uueen  .Mary,  the  Tragedy  of 
Richard  II.,  and  gther  works,  and  died  in  lv57!t. 

FKRR  Alts,  Edward,  a  poet  and  favourite  of 
Henry  Vlll.,  died  in  IStil. 

FKRRAKS,  Henry,  of  ihesamc  family  asthe 
preceding,  is  known  as  having  made  lai'i»e  and 
vahiaOle  collections  for  a  history  of  his  native 
coiiutrv  ;  he  died  in  IG'S.i. 

FEURAUD,  N.,  a  deputy  to  the  national 
convention  of  France,  disiinauished  for  his  ha 
tred  of  monarchy,  wiis  shot  at  Paris,  in  171)5, 
duriiiif  an  .ttlack  on  the  convention. 

FERUF, AS,  Don  John  of,  horn  at  Raba- 
iiP7za,  in  Spain,  iu  !ti.5i,  died  in  17;C>.  He  was 
author  of  a  Spanish  Diriionary,  and  of  several 
works  in  Tlic.)!o<;y,  I'hilosopliy,  and  History  ; 
the  most  considerable  of  which  was  a  "  General 
'history  of  .Spain." 

FEKREIN,  .\ntony,  a  French  anatomist,  and 
liTlureron  Materia  Medica  ;  he  died  in  1709. 

VERRF.TI,  or  FERRETL'.S,  a  poet  and  nisf 
rtftii,  of  Vicenza.  who  contributed  to  the  leviva. 
of  learuint!  in  Europe,  in  the  14tli  century. 

FERRETI,  Emilio,  an  Italian  lawyer,  secre- 
tj^ry '"  pope  I.eoX.,  died  at  Avignon,  in  I55i!. 

FERRETV,  Giovanni  Batista,  a  Benedictine 
raouk,  of  Vicenza;  the  time  of  iiis  death  is  un- 
known. 

FERRI,  Paul,  a  learned,  popular,  and  elo- 
quent divine,  of  .Met/,,  died  in  HiCO. 

FERIvt.Ciro,  a  celebrated  liwtorir  painter. 
born  at  Rome,  iu  lH34.dii-(l  H")89.  lli' wa.-.ifaiih 
ful  imitator  of  Peter  de  Corlona.  under  whom  he 
had  been  bred  ;  and  to  whom  he  came  so  near 
in  bis  ideas,  his  invention,  ami  his  manner  of 
painting,  that  his  ci^ilings,  particularly,  are  jftoii 
■tistalveu  for  I'urtuiia's. 


FE 

FEURiAR,  .lolin,  M.  D.,  an  estimable  writer 
on  medicine,  the  belles  lettres,  and  archaioloijy, 
died  ai  Manchester,  in  1815.  He  published  "  11- 
usiraiions  of  titerne,"  in  which  he  detected 
he  source  I'rom  whit  h  Sterne  had  evidently  boi^ 
owed  many  of  the  ideas  dispersed  thiough  his 
eccentric  performances. 

FERRIKR,  Jeremy,  professor  of 'divinity  at 
Xlsines,  and  secretary  to  the  king  of  France,  in 
Ili'Jfp,  the  year  of  his  death. 

FERRIEE,  Arnauld  de,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  called  the  Cato  ol  France,  was  born  at  Tou 
louse,  iu  150>i,  died  1565. 

FERRIER,  Lewis,  a  poet  and  dramatic  Vk'riler, 
born  a,  Avignon,  died  in  1721. 

FIORRIKR,  John,  a  Jesuit,  and  confessor  to 
the  Freni.h  kiii'4,  died  in  1()74. 

FERRIEIf^S.CIaudede,  adoctor  of  civil  law 
•at  Paris,  and  ,rtii)r  of  several  valuable  books 
on  that  subject,  dfed  in  171.5. 

FERRU.\.  Arnauld  du,  a  lawyer  of  Bour- 
deauv,  aut'ior  of  an  elegant  Latin  history  of 
France,  to  'ue  reign  of  Francis  I.,  in  continua- 
tion of  that  of  iEinilius  ;  he  died  in  1503. 

FEUTE,  Henry  de  i^euccterre  Mareclial  de,  a 
celelirated  French  general  in  the  reigns  of  Louis 
Xlll.  and  his  successor  ;  he  died  iu  1C81. 

FERUS,  John, superior  of  the  gray  friar.s  »t 
.Mem/.,  known  as  a  popular  preacher,  and  as  a 
coinmentator  (jn  the  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1654. 

FE.S  rr.S,  I'orcins,  a  proconsul  of  Judea,  by 
uhoni  the  apostle  Paul  was  sent  to  Rome. 

FEri TUS,  l'om|)eius,  a  celebrated  grammarian 
of  antiquity,  who  abridged  a  work  of  "  Vcrriui 
Flaccus  de  f'igiiiticatione  Verburuin." 

FETTI,  Doinintco,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Rome,  in  15c<l),  died  lfi24.  From  the  painting« 
f  Julio  Romano  he  took  his  colouring,  the  bold- 
ness of  his  characters,  and  a  beautiful  manner  of 
thinking;  he  was  very  delicate  in  his  thoughtti; 
had  a  grandeur  of  expression,  and  a  mellownesa 
1^'  pencil,  that  pleased  the  connoisseurs.  Hii 
picuires  ate  scarce,  and  much  sought  after. 

FEULLKE,  Lewis,  botanist  to  Lewis  XIV. 
of  Fiance,  born  at  Provence,  in  lUCiO,  died  1732. 
There  is  of  his  a  "  Journal  des  Observatlotit 
Physiques,  Matlicmaliques,  et  Botaniqucs," 
made  upon  the  coasts  of  South  America  and 
.\ew  Spain,  which  is  said  to  be  vofy  exact  and 
curiuns,  ihonch  written  inelegantlv- 

FKUaUlERES,  Anthony  de  Pas,  marquit 
of,  distinguished  as  an  officer,  and  made  a  niar- 
bhdl  tor  his  services  in  Germany:  he  died  in 
1711. 

FEURBORN,  Justus,  rector  of  the  university 
lof  Giessen,  and  author  of  several  theological 
works  in  Latin,  died  in  1656. 
I     FEUSTKING,  John  Henry,  professor  and 
-Victor  of  divinity  In  the  university  at  Wittem- 

'  <,  confessor  to  the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  conn- 
.'r  to  the  dnke  of  Saxe  Gothu,  died  in  17J3. 
n'ARDENTIITS,or  FEVVARDENT,Fran- 
c.    ,..  Fiaiicisi:an  triar,  known  for  his  bigoted 
hdsi  ility  to  the  protestauts ;  he  died  in  1641. 

FEVRE,  t^'laude,  a  French  painter,  died  n 
London,  in  1()75. 

FEVRE,  Guy  Ic.sleur  de  la  Boderie,  a  poet 
of  Lower  Normandy,  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  oriental  literature,  died  in  1598. 

FEVRE,  Anthony  le,  brother  of  Guy,  was  in 
the  service  ol  Henry  IV.  of  Friince,  and  his  am- 
iliassador  to  Ent'laiul, &c. ;  he  diid  in  1615. 

FEVRE,  Nicnolas  le,  a  French  jesnit.  author 
of  a  treatise  on  true  religion,  died  in  1755. 

FEVRE,  James  le,  a  learned  Frenchman,  the 
!,>'■  lend  aud  (orrtsjwuUent  of  l^ra^nins,  published 


FI 

traaslation  of  the  New  Tesiameul  with  coin- 
juentark's  ;  lie  died  in  1537,  agiii  97. 

FEVUE,  \ichoia!>  Ic,  born  at  I'aris,  was  dis- 
iinguislicU  as  a  protbund  scholar,  well  acquaint' 
«d  witti  the  ci\ii  law,  bellcs-lcliitis,  and  iiiuihc- 
inatics.  He  was  preceptor  to  the  duke  ol'Coude, 
and  alterwaids  of  Lewis  XIII. ;  he  died  in  1611- 

FEVRE,  Tailaiiuil,  or  'ranneiiui,  a  learned 
man,  profe»8or  iu  the  univeisity  at  tsaumur  ;  he 
died  in  ltJ72. 

FEVKE,  Roland  lo,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Anj<ju,  died  at  London,  in  1G77. 

FEVRET,  Charles,  an  eminent  French  civi- 
lian, born  in  IjrfU,  died  16(51.  Several  authors 
have  mentioned  him  and  his  works  iji  a  very 
honourable  manner. 

FEVRKT  DB  FONTETTE,  Charles  Marie, 
an  eminent  Freiicli  lawyer,  and  a  member  of  the 
acadf mv of  btlles-lettres,  died  in  1772. 

FEVUE.\U,  .Maltlicw,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  a  tiieological  writer,  died  in  1094. 

F1.\SELL.\,  Doniinico,  anitalian  amlliisto- 
rical  painter,  died  in  lGti9. 

FICIIARD,  John,  a  lawyer,  of  Frankfort, 
author  of  ''Lives  of  Illustrious  monks,"  <lied 
in  l.'Jbl. 

FICINUS,  Marsi'.ius,  a  learned  Italian,  who, 
under  the  patronage  of  Lorenzo  and  Cosmo  de 
Modicis,  became  a  distinguished  philosopher, 
physician,  and  divine,  and  an  able  writer  on 
numerous  subjects  ;  he  died  in  1499.  , 

FICORONI,  Francesco,  a  Roman  medalist. j 
a.nd  a  writer  on  medai.a,  and  autiquitias,  died 
ill  1747. 

FIDANZA,  Johannes,  a  philosopher,  poet, 
and  theologist,  of  Tuscany,  styled,  on  account 
of  his  great  learning,  the  seraphic  doctor;  he 
died  in  1274. 

FIDDES,  Dr.  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
and  ingenious  biographiciil  and  theolig-ical  wri- 
ter, born  in  lb71,  died  in  1725.  His  chief  work 
is,  "  The  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey." 

FIELD,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  eminent 
for  his  learning,  benevolence  and  piety,  chaplain 
to  queen  Elizalieth,  canon  of  Windsor,  and 
dean  of  Gloucester  ;  he  died  in  1010. 

FIELDING,  Henry,  son  of  geueial  Fielding, 
was  born  in  1707,  and  received  the  lirst  rudi- 
ments of  his  education  at  home,  under  the  care 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Oliver ;  he  was  removed  to  Eton- 
school  ;  from  whence,  at  about  18  years  of  .age,  he 
went  to  Leyden,  where  he  studied  under  the 
most  celebrated  civilians  for  two  years;  at  the 
♦ixpiralion  of  which  time  he  returned  to  London ; 
and  in  1727  commenced  writer  for  the  stage. 
Between  this  time  and  1743,  he  wrote  26  dra- 
matic pieces.  About  six  or  seven  years  after 
Mr.  Fielding's  oommencing  a  writer  for  the 
state,  he  married  MI.«sCraddock,  a  young  lady 
from  Salisbury,  possessed  of  beauty,  and  a  fur- 
tune  of  about  1*00/. ;  and  near  the  same  time 
liis  mother  dying,  an  estate  of  somewhat  better 
than  200^  per  annum,  came  into  his  possession. 
This  fortune,  had  it  been  conducted  with  pru- 
lience  and  economy,  might  have  secured  to  him 
a  slate  of  independence  for  life,  and,  w)th  tlie 
helps  it  might  have  derived  from  the  produc- 
tions of  a  genius  unincumbered  with  an.\:ieties 
and  perple.\ity,  might  have  even  afforded  him 
an  affluent  income;  but,  fond  of  figure  and 
niagnificence,  he  threw  wide  open  the  gates  ot 
hospitality,  and  suffered  his  whole  patrimony  to 
be  waslid.  In  short,  in  less  tlian  three  years, 
^«  redticed  himself  to  the  unpleasant  situation 
of  having  no  fortune.  Not  discouraged,  how 
ftvur,  he  betook  himself  closely  to  the  study  of 
viie  law,  and.  after  the  customary  time  of  pioba 
188 


Fl 

tion  at  the  Temple,  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
made  iK)  inconsiderable  figure  in  Westminster- 
hall.  Ho  began  soon  after  to  be  moleiited  with 
sui  h  violent  attacks  from  the  gout,  as  rendered 
it  inqiorvsible  for  him  to  be  so  constant  at  the  bar 
us  the  laboriousness  of  his  profe&siim  required  ; 
and  a  proof  of  the  great  force  and  vigour  of 
his  mind  is,  his  pursuing  so  arduous  a  study 
under  the  exigencies  of  family  distress,  with  a 
wife  and  children,  whom  he  tenderly  loved, 
looking  up  to  him  for  sustenance ;  witli  a  body 
torn  by  the  acutest  pains,  and  a  mind  distracted 
by  a  thousand  avocations;  yet  oblig«d,  for  im- 
mediate supply,  to  prcKluce  almost  extempore,  a 
play,  a  farce,  a  pamphlet,  or  a  newspapc*'.  A 
large  number  of  fugitive  political  tracts,  whirl: 
had  their  value  when  the  incidents  were  actually 
passing  on  the  great  scene  of  business,  caiiw 
from  his  pen.  At  this  time  too  he  produced  bis 
•'Joseph  AndreW.-i,"  which  is  too  well  known 
and  too  justly  admired  to  leave  us  any  room  to 
e.xpatiate  on  its  merits.  About  1745,  Mr.  F. 
accepted  of  the  otlice  of  an  aciing  majistratc  in 
the  commission  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of 
^liddlesex,  in  which  station  he  continued  till 
pretty  near  the  time  of  his  death.  Vet,  amidst 
ail  the  laborious  duties  of  his  office,  he  found 
leisure  lo  amuse  himself,  and  afierwaids  the 
world,  with  "Tiie  History  of  Tom  Jones,"  aiid 
"Amelia."  At  length."  however,  his  wliole 
frame  of  body  was  so  entirely  shatle"ed  by  con- 
tiimal  inroads  of  complicated  disorders,  aiid  the 
incessant  fatigue  of  bu^liiess  in  his  ortice,  that, 
by  the  advice  of  his  physicians,  he  set  out  foi 
Lisbon.  Even  in  this  distressful  :ondition,  Jii* 
imagination  stiil  continued  making  the  sin  ngest 
ellbiis  to  display  liseif ;  and  the  last  gleam  of 
liis  wit  and  humour  faiijlly  spa-kled  in  th« 
"  Journal"  he  left  behind  hita  of  his  "  Voyage'* 
to  that  place,  which  was  published  in  1755,  at 
London.  In  aliout  two  mcntlis  after  hiii  arrival 
at  Lisbon,  in  1754,  he  died,  in  his  48th  year. 

FIELDING,  Sarah,  sister  of  Henrj-,  author 
of  "  D.ivid  Siini)le,"  a  novel  of  considerable 
merit,bnrn  in  1714,  died  in  1768. 

FllOLDING,  Sir  JoJm,  haifbrotlier  to  Henry 
an  excellent  magistrate,  and  author  of  many 
useful  regulations  in  the  police  of  London  and 
\\'es(minstrr,  died  in  1780. 

FIKNNES,  William,  lord  Say  and  Sele,  al- 
though raised  to  the  peerage  by  James  I.,waa 
a  rebel  against  his  son,  ati  active  mcmbei  of  the 
long  parhament,  and  one  of  Cromwell's  adher 
ents.  He  was  afterwards  chamberlain,  and  lore 
privy  seal  to  Charles  II.  ;  lie  died  in  IQSQ. 

FIENNES,  Nathanael,  second  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was,  like  his  father,  an  enemy  to  the 
church  and  king,  a  friend  of  Cromwell,  and  one 
of  his  peers ;  he  died  in  1669. 

FIENUS,  Thomas,  a  very  ingeniotis  and 
learned  physician,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1560, 
died  in  10.31.  Tie  composed  several  works,  among 
Wliicli  were,  "  De  Veribus  Iinaginationis." 

FIESCHO,  Jolin  Lewis,  a  noble  Genoese, 
who  conspired  to  deliver  Andrew  Doria  and  his 
lleet  to  the  French,  and  was  drowned  in  the 
attempt,  in  1547. 

FIGINO,  Ambrozio,  a  painter,  bom  at  Milan, 
died  in  1590. 

FIGRELIIIS,  Edmundus,  a  learned  Swede, 
and  professor  at  Upsal,  died  in  1670. 

FILANGERI,  Gaetaiio,  a  gentleman  of  Na 
pies,  employed  about  the  court,  who  wrote  » 
popular  work  on  legislation ;  he  died  in  1787. 

FILELFO,  Francis.    See  PlIILELPHUS. 

FILESAC,  John,  denn  of  Uie  faculty  of  Die 
lology,  at  FuriSv  died  in  JC38. 


PI 

FILICAJA,  Viiiceiilio  di,  an  eli;j;aiil  puet,  of 
Floruiice,  and  a  senator  of'tliat  city,  died  in  1707 
FILMKR,  Sir  Roborl,  aiulinr  nf  some  puhli- 
cations  on  the  nature  ol"  iimnarcliial  govern- 
ment, was  born  in  Kent  toward  the  end  of  the 
ICtli  century,  and  died  in  1647. 

FIXyKUS,  Orontius,  n  oclebraterl  aftronomer, 
and  professor  of'  niatiicniatic:i  in  tlie  Itoyal  Cnl- 
leze  at  Paris,  bnrii  at  Briancoii,  in  MM,  died 
1535.  He  was  one  of  tliose  wlio  vainly  boasted 
of  liaving  found  out  the  quadrature  of  the  circle] 
FINCH,  Heneafio,  earl  of  Notliii'.'hain,  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England,  born  in  lli21,  died 
in  leSi!.  Though  he  lived  in  very  iroublesonn; 
times,  yet  he  retained  the  eood  opinion  of  both 
prince  and  people.  He  was  dislin!;uished  by 
his  wisdom  and  eloquence  ;  and  was  such  an 
excellent  orator,  that  some  have  styled  him  the 
English  Cicero.  He  lelt  behind  him,  writieii| 
With  his  own  hand,  "  Chancery  Reports,"  MS.i 
in  folio. 

FINCH.  Daniel,  earl  of  Nottingham,  son  of 
tlie  preceding,  was  serietary  under  William 
and  his  successor,  and  president  of  the  council, 
at  the  accession  of  Ccorge  I.  ;  he  died  in  17.10.  j 
FINCH,  Fdward,  broilicrof  Sir  Heneage,  was' 
vicar  of  Chriat-churcli,  London,  from  which  he' 
was  expelled  for  preaching  in  a  surplice,  and 
associatln:;  with  women  ;   he  died  In  l&i'2.  | 

FINCH,  Thomas,  physician  to  the  duke  of  i 
Sieswick,  and  successively  professor  of  inathe- 
matic^,  of  eloquence,  and  of  medicine,  at  Copen- 
hagen ;  he  died  in  163tj. 

FINIOT,  sJir  John,  born  in  l.'j"!,  was  bred  up 
in  the  court,  where,  by  his  wit,  mirth,  and  unJ 
common  skill  in  coTnposing  songs,  he  pleased 
James  I.  very  much.     In  ICiif)    being  then  in' 
good  esteem  with  Charles  I.  he  was  made  master 
of  the  ceremonies,  and  died  in  U'Al. 
FING.Mi,  a  Caledonian  chief,  died  in  033 
FIN'KlvVSTEIN,  Count,  an  eminent  I'russian 
statesman,  born  in  1713,  held  the  important  sta 
lion  of  cabinet  minister  at  the  court  of  Uerlin 
more  than  30  years,  and  died  in  1?00. 

FINLFA',  Samuel,  D.  I).,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  president  of  New-Jersey  College ;  he  wa-< 
much  distinguished  for  his  piety  ;  published 
many  sermons,  and  died  in  17fiti.  I 

FI.N'LFA',  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  presby-] 
terian  clergyman  of  New-Jersey,  was  elected 
president  of  the  uuivcrsily  of  Alliens,  Georgia, 
ju  1817,  and  died  soon  after  he  had  entered  on 
(he  duties  of  lliat  office. 

FIKENZUOLA,  Augelo,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Florence,  and  patronised  by  pope  Cle- 
ment VII.  His  comedies,  prose,  and  poetical 
works,  were  publislied  in  3  vols. ;  he  died  in 
1545. 

FIRMICIUS  MATRRNUS,  Julius,  an  ancient 
Christian  writer  of  the  4th  century.     His  tren 
tise  "  Of  the  Errors  of  the  Profane  Religions' 
thows  great  lL>arning,  and  great  zeal  for  Cliris- 
tianity. 

FIRMII.I.^N,  bishop  of  Ceeearea,  in  Cappa- 
doria,  died  in  0iJ9.  | 

FIRMIN,  Thomas,  a  citizen  of  London,  me-| 
morablc  for  Ins  public  benefactions  and  chari- 
ties, born  in  Ifi^O,  died  in  1697.  In  good  works 
he  was  indefatigably  industrious,  and  success-l 
fully  provoked  many  others  thereto,  becoininjl 
also  their  aUnoncr,  visiting  and  relieving  the 
poor  at  their  houses,  and  in  prisons,  whence 
also  he  redeemed  many.  He  set  many  hun- 
dreds of  them  to  work,  to  the  expending  of  great 
•ums.  He  rebuilt,  repaired,  and  added  couve- 
tit«Dc«4  to  hnxpitai*.  weekly  overseeing  the  or-[ 


FI 


plians.  The  refugees  from  Fiance,  and  from 
Ireland,  partook  lar:;ely  the  effects  of  his  chari- 
ty, pains,  and  earnest  solicitations  for  ther?  •  in 
short,  his  charities  were  unequalled  at  the  time 
when  he  lived. 

FlRMlN,  Giles,  a  physician,  of  New-England, 
in  its  early  settlement,  and  afterwards  a  clergy- 
man in  Great  Britain,  author  of  the  "  Real 
Christian,"  died  in  lil97. 

FIRONZAHADI,  surnamod  Sharazi,  a  Per- 
sian writer  on  the  Maliomedan  law,  in  the  11th 
century.  Another  of  that  name  wrote  an  Ard- 
bic  Dictionary,  and  died  in  1414. 

FIriCHER,  John  Christian,  a  very  eminent 
performer  on.  and  composer  for,  the  hautbols, 
was  born  at  Fribourg,  but  was  long  settled  in 
England,  wiiere  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
queen's  chamber  inueicians.  Tliis  admirable 
musician  was  seized  with  an  apoplectic  fit, 
.April  29, 1800,  and  died  in  about  an  hour. 

FISH,  Simon,  an  English  lawyer,  autlior  of 
"  The  Supplication  of  Beggars,"  a  violent  sa- 
tire on  bishops  and  clergy,  which  gained  him 
I  he  favour  of  Henry  VIII.;  lie  died  of  the  jiiaguo 
in  1571. 

FISHER,  John,  bishop  of  Rochester,  anil 
martyr  to  popery,  born  in  14.39,  was  beheaded 
for  denying  the  king's  supremacy,  in  1533.  Dur- 
ing his  cuiitiiiement,  the  poor  old  bishop  wai 
but  hardly  used,  and  scarcely  allowed  nece» 
saries.  He  continued  above  a  year  in  the  tower 
and  might  have  continued  there  till  released  by 
a  natural  death,  if  an  unseasonable  honour  paid 
him  by  pope  Paul  HI.  had  not  hastened  his  de- 
struction ;  this  was,  the  creating  him,  in  May, 
1535,  cardinal,  by  the  title  of  cardinal  priest  of 
St.  Vitalis.  When  the  king  heard  of  it,  he  said, 
in  a  great  passion,  "  Well,  let  the  pope  send 
him  a  hat  when  he  will ;  Mother  of  God,  he 
shall  wear  it  on  his  shoulders  then,  for  I  will 
leave  him  never  a  head  to  set  it  on."  Erusmuc 
represents  him  as  a  man  of  integrity,  deep  learn  • 
iiig,  sweetneea  of  temjHjr,  and  greatnesB  of  soal. 
FISHER,  Mary,  an  enthusiastic  quakercss, 
of  the  17ih  century,  who  went  to  CoiL«iantino- 
ple  to  convert  the  grand  seignior.  Mahomet,  af- 
ter hearing  her  patiently,  sent  her  back  to  her 
own  country  in  safety. 

FISHER,  Ale.Tander  M.,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy,  in  Yale  College, 
Connecticut,  was  lost  with  the  packet  Albion, 
on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  in  MS,  while  on  a  voy- 
age to  Europe  for  the  advaiicemeut  of  his  pro- 
fessional knowledge.  Talents  of  the  highest 
order,  united  with  an  entire  and  intense  devo- 
tion to  the  pursuit  of  philosophical  and  Kcienti- 
fic  subjects,  had  excited  great  expectations  of  hie 
future  usefulness,  and  eminence,  and  the  news 
of  his  death  was  heard  with  the  deepest  regret 
wherever  he  was  kuown. 

FISKE,  John,  first  minister  of  Wenham  and 
Chelmsford.  M.iss.,  died  in  1077. 

FISKE,  Nathan,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brook- 
field,  Mass.,  distinguished  for  hia  indualiy  and 
perseverance  in  the  great  duties  of  his  office  ; 
he  published  some  sermons,  and  died  in  1799. 

FITCH,  James,  first  minister  of  Saybroolt, 
Conn.,  died  in  1702. 

FITCH,  Jabez,  minister  of  Portsmouth,  N.  n., 
author  of  some  unpublished  MSS.  relating  to  the 
history  of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1746. 

FITCH,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was,  for  several  years,  chief  justice 
of  the  colony  of  Connecticut,  and  aftemardj 
governor  of  the  same.    He  died  in  1774. 
FITZGIBBON,  John,  earl  of  Oare,  an  emi- 
189 


FL 


FL 


« 


^ 


ticiit  Iris  I  lawyer,  was  aitorncy-gciicral  of  Ire- 
larirl,  ai:rt  kttpcr  Of  the  great  stal.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished as  the  great  promoter  of  the  union 
between  Kiigland  and  Ireland,  and  died  at  Dub- 
lin, in  leOJ. 

FlTZHERnERT,  Sir  Anthony,  a  very  learn^ 
«il  judge,  of  tlie  common  pleas,  in  the  reign  ot 
Henry  V!U.  He  was  horn  at  Norbury,  in  Der- 
byshne,  died  in  15:tJ3,  and  left  behind  hini  many 
valuable  works,  of  which  tl.e  chief  are,  "  The 
Grand  Abridgment  collected  by  that  most  reve- 
rend Judge,  Mr.  Anthony  Fiizherberl,  lately  con- 
ferred with  his  own  nianus'cript,  corrected  by 
bini.seif,  together  with  the  references  of  the  ca- 
pes to  the  books  by  which  they  may  be  easily 
found;  an  improvement  never  before  made ;" 
and  "  The  New  iNa'uraBrevium,"  always  held 
in  very  high  esleem. 

FITZIILRBFRT,  Thomas,  grandson  to  Sir 
Anthony,  a  zealous  caiholic,  voluniarily  fled  to 
Francej  and  afterwards  to  Home,  where  he  pre- 
sided ovcrihc  English  college,  and  died  in  1G40, 
in  the  88th  year  of  his  age.  11  is  writings  were 
contrn->ersi^,  ;ind  on  theolotv. 

FITZHEKBEUT,  Nichola"s.  also  exiled  him- 
self, and  went  to  Rome,  on  account  of  his  reli- 
gions principles,  where  he  wrote  several  books, 
and  was  drowned  in  1612. 

FITZ.IAMES,  James,  duke  of  Berwick,  na- 
tural son  of  James  II.,  \vasdistingui;slied  for  his 
bravery  as  an  officer,  and  liis  successes  as  a  ge- 
neral, for  which  he  was  made  a  marshal  of 
France.  He  was  killed  at  the  head  of  the  French 
armv  in  Germany,  in  1734. 

FITZ-STEPHEN,  William,  a  monk,  of  Can- 
terbury, who  was  prei^ent  at  the  murder  of 
Becket,  of  v?hicli  he  wrote  an  account,  includ- 
ing a  curious  description  of  London  ;  he  died 
in  HOI. 

FIXMILLNER,  Placidus,  an  Austrian,  eccle- 
siastical professor  at  Kremsmunster,  and  a  wri- 
ter on  astronomy  and  the  canon  law  ;  he  died 
in  1701. 

FIZES,  Anthony,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Montpellier,  whose  works  on  medical  subjects 
are  mnch  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

FLACCOUK,  F.  de,  director  geueimrfthe 
French  East  India  company,  and  at  llieWad  of 
a  colony  in  Madagascar,  in  1M8,  an  account  of 
which  he  p\iblislied. 

FLACCUS,  Caiiis  Valerius,  an  ancient  Latin 
poet,  of  whom  remain  but  very  imperfect  ac- 
counts He  lived,  liow'cver,  in  the  time  of  the 
emperor  Vespar^ian,  to  whom  he  addressed  a 
poem  on  the  Argonantic  expedition  :  of  which 
he  lived  to  compose  no  more  than  seven  books, 
and  part  of  an  eighth.  In  this  poem  he  imita- 
ted Virgil,  and  often  in  the  most  happv  manner. 

FLAcn'f^,  Matthias.   SeeFRANt'OWITZ. 

FLAMEEL,  H.ertholet,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Liege,  whose  iiieces  are  to  be  found  in  the 
churches  of  tbatcily,  and  of  Paris;  he  died  in 
ir.75. 

FLAMEL,  Nicolas,  a  notary  of  Paris,  who 
suddenly  rose  from  poverty  tc  rpulence,  proba- 
bly by  conmiercial  speculations.  His  wealth 
{rave  rise  to  a  report  tliai  lie  had  discovered  the 
philosopher's  stotin.    He  was  living  in  1399. 

FL.'\MINIO,  Giovani  Antonio,  an  orator, 
]<pct,  and  I'istorian,  of  Bologna,  who  wrote  the 
life  of  Albfrtu.s  Magnus,  &.C..  dii  d  in  1.53(i 

FL.^MfMO,  Marc  Antonio,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, eminent  as  a  man  of  karning,  and  as  a 
writer  of  epigrams,  &c. ;  he  died  at  Rome,  in 

FJ.AMINIUS,  or  FLAMININUS.Titus  Quin- 
190 


jius,  a  Roman  consul,  celcbiuted  tor  ttis  duiea* 
of  I'hilip  of  Macedon,  196  B.  C,  and  his  resto- 
ration of  the  liberties  of  Greece. 

FI-AML\Il'.y,  Nobilis.  an  eminent  Italian  di- 
viiic  and  critic,  who  corrected  the  Vulgate  edi- 
tion ol  the  Septuagint,  and  died  in  loiiO. 

KLAMHTEKU,  John,  a  most  eminent  Eng- 
lish niatlieniaticiaii  and  astronomical  writer, 
born  in  ItilG,  died  1719. 

FE.^NDIilN,  Peter,  of  Lyons,  celebrated  for 
hig  knowlcdyenf  the  veterinary  art,  and  of  com- 
parative anatomy;  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
management  of  cattk  and  other  works,  and 
died  in  17%. 

FL.VSSANS,  Taraudet  de,  a  Provencal  poet 
[of  the  ]4th  century,  horn  at  Flassans. 
I  FLATMAN,  Thomas,  an  English  wit  and 
poet,  born  in  Londni:,  in  1033,  died  in  ICHS.  V 
IS  reniaiked,  that  Flatman  in  his  younger  dajv, 
had  a  dislike  to  marriage,  and  made  a  song  do- 
acribipg  the  incumbrances  of  it,  witli  tliis  be 
ginning : 

"  Like  a  dog  with  a  bottle  tied  close  to  his  tail 
"  Like  a  to.id  in  a  bog,  or  a  thief  in  a  jail,"  &.c 

but  being  afterwards  smitten  with  a  fair  virgin, 
and  with  her  fortune,  he  espoused  her,  in  1672,' 
upon  W'hich  his  ingenious  comrades  did  serenade 
him  that  night,  while  he  was  in  the  embraces 
of  his  misTrcfs,  with  the  said  song. 

FLAUt^T,  John  Baptist,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Rouen,  and  author  of  a  work  on 
iSdrman  jurisprudence,  upon  which  lie  was  em- 
ployed fifty  years  ;  he  died  in  1733. 

FLA VEL,  John,  an  Enclish  divine,  educated 
at  tJxford,  was  ejected  from  his  living  at  Dart- 
mouth, and  afterwards  restored  by  Charles  1. ; 
he  died  in  169'2. 

FLAVIAN,  a  patriarch  of  Antiocli,  died  in 
404. 

FLAVIAN,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
in  447.  He  was  deposed,  and  died  in  banish- 
ment. 

FLAVIGNI,  Valerian  de,  doctor  of  the  ?or 
boi'iie,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  at  the  royal 
college,  died  at  Paris,  in  1(J74.  ^ 

.,>FLA\'1TAS,  patriarch  of  C'onstantinaple,  jL 
lerAcncius.  fi^ 

FLECHIER,  Esprit,  a  French  bishop,  ceil*; 
briited  for  poetry  and  oratory,  born  in  1C32,  died 
in  1710.  His  works  consist  of  Sermons,  I-alin 
and  French  poetry,  Letters,  &c.  He  wrote  also 
the  "'  History  of  Cardinal  Ximenes." 

FLECKNOE,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and 
dr,aniatic  writer,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  H.,  re- 
membered only  as  giving  a  name  to  Dryden's 
incomparable  satire  against  Shadwell,  called 
"  Mac  Flecknoe,"  from  which  Pope  afterwards 
acknowledged  to  have  taken  the  plan  of  his 
Dunciad. 

FLEETVl^OOn,  William,  an  English  lawyer, 
recorder  of  London,  in  the  reign  oif  Elizabeth, 
and  author  of  several  law  treatises,  died  in 
1593. 

FLEETWOOD,  William,  bishop  of  Ely,  born 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  in  166C,  died  in  1723. 
His  most  celebrated  writings  are  "  An  Essay 
upon  Miracles  ;"  "  Chrouicon  Preciosum  ,  or, 
an  account  of  the  English  money,  the  price  of 
com,  and  other  commodities,  for  the  last  six  Jiun- 
dred  years,"  &c.  Bishop  Fleetwood's  charac 
ter  waB  great  in  every  respect.  His  virtue  was 
not  of  the  fanatical  kind,  nor  was  his  piety  the 
least  tinctured  with  superstition  :  yet  he  culti- 
vated and  practised  both  to  perfection.  As  for 
bis  accomplishments,  he  was  incoutestiblj-  the. 


lipst  preacher,  of  his  time  .  and,  lor  occasioual 
sermons,  may  be  considered  as  a  model- 

KLKMING,  Robert,  a  Pcotcli  disKeritJii:;  mi- 
nister and  powerful  prcaclier,  born  in  11)30,  died 
in  I(;9I,  leaving  behimi  liim  a  work  of  conside- 
rable merit,  called"  The  Fullilling  of  the  Scrip- 
tures." 

l'"LEMfNG,  Robert,  son  of  the  above,  minis- 
ter at  Leyden  and  Amsterdam,  and  afterwards 
at  London,  wrote  tracts,  &c.  on  religious  sub 
jects.     He  died  in  1718. 

FLEMING,  Caleb,  an  Enslisb  dissenting 
clergyman  and  writer,  died  in  177^. 

FLEMMING,  or  FLF.MMY.NGE.  Richard, 
prebendary  of  York,  and  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
was  the  founder  of  Lincoln  college,  Oxford  ;  he 
died  in  14:tl. 

FLKS?>l-;LLEi>,  S.  de,  a  French  magistrate, 
who  was  shot  while  attemplins  to  repress  a  re 
voltilionary  mob  in  Paris,  in  1789. 

FLKTCHER,  Or.  Richard,  father  of  the  poet, 
dean  of  l'eterbori)>i^h,  and  bisliop  of  Brisiol, 
W<>rci«<ter,  and  London,  died  siuldeidv,  in  l.5!»6. 
FLETCHER,  Giles,  LL.  D.,  brother  to  the 
bishop,  was  an  ambassador  from  Elizabeth  to 
Russia,  and  otherwise  employed  in  her  service  ; 
he  died  in  ItilO. 

FLETCHER,  Phinehas,  called  the  "Spenser 
of  the  age,"  was  born  about  1580,  and  died  in 
IlioO.  His  most  famouscomposition  called  "  The 
Purple  Island,"  is  an  allegorical  description  of 
man.  His  works  were  printed  at  Cambridge,  in 
lt)3a,  and  in  1772  his  "  Eclogues"  were  reprint- 
ed at  Edinburgh,  with  an  introduction  and  argu- 
ment to  each  eclogue,  and  notes  by  an  anony- 
mous editor. 

FLETCHER,  Giles,  brother  of  the  foregoing, 
and  author  of  a  rich  and  picturesque  poem, 
called  "  Christ's  Victorie,"  was  beneficed  at  Al 
derton,  in  Suffolk,  where  he  died  in  1023. 

FLETCHER,  John,  an    English   dramatic 

writer,  bom  in  l.")7t),  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Richard 

Fletcher,  bishop  of  London.     He  v.rote  plays 

jointly  with  Beaumont,  though  it  is  not  known 

what  share  each  bore  in  forming  the  plots,  wri 

ting  the  scenes,  &.c. ;  but  the  general  opinion  is, 

al  Beaumont's  judgment  was  usually  employ 

(1  in  correcting  and  retrenching  the  superfluities 

Fletcher's  wit.    He  died  of  the  plague,  at 

London,  in  1603. 

FLETCHER,  Abraham,  a  sclf-tanghtmathe 
niatician  and  astrologer,  died  in  17!)3. 

FLETCHER,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  co 
lony  of  New- York,  known  only  for  his  passion 
ate  dispncition,  and  his  avaricious  propensities, 
which  rendered  him  e.vtreniely  unpopular. 

FLEURIEU,Charles  Peter  Clarel  de,a  French 
hydroerapher,  captain  in  tho  marine,  and  after 
ward-!  minister  of  that  department,  and  tutor 
to  the  dauphin.  Under  .Napoleon,  he  was  ap- 
pointed inlendant  of  tlie  house,  and  governor 
of  the  Thuilleries.     He  died  in  1810. 

FLEIIRY,  Claude,  a  French  advocate,  of 
great  learning,  tutor  to  several  of  the  French 
princes,  abbot  of  Locdieu,  and  prior  of  Argen- 
leuil :  he  was  confessor  to  Lewis  XV.,  and  died 
in  17J3. 

FLEURY,  Andrew  Hercule  de,  cardinal,  a 
most  eminent  Frendi  statesman  and  negotiator, 
bom  in  Languedoc,  1653,  died  in  1743. 

FLEURY,  JuUan,  the  learned  editor  of  the 
Uelphin  Apulcius. 

FLI.NDERS,  Matthew,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish navisator,  who  explored  the  coast  of  New 
South  Wales  in  a  small  boat,  and  was  after- 
v/ardi  sent  out  as  conunander  of  a  vcesei.  for 


FL 

jtlic  purpose  of  making  tariher  discoveries  in 
!lliat  region.  He  wa.s  taken  iirisoner  by  the 
InVenrh,  his  journal  detained,  and  himself  so 
cruelly  treated  as  to  cause  his  death,  iji  18H. 


FLINK,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter,  pupil  ol 
Rembrandt,  died  in  ItiCO. 

FLINT,  Abel,  O.  D.,  a  distinguished  prcsby- 
lerian  clergyman,  for  many  years  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Martfoid,  (7onneciicut.  died  in  1805. 

FLIP.-\RT,  John  James,  a  French  engraver, 
of  great  nifrit,  died  in  17&2. 

FLOCQt  ET,  Stephen  Joseph,  an  eminent 
musician,  died  at  Paris,  in  1785. 

FI,ODO.\Rn,  or  KROnoARU,  a  French  h:s 
torian,  and  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Rlieims,  wl;o 
wrote  a  historv  of  Ins  church  from  Us  founda- 
tion to  949  :  he  died  in  966. 

FLOGEL,  Charles  Frederic,  profes<!or  of  plii- 
losopliy  in  the  college  of  noblemen,  at  Leigniiz. 
author  of  a  history  of  the  human  uiidcrsjtaiul- 
ing,  and  several  other  works ;  he  died  in  17St;. 
FLOun,  Henry,  a  very  celebrated  sonator, 
formerly  of  Ireland,  but  latterly  of  England, 
born  in  1733.  For  many  years  a  most  disiin 
guialK'd  mtunber  of  the  hoiL«o  of  commons,  hi« 
[every  eriorl  was  invariably  directed  to  improve 
the  political  constitution,  to  increase  the  inter- 
nal resources,  and  to  promote  the  general  pros- 
[p(  rity  of  Ireland.  As  an  orator,  he  made  De- 
niopihenes  his  model,  and  emulated  his  strength 
and  vehemence,  without  aiming  at  the  diffusion 
or  brilliancy  of  Cicero ;  and,  as  a  writer,  energy, 
force,  and  argument,  more  distinguished  his 
productions,  than  an  elaborate  structure  of 
words,  or  accurately  polished  sentences.  He 
died  in  1791. 

FLDRENTINO,  Stephano,  a  historical  pain- 
ter, of  Florence,  died  in  1350. 

FL01!I.\N,  John  Peter  (/laris  de,  a  very  po- 
pular French  writer,  born  in  1755.  Voltaire,  to 
whom  he  was  near  akin,  procured  him  the  pl.ice 
of  page  to  the  due  de  Penthicvre,  who  soon  gave 
him  a  commission  in  the  army ;  but,  on  observ- 
ing the  success  of  his  first  literary  production, 
"  Galathec,"  which  appeared  in  17P0,  the  duke 
determined  that  he  shoubl  confine  himself  to  li- 
terature, and  furnished  him  with  a  library.  His 
dramas,  pastorals,  and  novels,  have  placed  him 
in  Uio  first  rank  of  popularity  as  a  sentimental 
writer.  His  "  NumaPompilins,"  and  "  Fables,"' 
are  also  much  admired.     He  died  in  1794. 

FLORIMOND  DE  RF,.V.O.\n,  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Bourdeaux,  known  as  an  op 
poser  of  Calvinists,  died  in  1600. 

FLORIO,  John,  bom  in  London,  in  the  reign, 
of  Henry  VHL,  died  of  the  plague  in  1625.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  work.s,  viz.  "  First 
Fruits,  which  yield  familiar  Speech,  merry  Pro- 
vorbn,  witty  Sentences,  and  golden  Savings;" 
"  Dictionary,  Il.iUan  and  Englwh  :"  which  wna 
afterwards  published,  in  1611,  tinder  this  tit!'.', 
"  Ciueen  Anna's  New  World  of  Words,"  fcc. 

FLORIS,  Francis,  a  sculptor,  and  celebrated 
painter,  of  Antwrrii,  died  in  1570. 

FLORUS,  Lucius  Aiina!us,  an  ancient  Latin 
historian,  of  the  same  family  with  Seneca  and 
Lucan,  flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Trajan  and 
Adrian,  and  wrote  .in  abridgment  of  the  Roman 
history  in  four  books. 

FLORUS,  surnamed  Master,  a  deacon  of 
Lyons,  in  the  9th  century,  autJior  of  a  commen- 
tary on  St.  Paul,  &c. 

FLQYER,  Sir  John,  a  respectable  English 
physiwan  and  medical  writer,  died  in  1720. 

FLOYD,  William,  a  member  of  coneress,  be 
fore  ajid  after  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con 
191 


PO 


FO 


lirieiy  and  corn-ciness  tliau  his  "  Tales,"  uliieh 
are  very  licentious. 

F'ONTAINE,  Nicholas,  a  French  theolodcal 
wriit.T  of  RTcat  piety,  learning,  and  iiidiiMrv, 
died  ill  1709. 

Fontaines,  Peter  Francis  Guyot  dw,  a 
French  critic  and  historical  writer,  arid  traiibla- 
tor,  bom  in  KWj,  ditd  1745. 

FON'l'ANA.Uoniinico,  a  Roman  architect  and 
mechanic  of  creat  eminence,  who  succeeded  in 
setting  up  the  ubclit^k  in  front  of  St.  Teter's,  a 
ivork  before  deemed  impracticable.  He  died  ai 
Naples,  in  1607. 

FONTAN.\,Prospcro,  an  eminent  painter  ai 
Bolosna,  born  in  1512. 

FdNTAN  A,  Lavinia,  daughter  of  the  precod 
ing,  was  also  eminent  at  a  pai:  ir,  and  wah  \ir 
ironited  by  pope  Greiinry  XUL ;  she  died  in  I'HG 

FOiNTANGES,  Maiie  Angeliqiie,  duclitt.s  of 
tavonrite  of  licwis  XIV.,  was  distinguislicd  foi 
her  beauty  ;  she  died  in  1661. 

I-'ONTANINI,  Juste,  archbishop  of  Ancyjra, 
died  af  Rome  in  1736. 

FONTK- JIODERATA,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
lady,  whose  real  rtanie  was  Modesta  I'ozzo,  was 
born  at  Venice,  in  155o.  Slie  is  the  author  of 
several  poems,  and  published  a  book  in  prose, 
'  Dei  Meriti  delle  Donne,"  in  whicli  she  main- 
tains, that  the  female  sex  is  not  inferior  in  un- 
derstanding and  merit  to  the  male.  This  book 
upon  •'  The  Merits  of  Women,"  was  printed 
iiiineriiatLly  alter  lier  death  ;  and  father  Bibera 


stitutioii,  and  a  signer  of  the  deciaratiuu  of  in- 
dependence ;  he  died  in  1821. 

FH.'DD,  Robert,  an  English  physician  and 
philosopher,  and  a  voluminous  writer  on  Hit 
wondera  of  alchyniy,  and  the  Rosicrucian  doc- 
trines, early  in  the  l'7th  centuiy. 

FLVNT,  Henry,  one  of  tho  first  ministers  of 
nrainlree,  was  a  niaji  of  piety  and  intcgiity ;  he 
died  in  1668. 

FLVNT,  Henry,  tutor  and  fellow  of  Harvard 
college,  a  native  of  Dorchester,  Mass.,  and  a 
preacher,  dir-tinguislicd  for  his  solid  talents;  he 
published  a  number  of  sermons,  and  died  in 
1760. 

FOF.S,  or  FOKSIUS.Anutius,  a  very  celebrat- 
ed physician,  of  Paris,  born  at  Metz,  in  1528,  and 
died  in  1596.  He  translated  into  Latin  the  whole 
works  of  Hippocrates,  and  judiciously  corrected 
the  Greek  text  as  he  went  along.  He  trantlatcd 
alto  the  commentaries  of  Galen,  upon  the  se- 
cond book  of  Hippocrates,  "  Concerning  vulgar 
Maladies." 

FOGLIETA,  or  FOLIETA,  Uberto,  ?  learned 
Genoese  p.'iest,  died  at  Rome,  in  15S1. 

FOHI,  the  ifirst  king  of  China,  who  ie  said 
to  have  founded  this  empire  about  200  years  af- 
ler  tlic  deluge.  He  was  the  first  who  taught  thr- 
<;hinese  the  advantages  of  civil  society,  invented 
in^itruments  of  music,  established  laws  and  or- 
dinances, and  is  said  to  have  reigned  no  less 
ihan  115  years. 

F0IN.\RD,  Frederic  Maurice,  a   native  of  luinineriia 
.Normandy,  eminent  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  wasi  has  made  a  eulugium  cf  this  learned  heroine, 


vice-president  of  the  college  of  du  PIcssis,  and 
died  in  174.3. 

FOIX,  Slark  Anthony,  a  Jesuit,  eminent  as  a 
preacher,  died  at  Aiivcrgne,  in  lf>87. 

FQIX,  Odel  de,  lord  of  Lautrec,  an  eminent 
French  general  under  Lewis  XII.  and  Francis  I., 
and  governor  of  Milan  ;  he  died  in  1.528. 

FOL  AUD,Charles,  a  Frenchman,  born  in  1069, 
died  1752.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  "  Commentaries  upon 
Polybius,"  and  "  A  Treatise  concerning  the  De- 
fence of  Places,'^  &c. 

FOLENGO,  .eophilus,  a  nobleman,  of  Man- 
tua, was  for  SOI.,  time  a  soldier,  and  afterwards 
became  a  Benedictine.  He  died  in  1544.  His 
writings  are  numerous,  both  in  prose  and  poe- 
try. 

FOLENGO,  John  Baptist,  a  Benedictine 
writer,  of  Mantua,  died  in  1.559. 

FOLKES,Martiu,  an  English  antiquarian,  ma- 
thematician, and  philosopher,  and  president  of 
the  royal  society  of  London,  born  in  1690,  died 
1754.  His  last  productio»  was  a  book  upon  the 
"English  Silver  Coin,"  from  the  conquest  to  his 
own  times. 

FO-NCEM  AGNE,  Stephen  Laurent  de,  of  Or- 
leans, preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Chartres,  died  in 
1779. 

FONSECA,  Anthony  de,  a  Dominican,  of  Lis- 
bon, preacher  to  the  king,  and  professor  of  theo- 
logy at  the  university  of  Coimbra,  about  1540. 

FONSECA,  Peter,  a  Portuguese  metaphysi- 
cian and  writer,  died  in  1559. 

FONT,  Joseph  ue  la,  a  French  comic  writer, 
died  in  1725. 

FONT,  Pierre  de  la,  a  French  divine  and  theo- 
logical writer,  died  in  1699.  ! 

FONTAINE.  John  de  la,  a  celebrated  French 

fioet,boriiin  1621,  died  1695.     His  compositions! 
laveagreat  deal  of  nature,  without  the  least  af-j 


in  his  "Theatre  of  Learned  Women."  She 
died  in  15'.>2. 

FONTE.VAY,  Peter  Claude,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Paris,  died  in  1742. 

FONTENAY,  John  Baptist  Blain  de,  an  emi- 
nent Freiicli  painter,  born  at  Caen,  in  1654,  died 
1715.  Noiliiiip  is  finer  than  his  fruits  and 
flowers.  Tiiey  iiave  all  the  freshness  and  beauty 
imaginable:  and  the  very  dew  seems  to  trickle 
down  the  stalks  of  thcni  with  all  Uie  lustre  and 
transparency  of  a  diamond.  The  insects  upon 
them  also  appear  perfectly  animated. 

FONTENELLE,  Bernard  le  Bovicr  dc,  a 
French  author,  born  in  1657,  died  1757.  Voltaire 
declares  him  to  have  been  tlie  most  universal 
genius  that  the  age  of  Lewis  XIV.  produced.  Irj 
hia  pociical  performances,  and  "  Dialogues  of 
the  Dead,"  the  spirit  of  Voiture  was  discemc-d, 
though  more  extended,  and  more  philosophical. 
His  "  Plurality  of  Worlds"  is  a  work  singular 
in  its  kind ;  his  design  in  it  wps,  to  present  that 
part ''■'■'philosophy  to  view  in  a  gay  and  pleasing 
dress ;  for  which  purpose  he  has  introduced  a 
lady,  and  drijwn  up  tlie  whole  in  a  most  agree- 
able, as  wi  '1  ao  instructing  dialogue.  In  the 
same  niaii.  made  an  entertaining  book  out 

of  "  Vand:  Jracles."     Having   been   ap- 

pointed perpetual  secretary'  to  the  academy  of 
scie  es,  he  discharged  that  trust  above  40  years, 
so  ■••  to  meet  with  universal  .ipplause.  His 
"  History  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences"  often 
tlirows  a  great  light  upon  their  memoirs,  which 
are  very  obscure.  The  "  Eloges"  whicli  he 
spoke  on  tlie  deceased  members  of  the  academy 
have  this  particular  merit,  that  they  excite  a  re- 
spect for  the  sciences  as  well  as  for  tlie  author. 

FONTENIT,  Lewis  Francis  dc,  a  French 
writer  and  a  great  antiquarian,  died  in  1759. 

FONTirs,  Bartholomew,  a  historian  of  Flo 
rence,  and  liiirariaji  to  the  king  of  Hungary,  at 


fi'Ctatioa:  his  wit  seems  unstudied,  and  somufiiijBuda  ;  lie  died  in  1513. 
pl-asajitry  is  hardly  to  be  elsewhere  met  with. :     FOOTE,  Samuel,  bom  at  Truro,  in  Cornw.nll, 
His  -Fables"  are  observed  to  have  more  so-|jin  1722.    Hcwag  designed  for  the  law,  but  the 
19'2 


FO 

4lryiicj5  and  gravity  of  tlii^s  study  iiui  suiting  the 
vivacity  of  Foote's  spirit,  he  left  it,  and  had 
recourse  to  the  stage.  He  ajipeared  first  in 
Othello,  but  soon  strucit  out  into  a  new  and  un- 
trodden path ;  which  was,  by  taking  upon  him- 
self the  doublp  cliaracterof  autlior  and  perlorin- 
er.  Under  tliis  form,  iu  1747,  he  optMiod  the  little 
theatre  in  the  Haytnarket  with  a  drama  of  his 
own  coinposiug,  called,  "The  Diversions  of 
the  Morning."  This  piece  was  notliing  more 
than  the  introduction  of  well-known  characters 
in  real  life  ;  whose  manner  of  conversing  and 
expressing  themselves  lie  had  a  most  amazing 
talent  at  imitating,  even  to  the  very  voice  of 
those  he  intended  to  takt;  off-  From  l~i>i  to 
17lil,  he  continued  to  perform  at  one  of  the 
thoiities  every  ?"ason,  as  fancy  or  interest  di- 
rected liis  choice,  generally  tor  a  stated  number 
of  nights :  on  which  enjageinents  he  usually 
broujjht  out  a  new  piece.  And  thus  he  went 
on,  till  a  very  pressing  eniDarvassnicnt  in  his 
utiairs  compelled  him  to  perform  "  Tlio  Minor" 
at  the  Haymarket,  in  the  summer  of  17(5(»,  with 
such  a  company  as  he  could  hastily  collect. 
lI(!ni.eforward  he  pursued  the  scheme  of  occu- 
pying that  theatre  when  the  others  were  shut 
up;  and,  from  175'i,  to  the  season  before  his 
d"alh,  he  regularly  performed  there.  In  1706, 
when  at  lord  Me.vbornugh'g  in  the  country,  lie 
broke  his  leg  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  the  duke 
fif  York  being  also  there;  and  it  is  generally 
supposed,  that  this  accident  facilitated  his  appli 


cation  for  a  patent,  which  he  obtained  in  July  Wrote  the  history  of  his  own  country,  under  the 


the  same  year.  Foole  now  aciiuired  a  groat 
deal  or  money,  and  seemed  to  set  mankind  at 
detiance ;  for  he  cared  not  whom  he  otiended,  if 
tliuy  were  but  subjects  converiible  to  ridicule  ; 
he  died  ill  1777.  Foote  has  been  called  the 
*'  Fnglish  Aristophanes,"  and  certainly  was  a 
most   powerful  satirist  of  the  follies  of  the  age. 

FOPPE.VS,  John  Francis,  professor  of  divin- 
ity, at  Louvain.  and  archdeacon  of  Mechlin, 
died  in  1761. 

FORBES,  Patrick,  a  learned  and  pious  bishop, 
of  .Aberdeen,  born  15*>4,  died  16^.i.  His  princi- 
pal work  is  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Revela- 
tions." 

FORBES,  John,  made  bishop  of  Aberdeen 
by  James  VI.,  was  the  son  of  Patrick  Forbes 
just  mentioned.  His  book  of  "  Historical  and 
Theological  Institutions,*"  is  so  excellent  a 
work,  that  Burnet  says,  if  he  could  have  finish- 
ed it  by  a  second  volume,  it  would,  perhaps, 
have  lieen  the  most  valuable  treatise  of  divinity 
that  has  yet  appeared  in  the  world.  He  C  '  in 
1048. 

FORBES,  Duncan,  an  eminent  Scottish  law- 
yer, and  many  years  president  of  ilip  court  of 
si'ssiniis;  but  as  a  writer  chiefly,]  v.jjoyed  on 
ilii<>!o2ical  subjects;  born  in  10*,        i,  in  1747. 

FOltBES,  James,  F.R.  3  ,  ace..  -.Jed  tourist 
and  .latura!  historian,  born  in  London,  in  p-iO, 
u  lim-al  descendant  of  the  earls  of  Gran«5;i 
iImmI  ill  If  19.  He  travelled  nearly  iJO  years  in 
diiierpiit  parts  of  .Asia,  .'Vfrica.  and  America ;  and 
his  drawing.-!,  and  accompanying  descriptions, 
during  inese  tr.ivcls,  fill  150  folio  volumes,  con- 
taining upwards  af  33,000  pages,  the  work  of 
his  own  hand.  His  chief  work,  however,  is 
entiil'  d,  "  Oriental  Memoirs,"  &c.,  with  P:? 
bea'itirulenirravingsfrom  his  original  drawings. 
FORBES,  William,  principal  of  Marischal 
college,  at  Aberdeen,  and  bishop  of  Edinburgh  ; 
he  died  in  1C34 

FORllE:!,  John,  a  phvsici.in,  afterwards  a 
brigadier  general  iu  the  Britlsli  army,  and  coin- 

B   b  17 


FO 

mander  of  the  expedition  against  fort  DuUuesne, 
which  he  took  and  called  tort  Vitt,  now  Pitta- 
burgh  ;  he  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1759. 

F'OKBKS,  Eli,  D.  D.,  minister  of  a  church  in 
Brooklield.aud  afterwards  in  Gloucester,  Mass. : 
died  in  1804. 

FORBIN,  Claude  chevalier  de,  a  naval  officer 
of  France.  In  1686,  chief  admiral  to  the  king 
of  Siam,  in  the  I^ast-Indies,  and  afterwards  in 
the  service  of  Lewis  XIV.  ;  he  died  in  1733. 

FORBI.SI1ER.    See  FROBISHER. 

FORBON.NAIS,  Francis  Veroii  de,  inspector 
general  of  the  manulactiires  of  France,  and  a 
writer  on  finance  and  coniiiierce,  died  in  1800. 

F(.)RCE,  Charlotte  Rose  de  Caumont  de  la,  a 
French  poetess  of  considerable  merit,  died  in 
17-24. 

FORCE,  James  duke  de  la,  fortunately  escaped 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  which  hid 
f.'ither  and  brother  were  murdered.  He  fought 
with  the  protestaiits,  under  Henry  IV.,  against 
Lewis  Xlll.,  but  was  afterwards  reconciled  to 
him,  and  made  a  marshal  of  France,  a  duke 
and  lieutenant  general  of  the  army,  with  liberal 
presents  ;  lie  died  iu  l(i5'2. 

FORO,  John,  a  dramatic  writer  in  the  reigiia 
of  James  [.  and  Charles  I.  He  wrote  12  plays, 
which  were  all  published  between  1620  and 
lti3!).     He  was  born  in  15ti6,  and  died  about 

iii;w. 

FtJRDUN,  John  de,  a  Scotch  historian,  who 
lived  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  and 


title  of  "  Scoti  Chronicon.' 

FOtlHYCE,  David,  a  learned  and  elegant 
writer  of  the  present  age,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy in  the  Marisclialcollege,  Aberdeen,  and 
author  of  "Dialogues  conceriiiiig  Education," 
a  "  Treatise  on  Moral  Philosopliy,"  and  "  Thoo- 
dorus,  a  Dialogue  concerning  the  Art  of  Preach- 
ing," published  after  his  untimely  death.  He 
was  born  at  -Aberdeen,  in  1720,  and  died  by 
shipwreck,  in  1751. 

FORDYCE,  Sir  William,  one  of  the  mosi 
eminent  physicians  of  London,  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  a  very  benevolent  uia'''died  in  1792 

F'C)RUYCE,'Dr.  James,  ma  >,.  years  a  very 
popular  and  eloquent  preacher  among  the  pro- 
lesiant  dissenters,  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  II'M, 
.lied  in  179C,  leaving  behind  him  some  excellent 
moral  and  religious  publications;  particularly, 
"  Sermons  to  Young  Men  and  Women." 

FoRDYCE,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  writer  on  medicine  and  chymistry,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1736,  and  died  in  London, 
ill  IS02.  His  principal  works  are,  "Elenieni'' 
of  .Agriculture  and  Vegetation,"  "  Elements  oi 
the  Practice  of  Physic,"  and  "  A  Treatise  on 
the  Digestion  of  Food."  Other  works  of  his, 
are  to  be  found  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions, &c. 

FOREIRO,  Francis,  a  Dominican  ninnk,  of 
Lisbon,  eminent  for  his  abilities  and  learning, 
died  in  1581. 

FOREST,  or  FORESTA,  James  Philip,  an 
.\ugu8tine  monk,  born  at  Bergaruo,  died  about 
1;>03. 

FOREST,  Peter,  a  Dutch  physician  and  me- 
dical writer,  born  1522,  died  1597. 

FOREST,  John,  «n  eminent  French  paint«r, 
vho  excelled  in  landscapes,  born  163t),  died  1712. 

FORMEY,  John  Henry  Samuel,  minister  of 
the  French  church  at  Berlin,  and  profe.ssor  of 
philosopliy  in  the  French  college  there  ;  he  died 
in  1797. 

FORMOSL'S,  bUhop  of  Porto,  and  pops  after 
193 


PO 

Steptien  V.,in  891.  Ills  unpopularity  was  such, 
that  his  body  wag  dragged  from  his  grave  by 
the  populace,  and  thrown  into  ihe  Ty^r. 

FORSKAL,  Peter,  a  naturalist  of  .Sweden, 
who  studied  under  Linna'us,  and  afterwards 
went  with  Ncibuhr  to  Arabia,  where  he  died  in 

FORSTER,  John,  a  protcstaiit  Hebraist,  of 
Wittcmberg,  the  friend  of  Luther  and  Melanc- 
Ihon,  died  in  1556. 

FORSTER,  George,  nn  ingenious  naturalist, 
who  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second  voyage 
round  the  world  ;  he  w.ts  afterwardB  professor 
in  the  university  of  C'assil,  and  died  in  ITliii. 
while  preparing  to  visit  Thibet.  He  was  the  au- 
Uior  of  ajournal  of  Cook's  voyages,  &c. 

FORSTER,  Dr.  John  Reiiiold,  an  eminent 
writer  in  natural  history  and  natural  philosophy, 
who  accompanied  captain  Cook  in  his  second 
voyage  round  the  world  in  1772.  He  was  born 
1729,  and  died  at  Halli',  a  Prussian  university, 
in  Saxony,  1799,  leaving  behind  him  many  va- 
luable treatises. 

FORSTER,  Nathaniel,  an  English  clergyman, 
prebendary  of  Bristol  cathedral,  and  chaplain 
to  the  king,  died  in  1757.  His  writings  were  nu- 
merous, on  various  subjects. 

FORSTNER,  Christopher,  an  Austrian  law- 
yer, who,  for  his  services  in  negotiating  the 
peace  of  Munster,  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Aulic  council ;  he  died  in  1667. 

FORSYTH,  William,  F.  A.  S.,  was  born  in 
1737.  He  was  early  initiated  in  horticulture; 
went  to  London,  in  1763,  and  shortly  afterwards 
became  a  pupil  to  the  celebrated  Philip  Miller. 
gardener  to  the  company  of  apothecaries  ;  and 
whom  he  succeeded  in  that  situation,  in  1771. 
Here  be  remained  till  he  was  appointed  by  his 
majesty,  chief  superintendent  of  the  royal  gar- 
dens at  Kensington  and  St.  James'  ;  which  he 
held  until  his  death,  in  1804.  About  the  year 
1768,  Blr.  Forsyth  paid  particular  attention  to 
the  cultivation  of  fruit  and  forest  trees,  and 
turned  his  thoughts  more  especially  toward  the 
discovery  of  a  composition  to  remedy  the  dis- 
eases and  injuries  incident  to  them.  After  re- 
peated trials,  he  at  length  succeeded  in  prepar- 
ing one  which  fully  answered  his  expectations ; 
and  in  the  year  1789,  the  success  of  his  experi- 
ments attracted  the  notice  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  land  revenue  ;  upon  whose  recommenda- 
tion, a  committee  of  both  houses  of  parliament 
was  appointed  to  report  upon  the  merits  of  his 
discovery.  The  result  of  their  inquiries  was, 
a  perfect  conviction  of  its  utility  ;  and,  in  con- 
sequence, an  address  was  voted  by  the  house 
of  commons  to  his  majesty,  praying  that  a  re- 
ward might  be  granted  to  Sir.  F.  upon  his  dis- 
closi  ng  the  secret  of  his  composition  to  the  pub- 
lic ;  which  was  accordingly  done ;  and  in  1791, 
Mr.  F.  published  his  "Observations  on  the 
Diseases,  Defects,  and  injuries  of  Fruit  and 
Torest  Trees ;"  to  which  he  added  the  whole 
correspondence  between  the  commissioners  of 
the  land  revenue,  the  committee  of  parliament, 
and  himself.  In  1802,  Mr.  F.  published  the  final 
result  of  his  labours,  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Cul- 
ture and  Management  of  Fruit  Trees,"  &c.',  in 
a  4to  volume,  with  many  plates  :  the  value  of 
which  work  has  been  duly  appreciated  by  the 
public,  three  editions  having  been  sold  in  a  very 
short  time. 

FORT,  Francis  le,  a  native  of  Geneva,  who 

entered  the  se^^'ice of  Peter  I.,  of  Russia,  where 

he  behaved  with  such  skill  and  ability,  that  the 

emperor  made  him  commander  of  liis  armies, 

194 


FO 

and  his  prime  minister.     He  died  at  Moscow,  iu 
1609,  deeply  lamented. 

FORTESCCE,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  Enjilisli 
lawyer,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  In  1441,  lie 
was  made  a  king's  Serjeant  at  law ;  and  the 
yearafter,  chief  justice  of  the  King's  bench.  He 
held  Ihi:?  office  through  the  reign  of  Henry  VI., 
to  whom  he  steadily  adhered  and  served  faith- 
fullyinall  hisiroublcs.  Hisniostfamous  work, 
"De  Laudibus  Legum  Anglia-,"  yet  remain* 
an  everlasting  monument  of  this  great  and  good 
man's  respect  and  affection  for  his  country.  He 
died  about  1405. 

FORTIGUEKRA,  Nicolas,  an  Italian  poet, 
made  a  bishop  by  Clement  XI.,  and  promised  a 
cardinal's  hat  by  Clement  XII. ;  he  died  in  173  j 

FORTIUS,  or  FORTIS,  Joachim,  a  teacher 
of  Greek  and  mathematics,  at  Antwerp,  and 
the  friend  of  Erasmus  ;  he  died  in  1536. 

FOS('.\RI,  Francis,  made  doge  of  Venice,  in 
1423,  signalized  his  government  by  great  terri- 
torial conquests  ;  but  these  were  attended  with 
o  much  expense  to  the  Venetians,  that  they 
murmured  loudly  against  him.  The  malice  of 
his  enemies  vented  itself  upon  his  son,  whom, 
upon  various  pretexts,  they  caused  thrice  to  be 
banished.  The  father  was  deposed  in  1457,  a; 
the  age  of  84,  and  died  two  days  after.  His  son 
also  died  in  prison  under  a  false  accusation  of 
murdering  a  senator,  which  the  real  assassin 
confessed  on  his  deathbed,  but  too  lateto.sa\e 
the  life  of  young  Foscari,  who  had  died  in  con 
tinement,  the  victim  of  calumny. 

FOSCARINI,  Michael,  a  Venetian  senator 
and  historian,  and  a  novel  writer,  died  in  1692 

FOSSE,  Charles  de  la,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  and  professor  and  rector  of  the  acade- 
my for  painting,  with  a  pension  from  Lewi.'' 
XIV.,  of  1000  crowns  ;  he  died  in  1716. 

FOSSE,  Antony  do  la,  lord  of  Aubigny,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet  and  tragedian,  died  in  1708. 

FOSTER,  Dr.  James,  an  English  dissenting 
minister,  born  in  1G97.  He  published  a  "  De- 
fence of  the  Usefulness,  Truth,  and  Excellency, 
of  the  Christian  Revelation,"  against  Tindalsi 
"Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation."  Thi-. 
defence  is  written  with  great  force  of  argument 
and  great  moderation,  has  been  well  accepted, 
is  much  esteemed  by  the  candid  and  judicionp 
of  all  parties;  and,  f^  he  said,  was  spoken  <tt' 
with  great  regard  b/Tindal  Jiiniself.  He  died 
in  1753. 

FOSTER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  ma 
tliematician,  and  astronomy  professor  of  Gre- 
sham  college,  born  about  1600,  died  in  1652.  His 
works  on  mathematics  and  mechanics  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable. 

FOSTER,  John,  canon  of  V^^indKor,  and  an 
excellent  classic  scholar,  born  in  1731,  died  in 
1773.  He  wrote  "  An  Essay  on  the  dificrei^t 
Nature  of  Accent  and  Quantity,  with  their  Use 
and  Application  in  the  Pronunciation  of  the 
English,  Latin,  and  Greek  Languages,"  whicii 
sufficiently  attests  his  character  as  a  scholar. 

FOSTER,  Sir  Michael,  an  eminent  judge,  was 
recorder  of  Bristol,  and  afterwards  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  king's  bench.    He  died  in  1765. 

FOSTER,  Jedediah,  a  justice  of  the  superior 
court  of  Massachusetts,  was  one  of  the  princi- 
pal members  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  tlkat  state;  he  died  at  Broo^:- 
field,  in  1779. 

FOSTER,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  minister  in  New- 
York,  became  a  baptist ;  he  was  learned  in  the 
laoguaces  and  died  in  1798. 

FOTHERGILL,  Cfeorge,  D.  D  .  an  English 


FO 

even  at  that  time  ;  lie  was  guillutiucd  in  1TU4, 
univcrsallv  cxrcratpd. 

FOLUUIERES,  Jainos,  a  Flemish  landscape 
painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1580.  Some  have 
placed  liini  so  near  Titian,  as  to  make  the  dif- 
lerence  of  their  pictured  consist,  rather  in  the 
countries  represented,  than  in  the  goodness 
of  the  pieces.  He  painted  lor  lluhens,  of  whom 
l|io  learned  the  essentials  of  his  art,  and  died  in 
!l(i59. 
j     FOUR,  du.    See  LONGUERt'E. 

FOUKl'ROI,  N.  an  eminent  French  engineer, 
died  in  1791. 

FOURCKOY,  Anthony  Francis,  a  very  emi- 
iieiil  French  writer,  on  chymistry,  and  a  nieui- 
hor  of  the  Institute,  bom  at  Paris,  in  1755,  died 
in  1809.  (lis  funeral  oration  was  pronounce*! 
by  count  RrijnarddeSl.  .lean  D'Aufiely. 
I  ForR.MOiNT,  Stephen,  professor  of  Arabic 
and  Chinese,  at  Paris,  was  distinguished  for  hid 
learning,  not  only  by  Frenchmen,  but  by  loreisu- 
crs,  who  resorted  to  his  house  for  literary  con- 
versation :  he  died  in  1743. 

FOURMO.NT,  Michael,  brother  to  the  above, 
was  an  ecclcsiasiic,  and  professor  of  Syriac,  in 
the  rt)val  rollecc  ;  he  died  in  H-IG. 

FOUR MER,  Peter  Simon,  a  French  engra- 
ver and  letter-founder,  born  at  I'a.is,  in  171-2. 
His  letters  not  only  embellished  the  typographi- 
cal art,  but  his  genius  illustrated  and  enlarged 
it.  He  published,  in  1737,  a  table  of  propor- 
tions to  be  observed  between  letters,  in  order 
to  determine  their  height  and  relations  to  each 
other.  This  ingenious  arlist  ascended  to  the 
very  origin  of  printing,  fur  the  sake  of  knowing 
it  thoroughly.  He  produced  ai  ditferenl  times 
several  historical  and  critical  dissertations  upon 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  typogiaphical  art. 
which  have  since  been  collected  and  published 
Rod'elle,  and  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  aboutlj  in  1  vol.,  divided  into  three  parts:  the  last  in- 
1700.  Ilchides  a  curious  history  of  the  entiavers  in 


FO 

clergyman,  head  of  St.  Edmund  hall,  Oxford, 
and  vicar  of  Bramlev  ;  he  died  in  17tiO. 

FOTHERGILL,  Samuel,  brother  of  George, 
was  eminent  as  a  preacher  among  the  quakvrs 
He  travelled  over  Great  Britain  and  North  Ame 
rica,  to  propagate  bis  doctrines,  and  died  in 
1773 

FOTHERGILL,  John,  an  eminent  qnakcr 
physician,  born  in  1712.  His  public  -ind  private 
benefactions,  his  encouragement  of  science,  the 
instances  of  his  attention  to  the  health,  the  po- 
lice, tJic  convenience  of  the  metropolis,  tc.  are 
loo  numerous  to  specify,  and  his  great  medical 
skill  too  well  known  to  need  our  eulogy. 

FOUCAULT,  Nicolas  Joseph,  a  distinguish- 
ed antiquary,  who  discovered  the  ancient  town 
of  the  Viducassians,  in  1704,  within  six  miles 
of  Caen,  an  account  of  which  he  published, 
with  the  history  of  the  coins,  medals,  &c.  found 
there  :  he  died  "in  1721 

FOUCHER,  Simon,  a  native  of  Dijon,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  Hygrometers,  and  other  works ; 
he  died  in  IfiOfi. 

FOUCHIER,  Bertram  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Bcrgen-op-Zoom,  and  a  disciple  of  Vandyck, 
died  in  1G74. 

FOUCai  'ET.Nicholas.marqnis  of  Belle-Isle, 
procurator-ceneral  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
and  superintendent  of  finances,  was  banished 
for  his  e.tiravagance  with  public  moneys;  he 
ilied  in  lliPO. 

FOL'CCiUET,  Charles  Louis  Anguslus,  b<'t- 
ter  known  by  the  title  of  marshal  Belle-isle, 
one  of  the  greatc<:t  statesmen  and  generals  that 
France  has  produced,  was  born  in  1G84,  and 
died  in  17(i]. 

FOUGEROTJX,  Augustus  Denys,  an  eminent 

writer  and  antiquary,  of  Paris,  died  in  1789.      | 

FOUILLON,  James,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 


FOITLIS,  Robert  and  Andrew,  two  learned 
printers,  of  Scotland,  natives,  it  is  believed,  of 
Glasgow ;  from  whose  presses  have  issued  some 
of  the  finest  specimens  of  correct  and  eleuant 
printin!.' that  was  produced  in  the  Ibth  century. 


wood.  But  the  most  important  work  of  Foui- 
nier  is  his  "  Manual  Typographique,  utile  anx 
Gens  de  Lettres,  ct  a  ceux  qui  exercent  Ics  dil- 
ferens  Parties  de  I'Art  de  I'lmprimerie."  The 
author  meant  to  have  added  two  more,  but  was 


(n  n-lt,  came  out  Robert's  immaculate  edition  ^prevented  by  his  death,  which  happened  in 
of"  Horace  ;"  the  sheets  of  which,  as  they  were  1 17(W. 

printed,  were  hung  up  in  the  college  of  Glas-  |     FOURNY,  Honore  Caille<lu,  a  very  learned 
gow:  and  a  reward  was  offered  to  those  who||  Frenchman,  anditorofthe  chamber  of  account.-*, 


!<hould  discover  an  inaccuracy.     Anorew  died 
in  1774,  and  Robert  in  1770. 

FOl'LO.V,  William,  a  schoolmaster,  at  the 
Haiue,  known  as  a  writer  of  Latin  comedies 
he  ilied  in  1.158. 

FOULOX,  John,  a  Jesuit,  of  Liege,  author 
of  a  commentary  on  some  part  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, died  in  Ififis. 

FOULOX,  N.  a  French  politician  and  finan- 
cier, who  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  finan- 
ces at  the  becinning  of  the  revolution,  and  be- 
came one  of  its  first  victims,  in  1789. 

FOUXTAINE,Sir  Andrew,  received  the  ho- 
nour of  knighthood  from  king  William,  and 
travelled  over  most  pirts  of  Europe  ;  where  he 
made  a  large  and  valuablecollection  of  pictures, 
ancient  statues,  medals,  and  inscriptions  ;  and 
by  his  skill  and  judgment,  furnished  the  most 
considerable  cabinets  in  England,  to  his  own 
emolument,  being  a  perfect  connoiseur  in  me- 
dals, ancient  as  well  as  modern.  He  died  in 
175:?. 

FOTTQTTIER  TINVn.LE,  Anthony  Quentin, 
a  Frenchman,  of  infamous  meniorv,  wlio,  as 
public  accuser  during  the  revolution,  under 
Robespierre,  was  conspicuous  for  his  depravity 


at  Paris,  died  in  1731. 
I  FOURaUEVAUX,  Raymond,  of  Pavla,  ba- 
ron of.  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  the 
Guelphs  and  Gibbelines,  and  in  defence  of  Toii- 
I louse,  .ngainst  the  Huguenots,  for  which  he  was 
[made  governor  of  Narbonne,  wliere  he  died  in 
1 1574. 

FOWLER,  John,  an  English  printer,  educa- 
ted at  Oxford,  and  settled  at  Antwerp,  where 
he  learned  printing;  he  was  a  learned  man, 
skilled  in  Latin  and  Greek,  a  poet,  and  an  ora- 
tor.   Ho  died  in  1.578. 

FOWLER,  Christopher,  a  puritan  of  some 
eminence,  who  became  vicar  of  St.  Mary's 
from  which  he  was  ejected  ;  he  died  in  1070. 

FOWLER,  Edward,  an  English  prelate,  of 
great  piety,  prebendarj-  and  afterwards  bishop 
of  Gloucester,  died  in  1714. 

FOWLER,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
eminent  as  a  writer  on  medical  subjects,  died 
in  1801. 

FOX,  Richard,  a  native  of  Grantham,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  was  educated  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridL'c,  and  made  a  privy  counsellor,  and  bishop 
of  Exeter,  by  Heniy,  earl  of  Richmond,  on  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  He  was  also  employed 
195 


TO 

In  various  einOiissies,  and  reinuvcd  to  the  set 
of  Durham  :  he  died  in  1528. 

FOX,  Kdward,  an  eminent  statesman,  ahnn- 
ner  to  Henry  VHF.,  and  bisliop  of  Herefi>rd. 
He  was  the  principal  pillar  of  the  Reforinaiion, 
M  to  the  politic  and  prudential  part  of  it ;  bein>; 
of  more  activity  and  no  less  aliiliiy  than  Cran 
mer  himself ;  but  he  acted  more  secretly  thai 
Cranmer,  and  by  thai  means  did  not  briiin  him 
self  into  danger  of  suffering  on  that  account 
He  was  bjrn  at  Dursley,  in  Gloucestershire 
and  died  in  151(8. 

FOX,  John,  an  English  divine  and  church  his 
torian,  born  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1517 
the  verv  year  that  Luther  began  to  oppose  the 
errors  of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  he  died  in  I.WT. 

FOX,  George,  founder  and  head  of  the  Eng- 
lish quakers,  was  born  in  1624,  and  died  in  ICIKJ.; 
He  was  brought  up  a  shoemaker,  and  followed! 
his  trade  in  Nottingham ;  till  at  length  his  re- 
flections upon  the  degeneracy  of  mankind  inaiU; 
him  resolve  to  attempt  a  reformation;  and,  be 
lievlng  liimself  under  the  advantage  of  spiriiualj 
illumination,  he  shut  up  liis  shop,  and  tiiniedi 
preacher.  This  was  in  1650 ;  and  his  wife  Mar-i 
garet,  being  under  the  same  persuasion,  hnd  alsoi 
a  share  in  his  ministerial  functions.  His  rioc-| 
trine  and  appearance  being  altogether  new,  thej 
people  ran  after  him  in  great  numbers :  which, 
success  encouraged  him  to  declaim  v/ith  the: 
utmost  vehemence  against  the  disorders  of  thej 
times.  His  disciples  adopted  plainness  in  thrirj 
habits,  werefru!?alin  their  manner  of  living,  audi 
t'ery  reserved  in  their  conversation.  Fox  had; 
several  rough  traverses  in  executing  the  instruc-j 
tions  that  he  professed  to  receive  from  heaven, 
and  was  often  in  danger  of  his  life.  Notwith-; 
Dtandiiigall  these  discouragements,  he  fearlesslyj 
persevered, and  this  sect  prevailed  much  ;  maiiy, 
considerable  men  being  drawn  over  to  them, 
among  wiiom  wer<3  Barclay  and  Penn.  Their 
followers  of  the  present  time,  are  distinguished 
by  neatness  of  diess,  peaceable  demeanor,  and 
correctness  of  manners. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  a  distinguished  English 
statesman  and  orator,  born  in  17W,  was  the  se 
cond  soil  of  lord  Holland.  After  receiving  a  libe 
ral  education  at  Westminster,  Eton,  and  0.\ford, 
he  made  the  tour  of  Europe  ;  and,  returning 
home,  v/as  even,  while  yet  in  his  minority,  elect- 
ed M.  P.  for  Mid  hurst.  His  first  speech  was  in 
favour  of  ministers,  against  Mr.  Wilkes  and  the 
Middlesex  election.  He  was  successively  made 
0  lord  of  th'!  admiralty  and  of  the  treasury,  but 
et  length  dismissed  from  office  ;  and  before  he 
was  21  years  of  age,  became  one  of  the  most 
Hoquent  opponents  of  government.  With  the 
exception  of  a  short  time  under  the  RocUinL'hain 
administration,  when  he  wa.-i  secretary  of  slate, 
Mr.  Fox  continued  leader  of  the  opiiosition  party 
in  the  house  of  commons  from  tli.at  liilie  till  ti 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt  in  the  beginning  of  180(1 ;  when 
he  was  made  sticrctary  of  slate  for  foreign  af-| 
fairs.  He  now  entered  on  a  tiegotialion  with 
the  French  government  wilb  a  view  to  a  peace  : 
butfidropsy  .seized  him  during  its  progress,  Which 
terininaied  fatally  at  Chiswick  House,  Stipt.  i:?, 
of  the  same  year.  His  reuiaiiis  received  the 
honours  of  a  public  funeral  in  Wesiniinster  .\:j- 
fcev  on  the  10th  of  October,  and  were  interred 
Within  eight<en  inches  of  the  grave  of  his  late 
tiolitlcal  rival.  Mr  Pitt. 

Fox  DB  MOUZILLO,  Sel-rnti.-in.  a  native 
of  rieville,  autliorof  philosojiliii-iil  tiacts.  fee; 
he  Was  (5roWlH;d  on  his  way  toi^jirti'i,  lo  becom" 
tbe  Wtor  fo  Don  Carlos,  son  of  P'litip  Hi. 

in 


FR 

FOXCROFT,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  and 
admind  minister,  of  Boiion ;  publisiied  uu- 
merous  sermons,  and  died  in  1769. 

FR.AC.ASTORIO,  Girolaino.  an  Italian  poet 
and  physician,  di:>linguisbed  also  as  a  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  and  as  the  intimate 
friend  of  (.'ardinal  Bembo,  ^-caliger,  and  other 
Uarncd  men  ;  he  died  in  1553. 
Fll.\CHET'J\A,Girolaiiio,  anativeof  Rovigno, 
in  Italy,  TTho  gained  great  reputation  by  liis  po- 
htical  works,  the  most  consider.ible  of  which  is 
entitled,  "  11  Seminario  de  Governi  di  Stato,  el 
di  Guerra."  In  this  work,  he  has  collected, 
under  110  chapters,  about  StKM)  niilita-y  and 
state  maxims,  cxtr.-icted  from  ihe  best  authors ; 
and  ha*  added  to  each  chapter  a  discourse, 
which  serves  as  a  commentary  to  it.  He  died 
about  1610. 

FKAGIJIER,  Claude  Francis,  a  French  wri- 
ter, an  eminent  classical  scholar,  and  author  of 
Latin  poems,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  I'/iiS. 

FRAN(;F,S(;A,  Peter,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Venice,  who  delighted  in  representing  nigbt- 
pieces  and  battles.  He  drew  also  several  por- 
traits, wrote  of  arithmetic  and  geometry,  and 
died  in  1  }43. 

FKANCESCHINI,  Mark  Antony,  a  painter, 
of  Bologna,  died  m  1729. 

FR.A.N'CHI,  Antonio,  a  painter,  of  Lucca, 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duchess  of  Flor- 
ence ;  he  died  in  1709. 

FR.ANCL'A,  Francesco,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Bologna  in  1450,  was  at  first  a  goldsmith 
or  jeweller,  afterwards  a  graver  of  coins  and 
medals  ;  but  at  la^t  applying  himself  to  painting, 
he  acquired  great  credit  by  his  skill.  Raphael's 
reputation  made  him  desirous  to  sec  his  works, 
but  his  age  would  not  suffer  him  to  take  a  jour- 
ney to  Rome  :  nevertheless,  a  friendly  cories- 
pondence  commi'nccd  between  these  two  pain- 
ters. Raphael  having  painted  the  picture  of 
St.  Cecilia  for  a  church  in  Bologna,  sent  it  to 
Franeia  to  place  it  properly  for  him,  and  even 
to  correct  its  faults,  11'  he  discerned  any.  But 
Franeia  was  so  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the 
piece,  that,  despairing  of  attaining  the  same 
perfection,  he  fell,  it  is  said,  into  a  kind  of  me- 
lancholy ;  and  this,  bringing  on  a  consumption, 
occrisi(>ned  his  deaih  in  1518. 

FRANCl.*'  ■  -on,  a  French  painter,  born  in 
IGWj,  was  ill"'  "th  very  devout,  and  declar- 
ed for  a  rr'SgiA-  Seeking  out  a  profession 
which  I'  ik  'him  in  raising  Ins  soul  to 
the  lo-  G(*f  1  by  chance  looking  on  a 
pic  tore  oi  ur  Srfvionr's  nativity,  he  was  so  ex- 
tremely touched,  that,  in  hopes  of  being  able  to 
draw  some  piece.-  whose  effect  on  the  specta- 
tors might  be  aslivelv,  he  resolved  to  turn  pain- 
ter.    He  died  in  1671'. 

FRANCIS,  of  Paulo,  a  Romish  saint,  canon- 
ized by  po[»e  I/co  X.,  was  the  founder  of  the 
Minims,  and  celebrated  for  his  austerities ;  he 
died  in  1!>()7. 

PR.A.NCIS.  of  Assisi,  a  great  saint  of  the 
Romish  church,  and  founder  of  one  of  four  or- 
ders of  mendicant  friars,  borti  in  1182.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant,  whose  profession  he 
followed  till  1200 ;  at  which  time  he  became 
so  strongly  alfected  with  religions  truths,  that 
he  resolved  to  retire  from  the  world.  He  pre- 
vailed with  great  numbers  to  devote  themselvep, 
as  he  had  done,  to  the  poverty  enjoined  by  the 
go?pcl;  and  drew  np  an  institute,  or  rule,  for 
ih!-ir  use,  wlji'^h  Was  approved  by  the  Roman 
Pontiffs.  Francis  was  ranoni/.ed  by  pope  Gre 
tj.irvtV,  the  lith  of  Mac,  I2;!0;  and   fict.  the 


FR 

4lli,  on  which  liis  death  happened  in  122G,  was 
Qjipoiiitcd  as  UU  festival.  Ilis  order  soon  rose 
to  great  splendour,  uiid  has  done  prodigious  ser- 
vice to  the  Koniaii  pontiffs. 

FKANCIS  UE  SALES,  a  Romish  saint,  was 
bishop  of  Geneva,  and  founder  of  tlie  order  of  the 
visitation.  He  is  said  to  have  converted  70,000 
iHotestanls  before  Lis  death, which  happemd 
in  1622.  He  was  canonized  by  pope  Alexander 
VI. 

FRANCIS  XAVIER,  the  preat  coodjutor  of 
Ijrnatius  Loyola,  was  born  at  Xavier,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  in  1506 ;  and  wae  sent  one  of 
the  earliest  missionaries  lo  the  East  Indies;  for 
liii;  zeal  and  ability  in  which  undcrtakin<:,  he  ob- 
tained ihc  appellation  of  the  Apo.stleof  the  In- 
dict, lie  died  in  15%,  and  was  canonized  in  1C3S, 
by  (Jrctrory  XV. 

Fit  AA'(  I!?,  of  Lorraine,  emperor  of  Germany, 
married  a  daughter  of  the  empi  ror  Charles  VI., 
and  was  associated  with  his  wife  in  the  empire 
till  1745,  when  lie  was  elected  emperor.  He  was 
a  patron  of  lii"rature  and  tiie  arts,  as  well  as  of 
commerce  ;  he  died  suddenly  in  lt)75. 

FRANCIS  I.,  kin;;  of  France,  succeeded  Lewis 
XII  on  the  French  throne,  in  1515.  Ileisknown 
as  the  rival  and  opponent  of  the  emperor  Charles 
v.,  with  whom  he  was  involved  in  war,  during 
almost  his  whole  reign,  with  various  success, 
and  to  whom  he  was,  at  one  time,  a  prisoner, 
with  his  two  sons  ;  also,  as  the  patron  of  lilera- 
tiire  and  the  arts.  He  died  at  Ranibouillet,  in 
1547. 

FRANCIS  II.,  son  of  Henry  H.  and  Catherine 
de  Medicis,  succeeded  to  the  tlirone  of  France  on 
Hie  death  of  his  father.  He  married  the  unfor- 
tunate Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  in  15G0, 
aged  17,  after  a  reign  of  17  mouths. 

FRANt'lS,dukeof  Alencon,  Anjou,  andBerri, 
and  brother  of  the  preceding,  opposed  lii.s  bro- 
ther Henry  III.,  forwhich  he  was  imprisoned  by 
Catherine,  and  afterwards  liberated.  He  was 
subsequently  crowned  duke  of  Rrabant,  and 
was  one  of  Ibe  suitors  of  queen  Elizabeth  ;  he 
died  in  1584. 

FRANCIS  DE  BOURBON,  count  of  St.  Pol 
and  Chauinont,  distinguished  himself  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Mariguan.  He  was  taken  prisnnerwith 
Fraiiris  !.,  hut  escaped,  and  died  in  1545. 

riiANCIS  HE  BOl'RBOr  It  Enghien, 
vas  a  celebrated  general  in  t'  ce  of  Fran- 

cis I.  ;  he  was  killed  by  ac  ,u  1^45. 

FKANCIS  DE  nOI'RB  Jul   ,  ;Af  Mont- 

nensier,  was  the  faithful  a.'  e  o    •    lyy  IV. 

of  France,  and  distingiiisheu  iiimscli:.;ii  his  ser- 
vice as  a  soldier ;  he  died  in  \5\ni. 

FRANCIS,  of  Lorraine,  duke  of  Guise  and  of 
Aumale,  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  with 
Charles  V.,  and  the  English  ;  and  in  the  reigns 
of  Henry  II..  and  Francis  II.  of  France,  rom- 
plrlely  governed  llie  kingdom.  After  the  d(  atli 
of  Fiaiiris,  he  espmised  thesideof  tiiecaiholics, 
in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  assassinated  ir.  lati;!. 

FRANCIS  DE  BORGIA, St., duke  of  Can- 
dia,  and  viceroy  of  Catalonia,  was  the  grandson 
of  pope  .Mexander  VI.  He  afterwards  became 
a  Jesuit,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1572.  He  was  ca- 
nonized by  pope  Clement  X. 

FRANCIS,  Lucas,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  employed  by  the  kings  of  France  and 
iJunin  :  he  died  in  104.1. 

FRANCIS  RO.MAIN,  a  Ilominican,  of  Ghent, 
was  an  eminent  architect :  he  was  employed  by 
T^cwis  XIV.,  to  finish  the  Pont  Royal,  of  Paris, 
forwhich  he  was  liberally  rewarded  ;  he  died  in 

\-2r,. 


FR 

FKANCIS,  Dr.  Philip,  more  distinguished  as 
a  translator  than  as  an  original  writer.  Ilis 
versions  of  Horace  and  Demosthenes  have  been 
justly  valued :  the  former  is  perhaps  as  com- 
plete and  useful  a  work  of  its  kind  as  hath  yet 
appeared.  He  was  also  the  author  of  two  tra- 
gi'dies,  "Eugenia,"  and  "  Constaiilia;"  but,  as 
a  dramatic  writer,  not  very  successful.  He  died 
ill  177;i. 

FRANCI.S,Janies  Charles,  an  eminent  French 
engraver,  died  in  1769. 

FRANCIS,  sir  Philip,  was  a  member  of  th(? 
English  parliament,  and  an  active  promoter  of 
tlie  articles  of  impeachment  of  Warren  Hast- 
ings. He  has  heeii  considered  by  .some  as  the 
author  of  .luniiis'  Letters  ;  he  died  in  1818. 

FANCISCA,or  FRANCES,  a  Ron)an  lady, 
who  founded  a  convent  at  Rome,  and  was  can- 
onized in  ItH)8  ;  she  was  born  in  1334. 

F1!.\NCU'S,  Peter,  professor  of  rlieloric,  and 
oratory  at  Amsterdam,  his  native  city  ;  he  died 
in  1704. 

FRANCK.  George,  a  native  of  Naumbuip,  n' 
ceived  a  poetic  crown,  at  the  age  of  18,  fur  hi? 
Latin,  Greek,  Clennan,  and  Hebrew  poetry.  Ilf 
was  professor  of  medicine  at  Heidelberg  and 
VV'iticinburg,  and  died  in  1704. 

FRANCK,  Augustus  Herman,  of  Lnbeck, 
professor  of  oriental  lanj-u.-iges,  and  of  divinity 
at  Halle,  was  distinguished  for  his  benevolence 
and  piety;  he  died  in  1727 

FRANCK,  or  FRANCKEN,  Fianci.'sc.iis,  a 
Flemish  painter,  of  great  merit,  di(d  in  IfilC. 

FR.ANCK,  Franciscus,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  pupil  of  his  father,  was  also  a  painter  ; 
he  died  in  1042. 

FRANCKER,  Chrislitin,  successively  a  Jesuit, 
a  Eocinian,  a  unitarian,  and  a  catholic,  in  the 
16th  ceniurv- 

FRANCKENSTEIN,  Christian  Godfrey,  of 
Leipsic,  an  advocate,  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
letters,  and  a  historian  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

FRANCO,  Nirolo.  a  satirist,  born  at  Benc- 
vento,  in  1510.  He  was  condemned  to  death, 
for  some  severe  satires  on  illustrions  persons  of 
Rome  ;  but  it  is  not  known  that  lie  was  executed 

FRANCO,  Baitista,  a  painter,  of  Venice,  who 
imitated  the  manner  of  Buonarotte,  died  in  13C1. 

FRANCOIS,  Abbe  Laurent,  an  able  opponent 
of  the  P'rench  philosophers,  died  in  1782.  His 
works  were  principally  in  defence  of  religion. 

FRANCOIS,  Simon,  a  selftaiight  portrait 
painter  of  Tours,  died  in  1671. 

FRANCOIS,  Lucas,  a  historical  painter,  in 
the  service  of  the  kings  of  France  and  Spain, 
died  in  iri43.- 

FRANCOIS,  Lucas,  called  the  Younger,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  also  highly  respected  as  a 
painter  ;  he  died  in  1654. 

FRANCOWrrz,  Matthias,  a  proleslant  di 
vine,  pupil  of  Luther  and  Melaiicthon,  was  a  pri 
vate  teacher,  and  afterwards  prole.>;^nr  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages  atWitteniburg  ;  he 
died  in  1575. 

FRANCL'S,  Sebastian,  a  German  anabaptiel 
of  the  16th  ceniurv 

FRANCK  FLORIS.    See  FLORIS. 

FRANKLIN,  Dr.  Benjamin,  Imrn  at  Boston, 
in  Amerioa,  in  1706,  was  placed  at  a  very  early 
age  under  one  of  his  brothers,  who  was  a  jirinter, 
when;  he  made  a  rapid  proL'icw  in  that  art  so 
useful  to  mankind,  and  contracted  an  attach 
menf  for  the  press  whirh  continued  as  lone 
l.ts  he  lived.  Scarcely  emerged  from  infancy 
iFranklin  was  a  philosopher  without  being  can 
■scioii>  ')•"  it,  Willi  by  the  continual  exercise  of  his 

197 


Ill 

senius,  preparod  liiiiisell'  loi  iliose  groat  dUcovc 
ries  ill  science  wiiicli  have  since  asi^ociated 
hjs  name  with  tlial  ol  Newton,  and  lor  tliose 
polilital  reflfclioiu  which  have  placed  liim  by 
llie  side  ol'  a  Solon  and  a  Lycurgus.  Soon 
after  his  removal  from  Boston  to  Philadelphia, 
Fraiiklin.ui concert  with  some  other  yonni;  men 
estahlishcd  a  small  club  ;  wliere  every  member, 
after  his  work  was  over,  and  on  holidays,  brouRht 
his  slock  of  ideas,  which  were  siibiiiitlcd  to  dis- 
ciisDion.  This  society  ol"  which  the  young  print- 
er was  the  soul,  has  been  the  source  of  every 
useful  establLshmenl  in  Pennsylvania  c.ilculaled 
to  promote  the  progress  of  science,  the  mechani- 
cal aris,  and  puiiicularly  the  iuiprovemeiil  of 
the  human  uiidersiaiidiiig.  Higher  eiiipioy- 
inents,  however,  at  kngih  called  him  from  liis 
country,  which  he  was  dpstiiiod  to  serve  more 
elfectually  as  ils  airent  in  England,  whither  he 
was  sent  in  1757.  The  stamp  act,  by  which  the 
British  minister  wished  to  familiarize  the  Amer- 
icans to  pay  taxes  to  the  mother-country,  re- 
vived that  love  of  liberty  which  had  led  their 
forefathers  to  a  country  tt  that  time  a  de.wit ; 
and  the  colonies  formed  a  congress,  the  lirst  idea 
of  whicli  had  been  conimunicaied  to  them  by 
Franklin,  at  the  conferences  at  Albany,  in  17,')4. 
The  war  that  was  just  terminated,  and  the 
exertions  made  by  them  to  support  it,  had  given 
them  a  conviction  of  their  strength  ;  they  op- 
liosed  this  measure,  and  the  minister  gave  way, 
Imt  reserved  the  means  of  renewing  his  attempts. 
Once  cautioned,  however,  they  remained  on 
their  guard  ;  liberty,  cherished  by  their  alarnw, 
took  deep  root;  and  the  rapid  circulation  of 
ideas  by  means  of  newspapers,  for  the  intro- 
duction of  which  they  were  indebted  to  the 
printer  of  Philadelphia,  united  tliem  together  to 
resist  every  fresh  enterprise.  In  the  year  176G,] 
this  printer,  called  to  the  bar  of  the  house  of 
commons,  underwent  that  famous  interrogatory, 
whidi  placed  the  name  of  Franklin  as  high  in 
politics,  as  it  was  before  in  natural  philosophy. 
From  that  time  he  defended  the  cause  of  ."^raer-j 
ica  with  a  firmness  and  moderation  becoming  aj 
great  man,  pointing  out  to  ministry  all  the  errors 
they  had  committed,  and  the  consequences  they] 
would  induce,  till  the  period  when,  the  tax  on 
the  tea  meeting  the  same  opposition  as  the  stainp- 
acl  had  done,  England  blindly  fancied  herself 
capable  of  subjecting  by  force  3,000,000  of  men 
determined  to  be  free,  at  a  distance  of  2000 
leagues.  Every  man  is  acquainted  with  the 
particulars  of  that  war  ;  but  every  man  has  not 
equally  reflected  on  the  bold  attempt  of  Franklin 
^s  a  legislator.  Having  asserted  their  indepen- 
dence, and  placed  themselves  in  the  rank  of 
nation.s,  the  different  colonies,  now  the  United 
Slates  of  America,  adopted  each  its  own  form 
of  government ;  and,  retaining  almost  univer- 
sally their  admiration  for  the  British  constitu- 
tion, framed  iheiii  from  the  same  principles  vari- 
ously modelled.  Franklin  alone,  disengaging  the 
political  machine  from  those  multiplied  move- 
ments and  admired  counterpoises  that  rendered 
it  so  complicated,  proposed  the  reducing  it  to 
the  simplicity  of  a  single  legislative  body.  This 
Crand  idea  startled  the  legislators  of  Pennsylva- 
nia :  but  the  philo-opher  renwived  the  fears  of 
a  considerable  number,  and  at  lenirth  determin- 
ed them  to  the  adoption  of  lii.s  principle  IJaviiig 
given  laws  to  his  country,  Franklin  undertook 
again  to  serve  it  in  Europe,  not  by  representa- 
tions to  the  metropolis,  or  answers  at  the  bar  of 
•he  house  of  commons  ;  bin  bj-  treatie.s  wiili 
i'cance,  and  successivrly  with  otiifr  powers. 
198 


FR 

|From  France  he  returned  to  Am'."ica  in  1785, 
|and  lived  live  years  after  this  i  erioii :  for  three 
jyears  lie  was  president  of  the  fJeneral  Assembly 
of  Pennsylvania ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention that  e.stablishcd  the  new  form  of  fede- 
ral government ;  and  his  last  public  act  was  a 
gmiid  example  for  those  who  are  employed  in 
the  legislation  oi  ilieir  country.  In  this  coiivm- 
lion  lie  had  differed  in  some  points  from  the 
majority ;  but,  when  the  articles  were  ulti- 
mately decreed,  he  said  to  his  collcaguoe,  "  ff'e 
ought  lo  have  but  one  opinion  :  the  good  of  our 
country  requires  that  the  resolution  be  unanim- 
ous ;"  and  lie  signed.  He  died  April  17,  1790. 
\s  an  author,  he  never  wrote  a  work  of  any 
length.  His  political  works  consist  of  letters 
ir  short  tracts  ;  but  all  of  them,  even  those  of 
hiiiiiour,  bear  the  marks  of  his  observing  genius 
and  mild  philosophy.  He  wrote  many  for  that 
rank  of  people  who  have  no  opportunity  for 
study,  and  whom  it  is  yet  of  so  much  conse- 
quence to  instruct ;  and  he  was  well  skilled  in 
reducing  useful  truths  to  maxims  easily  retained, 
and  .sometimes  to  proverbs,  or  little  talcs,  the 
mple  and  natural  graces  of  which  acquire  a 
wkiw  value  when  associated  with  the  name  of 
their  aiilhor.  In  short,  the  whole  life  of  Frank- 
lin, his  meditations,  and  his  labours,  have  all 
been  directed  to  public  utiliiy  ;  but  the  grand 
object  that  he  had  always  in  view  did  not  shut 
liis  heart  against  private  friendship:  he  loveo 
his  family,  his  friends,  and  was  extremely  bene- 
ficent. In  society  he  was  sententious,  but  not 
fluent;  a  listener  rather  than  a  lalker;  an  in- 
forming rather  than  a  pleasing  companion  :  im- 
patient of  interruption,  he  often  mentioned  the 
custom  of  the  Indiana,  who  always  remain  si- 
lent some  time  before  they  give  an  answer  to  a 
question  which  they  have  heard  aitentively ; 
unlike  some  of  the  politest  societies  in  Europe, 
where  a  sentence  can  scarcely  be  finished  with- 
out interruption.  In  the  midst  of  his  grcate«». 
occupations  for  the  liberty  of  his  country,  he 
had  some  physical  cvperimenl  near  him  in  his 
closet ;  and  ti)e  sciences,  which  he  had  rather 
iliscoveied  than  studied,  afforded  him  a  con- 
linual  .source  of  pleasure.  He  made  v.irioiis  be- 
quests and  donations  to  cities,  public  bodies, 
and  individuals  :  and  requested  that  the  follow- 
ing epitapli,  which  he  had  composed  for  himself 
some  years  before,  might  be  inscribed  on  his 
tombstone : 

"Thebodvof 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN,  Printer, 

(like  the  cover  of  an  old  book, 

its  contents  torn  out, 

and  stript  of  its  lettering  and  gilding) 

lies  here  food  for  worms ; 

yet  the  work  itself  shall  not  he  lost, 

but  vfiW  (as  he  believed)  appear  once  more 

ill  a  new 

and  more  beautifnl  edition, 

corrected  and  amended 

by 

THE  AUTHOR." 

FRANKLIN,  William,  son  of  Dr.  FranitUn 

embraced  the  side  of  Britain,  in  the  revolution 

ary  war,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  afterwards 

iffered  to  retire  to  England,  where  he  died.    lie 

was  the  last  roval  governor  of  New-Jersey. 

FRA.NKLIN,  Dr.  Thomas,  one  of  the  king';" 
cliaplaiiis,  and  ret-.tor  of  Brasted.in  Kent.  This 
:4entli:man  was  possessed  of  no  iiicoiisidcianle 


FR 

share  of  learning  and  poetical  abilities,  and  \va& 
long  a  favourite  in  the  literal y  world.  His 
translations  of  Plialaris,  Sophocles,  and  Luci- 
an,  cquall}'  evince  his  learning  and  his  genius 
His  dramatic  compositions,  are  well  known, 
and  deservedly  esteemed  ;  he  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, about  1720,  and  died  in  1764. 

FRANKS,  Sebafticin,  a  landscape  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  born  in  1373. 

FRANKS,  John  Baptist,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  successful  imitator  of  the  manner  of  Van 
dyck  aiiri  Rubens ;  he  was  born  in  IGOO. 

FRANS  FLORIS,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp,  in  15C0.  He  grew  rich  and  famous, 
his  performances  being  good  and  numerous 
but  wa-s  greatly  addicted  to  drinking,  ami  dud 
at  50  years  of  age.  He  was  called  the  Raphael 
of  Flanders. 

FRANTZIUS,  Wolfgang,  a  German  divine 
and  profc.-sor  of  divinity  at  Wiiteuiburgh,  died 
in  l(>-20. 

FR.\SSON,  Claude,  a  French  monk,  was  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorboune,  and  professor  of  Uie- 
ology  at  Paris,  also  superior  of  the  Franciscan 
convent  there;  he  died  in  1711. 

FRATELLLNI,  Giovanna,  a  female  painter, 
of  Florence,  patronisnd  by  the  archduchess  Vic- 
toria; she  died  in  1731. 

FRATELLINI,  Lorenzo  Maria,  son  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  as  a  historical  and  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1729. 

FRAUNCE,  Aliraham,  a  poet,  who  was  edu- 
cated at  the  expense  of  sir  Philip  Sidney,  in 
Cambridge  ;  after  which  he  was  called  to  the 
bar.  He  wrote,  amongst  other  things,  "  The 
Countess  of  Pembroke's  Ivy  Church  and  Em- 
anuel," in  1591  ;  and  a  "Translation  of  He- 
liodorus'  EthiopicB." 

FRAUVVENLOB,  Henry,  a  German  writer, 
died  in  1317. 

FREDEGARIUS,  Uie  earliest  French  histo- 
rian, after  Gregory  of  Tours ;  his  chronicle,  in 
barbarous  language,  extends  to  the  vear  (54). 

FREDEGO.NDE,  wife  of  ChilpeVic,  king  of 
France,  was  born  of  obscure  parents:,  but,  by  her 
beauty  and  art,  raised  herself  to  tlie  throne  ; 
she  poisoned  all  around  her  whom  she  coneidcr- 
ed  enemies  or  rivals,  and,  finally,  the  king  liiin- 
unlf ;  she  died  in  .597. 

FREDERIC  I.,surn,imcdBarbarossa,duke  of 
Swabia,  succeeded  his  uncle,  Conrad  III.,  as 
emperor  of  Germany,  and  was  crowned  in  Italy 
by  Adrian  IV.  A  part  of  his  reign  was  dis 
turbed  by  quarrels  and  wars  with  the  popes, 
who,  after  a  reconciliation,  persuaded  liiin  to 
undertake  a  crusade  against  Saladin.  He  died 
during  the  expedition,  in  1190,  alter  liaviiig 
gaine<l  several  victories  over  the  Turks  and 
Greeks.  His  son  Frederic,  duks  of  Swabia,  who 
attended  him,  and  displayed  great  valour  in  the 
Holy  Land,  also  died  there. 

FREDERIC  II.,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
and  son  of  Henry  VI.,  was  born  in  1194,  and 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  two  years  after. 
In  1210,  he  was  elected  emperor  of  Gerraanv. 
lie  died  in  1250,  aged  57. 

FREDERIC  III.,  surnamed  the  Fair,  son  of 
Albert  of  Austria,  was  the  rival  of  Lewis  of  Ba- 
varia, in  a  contest  for  the  imperial  tin-one.  He 
was  defeated  by  him  at  the  battle  of  Michael 
dorff,  and  taken  prisoner ;  he  di»'d  in  13.30. 

FREDERIC  IV..  surnamed  the  Pacilic,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  was  tlie  last  of  the  German 
princes,  who  submitted  to  a  coronation  at  Rome. 
He  was  a  weak,   indolent,  and    superstitious 
iinc'».  wlio  saw  Ui-f  s-.ibjects  revolt,  with  ir. 


FR 

difference,  and  afterwards  fled  from  Vienna; 
lie  was  reduced  to  beg  his  bread,  and  died  in 
1493. 

FREDERIC  I.,  king  of  Denmark,  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  wisdom,  prudence,  c^nd  by  the 
utility  of  his  public  measures,  particularly  in  in- 
structing Lutheranism  among  his  subjects;  he 
died  in  1533. 

FREDERIC  n.,  king  of  Denmark,  was  the 
patron  of  literature  and  of  learned  men  ;  and 
the  liberal  protector  of  Tycho  Brahe  ;  he  died 
ii.  1588. 

FREDERIC  III.,  archbishop  of  Bremen,  suc- 
ceeded his  father.  Christian  IV.,  as  kingof  Den- 
mark, and  improved  the  condition  of  his  pr~>- 
ple,  by  making  them  more  independent  of  tne 
nobles,  and  by  making  the  crown  hereditary ; 
he  died  in  1^70. 

FREDERIC  IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  was  en- 
gaged in  war  with  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden,  and 
lost  -some  part  of  his  territorie-s,  which  he  after- 
wards recovered  :  he  died  in  1730. 

FREDERICK  v.,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
reigned  on  the  throne  of  Denmark  from  1746  to 
17ri<^.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Christian 
VII. 

FREDERIC  AUGUSTUS  I.,  kingof  Poland, 
and  i-Iector  of  Saxony,  recommended  himself  to 
the  Poltr,  by  his  valour  against  the  Turks,  and 
wa>;  elected  their  king  in  IG'.lfi.  He  wa.s  beaten 
by  ("liarles  XII.,  and  stripped  of  his  dominion.-^, 
which  he  afterwards  recoverf  d  and  maintained 
till  his  death,  in  1733.  He  was  the  patron  of  lite- 
rature, and  his  court  was  for  a  long  time  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  in  Europe. 

FREDERIC  AUGUSTUS  H.,  succeeded  his 
father  on  the  throne  of  Poland,  in  1734.  The 
last  of  his  reign  was  disturbed  by  a  war  with 
the  king  of  Prussia,  who  invaded  his  kingdom, 
and  reduced  him  to  unconditional  submission. 
He  died  in  17ti3. 

FREDERIC,  prince  of  Hcsss  CasseU  married 
a  sister  of  Charles  XJL,  of  Sweden,  and  obtain- 
ed possession  of  the  Swedish  throne  in  1720. 
He  died  i:i  1757. 

FREDERIC  WILLIASI,  elector  of  Branden- 
burg, distinguished  himself  by  hie  war  with  Po- 
land, and  aflerw.-^rds  with  Lewis  XIV.  After 
repelling  the  Swedes,  who  h.td  invaded  his  do- 
minions, he  devrted  his  attention  to  the  com- 
merce of  his  people,  and  to  internal  improve- 
ments.    He  died  in  1688. 

FREDERIC  I.,  elector  of  Brandenburg,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  ambitious  of  raising  his 
duchy  into  a  kingdom,  and  joined  Leopold,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  in  a  war  against  several 
states,  10  accompliih  thcob-ect:  he  died  in  1713. 
FREDERIC  WILLIAM!.,  king  of  Prussia, 
son  of  the  preceding,  succeeded  his  father,  in 
1713.  He  began  his  reign  by  a  strict  reform  in 
the  expenditures  of  his  kintrdom,  by  cnrourage- 
ing  commerce  and  industry,  and  by  inviting 
foreign  artisans  to  settle  in  his  dominions  ;  at 
the  same  time  he  provided  for  his  security  by 
creating  an  army  of  60,000  men.  He  died  in 
1740. 

FREDERIC  IL,  son  of  the  preceding,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  in  1740.  He  wasdistiiiguishcd  by 
the  appellation  of  "  the  Great,"  to  which  his 
superior  talents  and  conspicuous  achievements 
gave  him  a  just  claim.  During  his  reign,  he 
was  encaged  in  war  with  almost  every  poten- 
tate of  Europe ;  and,  in  most  instances  success- 
fully. At  the  same  time,  he  was  solicitous  for 
the  welfare  of  his  subjects,  and  devoted  a  part 
of  every  dav  to  a  redress  of  their  grievance? 
T99 


i^ 


FR 

lie  encouraged  commerce  and  the  arts,  invited 
literary  men  from  all  parts  of  Europe  to  his 
court,  administered  justice  impartially,  and  re- 
lieved the  unfortunate  anddiBtpsstd,  wherever 
to  be  found.  In  tlie  midst  of  all  Ills  cares,  lie 
found  lime  to  devote  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
was  himself  a  philosopher  and  an  author,  but 
of  iniidcl  principles;  he  died  in  1*66,  aijed  75. 

FREDERIC,  surnamed  the  Wise,  elector  of 
Saiony,  was  the  friend  of  the  emperor  Maxiiui- 
Han,  and  might  have  succeeded  him  had  he  not 
declined.  He  was  the  firm  and  zealous  friend 
of  Luther,  and  the  reformation,  and  died  in 
J526. 

FREDERIC  v.,  elector  of  Palatine,  married 
adau(;hter  of  Jann:s  I.,  of  England.  He  was; 
elected  king  of  Bohemia  by  the  protestanl.«,  but 
opposed  and  defeated  by  Ferdinand,  of  Austria. 
The  death  of  Gustavus,  who  had  promised  to 
assist  him,  put  an  end  to  his  hopes,  and  he  died 
aniiiiith  afterwards,  in  1632. 

FREDERIC,  Colonel,  son  of  the  unfortunatf 
Theodore,  king  of  Corsica,  was  engaged  in  tlie 
service  of  the  elector  of  WIrteniberg,  who  ho- 
noured him  with  his  friendship.  He  went  to 
England  as  agent  of  tlie  elector,  and  there  com- 
mitted suicide,  in  1706. 

FREEKE,  William,  born  in  1C64.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things,  "  A  Pialogue  by  way  of 
question  and  answer,  concerning  the  Deity," 
and  "  A  brief  and  clear  confutation  of  the  Doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  :"  which  two  pieces  being 
laid  before  the  house  of  commons,  were  voted 
to  be  burnt,  as  containing  much  blasphemy,  and 
accordingly  were  so  ;  the  author  being  after- 
wards fined  5001.,  and  obliged  to  give  security 
for  his  good  behaviour  for  three  years,  and  to 
make  a  recantation  in  tlie  four  courts  in  West- 
minster-hall. 

FREEMAN,  John,  an  English  painter,  who 
iived  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

FREGOSO,  Baptist,  doge  of  Genoa,  was  de- 
posed and  banished  for  his  haughtiness ;  the 
lime  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

FREUER,  Marquaid,  a  German,  who  studied 
the  civil  law  in  France.  He  was  counsellor  to 
Casimir,  prince  Palatine,  afterwards  professor 
of  law,  at  Heidleherg,  and  engaged  in  import- 
ant affairs  by  the  elector,  Frederfc  IV. ;  he  died 
in  1614. 

FREIGIUS,  John  Thomas,  a  learned  German, 
employed  as  a  teacher,  at  Friburg,  and  at  Basil, 
wa."  afterwards  chosen  rector  of  the  college  of 
Altorf.     He  died  in  1583. 

FRELND.  John,  an  English  physician,  and 
elegant  writer,  born  in  1675,  died  1728.  The 
most  elaborate  of  his  numerous  works  is  "The 
History  of  Physic,  from  the  time  of  Galen  to 
the  beginning  of  the  16th  century,  chiefly  with 
regard  to  practice  ,"  and  this  is  justly  deemed  a 
masterly  performance,  both  for  use  and  ele- 
gance. 

FREIND,  Robert,  brother  to  the  physician, 
and  head  master  of  Westminster  scliool,  born 
in  1667 ;  he  published  an  edition  of  Cicero's 
"  Orator,"  and  died  in  1751. 

FREINSHEMII.'S,  John,  a  most  ingenious 
and  learned  man,  born  at  Ulm,  in  Swabia,  in 
1608.  He  is  said  to  have  understood  almost  all 
the  European  languages,  besides  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew.  He  was  professor  of  eloquence, 
at  Cpsal,  librarian  and  historiographer  to  Chris- 
tina, of  Sweden,  and  afterwards  professor  at 
Hcidlcberg,  where  he  died  in  16C0. 

FREIRE  DE  ANDRADE,  Hyacinthe,  a  Por- 
ug^iose,  abbot  of  St.  Mary  de  Chans,  and  a 

■\        200 


FR 

great  favourite  of  John  IV.,  of  Portugal ;  be 
died  in  lixyi. 

FRELINGHUYSEN,  Theodorus  Jacobus, 
minister  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  at  Ra- 
rlton,  New-Jersey  ;  was  an  able  and  successful 
preacher. 

KREMINET,  Martin,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  died  in  1619. 

FKE.MO.NT  D'ABLANCOURT,  Nicholas,  a 
native  of  France,  who  fled  to  Holland,  at  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Names,  and  was  his- 
torii>graplier  to  the  prince  of  Orange  ;  he  died 
ill  1693 

FRENICLE  DE  BESSY,  Bernard,  a  mathe- 
inatician,  and  author  of  a  treatise  on  riglit-an- 
glid  triangles,  and  other  works ;  he  died  in  1675. 

FRERES,  Theodore,  a  painter,  born  in  1C43, 
at  Eiikhuysen ;  the  best  of  his  pieces  are  pre- 
served in  Amsterdam. 

FRERET,  Nicolas,  of  Paris,  a  hislorian  and 
Inonologist,  andopposer  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
system  of  chronology,  born  at  Paris,  in  16rS, 
died  1749.  He  was  a  complete  sceptic ;  and  Vol- 
taire, for  the  worst  of  purposes,  revised  two  ot 
his  works  :  viz.  "  The  Letters  of  Tlnasybuliis 
to  Leucippus,"  and"  Examination  of  tlie  Apo- 
logists for  Christianity." 

FRERON,  Elie  Catherine,  a  French  critic 
and  journalist  of  considerable  talents, and  known 
as  having  been  the  constant  object  of  the  satire 
of  Voltaire,  was  born  at  Uuiniper,  in  1719,  and 
died  in  1776.  His  "  Letters  (Hi  certain  writings 
of  the  Times,"  he  began  in  1749,  and  published 
13  volumes.  In  1754,  he  began  bis  "  Annee 
Lileraire,"  of  which  he  published  7  volumes 
that  year,  and  eight  every  year  after,  tiil  his 
death  ;  and  in  that  work,  Freron,  a.-<  a  zealous 
enemy  of  the  modern  philosophy,  attacked  Vol- 
taire with  spirit.  He  represented  him  as  a  skil- 
ful plagiary  ;  as  a  poet,  brilliunt,  but  inferior  to 
Corneille,  Racine,  and  Boiieau  ;  as  an  elegant, 
but  inaccurate  historian  ;  and  rather  the  tyrant 
than  the  king  of  literature. 

FRESN AYE,  John  Vauguclin  de  la,  an  early 
French  poet,  king'sadvocate  for  Caen,  and  pre- 
sident of  that  city  ;  he  died  in  1(;06. 

FRESNE,  Charles  du  Cange  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens,  in  1010,  died  J668. 
His  best  works  are  a  "  Latin  and  Greek  Glossa- 
ry," the  "  History  of  Constantinople  under  the 
French  Emperors,"  &c. 

FRESNOY,  Charles  Alphonso  du,  an  excel- 
lent French  poet  and  painier,  born  at  Paris,  in 
1611.  After  his  death,  his  poem,  "  De  Arte 
Graphica,"  was  printed  with  a  prose  transla- 
tion and  notes,  by  De  Piles,  and  dedicated  to 
Colbert.  It  was  afterwards  translated  into  En- 
glish, by  Dryden,  who  prefixed  to  it  an  original 

Preface,  containing  a  parallel  between  paint 
ing  and  poetry."  This  poem  will  keep  his  name 
alive  as  long  as  either  poetry  or  paintiiig  shall 
find  any  esteem.  A  later  version  of  Du  Fres- 
noy  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Mason,  and  enriched 
with  notes  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

FRESNY,  Charles  Riviere  du,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1G48.  He  bad  a  good  natural 
taste  for  music,  pamting,  sculpture,  architec- 
ture, and  all  the  fine  arts.  He  had  also  a  taste 
for  laying  out  gardens,  which  procured  him  the 
place  of  overseer  of  the  king's  gardens,  whose 
valet  de  chambrc  he  likewise  was.  He  died  in 
1724  ;  and  in  1731,  liis  works  were  collected  and 
printed  in  6  vols.,  consisting  of  "  dramatic  per- 
formances, songs,  amusements  serious  and  co- 
mical," &c.  _  ,.,    . 

FRETEAU  DE  ST.  JUST,  Emmanuel  Mane 


FR 


FU 


Michael  Pliilip,  a  French  nobleman,  who,  from 
ilissalisfaction  with  the  court,  eiiibrac«il  the  po- 
pular party,  at  the  revolultoii ;  but  was  con- 
demned by  Robespierre,  and  executed  in  1793. 
FREVVEN,  Accepted,  an  English  prfclale, 
educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  president,  afterwards  cha|)lain  to 
Charles  I.,  dean  of  Gloucester,  bishop  uf  1-itch- 
field  and  Coventry,  and  archbishop  of  York ; 
he  died  in  16C4. 

FRBY,  John  Cecil,  an  eminent  German  phy- 
sician, died  in  1631. 

FREYT.\(;,  Frederic  Gottlehb,  a  burgomas- 
ter of  Nuremberg,  known  as  a  writer,  died  in 

irrr.. 

FREZIER,  Amadee  Francis,  a  Frenchman, 
who  travelled  througliChili  and  Peru, an  account 
of  which  he  publislied  ;  he  died  in  177'2.  i 

FRI.\RT,  Rowland,  an  eminent  architect,  of! 
the  17ih  century. 

FRICliE,  or  FRI.SCIIE,  James  de,  a  Rene 
dictine,  who  wrote  tlie  life  of  St.  Augustine, 
and  died  in  1693. 

FRISBIE,  Levi,  minister  of  Ipswick,  Mass., 
distinguished  as  a  very  faithful  and  successful 
preacher ;  he  published  sonic  sermons,  and 
died  in  ISOti. 

FRISBIE,  Levi,  professor  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, and  afterwards  of  moral  pliilogo|)liy, 
of  Harvard  college,  Mass.,  was  dLstinguished 
for  his  talents  and  learning  ;  he  died  in  VSi-i.      [ 

FRISCIl,  John  Leonard,  distinguished  as  the 
founder  of  the  silk  nianufacluries  of  Rrandcn-. 
burg,  and  as  the  first  encourager  of  the  cultiva- 
tion of  tlie  mulberry  tree  in  Pru.ssia  ;  he  died 
inl74:j.  I 

FRISCIILIN,  Nicoderans,  a  learned  Ger-| 
man,  professor  at  Tubin;?en,  known  as  a  dra-i 
matic  writer,  and  as  a  translator ;  he  died  inl 
1590.  I 

FRISCHXrUTH,  John,  rector  of  the  universi- 
ty of  Jena,  died  in  11)87. 

FRISIUS,  John,  principal  of  the  college  atj 
Zurich,  into  wliich  he  introduced  the  study  of 
the  Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages  ;  he 
died  in  13Cj.  His  three  sons  were  professors  at 
Zurich.  I 

FRITH,  John.    See  PRYTH.  ! 


FROILA  II.,  king  of  Spain,  in  923,  died  of  a 
leprosv. 

FROISSARD,  or  FROISS ART,  John,  born  at 
Valenciennes,  about  1337.  His  thief  work  is  a 
hist.iry,  which  ci>mprises  what  happened  in 
Fran,  c,  .Sp.tin,  and  England,  from  1326  to  140a 
He  was  also  a  ixn't,  as  well  as  a  liisioiian.  Ho 
died  in  1102.  His  historv  wai  traTislated  re- 
cently by  .Mr.  Johnes,  ot  Havod,  Wales. 

FRtJM.VGE,  Peter,  a  superior  of  the  Jesuits, 
who  died  in  Syria,  ni  1740. 

FRt  •NTE.'VU,  John,  a  native  of  Angers,  chan- 
cellor of  Paris  uni\er«ity,  and  afterwards  prior 
of  Benay.  in  Anglers;  he  died  in  1CC2. 

FRO.\TE\.\(',  Louis  count,  governor-gene- 
ral of  Canada,  wiio.se  e.xertions  conduced  to  the 
protection  and  property  of  Canada;  he  died  in 
KiilB. 

FRO.NTrXUS,  Sextus  Julius,  a  Roman  writer, 
I  in  high  repute  under  Vespasian,  Titus,  Domi- 
'  lian,  IVirva,  and  Trajan.  Ncrva  made  him  cu- 
rator 01'  the  aqueducts,  which  occasioned  liiiu 
to  write  his  treati.se  "  De  Aquxduciibus  Irbis 
Roniie."  He  wrote  also,  "TreK  Libros  Sirata- 
gematum,"  or,  couceruing  the  stratagems  used 
in  war  by  the  most  eminent  Greek  and  Aoniaii 
connnainlcrs  ;  and  afterwards  addcdafouriU 
cuniaining  examples  of  tiiose  arts  and  maxims 
dis<v)ursod  of  in  tile  former.  These  two  workj 
are  still  extant. 

FRONTO,  Marcus  Cornelius,  a  Roman  ora- 
tor, preceptor  to  Vcreius  and  M.  Aurelius. 

FR<J\VDi;,Philip,  author  of  several  pieces  of 
poetry,  some  of  which  in  Latin  were  pure  and 
elegant  enough  to  entitle  them  to  a  place  in  the 
Musa>  .\n!.'lican.T.  He  likewise  wrote  two  tra- 
gedies, "  The  Fall  of  Saguntum,"  and  "  Philo- 
ta-s."     He  died  in  1738. 

FRUGON'I,  Charles  Innocent,  an  Italian  poet, 
bom  at  Genoa,  died  in  17G8. 

FRCMENTirs,  a  Romish  saint,  consecrated 
bi.shop  of  the  Ethiopians,  by  Athanasius,  died  in 
3(30. 

FK  YE, Thomas,  a  painter,  who  acquired  some 
eminence  in  London,  where  he  died,  in  1762. 

FRYTH,  John,  an  English  martyr,  who  was 
converted  to  Liitlieranism,  at  Oxford.  He 
preached  his  doctrines  so  boldly,  that  he  wa* 


FRIZON,Peter,niasterof  tlie  jesnif9College,'isent  to  the  Tower,  and,  on  his  "refusing  to  re 
of  Navarre,and  author  ofa  history  of  the  French]  cant,  was  burnt  at  Sniitliheld,  in  1533. 
cardinals.  &c.,  died  in  1651.  FUCHSIUS,  or  FUCHS,  Leonard,  an  emi- 

FROBE.N'IUS,  John,  an  eminent  and  leanied<|neni  physician  and  liotanist,  of  Munich  and  In- 
German  printer.     He  was  the  first  of  the  Ger-   goldstadt,  died  in  156t). 


mans  who  brought  the  art  to  any  pertection  : 
and  the  great  character  of  this  printer  was  the 
principal  motive  which  led  Erasmus  to  fix  his 
quarters  at  Basil,  in  order  to  have  his  owai 
works  printed  by  him.  He  died  at  Basil,  in| 
fS27,  lamented  by  all,  but  by  none  more  than 


FUESSLI,  John  Gaspnrd,  an  eminent  artist 
of  Zurich,  author  of  the  history  of  the  artists  of 
Switzerland,  died  in  1782. 

FIJGGER,  Hiildric,  bom  at  Augsburgh,  in 
1526,  was  eminent  for  his  affection  to  learning 
and  learned  men.     He  laid  out  great  sums  in 


Erasmus,  who  wrote  liis  epitaph  in  Greek  aiid||  purchasing  good  manuscripts  of  ancient  authors, 
Latin.  hand  i.'etiina  them  printed  ;  and  for  this  purpose, 

FROBISHER,  Sir  Martin,  an  eminent  navt-|jhe  allowed  for  some  time  a  salary  to  the  famous 
gator,  and  the  first  Englishman  that  atti-inptedi  Henry  Stephens.  His  relations  were  so  in- 
to find  out  a  north-west  passage  to  China.  IIel|cenM.d  at  him  for  the  moneys  lie  expended  in 
was  born  in  Yorkshire,  and  was  killed  in  battle  ;  this  way,  that  they  brought  an  action  acainst 


in  15(.4 

FROELICH,  Erasmus,  a  Jesuit,  eminent  for 
bis  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  medallic  hi^ 
torv,  died  in  175^. 

FROIDMO.NT.Libert. a  native  of  Liege, dean 
of  St.  P«!lers,  and  prolessor  of  philosophy,  at 
Louvain,  died  in  1CJ3 


him  for  it,  and  got  liiin  to  be  declared  incapable 
lof  managing  his  affnirs.  He  died  in  1.W4.  liav- 
iing  bequeathed  his  library  to  the  elector  Pala- 
tine, and  a  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  six 
scholars. 

FULBFRT,  an  Italian,  who  acquired  great 
celebrity  as  a  preacher  in  France,  and  was  made 


FROILA  L,  king  of  Spain,  is  known  for  al  bishop  of  (^harlres;  he  died  in  1028 
victory  gained  over  tho  Saracens,  in  71X1.  He!  FCLD  \,  Charles  Frederic,  •  native  of  Swa- 
caused  his  brother  to  be  murdered,  and  was  hnn->jhia.  eminent  a.=  a  Lutheran  divine,  and  as  a  me* 
•elf  killed  bv  another  bnnhcr,  in  76^.  Ilcbanic  ;  he  died  in  Kbri. 

*-    C  201 


-<:*,•'  ^-rr 


^^ 


FIT 

FULGENTIUS,  Sl,  ao  ecclesiastical  writer 
and  bishop  of  Ruspa,  in  Africa,  born  in  464, 
died  Jh  529. 

FULGINAS,  Sigismund,  a  historian  of  the 
Idth  century,  in  the  service  of  pope  Julius  II. 

FULKE,' William.  D.  D.,  an  English /ivine, 
eminent  for  his  learning.  ma<>ter  of  Pcifibroke- 
ball,  O.vfurd,  and  a  professor  there;  he  died  in 
1589. 

FI'LLER,  Nicola!i,  a  distiaguisiied  English 
icboltiremd  critic,  prebendary  ol'Salisburv,  died 
in  1U22. 

FULLER,  Thomas,  an  English  historian  and 
divine,  born  in  U>08,  died  in  lf>t)l.  He  is  cele 
brated  particularly  as  aulhur  of  a  "  History  of 
tliu  War,"  "The  Church  Hi.story  of  Britain, 
ironi  the  birth  of  Jesus  Christ,  to  Ihe  year  1048;" 
','  The  History  of  the  L?niversity  of  Cambridge 
/•ince  the  Conquest,"  &c.  &c.  He  hadame- 
»,mory  so  tenacious  and  comprehensive,  that  it 
enabled  him  to  do  things  which  arc  hardly  cre- 
dible. He  could  repeal  500  strange  words  after 
twice  hearing  ;  and  could:niaKe  useof  a  sermon, 
verbatim,  if  he  once  heard  it. 

FULLER,  Isaac,  a  celebrated  English  pain- 
ter, in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  died  in  London. 

FULLO,  Peter,  a  heretical  bishop  of  Antioch, 
in  the  5th  century. 

FULTON,  Robert,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  born  in  1765.  Heearly  evinced  a  genius  fo.' 
mechanics  and  painting,  and  went  to  England 
to  improve  himself  in  the  latter.  His  attention, 
however,  was  soon  turned  to  mechanics,  and  he 
became  a  civil  engineer.  From  that  time,  his 
discoveries  and  inventions  were  numerous  and 
important.  But  that  which  will  continue  his 
name  to  posterity,  and  associate  him  with  the 
benefactors  of  mankind,  was  the  successful  ap- 
plication of  steam  to  the  propelling  of  boats. 
The  di.^covery  was  made,  and  the  first  experi- 
ment tried  at  Paris,  in  1803  ;  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  America  and  exhibited  a  boat  in  suc- 
cessful operation  on  the  waters  of  New- York. 
Vessels  propelled  by  his  machinery  are  now  in 
common  use  throughout  the  United  Slates,  and 
in  Europe.  He  died  suddenly,  in  the  midst  of 
his  career,  in  Feb.,  1815. 

FULVIA,  an  extraordinary  Roman  lady,  and 
wife  of  Mark  Antony,  who  had  no  mure  of  her 
sex  than  her  body  ;  for  her  temper  and  courage 
breathed  nothing  but  policy  and  war.  Tliis  lady 
v.'as  an  admirable  coadjutor  to  her  cruel  hus- 
band during  the  massacres  of  the  triumvirate. 
She  put  several  persons  to  death  of  her  own 
head,  either  out  of  avarice  or  a  spirit  of  re- 
venge ;  and  even  people  whom  her  husbai"."  did 
not  know.  Antony  caused  the  heads  of  t.  jse 
whom  he  had  proscribed  to  be  brought  to  a  ta- 
ble, and  fed  his  eyes  a  long  while  witli  these  un- 
happy spectacles.  The  head  of  Cicero  was  one 
of  them,  which  he  ordered  to  be  fixed  on  the 
rostrum  from  whence  Cicero  had  niade  so  many 
speeches  ajainst  him  ;  but,  before  that  order 
was  executed,  Fnlvia  took  the  liead  and  spit 
upon  it,  and  placing  it  on  her  lap,  drew  out  the 
tongue,  which  she  pierced  several  limes  with 
licr  bodkin,  uttering  all  the  while  the  most  op- 
probrious language  against  Cicero. 

FiT.VCClUS,  or  PUNCK,  John  Nicholas,  a 
celebrated  critic,  born  at  .Marpurg,  in  1693,  died 
in  1778. 

FURETIERE,  Anthony,  an  ingenious  and 
earned  Freucninan,  born  at  Paris,  in  1620,  was 
eminent  in  the  civil  and  canon  law  ;  but  he  is 
chiefly  known  by,  and  valued  for,  his  "  Univet- 
cal  Dictionary  of  the  French  Tongue,"  in  which 
202 


^ ^ 

be  explains  the  terms  of  art  in  all  sciences,  tit 
died  in  16.SS. 

FURINl,  Francesco,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
admired  Ibr  the  elegance  displayed  in  hisligures; 
he  died  in  1646. 

FL'RIUS,  called  Bihaculus,  perhaps  from  liis 
cvcc-sive  drinking,  an  ancient  Latin  poet,  born 
at  Cremona,  alwui  the  year  of  Rome  650,  or  100 
B.  C.  He  wrote  annuls,  of  which  Macrobius 
ha-i  preserved  somi;  fragments. 

FURNEAUX,  Phihp,  D.  I).,  an  EnglUh  dls- 
ienting  clergyman,  diinl  in  1783. 

PURST,  or  FURSTIUS,  Waller,  rever^  by 
his  countrymen  as  one  of  the  founders  of  Swiss 
libertv,  livvd  about  1307. 

FURSTE.MBURG.  Ferdinardde,  a  native  of 
Westphalia,  promoted  in  the  church  by  pope 
.\lexandi!r  VII.,  and  made  bishop  of  Munster, 
and  apostolical  vicar  of  northern  Europe,  died 
in  1683. 

FUSI,  .\nthony,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
ifturwards  became  a  protestant  at  Geneva,  died 
in  1630. 

FUST,  or  FAUSTUS,  John,  a  citizen  of 
.Mentz,  and  one  of  the  earliest  printers.  He  had 
the  policy  to  conceal  his  art;  and  to  this  policy 
we  are  indebted  for  the  tradition  of  "  The  Devil 
and  Dr.  Faustus,"  handed  down  to  the  present 
times.  About  1460,  he  associated  with  John  of 
Guttemburgh;  their  types  were  cut  in  wood, 
and  fixed,  not  moveable  as  at  present.  Having 
printed  off  a  considerable  number  of  copies  of 
the  Oibli!,  to  imitate  those  which  were  com- 
monly sold  in  MS.,  Fust  undertook  the  sale  of 
them  at  Paris,  where  the  art  of  printing  wiis 
then  unknown.  As  he  sold  his  printed  copies 
for  60  crowns,  while  the  scribes  demanded  500, 
this  created  universal  astonishment ;  but,  when 
he  produced  copies  as  fast  as  they  were  wanted, 
and  lowered  the  price  to  30  crowns,  all  Paris 
was  agitated.  The  uniformity  of  the  copies  in- 
creased the  wonder;  informations  were  given 
in  to  the  police  against  him  as  a  magician;  his 
lodgings  were  searched,  and  a  great  number  of 
copies  being  found,  they  were  seized  ;  the  red 
ink  witii  which  they  were  embellished  was  said 
to  be  his  blood  ;  it  was  seriously  adjudged  tha^. 
he  was  in  league  with  the  devil ;  and,  if  he  had 
not  fled,  most  probably  he  would  have  sharea 
the  fate  of  those  whom  ignorant  and  supersti- 
tious judges  condemned,  in  those  days,  for  witoll- 
craft.     Fust  died  at  Mentz,  in  1466." 

FUZELIER,  Lewis,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Pa- 
ris, and  the  conductor  of  a  periodical  paper,  call- 
ed the  Mercury,  died  in  175-2. 

FYOT  DE  LA  MARCHE,  Claude,  count  of 
Bosjam,  a  favourite  of  Lewis  XIV.,  and  coun 
sellor  of  state,  and  afterwards  prior  of  Notre 
Dame;  he  died  in  17-21. 


a 


GAAL,  Barent,  a  Dutch  landscape  painter, 
of  some  celebrity,  born  about  16.")0 

G.A.BBIANI,  Antonio  Dorainico,  a  painter,  of 
Florence,  patronised  by  the  duke  Cosmo  HI., 
died  in  17-26. 

GABINIUS,  Aulu.s,  a  Roman  consul,  employ- 
ed against  Alexander,  king  of  Judea,  died  in  40 
B.C. 

GABRIEL, Severu9,aGreek  bishop;  he  wrote 
various  theological  tracts,  and  died  after  1577. 

G.\BRIEL,  Slonite.  a  Maronite,  who  assisted 
le  Jav  in  the  polyglot  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1648. 

G.VBRIEL,  James,  a  distinguished  French 


GA 

architect,  and  inspector  general  of  buildings  in 
France,  died  in  1T42. 

GABIIJLLE,  de  Bourbon,  a  lady  of  groal 
virtue,  wife  of  Lewis  de  laTreniorille  ;  sIk'  dird 
in  13!25. 

GAURINO,  Augustine,  a  fanatic,  of  Brcssin 
who  called  hiniBelf  monarch  of  the  Triuiiy ,  &.<■,. 
his  followers  W'ere  about  80 ;  he  was  coufnied  ii 
a  inad-hoiise,  and  his  seel  was  dispersed. 

GABRINO.     See  RIENZI. 

GABURET,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  under  Lewis  XIII.,  died  in  16t)2. 

GAC^ON,  Francis,  a  French  poet,  known  for 
his  severe  satires  against  Bossuet,  Rousseau, 
&c.,  died  in  1727. 

GADBI'RY,  John,  an  astrologer,  and  pupil  of 
LtHv,  born  in  1G27,  ditd  by  shipwreck,  on  a  voy- 
age to  Jamaica.  I'ariridge  put  forth  a  book 
in  ]f)'J3,  entitled,  "  The  Black  Life  of  Jnlm 
nadbury." 

GADDESDEN,  John  of,  an  Englishman,  llie 
first  employed  as  physician  at  the  court ;  author 
of  "Rosa  Anjilica 

GADT)I,Gaddo,  a  Mosaic  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  in  1:112. 

GADUI,  Taddeo,  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
in  1350. 

GADDI,  Agnolo,  son  and  pupil  of  Taddeo 
died  in  1387. 

GAJJSDEN,  Christopher,  lieutenant  governor 
of  South-Carolina,  was  an  early  friend  aiuli 
advocate  of  the  righis  of  the  colonic.';,  ami  tnok 
a  decided  part  in  farour  of  their  separation  ami 
independence ;  he  died  in  1H((5. 

GAELEN,  Alexander,  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  painted  three  battles,  brtwecn  Charles  I 
and  Cromwell  ;  ho  died  in  1728. 

GAERTNER,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Cain,  in 
Swabia,  a  distin<juislii'd  naturalist,  author  ot 
a  great  work  called  Ca,polog\-,  which  he  dedi- 
cated to  Sir  Joseph  Hanks  ;  hi.'  died  in  1791 

GiT^T.VNO,  Scipio,  an  admired  Florentine 
painter,  died  in  1588 

G.\FFARELL,  James,  a  French  writer,  li- 
brarian 10  Richelieu,  who  enabled  hini  to  make 
a  large  collection  of  MSS. ;  he  was  author  ol 
several  works,  and  died  in  3081. 

GAKHRIO,  Fraiichino, a  native  ofSodi,  head 
of  thoi'lioir,  in  Milan  cathedral ;  h:;  wrote  several 
works  on  music,  and  died  in  1520. 

GAGE,  Thomas  an  Irisliman,  niisstonar)- to 
llie  I'liilippines  ;  he  died  in  1G51. 

(S.AGE,  Thomas,  the  last  go\cmor  of  Mass. 
appointed  by  the  king,  after  the  conquest  of 
Canada,  in   17(;0,  was  appointed  governor  ol 


GA 

GAILLARD,  de  Lonjumoau,  bisliop  of  Apt. 
was  the  first  projector  of  a  universal  historical 
dictionary  ;  he  died  in  lt;',l.'j. 

(iAILLARD,  Gabriel  Henry,  a  French  histo 
rical  writer,  and  member  of  the  French  academy 
liied  in  IHOO. 

(i.MNAt!,  a  Goth,  of  great  valour,  became  a 
general  under  Arcadius  and  desolated  Thrace, 
because  refused  a  church  for  the  Ariaiis  •  hr 
wa.-  killed  A.  D  400. 

GAINSROROIGH, Thomas, born  at  Sudbury 
in  PiitVolk,  1727,  very  early  discovered  a  pro- 
pensity to  painting.  Nature  was  his  teacher, 
and  the  woods  ol  Suffolk  his  academy.  Here 
lie  would  pa.s>  in  solitude  his  mornings,  in  niak 
ing  a  sketch  of  an  old  tree,  a  marshy  brook,  a 
l<  u  cattle,  Q  sheplK'id  aiui  his  Hock,  or  any 
oilier  accidental  objects  that  were  preseiueji. 
Fruni  delineation  he  proceeded  to  colonrine  ■ 
and  after  painting  several  landscapes  from  the 
age  of  10  to  12,  he  quitted  Pmlbury  lor  London, 
where  he  commenced  portiait  painter.  Hi>< 
Inndsrapes  will  establish  hie  name  on  the  record 
of  fine  arts  with  honours  such  as  never  befor« 
atleiiili'd  a  native  of  England.  These  subjects 
he  painted  with  a  faitiifiil  adherence  to  nature : 
indeed,  the  brilliancy  of  f^laudc,  and  the  fimpli- 
city  crt'Ruysdael,  appear  combined  in  Mr.  (i'.s 
romantic  s';enes.  While  we  lament  him  as  an 
artist,  let  us  not  pass  over  those  virtues  which 
were  an  honour  to  human  nature,  that  gene- 
rous heart,  wliHse  strongest  propensities  were 
to  relieve  the  genuine  claims  of  poverty.  If  he 
selected,  for  the  exercise  of  his  pencil,  an  infant 
from  a  cottage,  nil  the  tenants  of  the  humble 
roof  generally  participated  in  the  profits  of  the 
picture  ;  and  some  of  them  frequently  found  in 
Ills  habitation  a  peimancnt  alwde.  His  libera- 
lity was  not  confined  to  this  alone  ;  needy  rela- 
tives, and  unfortunate  friends,  were  further  in- 
cumbrances on  a  spirit  that  could  not  deny  ; 
and,  owing  to  this  generosity  of  temper,  that 
aliiuence  was  not  left  to  his  family  which  so 
much  merit  might  promise,  and  such  real  worth 
deserve.     He  died  in  1788. 

G,\L.\DIN,  Mahomet,  a  popular  emperor  of 
the  Moguls,  died'.inlf.!).'). 

GALANTINI,  Hippolito,  a  delicate  miniature 
painter,  of  Genoa,  died  in  1700. 

GALANUS,  Clement,  an  Italian,  missionary 
to  America,  wrote  a  grammar  oi  that  language, 
about  ItriO. 

GALAS,  Matthew,  a  general,  who,  from 
being  a  page,  rose  to  high  standing :  he  was  if 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Frederic  II.,  and 


Montreal,  he   was  exceedingly  odious   to  thel  Ph'  ip  IV..  of  Spain  ;  hediedinl647 
.Americans,  and  died  in  England,  in  17S7.         •      -  ■  'ELATED,  Ferrari  Antonio,  a  scholar  and 
G.AGER,  William,  a  civilian  and  poet,  wasllpiiysician,  born  at  Galatinia  ;  he  was  auihor  of 


entered  of  Christ  church,  O.tford,  in  1574,  wheie 
he  arrived  at  the  degree  of  LI<.  O.  He  defend 
«d  ibesiageagainstlh"  attacks  of  Dr.  Rainolds 
ho  wrote  in  L.ttin,  "  Meleager"  and  "Ulysseb 
Redux,"  tragedies;  and  "  RUales,"  a  coinet^. 

G  AGNIER,  John,  an  eminent  orientalist,  who 
in  1723,  published  Abulftda's  "Life  of  Mo 
hammed,"  in  .Arabic,  with  a  Latin  translation 
and  notes ;  he  was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1725 

G.ACNY,  John,  lust  almoner  to  Francis  I. 
and  author  ot  commentaries  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment ;  he  died  in  15-10. 

G  AGLTNI.'S,  Robert,  a  French  historian,  died 
in  l.'iCl.  He  was  the  author  of  several  works 
the  principal  of  which  is  a  history  in  11  books 
"  De  Gostis  Prancoriiin,  from  120(5  to  KIOO." 

G.MCHES,  John,  priest  of  the  oratory,  and 
canon  of  Soissons,  diud  in  17T?0 


aevcral  works,  and  died  in  1517 

G.AI-i.^TIN,  Peter,  author  of  tJie  valuable 
work  "  De  Arcanis  Catholics  Verilatis  ;"  he 
died  about  1.5U0. 

GALEA,  ServiusSulpicius,  emperor  of  Rome 
after  Nero :  he  was  slain  by  the  guards,  who 
raised  Otho  to  the  throne,  A.  D.  69. 

GALE,  John,  a  learned  divine,  among  the 
baptists,  horn  at  Li'don,  in  1680.  His  lather 
was  a  citizen  of  pood  repute.  He  is  chiefly 
known  for  his  writings  against  "  Wall's  De- 
fence of  Infant  Paptism,"  and  died  in  1721. 

GALE,  Theoiihiliis,  a  learned  divine,  among 
the  non-conformists,  born  in  1628,  died  in  1C78. 
He  wrote  a  large  and  laborious  work,  called 
"  The  Court  of  the  Gentiies." 

GALE,   Thomas,  dean  of  York,   formerly 
head-master  of  St.  Paul's  school,  and  celebra 
203 


GA 

ted  for  liis  kiiowl«(l(!e  of  the  (Jieek  laiifiiiago, 
and  nmiquitjos,  was  born  in  ISriti,  died  in  i'ltti. 

GALE.  Ko^er,  F.  K.  and  A.  S?.,  son  of  Ihp 
dpaTi,  first  vice-president  of  the  society  of  anli- 
qnaries,  nnd  treasurer  to  llic  royal  society,  born 
167i,  was  considered  ns  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  bis  age,  and  most  highly  skilleil  in  the 
aniiquitlefi  of  hi^  country.     He  died  In  1744. 

gAIjK,  Saninel,  tlie  ynnncest  of  the  dean's 
cnns,  bortiin  IfiKi.  He  wajonoof  the  reviver? 
of  tiie  society  of  antiquaries,  in  1717,  and  their 
lirsi  treasurer.  He  wa."  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing and  uncDtninon  aliiMtte?,  and  well  versed  in 
the  anliquitii'K  of  F,n;;land,  for  which  he  left 
manvvaiuahle  collectionb  behind  him.  He  died 
in  1754. 

GAI,E.\N<").  Joseph,  a  physician  of  great ro- 
pHie,  at  Palermo.  We  owe  to  him  a  collection 
of  little  pieces  of  the  Sicilian  poets.  lie  was 
bor'i  in  ll>05,  and  died  in  IriTo.  j:rcat!v  reiretted  : 
for  he  was  a  kind  of  oracle  with  his  country- 
men. 

<t.AM;\,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Zealand, 
f  h.-iiicelliir  of  Douay  university,  and  author  of 
feveral  works. 

GALKX,  C'laiidian,  after  Hippocrates,  prince 
of  the  Gretik  physicians,  was  a  native  of  Pcr- 
paiiins.  in  the  Lesser  Asia,  where  he  wa»  bom 
about  131.  He  chose  physic  for  his  piofession, 
b'-ino  determined  thereto  by  a  drcain  which  his 
fsiiier  had  a  little  before  his  death  ;  and  at  28 
t"nr.-!  of  age  had  made  some  considerable  ad- 
vnnrestoward  improving  bis  art:  for  instance, 
he  ban  acquired  a  particular  skill  iiithe  wounds 
of  the  nerves  ;  and  was  possessed  of  a  met  hf)d 
of  treating  them  never  known  before.  The 
pimtifJ'  of  I'eraamus  liave  him  an  opportunity 
of  trying  his  new  method  upon  the  gladiators; 
and  he  was  so  successful,  that  not  a  single  one 
perished  by  any  wounds  of  this  kind.  Hy  this 
\ve  find,  as  well  a.s  by  several  other  instances, 
(hat  Galoti  studied,  understood,  and  practised 
KurseiT.  as  whII  as  physic.  Distinguished  above 
h'li  roiemporaries,  this  prince  of  physicians  coii- 
liniied  to  practise  at  Uome,  the  capital  of  the 
world,  till  he  was  obliged  to  submit  to  fate  like 
other  mortals.  Hit"  death  happened  in  2(tl. 
There  are  reckoned  above  500  books  of  big  upon 
physic  only,  and  about  half  that  imniber  upon 
other  sciences. 

GALKN,  Bernard  Van,  a  :ative  of  Wcst- 
bhalia,  known  as  a  bishop  and  a  general :  he 
wa.s  encaged  in  a  war  with  the  Turk?,  attacked 
the  United  States,  Sweden,  &c.,  and  died  in 
167fl. 

GALROTI,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  the  lives  of  the  generals  of  his  order ;  he 
died  in  1748. 

GALKOTI,  Marcio,  a  native  of  Nami,  tutor 
to  the  s»m  of  Matthias  Corvinus,  the  kins,  and 
Jieing  invited  to  France  by  Lewis  XI.,  on  going 
to  pay  his  respects  to  him,  fell,  and  so  injured 
himself  as  to  cause  his  death. 

GALERItJS,  C.  Valerius  Maximianus.  from 
i.  herdsman  in  Dacia,  became  emperor  of 
Rothe;  he  died  in  311. 

GALGACUS,  a  Caledonian  chief,  famous  for 
liis  noble  resistance  against  the  invasions  of  the 
Romnns. 

GALILFJ,  Galileo,  a  most  eminent  asfrono- 
iuer  and  tnathematician.  inventor  of  the  tele- 
Scope,  &.C.,  born  at  Florence,  Feb.  10,  I.'>ri4.  | 
tlaving  observed  some  folar  spots,  in  lfil2.  he! 
brinted  that  discovery  the  follnvving  yep.r,  at' 
ftrtme  ;  in  wliicb.  and  in  some  olSier  piece.?,  hel 
Ventured  to  assert  tbfe  truth  Of  f!)c  tJnperrtlt.tii  Ij 

§04 


GA s 

system,  and  brought  seveial  new  arguments  to 
ronfirni  it.  This  startled  the  .iesuits,  who  there- 
ui'on  procured  a  citation  for  him  to  apjiear  bc- 
lore  the  holv  o(fic«,  at  Home,  in  1615,  where  lie 
was  charged  with  heresy,  for  niaiulaining  these 
two  pro|iosiiioiis  ;  1 .  That  the  sun  is  in  the  cen- 
tre of  Die  world,  and  imniovenble  by  a  local 
motion  ;  and,  2.  That  the  earth  is  not  tbeceiiire 
of  the  world,  nor  inunuveable,  but  actually 
mov("<  by  a  diurnal  motion.  The  first  of  these 
positions  «\'as  declared  (o  be  absurd,  false  in  phi- 
losophy, and  forni.illy  heretical,  being  contrary 
to  the  express  word  of  (Jod  ;  the  second  was  al- 
so alleged  to  be  philosophically  false,  and.  in  a 
theological  view  at  liiisi,  erroneous  in  point  of 
faith.  The  itiquisiiioii  pronounced  sentence 
against  him  and  his  bc-nks.  They  obliged  him 
to  abjure  his  errors  in  the  most  solenm  manner, 
committfjd  biin  to  the  prison  of  their  oflicc  dtir- 
inu  plpjisure.  which  was  till  ir)34.  nnd  bis  "  Uia- 
loguis  of  the  System  of  the  World"  were  burnt 
at  Rome,  (iaiilei  died  Jan.  8.  I(i42.  He  wag 
the  author  of  several  noble  and  useful  in- 
ventions and  discoveries  in  asironomy,  geome- 
try and  mechanic*  ;  the  principal  of  which,  be- 
sides thfisc  already  mentioned,  are,  in  the  first 
of  those  sciences,  the  trepidation  or  vibration 
of  the  moon,  as  also  the  inequalities  or  moun- 
tains In  its  surface.  In  geometry,  he  invented 
the  cycloid  or  trochoid, ;  and.  in  mechanics, 
firiit  found  thee.\act  degree  of  celerity  in  the 
descent  of  bodies  by  the  force  of  gravity  :  to 
which  may  be  added  the  machine  with  which 
the  Vniutiaiis  render  their  Laeiina  fluid  and 
navisable  ;  the  invention  whert-of  was  his. 

G.^LISSONNIERE,  Kolland  .Michael  Barria, 
marquis,  a  French  admiral ;  after  ser\'ing  with 
distinction  in  the  navy,  was  made  governor  of 
Canada.   He  died  in  17.5fi. 

GAIiLAND,  Antony, a  learned  antiquary,  of 
France,  and  professor  of  Arabic  in  the  royal 
collece  at  Paris,  born  in  ir>46.  died  in  17l.'>.  He 
is  chiefly  known  as  the  translator  or  author  of 
"  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments." 

GALLANIl,  Augustus,  a  French  counsellor 
of  state,  wrote  some  memoirs,  &c.,  and  died  in 
1644. 

GALLE,  or  GALLil^I'S,  Servatius,  pastor 
of  tlie  church  at  Haerleni,  died  in  1709. 

GALLET,  N.,  a  French  spice  merchant, 
known  for  some  comic  pieces,  died  in  1757. 

G.ALLIENT'S,  a  Roman  eiuperor.  He  was 
assassinated  in  2r>S. 

GALLIGAI,  Eleonora,  wasthe  daughter  of  a 
j»iner.  and  Mary  de  Mcdicis'  nurse.  That  prin- 
cess carried  her  with  her  Into  France,  when  she 
went  thither,  in  1006,  to  be  married  to  Henry 
IV. :  andGallieai,  under  tlie  titl»  ',<"  h'-d  <hnm 
ber  woman  to  that  queen,  governed  her  just  as 
she  pleased.  She  married  Conciuo  CotKiiii.  ;if- 
ferwards  marshal  P'Ancre;  and  their  inordi- 
nate pride  and  ambition  was  at  length  punished 
by  the  assassination  of  the  husband  and  the 
execution  of  the  wife. 

GALLITZIN,Ba.sil,  a  noble  Russian  ;thou2li 
unsnccesful  in  his  ambitious  views,  he  was 
a  man  of  great  mr  rit.     He  died  in  1713. 

GAI,L1T7,IN,  Michael  Michaelowitz,  prince 
of,  dislinguisbcd  himself  under  Peter  the  Great 
against  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden  ;  he  died  17.10. 

GALIiOCHE,  Ijewis,a  painter,  of  the  French 
school,  died  in  1761. 

GALLOIS.  John,  a  learned  Frenchman,  born 
at  Paris,  in  1632.  He  was  a  universal  scholar ; 
but  is  now  memorable  chiefly  for  having  l>eeii 
tl;c  fir.sl  who  published  llie  Journal  des  Savans, 


. GA 

in  conjunction  witli  M.  lie  Sallo,  wlio  had  form- 
ed thu  design  of  that  work.     Ht  died  in  1707. 

GALLOIS,  Julian  .lean  Ca-sar  le,  a  Freiitli 
pliybiologist,  wIk)  distinjiuislicd  liiniself  by  lii.s 
"  ExperiiUL'iits  on  the  Principle  of  Life,  parti 
cularly  on  tliatof  tin-  Mntiim  of  llie  Heart,  and 
the  Seal  of  tliis  rrinciple  ;"  ho  died  in  1818. 

GALLONIO,  Ant(niio,  an  ccclc!;ia.siic  at 
Rome,  died  in  1G05. 

GALLOWAY,  .loseph,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  member  of  the  (\r>A  ton- 
prefcs,  in  1774,  but  afterwards  deserted  llie 
American  cause.  lie  died  in  En^'land,  in 
180:t. 

GALLUCCI,  Tarquinio,  an  Italian  Jesuit 
died  in  1049. 

GALLUCCI,  Giovanni  Paulo,  an  Ttalian  a.s- 
Ironomer,  wrote  "  on  the  Instruments  of  Astro- 
nomy." 

GALU'CCI,  Angrlo,  an  Italian, Jesuit,  author 
of  "  Coinmentarii  do  I?ello  lielgieo,"  died  in 
J674. 

GALLUS,  C.  Vibius.  a  Roman  emperor,  was 
assassinated  by  his  soldiers,  in  053. 

G.ALLUS,  Flaviue  CInudius  Constanllus,  bro- 
ther of  the  emperor  Julian,  was  put  to  death  on 
suspicion  of  cruelty,  in  Xii. 

GALLUS,  Cornelius,  an  ancient  Roman  poet, 
the  particular  favourite  of  Aufrustus  Cnsar,| 
wlioinade  him  siovernorofriiypt  after  the  death' 
of  Antony  and  I'leopatra  :  but  he  was  puilly  of  | 
iiuch  mal-adniinistration  inhisg(ivcrnmeiil,lliat| 
he  was  condenined  to  banishnuMii,  and  to  lose 
his  estate.  This  disgrace  grieved  him  ^o,  that! 
he  put  an  end  to  his  life,  when  he  was  about  43 
years  of  ace,  in  the  year  of  Rome  728. 

G.\LLY,  Henry,  an  Kuglishman,  jiromotcd  to 
several  benefices,  wrote  some  sermons,  &c.,  died 
in  17(1!). 

GALVANI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  philosopher,)-^ 
from  whom  (Jalvinism,  which  has  made  so 
much  noise  in  the  philosophical  world,  lo<ik  its 
name.  It  is  said,  that  a  fit  of  illness,  by  which 
liis  wife  was  attacked,  led  him  to  the  discovery 
of  bis  theory  respecting  metallic  irritation  and 
animal  electricity.  Tjie  physician  having  pre- 
.>;(rilKd  for  his  wife  soup  made  of  boiled  frogs, 
(Jalvani  prepared  them  himself;  and  having  ac- 
cidentally touched  a  frog  after  he  had  skinned 
it,  be  observed  it  in  an  involuntary  motion, 
which  induced  him  to  make  some  experiments 
that  conducted  liim  to  the  discovery.  He  was 
born  at  liolouna,  in  1737,  died  1798.  I 

GALVANfJ,  Antony,  a  native  of  the  Fast  In-' 
dies,  governor  of  the  Moluccas.  Became  poor; 
by  his  liberality,  and  died  in  a  hospital,  at  Lis- 
bon, in  ]5.'>7, 

GAM,  David,  a  brave  Welchman,  who  fell  in 
battle  nolly  defending  Menry  V.  He  was  knight- 
ed by  bis  sovcreicn  just  as  he  expired. 

GAMA.Vnsco de,  a  celebrated  Portuguese  na- 
vigiiior,  who  discovered  the  course  to  the  East 
Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was  born  at 
Sines,  in  Portugal,  and  died  in  152.">. 

G.\MACII1',S,  Stepln'u  Simon,  author  of  Phy- 
sical .Vslrononiy,  &c.,died  in  17.W. 

(J.AMACHl'S,  Philip  de,  author  of  f'omnien- 
larics  on  the  Siiinnia  of  AipiiiiaR,  died  in  H'liV 

(i.AM.ALII'L,  a  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law,  ami 
a  secret  disciple  of  our  Saviour. 

»J.\MHAi;.\,  Lorenzo,  an  Italian  poet,  author 
of  a  Latin  poem  on  I'oliimbus  ;  lie  died  in  l.VO. 

GAMB.\R.\,  Veioniea,  an  Italian  lady,  who 
devoted  herself  to  literature, and  published  soniej 
poems  ;  she  died  ir,  I.mO. 

GAMBOT.n,  John,  a  tnilv  primitive  Chr 

10 


GA 

tiau,  and  a  bishop  among  the  Moravian  brethren, 
lie  was  not  only  a  good  scholar,  but  a  man  of 
great  parts,  and  of  singular  mechanical  ingenui- 
ty ;  he  died  universally  respected,  in  1771. 

GANDY,  James,  a  painter,  who  came  to  Ire- 
land with  tlie  duke  of  Ormond,  and  died  there 
I  in  ll')8<l. 

GANG.WELLI,  John  Vinceilt  Antony,  was 
born  in  1705,  the  son  of  a  physician  ;  ami,  fioiii 
being  a  petty  monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis, 
ascended  to  the  papacy,  May  19, 17(>9,  when  lie 
assumed  the  name  of  Clement  XIV.  Thus  be- 
coming sovereign  poiilifl'  in  the  most  critical 
and  tempestuous  times,  in  his  comiiieice  with 
the  world,  he  practised  the  humility  of  a  I'ran- 
|ciscan  monk;  Lul,on  occasion  of  splendour,  he 
jsnstaiiied  the  papal  grandeur  with  appropriate 
,niagiiltii  eiicc.  1'he  most  striking  iiieideiit  of  his 
[life  was  his  beiiis.'  tlif  instrument,  under  Provj- 
idence,  of  aiinihilaiing  the  mighty  order  of  tlie 
jesniis.  To  the  itseiitmcnt  of  that  order  it  is 
supposed  lie  at  last  fell  a  sacrifice,  iiis  robust 
constitution  and  legulaiiiy  of  life  seemii  g  to 
proinisi'  him  aiiMHli  ioicer  period  'h*n  t'liyears; 
for  he  died  in  1774.  poisoned,  as  is  siipiio?ed,  in 
the  sacrament  ;  he  biniseii  declaring  bis  suspi- 
cions before  he  died,  and  all  the  after  symploms 
strongly  confirming  the  same. 

G  AiNCt,  John,  collected  the  first  baptist  society 
in  New- York,  and  was  its  minister  ;  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  American  war,  and  died 
ill  18t>4. 

(iANSEVOORT,  Peter,  a  distinguished  offi- 
cer of  the  American  ainiy  during  the  revolii 
tion.  He  rendered  his  couiitr\  essiiilial  service 
by  defending  fori  Stanwix,  when  bcsiigtd  by  St. 
Leger:  and  afterwards,  by  preventing  the' co- 
opi  lation  of  that  olficer  with  Uurgoyne,  lie  con- 
tributed e-,seiitiallv  to  the  surrender  of  the  lat 
ter.     lie  died  in  I'sii. 

G.M{.\.AIOAT,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  and 
letter  founder,  \\  ;is  a  native  of  Paris,  and  begai- 
to  distingiiisli  himself  about  1510.  He  brought 
his  types  to  so  great  a  degree  of  [lerfeclion,  that 
he  can  neither  be  denied  the  glory  of  having 
surpassed  whatever  had  been  done  in  this  way 
before,  nor  that  of  not  being  excelled  by  any  of 
his  successors  in  this  useful  mechanic  art.  Ga 
ramont  died  in  l.ifjl  ;  and  all  his  fine  typescame 
into  the  hands  of  Foiirnler  the  Elder,  an  emi- 
nent letter  toiiiider_at  Paris. 

GARASSF,,  Francis,  a  Jesuitical  W'ritcr,  and 
autiior  of  tlie  enmity  bi'l  ween  the  Jesuits  and  the 
jaiisenistb,  in  the  church  of  Rome,  w  as  born  at 
Angouleine.  in  i^:85,  and  died  in  1G3I. 

GARIMEN,  Lorenzo,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
and  pupil  of  Ludovici  Caraeci,  died  in  1654. 

GAhMJO,  Rapli;iel  del,  a  historical  painter, of 
Florence,  ditd  in  ].>:)4, 

GARCIAS  11.,  king  of  Navarre  after  Sanciio 
II.,  died  in  1000, 

G  ARCILASSO.  Garcias  Lapso  de  la  Veca.  a 
celebrated  Spanish  poet,  born  at  Toledo,  in  1500, 
died  l.")3ii,  by  a  stone  tlirown  by  a  countryman 
from  a  turret,  falling  upon  his  head. 

G.XRPEN,  .Mexander,  a  distinguished  episco- 
pal clerHvinan,  of  Charleston,  South-Carolina. 
Re  came  from  Scotland  to  f'harleston.  in  1720, 
and  resided  Uicre  until  his  death,  in  175<1, 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  M.  D  ,  ascicntific  phy- 
sician, of  South-Carolina,  who  introduced  into 
medical  nsi:  the  Virainiau  snake  root;  he  died 
about  1771. 

GAR  DIE,  PontP?  de  la,  a  French  adventurer, 
siicce.-sivi'ly  ill  the  nnploynient  of  marshal  Bri- 
sac,  lilt  Dane?,  and  bweiles;  be  died  In  15c5. 
CO.'') 


GA 

GAKDI.V  DUMESML,  N.,  professor  of  rlieto- 
ric  at  Paris,  and  an  eminent  scliolar  ;  he  wrote 
on  Jjaiiii  synonyniHS.  and  died  in  1802. 

GARDiXER,  Stephen,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  chancellor  of  Kn^Jand.  was  born  at  Bury 
.St.  Edtmind's,  in  Suffolk,  1W3.  His  character  as 
a  minister  i.s  to  be  drawn  from  tlic  general  liis 
torifrf  ;  he  had  a  large  portion  of  h:tiightines.s, 
boundless  ambition,  and  dcepdi^.-^imiilulion  ;  for 
lie  looked  on  relisjion  as  an  encine  of  slate,  and 
made  use  of  it  as  such.     He  died  in  1555. 

G.-\RD1NKR,  Jamcf ,  a  colonel  in  llio  army  of 
George  II.,  btjrn  in  Scotland,  IG88,  was  equally 
admirable  for  the  virtues  of  piety  and  personal 
rourage,  and  died  bravely  fighting  against  the 
reb<;l.<  at  Preston-pans,  near  Edinburgh,  in  1745. 

f;  ARE.\GEOT,Rcne,  Jacques,  Croissant  de,  a 
French  surgeon  of  great  reputation  ;  he  wrote 
several  valuable  works,  and  died  in  1759. 

GARESSOLES,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mon- 
laubaii,  who  wrote  several  tlieological  works, 
died  it)  IGoO. 

GARF.T^John,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur, 
born  at  Havre  dc  Grace,  died  in  1C94. 

G.ARLAN'DE.  Jean  de,  a  grammarian,  ob 
t.iined  somecelebrity  by  hispoein  on  the  "  Cr 
tempt  of  the  World,"  &c. ;  he  was  living 
IWii. 

G  \RNET,  Henry,  a  person  memorable  in 
English  history,  for  having  been  privy  to,  and 
aiding  in,  the  celebrated  conspiracy  called  "  The 
Gunpowder  Plot,"  was  executed  at  the  west 
end  of  St.  Paul's,  May  3,  1G06. 

GARXETT,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  physi- 
cian and  natural  philosopher,  was  born  in  1766. 
After  having  studied  medicine  and  chymistry, 
and  graduated  at  Edinburgh,  he  delivered  seve- 
ral courses  of  lectures  on  chymistry  and  e.tpe- 
riraental  philosophy,  at  Manchester,  Liverpool, 
fee.  He  was  soon  after  elected  professor  of 
piiilosophy,  in  Anderson's  Institution  at  Glas- 
gow; and  his  leisure  hours  in  Scotland  were 
employed  in  collecting  materials  for  his  "  Tour 
through  the  Highlands,  and  part  of  the  Western 
Isles."  Dr.  Garnett  afterwards  accepted  an  in- 
vitation from  the  new  royal  institution,  in  Lon- 
don ;  where,  for  one  season,  he  was  profe.-isor 
of  natural  philosophy  and  chymistry,  and  deli- 
vf;red  the  whole  of  the  lectures.  On  retiring 
froin  this  situation,  as  being  too  laborious  for 
tlie  state  of  his  health,  he  commenced  a  course 
of  lectures  at  his  house,  on  Zoonomia,  or  the 
Laws  of  Animal  Life,  arranged  according  to 
t::e  Brunonian  theory.  From  a  patient,  whom 
he  attended  in  a  fever,  he  caught  the  infection, 
and  died  in  1802. 

GARXIER.  Robert,  a  French  tragic  poet, 
b.irn  in  15:^4,  died  1590. 

G  \R\IER,  John,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of  rhe- 
toric and  philosophy,  died  in  1681. 

G.AR.MER,  Julian,  a  Benedictine  monk,  died 
in  1723. 

GAROSALO,  Bonvenuto,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  alFerrara,  died  in  1695. 

GABR.\RD,  Mark,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Bruges,  in  Flanders,  in  1561.  He  was  prin- 
cipal painter  to  queen  Elizabeth,  and  died  in 
1635. 

G\RR.\RD,  James,  was  an  officer  of  the  re- 
volutionary army,  and  mie  of  the  fir.'it  settlers 
of  Kentucky,  of  which  state  he  was  afterwards 
governor :  lie  died  in  1822. 

G.\RRICK.  David,  an  excellent  Engli-sh  actor, 

horn  at  Hereford,  and  baptized  there,  Feb.  28, 

1716.    Having  performed  a  noviciate  at  Ipswich, 

ne  made  his  appearance  at  Goodman's  Fields; 

206 


GA  fl 

and,  Oct.  1741,  acted  Richard  111.  for  the  lirst 
time.  His  acting  wa»  attended  with  the  loudest 
acclamations  of  applause  ;  and  his  fame  was  ^o 
quickly  propagated  through  the  town,  that  the 
more  established  theatres  of  Drury  Lane  ami 
Covent  Garden  wer«  deserted.  These  patentees, 
alarmed  at  the  great  deficiency  in  the  receipt."  of 
their  houses,  and  at  the  crowds  which  constanlly 
filled  the  theatre  of  Goodman's  Fields,  united 
their  clTorls  to  destroy  the  new-raised  seal  of 
theatrical  empire;  in  consequence  of  which, 
Garrick  entered  into  an  agreement  with  Fleet 
wood,  patentee  of  Drury  Lane,  for  500^  a  year 
The  fame  of  our  English  Roscius  was  now  so 
e.xtondcd,  that  an  invitation  from  Ireland,  upon 
very  profitable  conditions,  was  sent  him  to  art 
in  Dublin  during  the  months  of  June,  July, 
and  August,  1742 ;  which  invitation  he  accepted. 
His  success  there  exceeded  all  imagination  ;  he 
was  carcs.scd  by  all  ranks  as  a  prodigy  of  thea- 
trical accomplishments ;  and  the  play-house  way 
so  crowded  during  this  hot  season,  that  a  very 
mortal  fever  was  produced,  which  was  called 
Garrick"s  fever.  He  returned  to  London  before 
'le  winter,  and  now  attended  closely  to  his  the 
ical  profession,  in  which  he  was  irrevocably 
d.  April,  1747,  he  became  joint  patentee  of 
»>rury  Lane  theatre  with  Mr.  Lacy  ;  and  in 
iJulv  1749,  married  Mademoiselle  Violetti.  In 
jl7(5,  h.  -         - 

ibenefii 
[gave  l^e<, 
ifor  he 
[translbrn.  ' 
comic,  and 
sion  of  the 


took  a  journey  into  Italy  for  the 
caltli ;   and  during  his  travels, 
iroofs  of  his  theatrical  talents; 
vithout  the    least  preparation, 
elf  into  any  character,  tragic  ot 
■^  instantaneously  upon  any  pas- 
uan  mind.    After  he  had  been 
abroad  about  a  year  and  a  half,  he  turned  his 
ihoughts  homewards,  and  arrived   in   London 
April ,1765.     In  1760  he  projected  and  conducted 
the  memorable  Jubilee  at  Stratford,  in  honour 
of  Shakspeare,  so  much  admired  by  some,  an(f 
.'io  much  ridiculed  by  others.    On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Lacy  in  1773,  the  whole  management  of 
the  theatre  devolved  on  him  ;   but,  being  !«) 
vanced  in  years,  and  much  afilicted  with  chroni- 
cal disorders,  he  finally  left  it  in  June,  1770,  and 
jdisposed  of  his  moiety  of  the  patent  to  Mes:;ienr9 
^'lleridan,  Linley,  and  Ford,  for  35,000/.      He 
died  Jan.  20,  1779.     Notwithstanding  his  con- 
stant employ  as  both  actor  and  manager,   he 
was  perpetually  producing  various  little  thingj 
in  the  dramatic  way  ;   some  of  which  are  origi 
nals ;   others   translations  or  alterations  from 
other  authors,  adapted  to  the  taste  of  the  present 
times. 

GARRIEL,  Peter,  he  wrote  an  account  of 
Montpelie:  cathedral,  in  1631. 

GARS.\TJLT,  Francis  .\lexandcr,  a  learned 
Frenchman  ;  he  wrote  theanatomy  of  the  horse, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1778. 

GARTH,  Sir  Samuel,  an  excellent  poet  and 
physician,  and  authorof  amost  admirable  satire, 
called  "The  Dispensary,"  was  born  in  York- 
shire. After  having  eminently  distinguished 
himself,  as  well  by  his  various  poetical  produc- 
'tions  as  by  his  professional  merit,  he  died  Jan. 
18, 1718-19. 

GARTHSHORE,  Maxwell,  a  physician  and 
an  accoucheur,  who  practised  in  London,  with 
Igreat  reputation,  near  fifty  years,  was  a  Fellow 
!of  the  Royal  Society  ;  born  in  1732,  in  Scotland, 
died  in  London,  in  1812.  Some  papers  of  hi.s 
|will  be  found  in  "The  Phirosophical  Transac 
itions." 

I     G  ARZI,  Lewis,  a  painter,  considered  the  suc- 
cessful nval  of  Carlo  Marat,  died  in  1721. 


GA 


GATAKER,  Cliail.s,  son  ol  tin-  iiiiCKli.'i.'. 
and  a  writer  on  controversial  liivinilv,  boii'  in 
Uil4,  diedin  ItirO. 

GATES,  Sir  Thonins!,  one  of  the  lirst  pnvcni- 
ois  of  the  colony  of  Viiginia,  ahout  Km,  ai  il 
I  again,  on  returning  from  England,  in  IGll;  lie 
died  in  the  East- Indies. 

GATES,  lioratio,  a  major  general,  and  a  riis- 
tintiuisiied  otiiccr  of  the  American  army  duiing 
the  revolution.  He  was  a  major  in  the  British 
.'•■prvice,  at  :he  defeat  of  general  Uraddock  ;  at 
the  declaration  of  independence,  he  was  made 
adjniant  general,  afterwards  commander  of  the 
northern  army,  to  wiiich  general  Buigoyne  snr 
rendered  in  1777;  in  17eO,  he  was  apiioiiutd 
eomniandcr  of  the  southern  army  ;  alter  the  wnr 
he  returned  tohis  farm,  from  which  he  removed 
to  New-York,  where  lie  died  in  180(j. 

GATIJIOSIN,  the  last  of  the  Mexican  kins.i. 
He  was  cruelly  tortured  in  a  fiery  ordeal  liy 
C'ortez,  and  three  years  after  was  hanged  in  his 
carital  in  1520. 

(JAUHIL,  Anthony,  a  French  missionary  in 
China,  where  he  resided  :JU  years;  lie  died'  in 


<feAi;B 

'"Iberg,  ; 


"•1»iwards 
renowned 
illiamdicd 


GA 

'  GASCOIGNE,  Sir  William,  chief  justke  of 
the  King's  Bench  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV  ,  was 
born  in  1350.     How  nnicli  he  distinguished  liin 
self  in  his  high  office  appears  from  the  several 
ahsiracts  of  hisopinions,  arguments,  distinctions, 
and  decisions  which  occur  in  our  old  books  oi 
1.1  w  reports ;  but  he  is  said  to  have  distinguished 
himself  above  his  brethren  by  a  most  memorable 
liaiisaction  in  the  latter  end  of  the  king's  reign. 
A  servant  of  the  prince  of  'Wales,  afterwards 
Henrj'  V.,  being  arraigned  for  felony  at  the  bar 
of  :he  King's  Bench,  the  news  soon  reached  his 
master's  ears,  who,  hastening  lo  the  court,  or- 
dered him  to  be  unfettered,  and  oflered  to  resnu 
him  ;  in  which,  being  apposed  by  the  judge,  who 
cuinmaiKled  him  to  leave  the  prisoner  and  de- 
part, he  rushed  furiously  up  to  the  bench,  and, 
as  it  is  generally  aftirmed,  struck  the  chief  justice 
then  sitting  in  the  execution  of  hisoffice.     Here- 
upon Sir  William,  after  some  rxposiulaiion  upon 
the  outrage,  indignity,  and  unwarrantable  in- 
terruption of  the  proceedings  in  that  place,  di- 
tectly  committed  him  to  the  king's  ber.cli  prison, 
mere  to  wail  his  father's  pleasure.    The  prince 
s'.ibniitted  to  his  punishment  with  a  calnuiess  no 
less  sudden  and  surprisinj  than  the  oftence  hr'' 
been  which  drew  it  upon  him;  and  the  ki''  *" 
being  informed  of  the  whole  affair,  was  so  *'i' 
from  being  displeased  with  the  justice,  tbat  he 
returned  thanks  to  God,  "  Tli.n 
him  both  a  judge  who  knew  lio" 
and  a  son  who  could  obey  jusiic 
also,  who  had  for  some  time  led 
was  efttirely  reformed  thereby,' 
became  with  the  title  of  Henry  V. 
king  who  conquered  France.    & 
in  1413. 

GASCOIGNE,  George,  a  celebrated  poet  in 
the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
was  bred  to  the  law,  but  became  a  soldier,  aiul 
served  with  credit  in  the  wars  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. He  was  author  of  four  dramatic  pieces, 
and  several  poems ;  the  most  remarkable 
which  was  a  satire  called  "  The  Steel  Gla.«s 
he  died  in  1577.  His  works  were  most  collected 
m  1587. 

G.ASP.^RINI,  a  celebrated  grammarian,  born 
in  1370,  died  in  1431.  He  is  deservedly  recorded  as 
rue  of  the  first  restorers  of  good  Latin  in  Italy 

GASSENDI,  Peter,  a  very  eminent  French 
philosophical,  moral,  and  mathematical  writer, 
born  in  1.59i,  died  at  Paris,  in  1C.55 

G.\SSION,.Iohn  de,  a  native  of  Pan,  marshal 
of  France,  eminently  distinguished  forliis  valour 
in  war,  fell  at  the  siege  of  Lens,  in  l(i47. 

G.AST,  John,  a  native  of  Dublin,  he  published 
some  works  of  merit,  for  which  the  university 
of  Dublin  honoured  him  with  a  degree  of  U.  U. 
without  the  usual  expenses;  he  died  in  1788. 

GASTALDI,  John  Bapliste,  a  native  of  Siste- 
ron,  an  eminent  physician,  died  in  1747. 

GASTAUD,  Francis,  an  ecclesi.Ttic  of  Aix, 
lie  insulted  the  bishop  of  Marseilles  Tn  his  writ- 
ings, and  was  denied  the  honours  of  sepulture ; 
he  died  in  1732. 

GASTON  of  France,  John  Baptist,  duke  of 
Orleans,  was  son  of  Henry  IV.,  and  brother  of 
Lewis  XIII.  ;  he  died  in  IfifiO. 

GASTON  DE  FOIX,  duke  of  Nemours,  early 
distinguished  himself  in  the  army  in  Iialv  ;  he 
fell  in  battle  in  1512. 

GASTRELL,  Francis,  bishop  of  Chester,  and 
acoiilrovcrsial  writer,  born  in  1GC2,  died  in  1725. 
GATAKER,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
critical  and  theolosical  writer,  burn  in  London,  jusual  vieissamles  of  favour  and  of  moitilicaJion 
ill  1,174, 'di'd  in  lfi51.  I  inr.idont  lo  such  a  lifi-.     Hid  opinions  of  a  couil 


BIUS,  Jerome  David,  a  native  of  Ilei- 
,  professor  of  medicine,  and  lecturer  on 

■.Iiiy  and  chymistry,  died  in  1760. 

G.-^l'I),  Henrv,  a  painter  and  engraver,  of 
Utrecht,  died  in  iti39. 

GACUEN,  John,  bishop  of  Worcester  born 
in  lti05,  celebrated  for  hiszenl  in  the  cause  of  il:e 
unfortunate  king  Charles,  and  repined  (though 
falselv)  the  author  of  "Eikon  Basiiike,"  died 
in  lti62. 

G  AUDENTIO,  a  painter,  of  Milan,  born  about 
1480. 

GAUDENTirS,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Brescia,  he 
wrote  sermons,  letiets,  &c.,  and  died  in  427. 

GArDEN7.IO,Pagapin,  a  native  of  Valte 
line,  Greek  professor,  ilied  in  1648. 

GAULl,  Giovanni  Baptlsta,  a  painter,  of  Ge- 
noa, died  al  Rome,  in  1709. 

G.AULMIN,  Gilbert,  a  French  writer  of  some 
celebrity,  died  in  ItJtiS. 

GAUPP.  John,  a  native  of  Lindau,  educated 
at  Jena,  was  an  able  mathematician  ;  he  died 
in  1738. 

GAI'RICO,  Luca,  an  Italian  professor  of 
astronomy,  at  Ferrara,  died  in  1558. 

GAUSSEM,  Jane  Catharine,  a  celebrated 
actress,  retired  from  the  theatre  from  motives 
of  religion  ;  she  died  at  Paris,  in  1767. 

GAUSHIER,  Jean  Bapliste,  a  French  abbe, 
ho  wrote  a  "  Tract  again.st  Pope's  Essay  on 
Man,"  and  die  d  of  a  fall  in  1755. 

G.WANTS,  Bartholomew,  a  Barnabitemonk, 
laulliorof  .some  works  ;  died  at  Milan,  in  1638. 

GAVESTON,  Peter,  a  favourite  of  Edward 
II.,  was  proud,  overbearing,  and  cruel ;  iie  was 
beheaded  in  1312. 

GAY,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  in  K<?^. 
His  amiable  qualities  recommended  him  to  the 
acquaintance  of  Swift  and  Pope,  who  were 
exceedingly  struck  with  the  open  sincerity,  the 
undisguised  simplicity  of  his  manners,  and  the 
easiness  of  his  temper.  In  1710  he  produced 
his  celebrated  poem,  called  "  Trivia,  or,  the 
An  of  walking  the  Streets  ;"  and  the  following 
vrar,  at  the  instance  of  Pope,  formed  the  plan 
of  his  "  Pastorals."  The  •'  Shepherd's  Week" 
came  out  in  1714,  with  a  dedication  to  I.oid 
Bolii'pbroke.  Gay  was  soon  after  introduced  at 
conn,   and  .''or  several  yeare  experienced  the 


»07 


t^' 


friendship  are  pretty  plainly  intimated  iu  liis 
"  Beggar's  Optra;"  which,  being  brought  upon 
the  stage  in  1727,  was  received  with  greater 
applause  than  liad  ever  been  known  on  any  occa- 
sion, being  acted  in  London G^ days  withoulinter- 
ruption,  and  renewed  the  next  season  with  amaz- 
ing success.  He  wrote  several  other  plays  of  no 
great  celebrity;  but  what  will  always  di.-iiin- 
guisli  him  as  a  poet  are  tiis  "  Fables,"  which 
will  be  read  and  admired  so  long  as  any  t:i-te 
for  that  kind  of  writnig  shall  exist.  He  died  in 
1732,  and  was  buried  in  Westminister  Abbey 

GAY,Ebenezer,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hingliani, 
Ma^. :  he  published  several  sermons,  and  died 
in  1787. 

(i.'WOT  DE  PIT.WAL,  Francis,  a  French 
author,  born  at  Lyons,  w;ui  unfortunate  in  all 
his  imrsuits  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

G.\ZA,  Theodore,  a  very  eminent  gramma 
rian,  and  translator  of  Greek  writings,  born  at 
Thes.';alonica,  in  Greece,  in  1398,  died  in  1478. 

G  \ZALI,  or  AnON  HAMED  iMOHAMMED 
ZEI.\  EDD1\  AL  THOUSI,  amussulman  doc- 
tor, died  at  Khoras:;an,  in  1112. 

GAZET,  William,  a  native  of  .Vrras,  and  an 
ecclesiastic  ;  he  wrote  a  Chronological  History, 
and  died  in  1012. 

G.\ZOLA,  Joseph,  a  physician,  of  Verona, 
died  in  1715. 

GAZON  DOURXIGNE,  S.  M.  M.,  a  native  of 
Quiniper,  a  famous  critic,  died  in  1784. 

GAZZOLI,  Benozzo,  an  Italian  painter,  died 
in  1478. 

GERELIN,  Anthony  Court  de,  celebrated  as 
authorof  "  Le  Monde  Priniitif  compare  a  Monde 
Moderne,"  born  in  1727,  died  in  1784.  When 
the  plan  of  his  great  work, "  Le  Monde  Primltif," 
made  its  appearance,  M.  d'Alenibcrt  was  so 
struck  with  it,  that  he  asked  with  enthusiasm, 
"  si  c'etoit  une  societe  de  40  lioinnies  qui  etoil 
charges  de  I'executer  7"  The  French  academy 
were  so  well  satisfied  with  the  undertaking,  that 
they  twice  decreed  to  him  the  prize  of  1200  livres, 
which  they  give  aimually  to  the  author  of  the 
most  valuable  work  that  has  appeared  in  the 
course  of  the  year. 

GEBER,  John  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
9th  century.  His  works  contain  much  know- 
ledge. 

GEO,  William,  an  ingenious  artist,  memora- 
ble for  a  new  invention  in  the  art  of  printing. 
From  any  types  of  Greek  or  Roman,  or  any 
other  character,  he  formed  a  plate  for  every 
page  or  sheet  of  a  book  from  which  he  printed, 
instead  of  using  a  type  for  every  letter,  as  is  done 
in  the  common  way.  This  scheme  has  recently, 
through  the  ingenuity  and  perseverance  of  Earl 
Stanhope,  and  Mr.  .Andrew  Wilson,  arrived  at 
a  high  degree  of  practical  perfection.  On  the 
0!>tli  May  1810,  Mr.  Wilson  was  honoured  wiih 
the  gold  medal,  by  the  Society  of  Arts,  for  his 
G.ti'rtions  in  Stereotype  printing.  Mr.  Ged  died 
in  1749. 

GED  ALIA,  a  famous  rabbi,  who  died  in  1418. 

GEDDES,  Michael,  a  learned  divine,  received 
the  degree  of  LL  D.,  from  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford ;  he  died  in  1715. 

GEDDES,  James,  born  in  Scotland,  in  1710, 
died  in  1748-9,  leaving  behind  him  "  An  Essay 
on  the  Composition  and  Manner  of  Writing  of 
the  Ancients,  particularly  Plato,"  which  lia.s 
great  merit. 

GEDDES,  Dr.  Alexander,  a  man  of  very  pro- 
found research  in  biblical  literature,  was  born 
tn  1737,  and  died  near  London,  in  1802.     Dr. 
Gertdes  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  had  em- 
208 


GE 

ployed  himself  many  years  in  a  new  translation 
of  ilie  Bible ;  owing,  however,  to  various  causes, 
It  was  left  untinished  ;  only  llic  lirst  twelve 
books  of  the  Old  Testament  being  printed. 
I  GEDOViN,  Nicolas,  a  Fniich  writer.  He 
[studied  at  Paris,  was  a  Jesuit  10  years  ;  he  wrote 
some  ingenious  essays,  and  died  in  1744. 
I  GEE,  John,  a  dislinguislied  minister  in  Bos- 
'ton,  died  in  1748. 

I  GEEK,  Charles  de,  a  native  of  Sweden,  much 
(respected  as  a  man  of  stience,  and  tynefactor 
of  tlie  poor ;  he  died  in  1778. 
j  GEINOZ,  Francis,  a  learned  Swibb  abbe,  au- 
jthor  of  some  valuable  dissertauous  on  Ancieut 
.Medals ;  he  died  in  1752. 

I    G  EJKR,  Martin,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  and  pro- 
'fessor  of  Hibr< w.  died  in  lt'81 

GELASirs  the  Elder,  bishop  of  Cssarca,  in 
Palestine,  in  the  4th  century. 

GELASIUS  of  Cyzitus,  bishop  of  Ca;sarca, 
in  47G. 

GELASIUS  I.,  bishop  of  Rome  after  Felix  H., 
in  492,  some  of  his  works  are  extant ;  he  died 
in  4'Jti. 

GELASIUS  II.,  a  Campanian  by birili,  raised 
to  the  poniilicate  in  1118,  died  in  1119. 

GELDEiXH.'VUR,  Gerard  Eobanus,  a  German, 
well  skilled  in  poetry,  died  in  1542. 

GELDER,  Arnold  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Dort,  died  in  1727. 

GELDORP,  Gualdorp,  a  painter,  of  Louvain, 
excelled  iu  portraits  and  history  ;  he  died  in 
1608. 

GEI,EE,  Claude,  commonly  called  Claude  of 
Lorraine.    See  CLAUDE. 

GELEXIUS,  Sigisinund,  a  learned  man,  bom 
at  Prague.  His  disregard  for  honours  was  very 
uncommon  ;  he  died  at  Basil,  in  1555. 

GELLERT,  Christian  Fauchtegott,  a  German 
comic  poet,  born  in  Misnia,  in  1715,  died  in  17li9. 

GELLI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  Italian  com- 
ic poet,  born  at  Florence,  in  1498,  died  in  1503. 

GELLIBERAND,  Henry,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, and  professorof  astronomy  at  Gresham 
College,  born  in  London,  in  1597,  died  in  1036. 

GELLIUS,  Aulus,  a  celebrated  grammarian, 
who  lived  in  the  2d  century,  under  Marcus  Au- 
relius  and  some  succeeding  emperors,  and  is 
now  known  by  his  "  Noctes  Attica;,"  a  collec- 
tion of  observations  on  authors,  which  he  gather- 
ed up  from  reading  or  conversation,  and  put 
together  lor  the  use  of  his  children.  He  called 
them  "Noctes  Atticae,"  because  they  were  com 
posed  in  the  evenings  of  a  winter  which  he  spent 
at  Athens.  The  chief  value  of  it  is,  that  it  has 
preserved  many  tacts  and  nionumeut£  of  anti- 
quity, which  are  not  to  be  found  elsewhere. 

GELON,  king  of  Syracuse,  in  4H4  B.  C,  was 
universally  respected  by  his  subjects. 

GEMELLI-CARRERI,  Francis,  an  Italian 
writer,  author  of  an  interesting  account  of  a 
voyage  round  the  world,  between  1093  and  1098. 

GEMIGN.VGXO,  Ovinentio  de  St.,  a  Tuscan 
painter,  died  in  1530. 

GEMIGNANO,  Giacinto,  a  painter,  born  at 
Pistoie,  died  in  1681. 

GEMINI.\NI,  Francisco,  a  fine  performer  on 
the  violin,  and  composer  for  that  instrument, 
born  at  Lucca,  in  Italy,  about  1080,  died  in  1702. 

GEMISTUS,  George,  he  lived  to  above  the 
ane  of  100,  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
virtues. 

GEMMA,  Reinier,  a  Dutch  physician,  of  Doc- 
kum,  was  also  an  astronomer  and  mathemati- 
cian ;  he  died  in  1555. 

GENDRE,  Lewis  le,  a  French  historian 


GE 


GE 


wrote  a  history  of  France,  from  tho  coniiucnce- 
ment  of  the  monarchy  to  the  death  of  Lewis 
Xlll.,  oiauuc-rs  and  customs  of  thu  French,  &c., 
and  died  in  1733. 

GEMJKE,  Gilbert  Charles  le,  marquis  of  St. 
Aubiii,  died  at  Paris,  in  174G. 

GiCNDRK,  Nicholas  lo,  a  French  sculptor, 
died  al  Paris,  in  1070. 

GKNDKE,  Lewis  le,  a  deputy  in  the  national 
convention,  ditd  in  1797. 

GKNEl!K.\KD,  Gilbert,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  at  Kioiu,  died  in  1397. 

GKAESIL'S,  JuKcphiii>,  one  of  the  Byzantine 
hislorianti,  flourished  in  940. 

GKNEST,  Charles  Claude,  a  French  poet,  and 
author  of  tragedies,  died  in  1719. 

GEXET,  Francis,  bishop  of  Vaison,  born  at 
Avignon,  in  1G40,  isitnown  for  tho  Theology  of 
Grenoble. 

GENGA,  Gorome,  an  Italian  painter  and 
architect,  died  in  1551. 

GE.NGA,  Bartholomew,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  architect,  died  in  l.WS 

GKNGIS  KUAN,  or  ZIiNGiS  KHAN,  a  most 
illustrious  Mojul  prince,  who  beinR  obliged  to 
fly  from  Delhi,  on  account  of  a  seneral  revolt 
of  his  subjects,  took  shelter  at  the  cou  rt  of  A  venti 
khan,  Cham  of  the  Tartars,  and  married  his 
daughter ;  but  the  jealousy  of  Aventi  obliged 
him  to  e.scape  a  second  time  ;  and  being  pursued 
by  Aventi  and  his  son,  he  defeated  lliem  both  ; 
and,  their  army  revolting  to  him,  he  soon  in- 
creased It.  From  this  event  hi:  became  as  re- 
nowned a  conqueror  as  .Mexander  the  Great.  In 
the  space  of  2^  years  he  subdurd  the  greater 
part  of  Asia,  and  rendered  himself  as  famous  for 
his  skill  in  government,  as  lor  the  valour  of  his 
arms.  lie  was  born  in  1JC3,  and  died  in  12V!7, 
leaving  his  dominions  (which  extended  IfeOO 
Icugui^H  from  ea=t  to  west,  and  1000  from  north 
to  soulli,)  properly  divided  to  l)is  four  sons. 

GF.NN.XDIUS,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
after  Analolius,  in  43c',  died  in  471. 

(JEN'N.XDirs,  an  ecclesiastical  writer  of 
Marseilles,  died  493.  There  are  two  works  of 
bis  remaining :  "  De  DopmatibusEcclesiasticis," 
and  "  l)i:  Illustribus  Ecclesiac  Scriptorilms." 

GENNAliIl'S,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
wrote  the  Christian  faith  in  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Turkish  ;  he  died  in  a  monastery,  in  14G0 

GENNAUI,  Benedetto,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.,  Charles  II.,  &c., 
and  died  in  1715. 

GENN.'VRl,  Caesare,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
pamter,  was  eminent  in  historical  pieces;  he 
died  in  1G88. 

GENNARO,  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  native  of 
Naples,  was  a  respectable  author ;  he  died  in 
1760 

GRNOELS,  Abraham,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
born  in  1G40. 

GENOVESI,  Anthony, celebrated  as  a  lecturer 
in  philosophy,  died  in  1769. 

GENSEUiC,  kins  of  the  Vandals,  a  conqueror 
and  tyrant,  who  captured  Koine  in  433,  and  sul 
•ered  his  soldiers  during  14  days  to  pillage  it,  and 
massacre  the  defenceless  inhabitants ;  he  died  in 
477. 

GENSONNE,  Armand,  an  advocate  of  Bour- 
dcaux,  was  guillotined  in  1793. 

GENTILE,  Ludovico,  a  painter,  of  Brussels. 
His  portrait  of  Alexander  VII.  is  admired  ;  he 
died  in  ir.TO. 

GENTILIS  DEFOLIGNO,  a  physician,  and 
an  aulhiir,  died  in  1349. 
GENTILESCHI.  Horatio,  an  Italian  painter, 

P   d 


who  adorned  the  ceilings  oi  Greenwich  and 
York  house,  England,  where  he  died 

GEN'TILEtH  III,  Artemisia,  daughter  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  as  a  historical  painter. 

GENTILIS,  Siipio,  a  native  of  Ancona,  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law,  died  in  161G. 

GENTILIS,  John  Valentine,  was  condemned 
to  lose  his  liead  at  Berne,  for  the  violence  of 
his  religious  opinions,  in  1567. 

GENTILIS,  Alberico,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
;ind  professor  of  law,  at  Oxford,  died  in  1608. 

GENTILLET,  Valentine,  a  native  of  Dau- 
phine,  and  syndic  of  the  city  of  Geneva,  lived 
about  1578. 

GENTLEMAN,  Francis,  an  actor  and  dra 
niatic  writer,  born  in  Ireland,  1708,  died  1784. 
lie  was  author  of  <  luvou  dramatic  pieces;  and 
f  "  The  hraniatic  Censor." 
(JEUFFUEY,  of  Monmouth.  See  JEFFERY. 
GEOFFRUI,  Stephen  Francis,  a  French  phy- 
sician, who  wrote  a  Materia  Medica,  died  in  1731 
GEORGE,  St.,  the  patron  of  England,  sup- 
posed to  hare  surtered  in  the  reign  of  Dioclesiau. 
GEORGE  of  Trebizond,  a  native  of  Candia, 
and  secretary  to  iwpe  Nicolas  V.,  published  se- 
veral works,  and  died  in  1434. 

GEORGE  the  Cappadocian,  Arian  bishop  of 
Mexandria  ;  was  assassinated,  in  consequence 
of  liis  oppression,  in  361. 

GEORGE,  surnanied  Amira,  a  learned  Ma- 
roiiitc,  who  published  a  eranmiar  of  the  Syriac 
and  Chaldcc  ;   he  died  in  1641. 

GEORGE,  duke  of  Clarence,  brother  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  of  England,  condemned  to  death  for 
conspiring  against  his  brother,  in  1478. 

GEORGE,  iirince  of  Servia,  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  received  in  1457,  in  a  battle 
against  the  Hungarians. 

GEORGE  LEWIS  I.,  son  of  Ernest  Augustus, 
of  Brunswick,  called  to  the  throne  of  England 
on  the  death  of  queen  .\nnf,  in  1714. 

GEORGE  AUGUSTUS  II.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, succeeded  to  the  throne,  in  1727.  His  reign 
was  more  splendid  than  useful. 

GEORGE  III.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, .succeeded  his  grandfather  George  II.,  on 
tho  throne,  in  1760.  His  reign  was  of  60  years 
duration,  and  was  rendered  pioiiiiiient  by  the 
loss  of  the  American  colonies,  by  the  acquisition 
of  India,  and  by  long  and  sanguinary  wars, 
with  the  different  powers  of  Europe.  During 
the  latter  part  of  his  roign,  the  kingdom  was  go- 
verned by  a  regency,  in  consequence  of  his  men- 
tal derangement.     lie  died  in  1820. 

GERARD, Tom,  or  Tung,  was  the  instltu- 
tor  and  first  grand  master  of  the  knights  hospi- 
talers of  Jerusalem,  at'terwards  of  Malta;  he 
died  in  Il'JO. 

GERARD,  Balthazar,  the  assassin  of  William 
I.,  prince  of  Orangt!,  whom  he  shot  through  the 
head  with  a  pi.>tol  as  he  was  going  out  of  his  pa- 
lace at  DeJft.  His  sentence  was  the  same  as  that 
of  Damien ;  and  this  fanatic  died,  in  his  own 
conceit,  a  martjT  of  the  church  of  Rome,  1584. 
(JER.ARD,  John,  a  learned  protcstant  divine, 
of  Quedlimburg,  died  in  1638. 

GERARD,  John,  a  native  of  Jena,  professor 
and  rector  of  tlie  university,  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1668.  His  son,  John  Ernest,  died 
professor  of  divinity  at  Geissen,  in  1707. 

GER.ARD,  John,  a  native  of  England,  cml- 
Inent  as  a  botanist,  published  a  work  on  plants, 
and  died  in  1607. 

I    GERARD,  Dr.  Alexander,  professor  of  divi- 
nity in  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  and  author 
lof  several  esteemed  works,  died  in  179S. 
J 8*  -  S09 


GE 


as-  I    (iERV/MSE,  Nicholas,  ini!>sioiiary  to  Siaiii. 
at-   and  afti;nvards  to  Guiana,  where  be  was  mur- 
dered by  the  natives,  in  1729. 

GHSNEH,  Conrad,  an  eminent  physician  and 
natural  phiJosoplicr,  called  the  Pliny  of  Ger- 
niuMV,  born  at  Zurich,  in  151G,  died  154i5. 

GESNER,  Solomon,  bookseller  at  Zurich,  in 
.Switzerland,  and  author  01°  many  elegant  and 
admired  poems,  in  the  German  language,  born 
in  1730,  was  for  several  years  before  his  death  • 
member  of  the  seiiutc  of  his  iiutive  city,  lie 
was  an  admirable  landscape  paiii:er  as  well  as  a 
poet.  Of  his  writings,  the  best  known  in  Eng- 
land is  "  The  Death  of  Abel."  He  died  in  17«j. 
GESNEll,  John  Mattliew,  a  German,  much 
known  as  the  author  of  some  valuable  editions 
of  the  classics;  he  died  at  Gotlin^en,  in  1761. 

GEr^NER,  John  James,  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity at  Zurich,  published  some  works,  and 
died  in  1787. 

GESXER,  Solomon,  a  native  of  Silesia,  be- 
came divinity  professor  atWittcniberg ;  he  wrote 
several  works,  and  died  in  1G05. 

GETA,  Septiniius,  brother  of  Caracalla,  by 
whom  he  was  slain  through  jealousy,  A.  D.  012. 
GETHIN,  lady  Grace,  an  English  lady,  wife 
of  sir  Richard  Getlun,  distinguished  for  her  ta- 
lents :  her  works  were  published  after  her  death, 
in  1700. 

GETHFNG,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  distin- 
guished for  his  penmanship  ;  settled  in  London 
about  1615. 

GHUSS,  John  Michael,  of  Holstein,  professoi 
of  mathematics  at  Copenhagen,  and  an  author, 
died  in  1786. 

GEV.ARTIUS,  John  Gasper,  an  eminent  cri- 
tic, and  author  of  several  works,  died  at  Ant- 
werp, in  1666. 

GHELEN,  or  GELENIUS,  Sigismund.  See 
GELENIUS. 

GHEZZI,  Peter  Leone,  a  painter,  knighted  b> 
Francis  I.,  duke  of  Parma,  died  in  1755. 

OHILINI,  Jerome,  an  Italian  writer,  born  at 
Milan,  in  1589,  lived  to  be  80  years  old,  andwa* 
I  the  author  of  several  works ;  the  most  consider- 
able of  which  is  his  "Theatre  of  Learned  Men." 
GHIRLANDAIO,  or  GHIRLANDEXI,  Do- 
menico,  a  Florentine  painter,  born  in  1449,  died 
1493. 

GHISOLFI,  Giovanni,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
died  in  1683.  His  perspective  views  are  much 
I  admired. 

GIAPAR,  or  SADEK  the  Just,  a  Mussulman 
doctor,  who  wrote  a  book  on  prophecies,  &<;., 
died  at  Medina,  in  761. 

GIAHEDH,  or  LARGE  EYED,  the  head  of 
the  Motazalcs,  a  sect  who  united  religion  and 
philosophv. 

GfAXNONI,  Peter,  an  esteemed  historian, 
born  at  Naples,  in  1630,  died  1748. 

GIAROINT,  Felix,  an  eminent  performer  on 
the  violin,  and  a  composer  of  music,  wa<  born  a1 
Pieiliuont.  In  ll-M  he  went  to  England,  where 
be  met  with  great  encouragement,  and  had  a 
joint  interest  in  the  opera.  He  died  in  Russia, 
1793. 

GIBBON,  Edward,  an  eminent  historian,  born 
at  Putney,  in  1737.  In  1774,  Mr.  Gibbon  %vas 
elected  to  a  seat  in  parliament,  which  ho  vacat 
ed  in  1780  ;  in  the  course  of  which  period,  how- 
ever, he  was  some  time  a  lori  of  trade  His  cc 
lebrated  "  History  of  the  Declme  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,"  will  probably  last  as  lime  as 
the  language  in  which  it  is  written.  It  aho'.'nd^ 
in  proofs  of  unexampled  learning,  of  a  mind  p'- 
netrating  am'  sagacious,  and  of  talents  for  ridi- 


GERARD,  Gilbert,  was  for  many  years  pas- 
tor of  the  English  church  at  Amsterdam,  and 
terwards  professor  of  Greek  in  King's  college, 
and  of  divinity  in  the  umveisily  of  .-Vberdecu. 
He  died  in  1815. 

GER.\RDI,  Christofaro,  an  excellent  land 
scape  painter,  of  Florence,  died  in  1556. 

GERARDI,  .Mark,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Bruges,  patrouised  by  queen  Elizabeth,  died  in 
1635. 

GERBAIS,  John,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne. 
w  ho  wrote  in  support  of  the  liberties  of  the  Gal- 
Jican  church,  died  in  l()99. 

GERBELirS.Nicholaus,  an  eminent  German 
lawyer,  born  at  Pforzeim.  died  in  15r>0. 

GERBERON^.Gabrit^l,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
who  wrote  on  the  Jansenist  controversy,  and 
was  imprisoned  for  it ;  he  died  in  prison,  in  1711. 

GERBIER,  Sir  Balthazar,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, of  Antwerp,  born  in  159-2,  died  in  1601. 

GERBILLON,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
-ionary  in  China,  inueh  respected  by  the  em- 
peror, for  whom  he  wrote  elements  of  geometry; 
he  died  in  1707. 

GERDES,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bremen,  pro- 
•f.'.ssor  of  divinity  at  Duisburg,  died  in  1765 

(;RRDIL,  Hyacinth  Sigismond,  a  native  of 
Pied.nont,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Macerata, 
and  tutor  to  the  prince  royal  of  Sardinia,  was 
made  a  cardinal  in  1777.  He  died  at  Rome,  in 
1802.  His  writings  are  chiefly  on  religious  and 
philo.siphical  subjects. 

GERHARD,  Ephraira,  professor  of  law  at 
Altdorf,  died  in  1718. 

GERL.\CH,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Swabia,  and 
chaplain  to  the  embassy  to  Constantinople ;  he 
wrote  ecclesiastical  history,  &c.,  and  died  in 
1612. 

GERMAIN,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Pans,  emi- 
nent as  a  goldsmith,  died  in  17((3. 

GER.M.VNICITS,  C>esa.r,  in  of  '^r^siis,  and 
paternal  nephew  to  the  emperor  Tiberius,  who 
adopted  him;  he  was  a  renowned  general,  but 
still  more  illustrious  for  his  virtues.  He  took  the 
title  of  Germanicus  from  his  conquests  in  that 
country  ;  and,  though  he  had  the  moderation  to 
refuse  the  empire  offered  to  him  by  his  army, 
Tiberius,  jealous  of  his  success,  and  of  the  uni- 
versal esteem  he  acquired,  caused  him  to  be 
poisoned,  A.  D.  29,  aged  34.  He  was  a  protector 
of  Iparning,  and  composed  several  Greek  come- 
dies and  Latin  poems,  some  of  which  are  still 
c.ttant. 

GERMANIC,  Anastasio,  a  native  of  Pied- 
mont, and  bishop  of  Tarentasia,  died  In  1627. 

GERMANUS,  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  made  pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople,  and  was  degraded  for 
suppurtins  image  worship;  he  died  in  740. 

Or.llMYN,  Simon,  a  Dutch  painter,  of  Dort, 
whose  landscapes  are  admired,  died  in  17i9. 

GERRY.  Elbridge,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer 
of  the  declaration  of  independence;  minister  to 
France,  with  Mr.  Marshall  and  Mr.  Pinkney;  go- 
vernor of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  after- 
wards vice-president  of  the  United  States.  He 
died  at  Washington,  i  1  1814. 

GERSON,  John,  an  illustrious  French  theolo- 
gical and  critical  writer,  born  in  1363,  died  1429. 

GERSTEN,  Christian  Lewis,  mathematical 
professor  at  Giessen,  was  imprisoned  12  years 
for  writing  an  offensive  letter  to  his  soverei(r> ' 
he  was  author  of  several  works,  and  died  in  1762 
GERV.\IS,  Armand  Francis,  a  Carmelite  ec 
clesiastic,  was  confined  for  writing  against  the 
Bernardines  ;  he  died  in  prison,  in  1741 
210 


Gl 

cule  agreeable  and  exiniisiic.  Upon  the  sulijeci 
of  Christianity,  however,  he  has  indulged  much 
latitude,  which  has  justly  raised  liiui  a  great 
number  of  oppcienls.  'i'lic  greater  pari  ol  tlii 
ininiortal  history  was  written  at  JLausanne,  in 
Swilzirland.     Mr.  Giblion  died  in  1794. 

GIBBONS,  Grinling,  a  famous  sculptor  em 
ployed  hy  Cliarles  II.,'diid  in  1721. 

GIBBONS,  Orlando,  a  distiii^'uislied  organist 
of  the  royal  chapel  in  Kngland,  died  in  10-25, 

GIBBS,  James,  an  architect,  who  designed  se- 
veral of  tlie  principal  buildings  in  England,  died 
in  1754. 

GIDUS,  Sir  Vicary,  an  eminent  English  law 
yer,  was  bom  at  Exeter,  and  educated  at  Cam 
bridge.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  parliament 
for  that  university,  and  was  afterwards  made 
king's  attorney  and  eolicitor-general,  a  judge, 
and  tlien  chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas.  He 
died  in  IWO. 

GIBEMN.    SeeGEBELIN. 

GIHEHT,  Balthasar,  a  native  of  Aix,  who 
held  the  chair  of  rhetoric  at  Mazarin  5ll  years 
he  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1771. 

GIBERT,  John  Feter,  a  native  of  Aix,  and  a 
professor,  wrote  several  works  on  theology  ;  he 
dii'd  at  Paris,  in  17.16. 

tJlHERTI,  John  Matthew,  a  native  of  Paler 
mo,  who  became  governor  of  Tivoli,  and  bishop 
of  Verona,  died  in  1543. 

GIBIEUF,  William,  a  priest,  who  wrote  a 
book  on  the  liberty  of  God,  and  the  Creator,  a 
work  of  great  merit ;  he  died  in  1650. 

GIBSON, Thomas,  an  eminent  painter,  known 
at  Oxford  and  London,  died  in  175J. 

GIBSON,  Thomas,  a  physician  in  England, 
eminent  as  a  botanist,  &c.,  wrote  several  works: 
he  died  in  1.5C'J. 

(JIBSON,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London,  born  in 
1(10(1,  and  eminent  as  an  antiquarian,  theologi- 

fical,  political,  and  controversial  writer,  died  in 
r4H.  He  published  an  edition  of  "  Camden's 
Britannia,"  in  English,  and  the  posthumous 
tvorks  of  sir  Henry  Spchnan 

GIBSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  pain 
ter,  greatly  in  favour  with  Charles  I.,  to  whom 
he  was  page  of  the  back  stairs.  He  was  a  dwarf, 
and  married  one  Mrs.  Anne  Shepherd,  who  was 
also  a  dwarf.  Charles  I.  was  pleased  to  honour 
their  marriage  with  his  presence,  and  to  give  the 
bride.  Waller  wrote  a  poem  on  this  occasion, 
'  Of  the  Marriage  of  the  Dwarfs,"  which  begins 
thus : 

"  Design  or  chance  make  others  wive ; 

But  nature  did  this  match  contrive ; 

Eve  might  as  well  have  AJam  fled, 

.^3  she  denied  her  little  bed 

To  him,  for  whom  Heav'ii  seem'd  to  frame 

And  measure  out  this  only  dame,"  &c. 

They  appear  to  have  been  of  an  equal  stature, 
each  of  them  measuring  three  feet  ten  inches. 
They  had,  however,  nine  children  :  five  of  which 
attained  to  maturity,  and  were  well  proportion- 
ed to  the  usual  standard  of  mankind.  He  died 
ill  1680,  aged  75,  and  his  wife  died  in  170D,  at  the 
age  of  8!). 

GIBSON,  William,  nephew  of  Richard,  be- 
came eminent  as  a  painter ;  he  died  in  I70'2. 

GIBSON,  William,  a  self-taught  matliemati 
eian  of  the  most  wonderful  powers,  born  in 
1720,  died  1791. 

GIBSON,  Edward,  kinsman  to  William,  and 
instructed  by  him,  died  young. 

GIDEON,  one  of  thti  judges  of  Israel,  died 
l>Ki  n.  C. 


Gl 

GIFAN 11  S,  llnberlu!i,  or  Obertus,  a  critic  anil 
civilian,  died  at  Prague,  in  IHW. 

GIFFOKD,  Dr.  Andrew,  an  eminent  English 
disstiiliiig  di\ine  and  antiipiary,  born  in  170(i, 
died  17?4.  He  wa.^;  assistant  librarian  at  the  Bri- 
tish Musciiin  ;  to  which  post  he  was  remarkably 
suited,  having  a  peculiar  talent  for  receiving  and 
communicuting  knuwiedge.  As  a  niinisier  of 
the  Go.spel,  he  was  lively  and  evangelical ;  he 
was  inabler  of  the  pathetic,  and  persuasion 
dwelt  on  his  lips;  his  heart  was  in  the  work; 
and,  upon  some  occasions  particularly,  it  might 
have  been  said  of  iiini,  as  was  said'of  oneof 
the  lilefsed  reformers :  "  Vividus  vultus,  vividi 
ociili,  vividiK  nianus,  denique  omnia  vivida." 

GIFFOHD,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  an 
thor  ofseveral  learned  works, died  in  1807,  much 
respected. 

GIFFORD,  John,  a  political  writer  and  histo- 
rian, (whose  real  name,  however,  is  said  to  have 
been  John  Richard  Green,)  was  bom  in  175P.  He 
embraced  the  law  as  a  profession  ;  but,  having 
dissipated  his  little  fortune,  he  was  obliged  logo 
abroad  under  the  assumed  name  which  he  ever 
after  retained.  He  returned  in  17t^{<;  and,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution,  devoted 
his  pen  to  the  defence  of  go.  eminent  in  church 
and  state.  He  contributed  to  the  establishnKnl 
of  the  "  British  Critic  ;"  and  compiled  a  "  His- 
tory of  France  ;"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Politi- 
cal Life  of  William  Pitt."     He  died  in  1818. 

GIGGEO,  Anthony,  an  Italian  divine,  wno 
wrote  "  Thesaurus  Lingua*  Arabica;,"  in  4  vols, 
folio,  besides  other  works,  died  in  1632. 

GILBERT,  Sir  Humphrey,  an  enterprising, 
but  unfortunate  navigator,  related  to  sir  Walter 
Raleigh.  He  took  possegsion  of  Newfoundlaiui 
in  the  name  of  queen  Elizabeth,  wrote  a  book 
to  prove  the  existence  of  a  north-west  passage 
to  China,  and  died  in  1583. 

GILBERT,  Thomas,  B.  D.,  an  Enclish  divine, 
who  made  a  convert  of  Dr.  South  to  ins  opinion 
of  predesiinaiion  ;  he  died  in  1694. 

GILBERT,  Sir  JetTrey,  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, and  a  voluminous  law  writer,  was  ixjrn 
in  1674,  and  died  at  Bath,  in  1726. 

GILBERT, William,  aleamed  physician,  who 
first  di-^covered  sitvcral  of  the  properties  of  the 
loadstone,  born  at  Co'chester,  in  1540,  die:*  1603. 

GILDAS,  surnaned  tne  Wise,  a  nti  •*  of 
Wales,  and  tin-  most  ancient  British  wriftr  ex- 
tant :  for  his  famous  "  Epistle"  was  written  A. 
D.  560,  and  is  a  most  severe  censure  of  the  de- 
pravity of  the  Britons  at  that  time. 

GILDON,  Charles,  an  English  poet  and  critic, 
born  in  1665.  He  is  best  known  by  hia  "  Com- 
plete Art  of  Poetry,"  and  died  in  1723, 

GILES  of  Viterbo,  an  Italian  cardinal,  favour- 
ite of  popes  Julius  HI,,  and  LeoX.,  died  In  1532. 

GILES,  John,  or  A'.gidins,  the  first  English 
man  on  record  entered  among  the  Dominicans : 
he  lived  in  the  13th  century. 

GILI.'MER.orGELIMER,  was  the  last  of  the 
Vandal  kings  of  At'rica. 

GILL,  Alexander,  an  English  sclular,  mastet 
of  Bt.  Paul's  school,  who  wrote  some  theologi- 
cal tracts,  died  in  16:^5. 

GILL,  Alexander,  son  of  the  above,  assisted 
his  father  in  his  school,  was  a  good  Latin  poet ; 
he  died  in  1642. 

GILL,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  Calvin- 
istic  divine,  a  learned  orientalist,  and  volunuu- 
0U8  writer  on  theological  subjects,  born  i697, 
and  died  in  London,  1771.  His  greatest  work  is 
a  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible." 

GILLES,  Peter,  a  learned  adventurer,  who 
211 


Gl 


GL 


went  into  foreign  coun'rics  to  learn  their  man- 
ners ;  he  died  at  Rome,  in  ^55. 

GILLESPIE,  George,  a  lamous  preacher  of 
the  church  of  Sooiland,  died  in  lt>43. 

GILLOT,  Claude,  a  French  painter  and  en- 
graver, dis'-iple  to  Vaieau,died  in  17:J2. 

GILLRAY,  James,  a  celebrated  caricature 
designer  and  engraver,  died  in  1815. 

GILPIN,  Bernard,  an  eminent  EngHsh  divine 
and  reformer,  born  in  1517,  died  1583. 

GILPIN,  Richard,  a  popular  non-conformist 
minister  in  and  about  London  ;  he  afterwards 
practised  physic,  and  died  in  1C57. 

GILPIN,  William,  an  English  divine,  biogra- 
pher, and  delineator  of  nature's  picturesijue 
heautiee,  was  born  in  1724,  died  1804.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  An  Exposition  of  the  New 
Testament;"  "  An  Essay  on  Prints  ;"  and  nu- 
merous Essays  and  Observations  on  Picturesque 
Scenery,  &.C.,  in  different  parts  of  England. 
To  these  we  should  add,  his  "  Sermons  to  a 
Country  Congregation." 

GILPIN,  Sawrey,R.  A.,  a  celebrated  painter, 
particularly  of  horses  and  wild  animals,  was 
bf)rn  in  1733,  and  was  brother  of  the  preceding. 
He  went  to  London  at  the  age  of  14.  and  was  ar- 
ticled to  Mr.  Scott,  a  ship-painter,  who  lived  in 
Covcnt-Garden,  where  Mr.  Gilpin  caught  his 
first  relish  lor  animal  painting,  frequently  amus- 
ing himself  in  sketching  the  carts  and  horses, 
market-jroups,  &c.  He  was  afterwards  patron- 
teed  by  William,  duke  of  Cumberland,  at  Wind- 
»or;  and  from  liis  royal  highness'  stud  he  ac- 
quired that  knowledge  of  the  horse  which  he  has 
eo  ably  exhibited  in  his  works.  The  historical 
compositions  he  has  left,  show  that  he  might 
have  claimed  the  palm  in  the  first  department 
of  art.  The  Triumph  of  Camillus,  Diomedes' 
Horses,  his  poetical  subjects,  and  drawings  of 
animals,  possess  SMSte  peculiar  to  himself.  His 
chef  d'lKuvre  is  in  the  possession  of  S.  Whit- 
bread,  esq.  M  P.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  tigers, 
and  ia  a  noble  and  spirited  composition.  He  ex- 
celled muth  in  giving  an  expression  of  terrible, 
hut  majestic  fierceness,  to  that  noblest  of  all  ani- 
mals, the  hon.     He  died  at  Brompton,  in  1807 

GINN.'VNI,  Francis,  page  to  duke  Anthony 
Farnese,  wrote  several  works  on  agriculture  ;  iie 
died  in  1760. 

GIOCONDOjFra  Giovanni,  a  schoolmaster 
at  Verona,  who  instructed  Julius  Ccesar  Scali- 
ger  :  he  died  in  15^1. 

GIOI.X,  Flavio,  of  Amalfi,  in  Naples,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  who,  from  his  knowledge 
of  the  magnetic  powers,  invented  the  mariner's 
compass,  by  which  the  navigation  of  Europeatis 
was  extended  to  the  most  distant  regions  of  the 
globe ,  before  this  in%'ention,  navigation  was 
confined  to  coasting  It  is  said  that  the  Chinese 
knew  the  compass  long  before ;  be  this  as  it  may, 
he  Europeans  are  indebted  to  Gioia  for  this  in- 
valuable discovery.     He  was  born  about  1300. 

GIOLITO  DEL  FERRARI,  a  printer,  of  the 
IGth  century,  at  Venice,  ennobled  by  Charles  V., I 
died  in  IM"?.  '  j 

GIORDANf,  Vital,  a  Neapolitan  matbemati-i 
;ian ;  author  of  several  works  on  the  niathema-' 
ticv-,  died  in  1711. 

GIORD.\NO,Luca.apainterofNr.p]es,  hewas 
knighted  bvthe  king  of  Spain,  and  died  in  1705. 

(JIORGIANI,  or  AL.-^F,m  ALSCIirRir 
A.riON  HAS3.\N,  orHOUS?AlN  ,\LI,  a  na-i 
live  of  Georgia,  author  of  Tlieologicul  and  Phi- 
losophical terms. 

GIORGIO N'F,  an  illustrious  Venetian  painter, 
bom  in  1478,  died  in  1311. 


GIOSEPPINO,  an  emincntKeapoIitan  painter, 
born  in  15tKl,  died  in  1640. 

GIOT TING  Tomaso,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  in  1.T5t;. 

GIOT'i'O,  an  eminent  Florentine  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect,  born  in  1276,  died  iu 
1336. 

GIRALDI,  Lilio  Gregorio,  an  ingenious  critic, 
antiquary,  and  historian,  and  one  of  the  mo.st 
learned  men  that  modern  Italy  has  produced, 
died  in  ]55!3. 

GIRALUI,  John  Paptist  Cintio,  an  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Ferrara,  in  ]50i,  died  in  1573.  His 
works  consist  chiefly  of  tragedies  ;  and  some 
make  no  scruple  to  rank  him  among  the  best 
tragic  writers  ilial  Italy  has  produced. 

GIRALIJU.'^,  Sylvester,  a  learned  VNelchman, 
who  wrote  a  History  of  Ireland,  and  other  works 
of  great  erudition,  died  about  1215. 

GIRALDUS,  Cambrensis,  an  ancient  British 
historian,  who  died  about  the  latter  end  of 
the  12th  century,  having  written  "  A  History 
of  the  World,"  in  which  his  information  res- 
pecting ecclesiastical  affairs  is  extremely  valu- 
able. 

GIRANDON,  Francis,  was  inspector-general 
of  sculpture  to  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died  in  1715. 

GIR.\RD,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Dol. 
was  tried  by  the  parliament  of  Aix,  for  usin{ 
sorcery  upon  a  young  girl  ;  but  was  acquitted. 

GIR.VRI),  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesLtstic,  war 
almonei  to  the  duchess  of  Berri,  &.c. ;  he  died  ii 
1748. 

GIRON,  D.  Pierre,  duke  of  C^suna,  a  Spaniard, 
who  encouraged  tlie  famous  conspiracy  against 
Venice,  which  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  the 
finest  pieces  of  English  tragedy  ;  he  died  in 
prison  in  1U24. 

GIR0N3T,  James,  of  Anjou,  known  as  a  po- 
pular preacher :  his  sermons  were  published  in 
1704  ;  he  died  in  16S9. 

GIRTIN,  John,  an  English  painter,  whose 
views  of  London  and  Paris,  are  much  admired  ; 
he  died  in  Ifm. 

GIRY,  Lewis,  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
French  academy,  and  author  of  several  valuable 
works  ;  he  died  in  1U65. 

GIPBERT,John,  a  native  of  Cahors,  professor 
of  divinity  at  Toulouse,  and  author  of  Anti- 
Probalasimus,  died  in  1710. 

GISHERT,  Blaise, a  Jesuit  of  Cahors,  wrote  b 
work  on  Education,  tc,  died  in  1731. 

GISEIilNUS,  a  physician,  a  native  of  Bruges, 
died  in  1551.       j 

GIST,  Mordecai,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
American  war; (was  in  the  battle  of  Camden, 
died  in  1792. 

GIULANO,  Di-Majano,  a  Florentine,  sculptor 
and  architect,  wUo  died  at  Naples,  in  1447.  Se- 
veral buildings  at  Naples,  are  the  monuments 
of  his  genius. 

GIUSTJ,  Antonio,  a  painter,  of  Florence,  of 
much  excellence,  died  in  1705. 

GLAfN,  N.  Saint,  a  zealous  Protestant,  born 
at  Limoges,  about  IG20,  remarkable  lor  having 
been,  by  reading  of  Spinoza's  book,  changed  into 
as  zealous  an  Atheist. 

GLAN  DOR,  Mnttliias,  a  physician  to  the  arch' 
bishop  of  Bremen,  died  in  1652. 

GL.ANVIL,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  philoso- 
phical and  theological  writer,  born  at  Plyinouth, 
in  1630,  di.'d  in  1060.  In  "Some  Philosophical 
(\nisiderntions,  touching  tlie  Being  of  Wilclii  s 
anil  Witrhcraft,"  he  defendrd  the  possibility 
(if  witchcraft,  wliich  drew  him  into  a  contro- 
versy thnt  ended  only  with  his  life.    During  l\itt 


-i* 


GL 


GO 


course  of  it,  he  endeavoured  to  confirm  his  opin-  ci'ntlcnian  was  brouglit  up  in  the  mercantile 
ion  Of  (.  collection  of  several  narratives  relativi'|  line,  and,  by  a  remarkable  speech  tliat  he  dc 
to  it.  j'livcred  in  behalf  of  the  mercliants  of  London 

GLANVILLE,  Ranulph,  chief  justiciary  of  at  the  bar  of  tlie  House  of  fommone,  about  the 
all  England,  and  an  eminent  writer  on  jurispru-||year  1740,  previous  to  the  breaking  out  of  the 
dence,  wIk)  first  collected  the  Kiigll:-h  laws  iiito|  r^panish  war,  acquired,  and  with  gieat  justice, 
one  body,  flourished  toward  the  end  of  the  laih'jilje  character  of  an  able  and  steady  patriot; 
century.  I  which  character  he  retained  through  life.    In 

GljAPH  yit  A,  a  priestess  of  Ilcllona's  temple,  the  belles  lettres  he  also  made  no  inconsiderable 
known  foi  her  amours  with  Marc  Antony.  ,  figure,  being  the  author  of  an  epic  poem  of  ver>' 

•  iLAPTHOUN.y,  Henry,  a  poet  and  dramatic  high  celebrity,  entitled  "  Lconidas ;"  the  subject 
writer,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  t'harlis  I,  and' of  which  is,  the  gallant  actions  of  that  great 
Ilullli:^hed  five  plays.  [{general,  and  his  heroic  defence  of,  and  fall  at, 

GLASEK,  Christopher,  apothecary  to  Louis'jtiie  pass  of  Thermopyla- ;  he  wrote  also,  "Bo 
XIV.,  and  author  of  n  valuable  treatise  on  chy-  jadicca,"  "  Medea,"  and  "  Jason,"  tragcdic;  : 
mistry,  died  in  lt>79.  [and  died  in  1785,  aged  74. 

GLASS,  John,  a  Scotch  divine,  who,  in  1727,!|  GLUCK,  Christopher,  an  eminent  musical 
published  a  treatise  to  prove  that  the  civil  esta-]! composer,  born  in  liohemia,  in  1716.  He  intnv 
blishment  of  religion  was  inconsistent  with  duced  a  new  style  of  music  into  I'aris,  and  died 
Christianity  ;  for  this  he  was  deposed,  and  he- 1  at  Vienna,  in  17«7. 

came  the  father  of  a  new  sect,  called  in  Scot-  GLYI^N,  Robert,  a  native  of  Cambridge,  au- 
land,  Glussites,  and  in  England,  .'^ahdeiiinnians.i  tlmr  of  the  Pay  of  Judgment,  a  poem  of  great 
He  was  born  at  Dundee,  in  ICytf,  and  died  in'Imerit;  he  obtained  the  prize  of  Cambridge,  and 


1773. 

OL.\SS,  John,  born  at  Pundi-e,  traded  to  thei 
Brazils,  whence  returning  in  1705,  with  great 


died  in  1800. 

GMEMN,  Dr.  Samuel  Gottleib,  a  celebrair  il 
eastern  traveller,  who  has  left  an  account  of  hi* 


property,  he  was  murdered  by  the  seanien,  who  i travels  in :!  volumes.  He  was  born  in  Swabia,in 


Will'  allerwi.rds  executed 

GLAS.sn  S,  Solomon,  I).  D.,  a  German  di- 
vine, superintendent  of  the  schools  and  churches 
mSuie  Gdtha,  and  author  of  several  works  ;  he 
died  in  16511.  ! 

GL.AUDER,  John,  a  painter,  of  I'trecht,  whose 
pieces  are  nmch  admired  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

GLAUBKR,  John  Gollief,  a  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  in  a  finislied  style,  died  in  1'03. 

GLAUBER,  Diana,  sister  of  the  preceding 
painters,  born  in  16.S0,  was  also  distinguished 
for  the  execution  of  her  pencil ;  she  became 
blind  in  her  old  B[;e. 

GLAT'BER,  John  Rodolphus,  a  celebrated 


1745,  and  died  in  1774,  at  Achmct  Kent,  a  village 
of  Mount  Caucasus. 

GMELIN,  John  George,  born  at  Tubingen, 
published  some  works  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

GMELIN,  John  Frederic,  a  professor  in  the 
university  of  Gottingen,  was  bom  at  Tubingen, 
in  17-18.  He  was  a  voluminous  and  able  writer 
on  every  part  of  natural  history  ;  but  is  mo.>:t 
celebrated  for  his  edition  of  lyinnrus'  "System 
of  Nature."  The  world  is  also  indebted  to  him 
for  the  discovery  of  several  excellent  dyes,  ex 
trnctfd  t'rom  different  vecetable  and  mineral 
sulislances  :  he  died  in  1805. 

GOADBY,  Robert,  a  printer  and  bookseller,  of 


German  chymist,  and  chyniical  writer,  of  the  Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  and  author  of  several 
17th  century.  useful  iiublications,  died  in  1778.    His  "  Illustra- 

GLEDITSCH,  John   Gottlieb,  a  native  of   tion  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,"   is  a  book   that 


has  been  very  generally  read,  and  widely  circu- 
lated. "The  Life  of  Bamfylde  Moore  Carew, 
King  of  the  Beggars,"  was  likewise  written  by 
him. 

GOAR,  Jame.«,  a  Dominican  friar,  of  Parii", 
published  "  Gra-coruni  Eucologium,"  &c.  ;  he 
died  in  IftiS,  much  respected. 

GOBBO,  Tietro  Paolo  Cortonese,  a  much 
adniired  painter,  of  Cortona,  died  in  1640. 

GOBDO,  Andrea,  an  Italian  historical  painter 
died  about  1527. 

GOBEL,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Hannc, 
bishop  of  Lydda  :   was  accused  by  Robespierre, 


t^eipsic,  and  lecturer  in  botany,  physiology,  &c., 
divd  ill  17Sfi. 

GI.EICIIEN,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  noble- 
man, of  Bayreuth,  he  constructed  a  curious  mi- 
croscnpe,  and  died  in  1783. 

GLEN,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver  on  wood, 
of  I.ieee,  (if  the  Ifilh  century. 

GLFTNDdWKR,  Owen,  a"  celebrated  Welch 
warrior,  who  for  more  than  fourteen  years  op- 
po.sed  the  sovereignty  of  Henrj'  IV.  of  England, 
by  force  of  arms,  declaring  him  to  be  a  usurper, 
and  the  murderer  of  Richard  II.,  born  in  1354, 
died  in  1415. 

(iM'NIE,  James,  a  mathematician,  engag-!jof  atheism,  and  guillotined  in  1793. 
fd  in  the  military  service  of  Great  Britain,  died  j  (JOIIELIN,  Giles,  a  famous  French  dyer 
in  1817.  Hewas  the  author  of  a  History  of  [whose  name  has  been  sjiven  ever  since  to  the 
Gunnery,  and  several  valuable  mathematical  finest  French  scarlets  ;  his  house,  and  the  small 
works.  !;  river  that  he  made  useof  at  Paris,  are  still  cnlbd 

GIjEW,  James,  governor  of  the  colony  of  jlthe  Gobclinj  ;  an  academy  for  drawinc,  and  a 
South-Carolina,  was  succeeded  by  Lyttleton,  in  'manufactory  of  fine  tapeslrie-s,  were  ended  in 
1755.  He  promoted  the  prosperity  of  the  Colony,  j  this  quarter,  in  lff)0,  and  for  this  reason  the 
by  an  advantageous  treaty  with  the  Indians.       |lapestries  are  called    "Of  the  Gobelins."     He 

GLIC.AS.  a  Byzantine  historian,  his  "Annals  flourished  about  1630. 
from  the  Creation,"  were  published  in  Greek      GOBIEK.Charles,  ajo8nit,ofSt.Malots.  wroir 
and  Latin  in  UifiO.  |  the  "  History  of  the  Mariannes,"  &c.  ;  he  died 

GI.ISSON,  Francis,  an  English  medical  andi  in  1708. 
anatnniiinl  author.     His  Treatise  on  the  Liver  is!      GOBRY.\S,  one  of  the  seven  Persian  nobles, 
his  chcf-irn'uvre  ;  be  died  in  1677.  jUvho  conspired  to  dethrone  the  usurper  Smeidi.*. 

CrLOrcESTER,  Rolu-rt  of,  the  most  ancient  I  GncLEMI'S,  Conrad,  a  German,  esteemed 
port  in  the  records  of  F.iigli.sh  history,  flourished  (by  ErasiMus  for  h."s  virtues  and  learning;  he 
in  the  ii?ne  of  Henrv  II.  Ijdied  in  1539. 

GL'tVKR,  Rti-tianl.     Tliin  very  ingenioufl     GOCLkNII'S.  Ridolphns,  considered  as  l.h« 

21!} 


GO 

founder  ol'  modem  magnelism:    was  boru  al, 
Witlemberg,  and  died  in  1621. 

GOCLKXIUt*,  Rodolphus,  a  voluminous  wri- 
ter, M  vears  professor  of  logic  at  Marpurg,  died 
in  IfiOS: 

GUDDARD,  Jouaitian,  an  English  physician 
and  liiyinist,  and  one  of  the  first  promoters  of 
the  Uoval  Society,  born  in  1017,  died  in  1074. 

GODEAU,  Anthony,  a  French  bishop,  born  in 
1005.  He  was  a  very  vohiminous  autlior,  both 
in  prose  and  verse :  but  it  may  sutfice  to  mention 
one  worit  in  each  way,  a.s  chiefly  worth  notice  : 
his  "Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  a  "Transla- 
tion of  the  Psalms  into  French  verse ;"  he  died 
in  1072. 

GODEFROI,  or  GODFREY,  of  Bouillon, 
duke  of  Lower  Lorraine,  a  most  celebrated 
crusader,  and  victorious  general :  he  took  Jeru- 
salem from  the  Turks  in  1099,  and  was  pro- 
claimed king ;  but  his  piety,  as  historians  relate, 
would  not  permit  him  to  wear  a  diadem  of  gold 
in  tlu-  city  where  his  Saviour  had  been  crowned 
with  thor.is  ;  he  died  in  1100. 

GODEFROI,  Denys.  a  native  of  Paris,  and 
author  of  Corpus  Juris  Civi!is,&c.,  died  in  1022. 

GODEFROI,  Theodore,  counsellor  of  state, 
of  France,  died  in  1042.  His  brother  Jume.;, 
was  law  professor  at  Geneva,  where  he  died 
in  1059. 

GODEFROI,  Denys,  son  of  Theodore,  an  au- 
thor ;  tie  died  in  Hj81. 

GODESCHALC,  surnamed  Fulgentiua,  a 
monk,  in  Saxony,  in  the  9th  century,  known  for 
liis  controversy  about  predestination  and  grace; 
he  died  in  809. 

GODEVVyCK,  Margarita,  a  female  painter, 
of  Don,  much  admired,  died  in  1077. 

GODFREY,  of  Viterbo,  chaplain  and  secre- 
tary to  king  Conrad  III.,  and  the  emperors  Fre- 
deric and  He'iry  VI.  He  laboured  40  years  in 
compiling  a  Chronicle  from  the  Creation  of  the 
World  to  1186.  It  is  written  in  Latin  prose  and 
verse,  and  entitled  "  Pantheon." 

GODFREY,  Sir  Edmundbury,  an  able  ma- 
vistvate,  who  exerted  himself  in  the  discovery 
of  the  popish  plot,  was  found  dead,  pierced  by 
his  own  sword,  supposed  to  have  been  killed 
by  the  papists  in  1078. 

GODFREY,  Thomas,  the  inventor  of  Had- 
N;y's  quadrant,  died  in  Philadelphia,  in  1749. 

GODFREY,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
a  poet ;  died  at  Wilmington,  in  1763. 

GODIVA,  the  name  of  a  beautiful  lady,  wife 
of  Leofric  earl  of  Mercia,  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
the  Confessor.  Having  an  extraordinary  affec- 
tion for  Coventry,  she  solicited  her  husband  to 
r(.'lease  the  inhabitants  of  that  city  from  a  grie- 
vous tax.  To  this  he  evasively  consented,  on 
condition  that  she  would  ride  naked  through^ 
the  streets  of  Coventry;  which  she  performed, 
riovering  her  body  with  her  hair,  and  command- 
ing all  persons  to  keep  within  doors  and  from 
tbe  windows  on  pain  of  death.  The  pictures 
of  Leofric  and  Godiva  are  in  the  window  of 
Trinity  Church  ;  and  every  year  on  the  Fri- 
day after  Trinity  Sunday,  there  is  a  procession 
through  the  town,  with  a  figure  representing  a 
naked  woman  on  horseback. 

GODOLPIIIN,  John,  an  eminent  civiMan,of 
En^iand,  born  in  1617,  died  in  1078.  He  pub- 
lished several  books  which  were  held  in  much 

GODWIN,  Earl,  brother  to  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, invaded  England,  in  1052.     Being  tried 
for  the  murder  of  prince  .\lfrcd  his  brother,  he 
was  pardoned,  but  died  at  the  king's  table,  while 
214 


GO ^ 

protu.itiii^  his  innocence  of  the  said  murder ; 
sup|K>sed  by  the  historian  of  those  limes  to  have 
been  choked  with  a  piece  of  bread,  as  a  judg- 
ment from  heaven,  having  wished  it  might  stick 
in  his  throat  if  he  were  guilty  of  the  murder, 
which  he  certainly  was. 

GODWIN,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  who 
embraced  the  tenets  of  the  protes:anis,  but  on 
the  accession  of  Mary,  was  persecuted  ;  he  was 
afterwards  favoured  by  Elizabeth,  who  at  length 
became  displeased  with  him^  which  hastened 
his  death  in  1590. 

GODWIN,  Dr.  Francis,  an  excellent  maihe- 
matician,  philosopher,  and  historian,  born  in 
1501.  In  1583,  he  wrote  an  entertaining  piece, 
which  came  out  about  five  years  after  his  death, 
under  tlie  title  of  "  The  .Man  in  the  Moon  ;  or 
a  Discourse  if  a  Voyage  thither,  by  Domingo 
Gonsales,"  in  1038.  T?ul  his  principal  work  is, 
"  A  Catalogue  of  the  Bishops  of  England,  since 
the  first  planting  of  the  Christian  Religion 
lin  this  Island;  together  with  a  brief  History 
of  their  Lives  and  memorable  .Actions,  so  neiU 
as  can  be  gathered  of  Antiquity;"  he  died  in 
1633. 

GODWIN,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
writer,  and  excellent  schoolmaster,  born  in  1587, 
died  in  1012.  His  chief  work  is,  "  Ronianir 
Historite  .Anthologia,"  an  English  Exposition 
of  the  Roman  .Antiquities,  &c. 

GODWIN,  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  aladyofvcry 
superior  literary  accomplishmenL';,  who  distin 
guished  herself  by  many  able  productions,  but 
chiefly  by  "A  Vindication  of  the  Rights  of 
Women,  with  Strictures  on  Moral  and  Political 
Subjects."  She  also  wrote  well  on  female 
education  and  conduct,  and  her  practical  skill 
in  education  was  even  superior  to  her  specula- 
tions on  the  subject.  For  soundness  of  under- 
standing, and  sensibility  of  heart,  she  was,  per- 
haps, never  excelled;  but  there  were  certain 
pecuiiarities  of  system  both  in  her  writings  and 
her  conduct,  against  which  every  lover  of  reli- 
gion or  morals  must  protest.  She  was  born  in 
1708,  and  died  in  1797. 

GOERCE,  William,  an  eminent  scholar,  of 
Middlebury,  author  of  Jewish  Antiquities,  &c., 
died  in  1715. 

GOERING,  Jacob,  for  many  years  minister  of 
the  German  Lutheran  church  in  New- York,  died 
in  1807. 

GOERTZ,  John  baron  of,  a  memorable  Swede, 
who  endeavoured  to  excite  an  insurrection  in 
England  in  favour  of  the  pretender  ;  ho  was  be- 
headed in  1719. 

GOES,  Hugo  Vander,  a  painter,  of  Bruges, 
flourished  .ibout  1480. 

GOESIUS,  William,  a  critic,  of  Leyden,  au- 
thor of  notes  on  Petronius,  died  in  1080. 

GOETZE,  George  Henry,  a  native  of  Leipsic  ; 
he  was  superintendent  of  the  churches  of  Lubec, 
and  died  in  1702. 

GOEZ,  John  A  jgustus  Ephraim,  a  native  of 
.Asclierleben,  eminent  as  a  naturalist ;  he  died 
in  1786. 

GOEZ,  Damian  de,  a  Portuguese  writer,  and 
a  great  traveller,  became  acquainted  with  the 
learned  men  of  Europe. 

GOFF,  Thomas,  born  in  Essex,  1.592,  and 
died  in  1027.  He  was  a  divine ;  but  wrote  several 
pieces  on  different  subjects,  among  which  are 
four  tragedies. 

GOFF,  William,  one  of  the  judges  of  kin% 
Charles  I.,  and  major-ceneral  under  Cromwell, 
came  to  America  in  1600;  he  hved  in  conceal- ' 
ment  till  his  death,  in  1079. 


if. 


GO  GO 

and  theological  writer,  hdrii  15ti7,  died  in  l(i66. 
At  the  age  of  fiO,  he  published  a  larpe  collection 
of  "  Kpigraiiis  ;"  and  ^oIIle  years  after  a  trage- 
dy, callud  "  Daiiaides." 

GOMBERVILLE,  Mariii  he  Roi,  a  French- 
man, niciuber  of  the  academy,  and  author  of 
Romances,  Sec. ;  hi-  died  in  1()74. 

(iOMERSAL,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  po- 
et, and  dramatic  author,  born  ItiOO,  died  1<>46. 

(JOM  J7/.  de  Cividad  Alvarez,  a  Latin  poet,  of 
Guadalaxara,  died  in  1558. 

GOMEZ,  de  Castro  Alvare/.,  a  learned  Span- 
iard, author  of  the  life  of  Cardinal  Ximenca  - 
he  died  in  1580. 

GOMEZ,  Magdalene  Angelica  Poisson  de,  a 
French  lady,  who  wrote  some  romances,  tc, 
died  in  1770. 

GONDEBAIJD,  third  king  of  Burgundy,  be- 
came tributary  to  Clovis,  king  of  the  Franks;  he 
illed  in  510. 

GONDRiN,  Iiewis  Antony,  a  favourite  of 
(-ouis  XIV.,  who  gratified  that  monarch  by  em- 
ploying l'.K)0  men  to  destroy  a  wood  which  was 
ollcnsive  to  him. 

GONDY,  John  Franci.«  Paul,  afterwards  Car- 
dinal dc  ReU,  horn  1013,  died  1679.  This  extraor- 
dinary man  has  dr::vvn  his  own  character  in  his 
"  Meniiiir«,"which  are  written  with  such  an  air 
ofgrandcur,  impetuosity  of  geniuB,  and  inequali- 
ty, as  give  us  a  very  strong  representation  of 
his  conduct.  He  was  a  man  who,  from  the 
greatest  degree  of  di:bauchery,  and  still  lan- 
guishing under  its  consequences,  preached  to 
the  people,  «nd  made  liinjsclf  adored  by  them. 
Voltaire  says,  that  "  in  his  youth  he  lived  like 
C^aialine,  and  like  Atticns  in  his  old  age."  Of 
his  Memoirs,  "several  part?,"  says  the  same 
Voltaire,  "  are  worthy  of  Sallust,  but  the  whole 
Is  not  equal."  They  are  supposed,  however, 
to  be  written  with  impartiality  ;  the  author 
having  every  where  spoken  with  the  same  free- 
dom of  his  own  infirmities  and  vices,  as  any 
oilier  writer  could  have  done. 

GONET,  John  Uaiitist,  a  Dominican  friar, 
profr.s^or  at  Rourdeau.x,  and  author  of  a  sys- 
tem of  theology  ;  he  died  in  1091. 

GtTVGOR.V,'  I,rwis  dc,  a  Spanish  poet,  bom 
in  li'i.V2,  died  in  I()27.  His  works  are  all  posthu 
mous,  and  consist  of  sonnets,  elegies,  a  comedy, 
a  tragedy,  Sec.  The  Spaniards  have  a  very 
high  opinion  of  this  poet,  even  so  as  to  entitle 
Goldsmith,  like  SmoUet,  Guthrie,  and  others,  jlhim  priiiei' of  the  poets  of  their  own  nation, 
who  subsisted  by  their  pens,  is  supposed  some  GONNELLI,  John,  a  Tuscan  sculptor  and 
times  to  have  sold  his  name  to  works  in  which  painter,  who  lost  his  siglit  at  the  age  of  20;  but 
he  had  Utile  or  no  concern.  |inodelled   in  clay;  and   by  his  exquisite  sensa- 

GO[,ir^,  James,  a  learned  orientalist,  l)ornl  lion  of  feeling,  wrought  his  statues  to  great  per- 
at  the  Hague ;  travelled  into  several  counlrie.-  ;l  frction,  and  drew  portrait.*  with  striking  resem- 
he  published  several  learned  works,  and  died  injlblnnce.     He  died  at  Rome  in  1673. 
1667.  GONSALVA,  or  GOiNSALVO,  Fernandez, 

GOLHJRjPetec,  brother  of  the  preceding,  an   duke  of  Terra  Nuova,  and  called  The  Greal 


GOUAVA,  Antonius  Hennanius,  a  German 
physici. Ill,  flourished  about  1592. 

GOGUETjAntoiiy- Yves,  a  French  writer,  and 
author  of  a  celebrated  work,  entitled, "  L'Ori- 
giiie  de  Loix,  des  Arts,  des  Sciences,  et  de  leur 
Progres  ches  les  Anciens  Peuples,"  born  at  Pa 
ris,  in  1716,  died  1758. 

GOLDAST,  Melchior  Haiminsfield,  a  learned 
civilian,  of  Switzerland,  author  of  many  valua- 
ble works,  died  in  ItiUS. 

GOLDMAGEN,  John  Eustachius,  of  Magde 
burg, translated  Herodotus,  &.c. ;  he  died  in  177-2 

GOLDMAN,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Breslaw 
author  of  a  treatise  on  military  architecture. 
died  in  1605. 

GOLDONI,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  born 
at  Venice,  in  1707,  produced  a  number  of  come- 
dies, which  were  remarkably  successful.  He 
died  in  1793. 

GOLDSMITH,  Francis,  a  poet  and  translator, 
who  lived  in  the  reicn  of  Charles  I. 

GOLDSMITH, Oliver,  an  eminent  English  hi."! 
toric,  dramatic,  and  mifcellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  KIphiii,  in  Ireland,  Nov.  29, 1729.  Quit- 
ting home  to  taste  of  foreign  climes,  he  encoun- 
tered many  dilficulties  ;  and  having  experienced 
all  the  vicissitudes  to  which  a  iJcniiyless  wan- 
derer must  neces-sarily  be  subject,  arrived  in 
England  in  17.58.  Shortly  after,  he  betame  an  as- 
sistant at  an  academy  at  Peckham;  then  a  writer 
In  "  The  Munilily  Review ;"  and  afterwards  In 
"  The  Public  Ledger,"  in  which  his  "  Citizen  of 
the  World"  originally  appeared,  under  the  title 
of"  Chinese  Letters."  Fortune  .seemed  now  to 
take  some  notice  of  a  man  she  had  long  neglect- 
ed The  simplicity  of  his  character,  the  integrity 
of  his  heart,  and  the  merit  if  his  productions, 
mad#his  company  acceptable  to  the  better  sort. 
He  look  handsome  chambers  in  the  temple,  and 
lived  in  a  genteel  style.  His  "Traveller,"  hi.s 
"Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  his"  Good-natured  Man, 
a  Comedy,"  raised  him  up,  and  ensured  him  suc- 
cess to  any  thing  that  should  tbilow  ;  as  "  The 
Deserted  Village,"  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer," 
Sec.  Notwithstanding  the  success  of  his  works, 
by  which  he  cleared  vast  sums,  his  circum- 
stances were  by  no  means  prosperous:  and  this 
has  been  imputed  to  two  causes  ;  partly  to  tjie 
liberality  of  his  disposition ;  and  partly  to  an  un- 
fortunate habit  of  gaining,  the  arts  of  which  he 
very  little  understood.     He  died  April  4,  177-1.! 


excellent  orientalist,  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the 
great  Arabic  Bible,  printed  at  Rome,  in  1671 ;  he 
died  in  1673 

GOLTZIITS,  Henry,  a  famous  Dutch  painter 
and  engraver,  born  in  1558,  died  161" 

GOLTZIUS,  Hubert,  a  German  writer  on  Ro- 
man antiquities,  bom  in  1.520.  He  was  the  au 
Ihor  of  several  excellent  works,  in  all  which  he 
applies  medals  to  the  clearing  up  of  ancient  his- 
torv.     He  died  in  158.1. 

GOLYDDAN,  a  bard  in  the  court  of  Cadwal- 
lader,  in  the  beginning  of  the  8th  century. 

QOM.AR,  Francis,  a  native  of  Bruges,  known 
for  his  strong  defence  of  t^'alvin's  principles 
against  .\rrainius:  he  died  in  1641. 

GOMBAULD.  John  Ogier  de,  a  French  poet 


Captain,  a  renowupd  Spanish  general  under 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  was  born  at  Cordova 
in  1443,  and  died  in  1515. 

GONTHIER,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  a  histo- 
rv  of  Constantinoplft,  in  1203. 

GONTHIER,  Leonard  and  John,  Frenchmen 
and  brothers,  eminent  in  the  art  of  painting  or 
staining  glass ;  the  time  of  their  birth  and  death 
is  uncertain. 

GO.\ZAG.\,  Lucretia,  an  illustrious  lady  of 
the  Kith  century,  as  remarkable  for  wit,  learn- 
ing, and  style,  as  for  high  birth.  She  wrote 
such  beautiful  letters,  that  the  utmost  care  was 
taken  to  preserve  them  ;  and  a  collection  of 
them  was  printed  at  Venice,  in  1552.  All  that 
came  from  her  pen  was  so  much  esteemed,  ttia' 
215 


GO 

a  collection  was  made  even  of  the  notes  thai 
she  wrote  to  her  servants,  several  of  which  are 
to  be  met  with  in  the  edition  of  her  letters. 

GONZAGA,  Sciplo,  a  noble  Italian,  who 
wrote  some  poems,  and  left  manuscript  memoirs 
of  himself:  he  died  in  1593. 

GONZAGA,  Vespasian,  duks  of  Sabbtone 
ta,  a  city  which  be  founded  ;  be  died  in  1501, 
much  respected. 

GONZALEZ,  Thyrsus,  a  Spaniard,  general 
of  the  Jesuits,  who  died  at  Borne,  in  1705. 

GOOCH,  Sir  William,  a  distinguished  officer 
in  the  military  service  of  Great-Britain,  com 
niander  of  the  Ibrces  raised  for  the  Spanish  war, 
and  afterwards  a  major-general,  and  governor 
cf  the  colony  of  Virginia,  after  Drysdale,  in 
17-!T. 

GOODALL,  Walter,  a  Scotchman,  known 
as  a  pliik)logist,  and  author  of  a  vindication  of 
Mary  ;  he  died  in  1758. 

GOODRICH,  Elizur.  D.  D.,  minister  of  Dur- 
ham, Conn. ;  was  distinguished  for  his  literary 
ajid  scientific  acquirements:  he  was  well  ver 
scd  in  the  languages,  and  familiar  with  mathe- 
matical and  philosophical  investigation :  he 
published  several  sermons,  and  died  in  1797. 

GOODRICH,  Chaiincey,  son  of  the  prece 
ding,  was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman, 
of  Hartford,  Conn.  He  was  a  representative, 
and  afterwards  a  senator  in  congress,  a  coun- 
sellor and  lieutenant-governor  of  Connecticut, 
and  mayor  of  the  city  of  Hartford.  For  depth 
and  solidity  of  judgment,  great  professional  at- 
tainments, strict  integrity,  benevolence  and  pi- 
ety, he  had  few  equals;  and  bis  death,  which 
happened  in  1815,  was  lamented  as  a  public  ca- 
lamity. 

GOODWIN,  Thomas,  a  puritanical  divine, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  assemblyof  divines  at 
Westminster,  and  author  of  theological  works; 
he  died  in  1679. 

GOODWIN,  John,  a  most  acute  and  subtle 
controversialist  of  the  17th  century.  He  wrote 
a  vindication  of  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  which 
at  the  Restoration  was  burnt  by  the  common 
hangman.  He  was  e.wepted  out  of  the  act  of 
indemnity,  and  died  soon  after.  His  works  are 
numerous,  but  mostly  in  support  of  Arminian 
doctrines. 

GOOKIN,  Daniel,  author  of  the  historical 
collections  of  the  Indians  in  New-England,  and 
major-general  of  Massachusetts  :  died  in  1087 

GOOKIN,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Hampton, 
N.  H.  ;  much  respected  for  bis  faithfulness ; 
he  died  in  1734. 

GOOL,  John,  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
the  Hague,  in  1G85. 

GOKDIAN  I.,  emperor  of  Rome,  invested 
with  the  purple  in  Africa,  much  against  his 
will,  in  237,  in  the  reign  of  Maximinus,  and 
soon  after  killed  by  a  general  of  that  monarch. 

GORDON,  Robert,  of  Stralogh,  author  of 
"  Thcatruin  Scotia',"  an  excellent  work,  con- 
taining a  description  of  the  whole  country  of 
Scotland,  with  maps  of  every  county.  He  died 
about  the  middle  of  the  17tli  century. 

GORDON,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
greatly  distinguished  by  his  writings  on  political 
and  religious  subjects.  He  was  concerned  with 
Mr.  Trcnchard  in  the  composition  of  "  Cato's 
Letters,"  and  "The  Independent  Whig;"  and 
published  English  translations  of  Sallust  and 
Tacitus,  with  additional  discourses  to  each  au- 
thor.   He  died  in  1750. 

GORDON,  James,  a  Jesuit,  who  taught  phi- 

losoptiy  and  languages  at  Paris  and  Bourdeaux, 

216 


GO 

died  in  1630.  Another  of  that  name,  was  au 
tlior  of  a  commentary  on  the  Bible. 

GORDON,  Alexander,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
an  excellent  draftsman  and  antiquary,  and 
secretary  to  the  Antiquarian  Society,  in  1740. 
He  published  a  Journey  through  most  parts  of 
the  counties  of  Scotland,  with  66  copper-plates ; 

'  The  Lives  of  Pope  Alexander  VI  and  his  son 
Ca'sar  Borgia;"  "A  Complete  History  of  the 
Ancient  Amphitheatres,"  &.C.&C. 

GORDON,  Hon.  George,  commonly  called 
Lord  George  Gordon,  a    man  whose  restless 

pirit  has  furnished  too  many  materials  for  fu- 
ture history,  to  pass  unmentioned  in  this  collec- 
tion. He  was  son  of  Cosmo-George,  duke  of 
Gordon,  and  born  in  1750.  At  an  early  period 
of  life  he  entered  into  the  royal  navy,  which 
he  quitted  during  the  American  war,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  altercation  with  the  earl  of  Sand- 
wich, relative  to  promotion.  He  afterwards  re- 
presented the  borough  of  Ludgcrshall  in  parlia- 
ment during  several  sessions;  and,  as  he  ani- 
madverted with  great  freedom,  and  often  with 
great  wit,  on  the  proceedings  of  both  sides  of 
the  House,  it  was  usual  at  that  period  to  say, 
that  "  there  were  three  parties  in  parliament, 
the  ministry,  tlie  opposition,  and  Lord  George 
Gordon;"  at  length,  however,  taking  a  very  vio- 
lent part  in  the  House  against  a  "  Bill  for  the 
Relief  of  Papists  from  certain  Penalties  and  Dis- 
abilities," lie  beaded  a  popular  association  to 
oppose  the  measure ;  which  transaction  gave 
rise  to,  though  it  certainly  did  not  authorize, 
the  dreadful  riots  by  which  the  kingdom,  and 
particularly  the  metropolis,  was  for  some  days 
devastated  in  1780.  For  this  Lord  George  wa% 
tried  on  a  charge  of  high  treason ;  but  acquit- 
ted, on  the  ground  that  his  intentions  in  afpem- 
bling  the  people  were  not  malicious  and  traitor- 
ous. May  4,  1786,  he  was  excommunicated  by 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  for  contempt,  in 
not  appearing  in  court  as  witness  in  a  cause. 
Jan.  28,  1788,  having  received  sentence  on  two 
convictions,  for  libelling  the  French  ambassa- 
dor and  qiu^en,  and  the  criminal  justice  of  Great 
Britain,  he  retired  to  Holland,  but  was  sent 
back  under  a  guard,  and  committed  to  New 
gate.  In  July,  1789,  he  presented  a  petition  to 
the  national  assembly  of  France,  for  its  inter 
ference  in  his  behalf;  but  Lord  Grenville  in- 
formed the  French  ambassador  that  the  applica- 
tion in  his  favour  could  not  be  admitted,  and 
the  ambassador  acquainted  him  with  it.  He 
died  in  Newgate,  in  1793 ;  and  his  last  moments 
were  embittered  by  the  knowledge  that  he  couh^ 
not  be  buried  among  the  Jews,  whose  religio 
he  had  embraced,  during  his  imprisonment,  ano 
to  which  he  was  warmly  attached. 

GORDON,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
professor  and  author ;  he  died  in  1751. 

GORDON,  Sir  Adam,  an  Englisli  divine,  rector 
of  Hinckworth,  and  prebendary  at  Bristol,  au- 
thor of  sermons  and  other  works,  died  in  1817. 

GORDON,  Patrick,  succeeded  Sir  William 
Keith,  as  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1726. 
His  administration  was  prudent,  judicious,  and 
advaiitaeeous  to  the  colonists ;  be  died  in  1736. 

GORDON,  William,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Rox- 
bury,  Jfass.,  and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Re- 
volution of  the  United  States,  &c. ;  be  died  in 
1807. 

GORE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Alderton,  and 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  died  in  1684. 

GORELLI,  an  Italian  poet,  who  wrote,  after 
the  manner  of  Dante,  a  history  of  his  country 
from  1010  to  1384. 


GO 

G0RGIA3,  Leontinus,  a  pliilosoplier,  of  Sici 
ly,  of  great  eminence,  417  B.  C. 

GORIIAM,  Nathaniel,  a  member  of  concress 
111  1784,  and  president  of  that  body ;  afterwards  a 
dcieirate  from  Massachusetts  to  the  conveiitinn 
whicii  formed  the  constitution  of  the  l^utci 
States  ;  he  died  in  1796.  #       ^^ 

GORIUS,  or  GORKI,  Antonias  Francisrus, 
a  hislorliiii,  critic,  and  antiquarian,  oi"  Florence, 
and  author  of  »omft  valuahle  works,  died  in  1757, 

GORL.'FilJS.  Abraham,  an  antiquarian,  of 
Aniwi-rp ;  died  in  1(>U9. 

GORL.EITS,  David,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  in 
the  17th  c.-ntury  ;  he  wrote  on  philosophy,  and 
advanced  some  new  o))inions. 

UOROPILTS,  John,  a  physician,  of  Brahant, 
who  settled  at  Antwerp,  and  maintairied  that 
Pk-mish  was  the  language  of  Adam  ;  he  died  in 
loV'2. 

GORRA.V,  Nicholas  dc,  an  eloquent  preach 
er.  and  confessor  to 'Philip  the  Fair;  be  died  in 
liyj. 

GORRF.US,  a  protcstant  physician  at  Paris, 
who  published  a  traaslation  of  Nicander,  and 
di.id  in  15T2. 

GouriCR,  John,  became  medical  lecturer 
and  nubile  physician  al  Harderwyck  ;  he  wrote 
various  works,  and  died  in  17t>2. 

Ci  tRTON,  Samuel,  the  first  settler  of  War- 
wick, Rhode  Island,  was  persecuted  for  his  re- 
ligious opinions  in  Massachusetts,  and  for  a 
timr  Iniprisiined  :  he  died  after  the  year  1676. 

tiO.sSiOM).  Bartholomew,  an  Englishman, 
who  first  discovered  and  gave  name  to  Cape 
Cod.  in  IfiO'J  :  he  died  in  Virginia,  in  1607. 

GOSSKMNI,  Julian,  a  writer,  born  at  Rome; 
he  was  ap|)ointed  secretary  to  Ferdinand  Gon- 
zasa,  viceroy  of  Sicily,  and  died  in  1587. 

GOS3F.MN,  Antony,  regius  professor  of  his- 
tory and  eloquence  at  Caen,  and  principal  of 
(he  colle^i-  du  Rois,  published  a  "  History  of  the 
.\ncient  (Jreeks,  in  Latin,  1636." 

OOSS<JN,  Stephen,  a  divine  and  poet,  born 
in  Kent,  in  1554,  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  took  orders,  and  obtained  the  living  of 
St.  Roiolph,  Bishops^aie,  where  he  died,  in 
I6'2!t  He  wrote  three  plavs  ;  and  afterwards, 
in  15751.  published  an  invective  aeainst  poets, 
playors,  ic.  called  "  The  Schoole  of  Abuse." 

GOTfl,  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Upsal,  who, 
in  atiempting  to  restore  theCaiholic  religion  in 
Sweden,  nearly  kindled  a  civil  war,  in  the  16th 
centurv. 

GOT HOPRRD,  the  name  of  a  very  learned 
family,  originallv  of  France.  Denis  Gothofred, 
7  '"lebrated  lawyer,  born  in  1.549,  died  in  1622. 
.'  is  now  best  known  by  an  edition  of  the 
•^■orpus  Juris  Civilis."  Theodosius,  the  eld 
^.  son  of  Denis,  bom  in  1.580,  became  a  coun- 
sellor of  sMte,  and  died  in  1G49.  James,  another 
son  ofDeiiis.  horn  in  1587,  was  preferred  to  the 
first  offices  in  the  republic  of  Geneva,  and  died 
there  in  lfi.V2.  Denis,  the  son  of  Theodosius, 
born  in  1615,  died  in  1681.  He  inherited  his 
father's  l.-iste  for  French  history,  and  in.ide 
great  additions  to  what  his  father  had  done. 
Of  this  kind  are  ilie  histories  of  Chailes  VI., 
Charles  VII..  and  Charles  VIII.,  majmifirently 
printed  al  the  Louvre.  John,  son  of  the  fon."- 
«oin?,  had  also,  like  hi-s  father,  a  passion  for  the 
history  H!id  at):iquitie9of  France.  He  eave  an 
edition  o''  "  IMiihp  de  (^oniniines,"  and  other 
workH.  and  di  -d  in  17>2. 

GOTTrSCHALO,  vid.  Godeschalc. 
GOTTI.  Vincent  Lewis,  an   Itali.in,  made 
cardinal  bv  Benedict  Xlll. ;  he  died  in  1742. 

i:  e  1 


GO 


GOT  TIGNIES,  Giles  Francis,  professor  of 
matheniatirs  at  Rome,  and  author  of  several 
niatliematual  works ;  he  died  in  1685. 

(iOTTLKBKR,  John  Christopher,  an  excel- 
lenl  German  critic  ;  he  died  in  1786. 

GOT'l'SCHED,  John  Christopher,  a  German 
poet  of  Koningsberg,  who  was  the  means  of 
banishing  buffoonery  from  the  stage;  he  died 
in  1762. 

GOUDELIN,  or  GOITDOFLI,  Peter,  a  poet 
of  Gascony,  so  celebrated  tha;  he  is  called  the 
Homer  of  Gascony  ;  he  died  in  1649. 

GOUDIMEL,  Claudius,  an  excelle-it  nmsi- 
cian  ;  he  was  put  to  death  for  setting  the  psalms 
of  Maroi  and  Bcza  to  niusic. 

GOrniN'OT,  John  a  native  of  Rheims,  zeal- 
ously attached  to  the  tenets  of  the  Janseiiist* , 
he  di<d  in  1749. 

GOUFFIER,  Marie  Gabriel  Augusle  Laurent, 
count  de  Choiseul,  ambassador  from  France  to 
the  Porte.  During  the  revolution  he  went  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  made  a  privy  counsellor, 
and  keeper  of  the  imperial  library.  In  1802, 
he  returned  to  France.  On  the  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIIl.,  he  was  made  a  peer  of  France, 
and  died  in  1817.  He  was  autlior  of  "  Voyage 
n  Grece,"  &.c. 

GOl'GE,  William,  one  of  the  ministers  of 
the  a.ssembly  of  divines,  and  appointed  one  of 
the  annolators  of  the  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1653. 

GOUGE,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,  wrote 
many  books,  and  distributed  many  thousand 
copies  of  tJie  Bible  and  Catecliism,  &c.,  among 
the  300  schools  esiablisbed  in  Wales. 

GOUGES,  Mary  Olympe  de,  a  native  of  Mon- 
tauban,  whose  heroic  conduct  in  dof<nding  Louis 
XVI.,  caused  her  to  be  guillotined  in  1792. 

GOUGII,  Richard,  a  \ery  learned  and  eminent 
English  antiquary,  bom  in  1730,  in  London,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  The  principal  of  his 
very  numerous  works  are,  "  British  Topogra- 
phy," a  new  edition  of  •'  Camden's  Britannia," 
and  "'Sepulchral  .Monumcntsof  Great  Britain.' 
.Mr.  Gough  died  at  Enfield,  in  1809. 

GOUJET,  Claude  Peter,  a  French  writer,  bom 
at  Paris,  in  1G'.)7,  died  in  1767.  He  published 
"  Suppleineuts  to  Moieri's  Dictionary,"  and  to 
"Dupin's  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical  Writers," 
i.c. 

GOUJON,  John,  a  sculptor,  of  Paris,  called 
the  Coieggioof  sculpture;  he  was  killed  in  the 
ma.ssacie  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  1572. 

GOI.'LART,  Simon,  a  Frenchman,  who  suc- 
ceeued  Calvin  as  minister  at  Geneva,  and  wrote 
several  valuable  works  ;  he  died  in  1S28. 

GOULD,  Robert,  an  English  poet  of  some 
celebrity,  in  the  17tli  century,  died  in  1709. 

GOULIN,  John  a  French  writer  of  merit, 
died  in  1799. 

GOULSTON,  Theodore,  an  English  physi- 
cian of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1632- 

GOULU,  John,  a  Frenchman ;  he  translated 
Epictetus,  Ahan,  &c.,  and  died  in  1635. 

GOUPIL,  James,  royal  professor  of  physic  at 
Paris,  in  15.55 ;  he  edited  several  Greek  medical 
works,  and  died  in  1564. 

GOUPY,  Joseph,  a  French  artist,  wlio  taught 
the  princess  of  Wales,  died  in  1747. 

GOURDON,  Simon,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
lived  an  austere  life,  was  author  of  Cases  of 
Conscience,  and  died  in  1729. 

GOURN  A  Y,  Mary  de  Jars,  lady  of,  a  French- 
woman devoted  to  literature,  and  much  attached 
[to  .Montaigne,  whom  she  called  her  father  ;  she 
died  in  111-15. 

GOURVU.LE,  John  HerauJd,  author  of  "  M<f- 
9  211 


Gfe       •  

inoir?,"  containing  aiiecdoics  of  the  French  ini-j 
nipiii  s,  from  Ala^arin  lo  Colbert,  &c. ;  lie  died 
in  1705. 

GOUSSET,  James,  a  French  protestant,  pro 
fesynr  of  Gretk  at  Groningen,  and  autlior  of  a 
Hebrew  dictinnan',  died  in  1704. 

GOUTHIERES,  James,  a  French  advocate 
author  of  some  valuable  works,  died  in  103K 

GOUVION,  N.,  a  French  officer,  who  served 
in  America,  afterwards  ceneral  in  the  army  of 
the  north,  where  he  was  kiMed,  in  1793. 

GOUX  DE  LA  BOULAYE,  Francis  le,  of 
Anjou,  who  travelled  through  Asia  and  Africa, 
and  pubhsliod  an  account  of  his  travels,  in  1(553. 
GOI'YE,  John,  a  Jesuit  and  mathematician,  of 
Dieppe,  and  memberof  the  academy  of  sciences; 
he  died  in  17i^. 

GOUYE  LONGUEMARE,  a  French  author, 
wroti.'  on  the  history  of  France,  and  died  in  1763. 
GOVE.A,  Martial,  a  Latin  poe;  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, and  author  of  a  Latin  grammar. 

GOVEA,  Andrew,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
established,  under  John  III.  of  Portugal,  the  col- 
lege of  Coimbra ;  he  died  in  1548. 

GOVEA,  Antony,  youngest  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  professor  of  law  at  Toulouse,  died  of  eat 
ing  cucumbers,  in  150.^. 

GOWER,  John,  an  English  lawyer  and  poet, 
cotemporary  with  Chaucer,  but  older,  being  born 
about  1320.  Though  Gower  was  born  first 
yet  he  outlived  Chaucer,  and  was  his  successor 
in  the  laurel.  In  his  character  as  a  lawyer,  he 
made  so  cousiderable  a  figure,  that  he  is  "said  to 
have  been  raised  to  the  first  rank  in  that  profes- 
sion, and  to  have  sat  chiefjnstice  of  the  Com- 
mon Pleas.  His  (idncipal  production,  as  a  peer, 
is  "  Confessio  Amantis,"  a  folio,  first  printed  by 
Caxton.     He  died  in  1402. 

GOVEN,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of  Leyden, 
distinguished  for  his  landscapes ;  he  died  in 
16J6. 

GOZON,  Deodati,  grand  master  of  the  order 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  died  in  1353. 

GOZZI,  Count  Gaspar,  a  Venetian  n  Able,  dis- 
lineuished  for  his  lyrical  and  satirical  poem  i ; 
he  dred  in  1786. 

GRAAF,  Regnier  de,  a  celebrated  Dutch  phy- 
eician  and  writer  on  anatomy,  born  in  1641,  died 
1673. 

GRAAF,  Bareiit,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam, 
who  died  in  1709. 

GRAAW,  Henrv,  a  native  of  Hoorn,  disciple 
to  Van  Canipen,  died  in  1682. 

GRABE,  John  Ernest,  a  learned  theological 
and  critical  writer,  and  editor  of  the  "  Septua- 
gmt,"  from  the  Alexandrian  MS.  in  the  king  of 
En^rland^s   nalar.e.  ut  St    .TampsV  wn^   hnrn    at 


GR 

G R ACI  AM,  Balthazar,  a  l?panish  jexuit, whose 
ermon.s  we/e  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  165d. 
nRADEMGO,  Peter,  a  doge  ol  Venice,  whq 
V^haiiLed  the  governmenl  of  his  country  frmr 
lenidciucy  lu  an  a^l^lucracy  ;  he  died  in  i'i\i'^. 
I^Ail.E^A US,  Julius,  a  native  ul   Frejus  ;  he 
|v^wput%  death  by  Caligula,  for  refusing  lo  be- 


England's  palace,  at  St.  James',  was  born  at 
Koningsberg,  in  1666.  and  died  1712. 

GR.\CCHUS,  Sempronius,  a  Roman,  ban- 
ished to  a  solitary  island,  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
for  his  licentious  conduct. 

GRACCHUS,  Tiberius,  who,  being  elected  tri- 
bune of  the  Roman  people,  demanded  of  the 
senate,  in  their  name,  the  execution  of  the  Agra- 
rian law,  by  which  all  persons  possessing  above 
500  acres  of  land,  were  to  be  deprived  of  the  sur- 
plus, for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  citizens,  among 
whom  an  equal  distribution  was  to  be  made. 
Having  carried  his  plan  into  execution  by  vio- 
lent measures,  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  zeal,  being 
assassinated  by  his  own  party,  133  B.  C.  Cains, 
his  brother,  pursuing  the  .«ame  steps,  caiisci!  a 
sedition,  in  which  he  was  killed  by  the  consul, 
Opimius,  121  R.  C. 

GRACCHUS,  Ruiulius,  a  Roman  poet,  of  the 
lOUi  century,  of  some  merit. 
218 


>nic  ilic  Hcciiaer  olM.  Silvaiius. 
(iliit.ME,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  and  miscel- 
laneoub  writer  of  considerable  merit,  born  in 
1748,  died  17;2. 

GRi^^VlUS,  John  George,  a  celebrated  critic. 
SceGREVlUS. 

GRAFFIO,  a  Jesuit  of  Capua,  in  the  16lh  cen- 
tury, author  of  two  volumeii  on  moral  subjects. 

GRAFIG.NY,  Frances,  a  French  iu)Vt;lisi  and 
Idiamatic  writer,  born  in  1694,  died  1*58. 

GRAFTON,  Richard,  an  English  printer,  in 
the  Kith  century.  He  compiled  thegrealfr  part 
of"  Hall's  Chronicle  ;"  and,  in  1562,  pubuslied 
"An  Abridgment  of  the  Chronicles  of  England." 
His  large  Chronicle  appeared  in  IStJit.  Gralloi 
was  a  great  promoter  of  the  reformation,  b> 
printing  Bibles.     He  was  living  in  1572. 

GRAFTON,  Augustus  Hen.y  Fitzroy,  duke 
of,  was  educated  at  Cambridge  university,  of 
which  he  was  afterwards  chancellor,  and  suc- 
eeded  to  the  family  honours,  in  1757.  He  was 
made  secretary  of  state,  and  afterwards  first  lord 
of  the  treasury,  which  office  he  held  till  1770. 
From  1771  until  1775,  he  was  lord  privy  seal, 
iiid,  after  that  time,  was  an  opponent  of  the  mi- 
nistry till  his  death,  in  1811.  The  celebrated  let- 
ters of  Junius,  were  many  of  them  addressed  to 
him,  with  a  severity  which  must  have  been  dic- 
laltKl  by  private  hatred. 

GRAHAM,  George,  clock  and  watch  maker, 
wan  boin  at  Gratwick,  a  village  in  the  north  of 
Cumberland,  in  1675 ;  and,  in  1088,  went  to  Lon- 
don. He  was  not  put  apprentice  to  Tompion, 
as  is  generally  said;  but,  :it,or  ho  had  beensome- 
imie  will)  another  master.Tompion  received  him 
into  his  family  purely  for  his  merit,  and  treated 
him  with  a  kind  of  parental  affection  till  Ilia 
death.  That  Graham  was,  without  competition, 
the  most  eminent  of  his  jirolession,  is  but  a 
amall  part  of  his  th  aracter ;  he  was  the  best  iiie- 
ciianic  of  his  timv,  and  had  a  complete  know- 
lodge  of  practical  astronomy  ;  so  that  he  not  only 
gave  to  various  movements  for  the  mensuration 
of  time,  a  degree  of  perfection  which  had  never 
before  been  attained,  but  invented  several  astro 
noinical  instruments,  by  which  considerable  ad- 
vances have  been  made  in  that  science ;  h  •■•"te 
great  improvements  in  those  whio,"!,  hii 
been  in  use  ;  and,  by  a  wonderf* ,  jnan 
terity, constructed  them  wli'  eater  pi.i. 
and  accuracytl  aianyol'  jn  intheworlu. 

He  was  many  years  a  in  if  the  royal  so- 

ciety, to  which  he  comraui.       ed  several  iugeni- 
oiis  and  important  discoveries,  and  died  in  1751. 

GRAHAM,  Catherine  Macauley,  a  celebrated 
English  historian.  She  began  her  literary  career 
Willi  the  "  History  of  England,  from  James  I.  to 
the  Bninswirk  line."  Her  other  works  were  a 
"  History  of  England  from  the  Revolution  tothe 
present  time,  in  a  series  of  Letters  to  a  Friend;" 
"A  Treatise  on  the  Immutability  of  ftloral 
Truth  ;"  "  An  Address  to  the  People  of  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  on  the  present  important 
Crisis  of  Affairs;"  "Letters  on  Education,"  &c. 
She  died  in  1791. 

GRAHAM,  James,  a  Scotch  poet,  and  a  cler 
gynian  of  the  church  of  England ;  lie  died  in 
uly  life,  in  1811. 
GRAHAM,  Isabella,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who 


1i^: 


«^ 

aiiie,  in  17(jy,  to  New-VorU,  where  slie  esta- 
■'lislieil  a  seminary  for  young  ladies,  which  was 
etteiisively  iiseful.  She  was  a  rare  example  ol' 
Tiiety  and  active  buuevoloiicc.  She  died  in  I8I4. 
GRAIN,  John  Baptiste  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  in  15C5,  died  in  lti43. 

CJllAINDOKGE,  Andrew,  a  physician  and  phi- 
losopher of  the  Epicurean  soot ;  he  died  in  167(5. 
GKAIiS'GER,  Ur.  James,  a  pliysicianand  poet, 
born  at  Unnse,  in  Scotland,  ahout  17:23,  died  a! 
St.  Christopher's,  in  the  West  Indies,  17G7.  He 
was  author  of  several  medical  tractfj,  wrote  an 
excellent  poem  on  (he  "  Sui!ar  Cane,"  and  ano- 
ther on  "  t<()lliude,"  and  published  a  pood  trans- 
lation of  "  Tibnllus." 

GR.VMAYE,  Julm  Baptist,  provost  of  Arn- 
heim  ;  he  wrote  a  history  of  Africa,  and  died  in 
ll>:}5. 

GRAM.MOND,  Gabriel,  lord  of,  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Tmilouse,  and  author  of  the 
history  of  Lewis  XIII.  ;  he  died  in  J6.">4. 

GR AMONT.  There  were  three  Krcnch  no 
hies  of  this  name,  who  dlslin<;iiislied  thcinselve! 
by  "  Memoirs  of  the  reiens  of  Lewis  XIII.  and 
XIV.,"  and  died  at  the  laitcr  end  of  the  17th,  or 
hejiinninK  of  the  I8th  century 

GR.VNUY,  Marquis  of,  a  celebrated  English 
general,  li')rn  in  17i0,  died  in  1770, 

G R  A N  COL.\S,  Joh n,  doctor  of  tlio  Sorbonne, 
and  author  of  some  works ;  he  died  in  17:i2 

GR.\ND,  Antony  le,  a  Cartesian  philosopher, 
of  the  I7th  century,  author  of  some  historical 
treatises 

GRAND, Joachim  le,  a  French  political  writer, 
much  esteemed  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he 
died  in  1733. 

GR.'\ND,  Mark  Antony  le,  a  French  actor, 
whose  comedies  wej'e  received  with  applause  ; 
tic  died  in  1728. 

GRAND,  Lewis,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
aorn  at  Luzigni,  in  Autun;  he  wrote  some  va- 
fuable  theiilotjical  works,  and  died  in  17(-0. 

GR.\NI),  Peter  le,  a  captain  of  a  Dieppe  pri- 
vateer, famous  for  his  courage. 

GRANDET,  Joseph,  a  French  priest,  of  An- 
gers, of  great  amiahiencss  ;  he  wrote  several 
volumes  of  biography,  and  died  in  1724. 

GR  AN'DI,  Francis  Lewis,  a  native  of  Cremo- 
na, professor  of  philosophy  at  Florence,  Sec. ,  he 
wrote  various  mathematical  works,  and  died  in 
1742. 

••■^•1  ^\DIER,nrban,  curate  and  canon  of  Lou- 
•  'f  ra  ■".  famous  as  a  martyr  lo  the  super- 
"  beln  ■•'inagic;  beiiis  burnt  alive  ou  a 
^.irtrge  of  hav'V  ■'■bewitched  several  Ursuline 
nuns  of  Lo'jd^' '  ^'as  born  'tt  Bouverc,  near 
Bable.  and  suC,  '       V 1634. 

GR.\NI>!N,  iV  ilH,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  author  of  a  system  of  theology,  died  in 
1091. 

GR  .\\DII7S,Guido.  a  mathematician,  of  Cre- 
mona, translated  Euclid  into  Italian,  and  died 
in  1742. 

GRAVDUET,  Charles,  a  French  actor,  who! 
plavd  with  success. 

GKANET,  Francis,  a  French  writer,  hi^rhly 
spoken  of  by  .Xhbede  Fontaine;  he  died  in  1741. 
GRANGE,  Joseph  de  Chancel,  a  French  wri- 
ter, who  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  r':r  writing! 
against  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans;  he  died  in  1758.1 

GR.VNGG,  Nicolas,  an  able  writer,  who  trans- 
lated Lucretius,  Seneca,  &c. ;  he  died  in  177;';.' 

GRANGER,  James,  a  learned  and  ingeniousj 
Knslish  divine,  author  of  a  very  valuahin  work' 
in  4  vols.,  4(0,  iir  lor  the  tillf  of  "  A  Hiosraphi 


(»' Ilistiirv  of  England."    When  vicar  of  .Ship- l!a!l  his  powe 


GR  

ilako,  in  Oxford.-ihire,  he  was  .sri/.cd  with  a  .-liil 
,den  lit  while  administering  tlie  sarrnmeiir  ai  lUr. 

omnuinion-iable,  by  the  bursting  of  a  ves-sel  in 

lis  b.ain,  in  177(i,  and  died  the  next  luorninii. 
This  death  was  similar  to  that  of  the  cardinal 
de  Berulle. 

GRANGER,  Gideon,  a  native  of  Connecticut; 
he  graduated  at  Vale  college  in  1787,  and  wits 
soon  alter  admitted  to  the  bar  of  his  nativa 
st.ite,  where  he  practised  law  with  considerable 
reputation,  lie  was  appointed  postmaster-ge- 
neral of  the  Unite<t  Stales,  in  1801,  and  retained 
the  office  until  1814,  after  which  he  reniovtd  to 
New- York,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
senate  of  that  state  ;  he  died  in  18-22. 

GRANT,  Francis,  lord  CuUen,  an  einineni 
lawyer  ancl  judge,  of  Scotland,  died  in  17^^ 
universally  respected. 

GR.\NT,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  judge,  who  wrota 
again:?t  the  rebellion  ;  he  died  in  17C2. 

GR.\NVILLE,  George,  viscount  Lansdowne, 
an  eminent  English  poet,  born  in  I>evonshire 
in  1667,  died  in  1735.  Having  vainly  endea- 
voured to  get  employment  in  arms,  fur  the 
defence  of  James  II.,  to  whose  cause  he  vva» 
warmly  attached,  lie  passed  the  course  of  king 
William's  reign  in  private  life,  enjoying  the 
company  of  his  muse,  wliich  he  employed  in 
(■elcbraiin!£  the  reigning  beauties  of  that  age , 
as  Waller,  whom  he  strove  to  imitate,  had  done 
those  of  the  preceding.  We  have  also  several 
dramatic  pieces  of  his,  whicli  were  all  well  re- 
ceived. 

GRAP.MjDI'S,  Francis  Marius,  a  native  of 
Parma,  so  distinguished  as  an  ambassador  to 
the  pope,  that  Julius  II.,  crowned  him  with  his 
own  hand. 

GRAS,  Anthony  le,  an  ecclesia-stic  of  Paris 
who  translated  C.  Nepos  ;  he  died  in  17(il. 

GR.AS,  James  le,  an  advocate  of  Rouen,  who 
translated  Hesiod  into  French  verse,  in  the  17lh 
centurv 

GR.\SWINCKEL,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Delft,  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  a  man  of  Inters; 
he  vindicaied  the  Venetians  against  the  duke 
of  Savoy,  and  died  in  KXiC. 

GR,\T  \ROI>US,  William,  a  learned  physi- 
cian, of  Basil,  wrote  many  books,  and  died  in 
15()2. 

GR.\TIAN.  one  of  the  most  virtuous  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  son  of  Valentinian,  born  in 
359,  was  assassinated  by  rebels  in  383 

GR.ATIAN,  a  priv.ite  soldier,  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Britain,  in  407 :   he  reigned  4  months. 

GRATIAN,  a  monk  of  Tuscany,  in  the  IQth 

centuiT ;  he  was  employe*!  24  years  In  recon- 

iliiig  the  contradictory  canons  one  to  another. 

GRATfANI,  Jerome,  an  Italian  of  the  17ih 
century ;  he  wrote.  Conquest  of  Grenada,  &c. 

GR.\TIUS,  Faliscus,  an  eminent  Latin  poet, 
supposed  to  have  been  coteiviiorary  with  Ovid. 
Wc  have  tJic  fragment  ol  a  poem  of  his  on 
hunting,  called  "  Cyneeetifon." 

GRATIf JS,  Ortninus,  a  learned  German,  who 
wrote  several  works;  he  died  in  1542. 

GRATTAN,  Right  Hon.  Henr>',  a  statesman, 
and  an  orator,  born  in  Dublin,  alionf  1750.  He 
was  bred  to  the  bar,  but  relinquished  tliat  pro- 
fession for  the  senate.  He  was  elected  into  the 
Irish  parliament  in  1775,  and  by  his  powerful 
eloquence  obtained  for  his  country  a  participa- 
tion in  the  commerce  of  Brit.Tin  :  for  which  he 
was  rewarded  with  a  vote  of  50.000/.  lie  was 
the  active  and  vigilant  leader  of  the  opjinsjiini., 
till  the  Cnion,  which  measure  he  resisted  wuli 


In  (hb   Brillsb  parliaUKiit 
219 


GR 


thicfly  exerted  bU  talents  in  advocating  the 
Catholic  claims,  to  which  cause  he  fell  a  mar- 
tyr, by  leaving  Ireland  In  an  exhausted  Ktatc  of 
hcalih,  to  carry  to  F^gland  the  petition  willi 
wiiich  he  had  been  inirui^ted.  lie  died  soon 
after  his  arrival,  May  14,  1820,  and  was  buried 
in  WestminKter  Abbey. 

GRAU>T,  John,  a  well  known  author  of 
"Observations  on  the  Bills  of  Mortality,"  born 
in  London,  in  1620,  died  in  1674. 

GKAb'NT,  I'Jward,  a  learned  man,  head  of 
We.stminster  school,  died  in  1601. 

GRAVELOT,  Henry  Francis  Uourguignon,  a 
very  famous  engraver,  born  at  i'aris,  iji  16UU, 
rtied  in  1773. 

GRAVKKOL,  Francis  a  French  advocate, 
he  wrote  ?orlieriana,  and  died  in  1094. 

GRAVES,  Thomas  Lord,  a  gallant  British  ad- 
miral, born  at  Tlianckes,  ill  Cornwall,  died 
in  I.S02. 

GR.WES,  Richard,  52  years  rector  of  Cla- 
vcrton,  near  Bath,  was  born  at  Mickleton,  in 
Gloucestershire,  in  1715 ;  at  the  age  of  16  he 
was  chosen  a  scholar  of  Pembroke  College, 
O.iford  ;  and  in  1736  elected  a  fellow  of  All 
Souls.  lie  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Cla 
verioii,  in  1750  ;  and  from  that  time  to  his  death 
III  1804,  never  absented  himself  a  .single  inonili 
at  any  one  lime :  thus  setting  an  example  worthy 
the  approbation  and  unitation  of  all  clergynien 
Mr.  Graves  was  the  intimate  friend  and  corres- 
pondent of  Shenstone,  as  well  asof  many  other 
literary  characters,  and  was  author  of  an  inge- 
nious satirical  novel,  called  "  The  Spiritual 
Uuixotte ;"  besides  a  dramatic  piece,  essays,  and 
many  poems,  translations,  and  sermons  on  vari- 
ous suujects.  He  always  enjoyed  good  health, 
and  but  a  few  months  before  his  death,  when 
nearly  90  yr'ars  of  age,  published  "  The  Invalid, 
with  the  obvious  Means  of  enjoying  Life,  by  a 
Nonagenarian."  There  is  an  ease,  and  sprighi- 
liiicss,  and  an  epigrammatic  turn  in  his  writ- 
ings, which  was  peculiar  to  himself,  and  will 
make  tlieni  he  always  read  with  pleasure. 

GRAVESAjNHB',  William  James,  a  cele 
hrated  mathematician  and  moral  pliilo.?opher, 
tiorn  in  1088,  at  Cois-!e-Duc,  in  Holland,  died 
i:.  1712. 

(;RAVINA,  Peter,  an  Italian  poet,  whopub- 
lirihed  a4io  vol.  of  poems  much  admired. 

GRAVINA,  John  Vincent,  an  eminent  dra- 
m'ltic  poet,  critic,  antiquary,  and  lawyer,  of 
Italy,  born  at  Roggiano,  in  1664,  died  in  1718. 
'i'{;e  greatest  of  all  his  works,  and  for  which  he 
will  be  ever  memorable,  is  his  three  books,  "  De 
<.)rai  et  Progressu  Juris  Civilis." 

GU  A  Y ,  Thomas,  eminent  for  a  few  poems  that 
uf  ha.>(  Icff  was  born  in  London,  in  1716,  and 
dieii  in  1771  He  was  perhaps  the  most  learned 
iTian  iu  Eumpe,  etjuaily  acquainted  with  ttie 
e.egant  and  the  profound  parts  of  science.  A 
■i<  >v  arrangement  of  his  poems,  with  notes  and 
amiiiion:),  was  made  and  printed  in  3vo.,  in  17911. 

(JR.^YSON,  V\'illiam,  a  senator  of  the  Uniie.l 
.-'.aes.  from  Virginia;  of  great  abilities  and 
ii.'iiiiipeacliable  integrity  ;  he  died  in  1790. 

GRAZZl.N'l,  Antony  Fran.'^s.suniamed  Lasca, 
roMcideied  nearly  oft  qual  merit  as  a  writer  with 
i!<i(;cacc  ;  he  died  in  1.0f3. 

(;KEATRAKES,  Valentine,  amost  extraordi- 
nary person,  celebrated  for  his  power  neal  or 
loinposed)  of  curing  the  king's  evil  ;oid  otiieri 
ili-rases  by  filroking  the  affected  pnrts  wi!h  iiis 
hands.  He  was  uorn  in  Irelanil.  in  162>*,  but  it  is 
Hot  recorded  in  whai  year  he  ilied.  II 
living,  linwi'vcr,  ii:  KiPI. 


GR 

GRE.^VES,  John,  an  eminent  mathematiciar 
and  antiipiary,  born  at  Coluiore.  Hants,  in  lliU2, 
published  several  learned  woikii,  and  died  in 
1652. 

GRECOURT,  John  Baptist  Joseph  Villartde,  a 
French  poei,  who  became  a  favourite  ol  men  of 
wit  and  rank  ,  he  died  in  1743.  j^ 

GKEK.\,  Robert,  a  ilraniutic  author  in  qoRn 
Eli/.abeiirs  reign,  born  in  ITmO.  He  wa?  a  man 
of  great  wit  and  humour,  but  in  the  life  thai  Iu 
led  prostitiiled  great  talents  to  the  pur|K'ses  of 
vice  and  obscenity  ;  and  upon  the  whoie,  both 
in  theory  and  practice,  seems  to  have  been  a 
most  peri'ect  libertine.  His  works  of  diliereni 
kinds  are  very  nnmerous ;  many  of  tlivin  are 
pastoral  romances  in  prose  and  verwi.  His  dia- 
matic  pieces,  amounting  to  lour  or  live,  may  be 
seen  in  the  "  Biographia  Diamalica  ;"  he  died 
in  1532.  One  of  his  biogiaphers  says  of  him 
tliat  his  works  contain  the  seedsof  virtue,  while 
his  acts  display  the  tares  oi'  folly. 

GREEN, Matthew, an  inceniousEnglislj  poet, 
born  in  1606,  of  a  good  lainily  among  the  dis- 
senters; held  an  office  in  the  cusK.iii- house  of 
London,  and  died  in  1737.  His  poems  were  first 
collected  and  published  in  12mo,  in  17%.  The 
most  celelii  ated  oftliem  is  entiiltd  ■'  The S(ilcen," 
in  which  (says  Mr.  Mflmoutli)  "  there  are  moi-e 
original  thoughts  thrown  together,  than  1  have 
iver  read  in  the  same  compass  of  lines. 

GREEN,  Dr.  Maurice,  an  eminent  mnncian 
and  composer,  who  was  successively  oiganift 
and  comiioser  to  the  Koyal  Chapel,  prolc.«soi 
of  music  in  the  univer.sity  of  Caniiiridge,  and 
master  of  the  royal  band.  About  1750,  he  con- 
ved  a  project  of  reforming  church-music, 
and  had  made  a  con.-iiderable  progress  in  tin- 
work;  but,  hishealili  failing  him,  he  tiansmitt(<l 
the  further  prosecution  of  it  to  his  friend  Hr. 
Boyce,  who  completed  and  published  it.  l>r. 
Green  was  bom  in  London,  and  died  in  1755 

GKEEN,  John  Richard,  hee  GIFFOIU), 
John. 

GREEN,  John,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  an 
eminent  controversial  and  miscrllaneous writer, 
born  at  Hull,  about  1798,  died  in  1779. 

GREF.N,  Samuel,  the  first  printer  in  North 
America,  who  printed  first  the  freeman's  oath 
then  an  almanac;  he  died  after  lt.85. 

GREEN,  Edward  Burnaby.  a  gentlemar;  well 
known  in  the  regions  of  Parnassus,  By  "  Trans- 
lations of  Anacreon  and  Piiida.,  and  many 
single  iioems  and  essays  ;  he  died  in  17?8. 

GREENE,  William,  deputy  governor  and  go- 
vernor of  the  colony  of  Rhode-Island,  died  in 
1758. 

GKEENE,  William,  chief  justice  and  aller- 
vv;ir«ls  coveinor  of  the  slate  of  Rhi>de-Islaiiii, 
died  in  1H09 

GREENE,  Nathaniel,  a  major-general  in  the 
army  of  the  I'nited  Stales,  dnrinfr  the  revolu- 
tion j  distinguished  himself  in  the  battiesofl'ren 
ton  and  Princeton,  and  afterwards,  in  that  of 
Germantown,  where  he  commanded  the  left, 
and  of  Monmouth,  w  here  he  commanded  the 
rijiht  wing  of  the  army.  He  w«s  appointed 
qnarler  master  general,  in  1778,  and  in  1780  to 
the  command  of  the  southern  army,  witli  which 
he  gained  the  victory  at  the  Eufaw  Springs. 
His  bravery,  skill,  and  services,  were  such  us 
to  merit  the  express  apprubation  of  congress,  and 
of  his  connlrv  ;  he  died  in  Georgia,  i!i  1786. 

(tREF.NHILIj,  John,  a  very  ingenions  En 
glish  painter,  the  most  excellent  of  all  the  disci 
pies  of  Hir  Peter  Lely,  Who  is  said  to  have  con- 
sidered  him  so  inm.li  a   rival,  that  In    never 


I 


GR 


GR 


•utfered  him  to  see  liiiu  paint;  he  was  bom  uticoiiimendc'd  by  Dr.   llailey  as  very  proper  lor 
Salisbury,  and  died  in  ItiTtj.  praciiit;. 

GREENUP,  Cliristopher,  a  soidior  of  ihp  re-l|    GKKGORV,  Uavid,  a  disliiicuislied   iiiathe- 
volutioi),  and  a  representative  in  rongrtst;,  iVonil  niaiiciaii,  wlio  lirsimtroducfi!  Nc-wion'.'^  I'rinci- 


Keninoky,  was  governor  of  that  sia;c,  in  1^0-t 
lie  died  in  1(^18. 

GUKK^VILLE,  Sir  Richard,  ciandlallier, 
of  the  well  known  Sir  Bevil  Grcenvifie,  cnin- 
inandeda  fleet  in  America,  in  ioSj,  a^iainst  the 
(Spaniard!!,  but  was  taken,  and  died  of  his 
wouiuls. 

GKEENVILLE,  Sir  Bevil,  distinguished  in 
the  civil  wars  for  det'twiding  his  sovcrei;;n  ;  he 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Lansdawne,  in  lli43. 

GIIKKNVVOOD,  Isaac,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy,  in  Harvard  col- 
lege, from  172«  to  1738. 

GREGORirS,  GeorgiusFloreiilinus,  a  learn- 
ed bishop  of  Tours,  in  the  tlih  century  ;  he  was 
an  able  writer,  but  censured  by  Ginbon  ;  he  died 
aboiii  5((5.  - 

GREGORY,  George,  D.  D.,  an  Englich  divine, 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  supported  and  defended  the  iiii- 
nislry  by  his  writings  ;  he  di"?«l  in  l'*08. 

GKi:t;ORY,  St.,  surnanied  the  (ircat,  a  mild 
and  benevolent  pontiff,  died  in  ti04. 

GREGORY  II.,  an  enlightened  and  virtiiou 
poniiir,  di-  d  in  731. 

GREGORY  III.,  a  charitable,  hut  mai^nificenl 
pontilf,  who  added  splendour  to  the  holy  sec 
he  died  in  1741. 

GREGORY  IV.,  who  visite<l  France,  to  re- 
concile the  jarrins;  iiiteresis  of  the  royal  fainilv 
of  France,  but  without  success :  he  died  in  8H4. 

GREGORY  v.,  Brunon,  a  German,  pope  alter 
John  XVI.;  he  died  iu9!a 

GREGOUY  VI.,  John  Gratian,  who  attempt- 
ed to  restore  (he  revenues  of  the  church  ;  he  ab- 
dicated the  (iara  in  I04(i. 

GREGORY  VII.,  Hildebraiid.snrrccded  \Ie.\- 
ander  II. ;  he  abdicated  thepontiricate,  and  died 
in  1085. 

GREGORY  VITI..  .Albert  de  Mt.ra,  su.-ceeded 
Urban  III.,  and  died  two  months  after,  in  llf<7. 

GREGORY  IX.,  Ugohn,  elected  pope  in  l-J-27. 
He  excited  the  Christian  princ-s  to  undertake  a 
crusade,  and  died  in  1241. 

GREGORY  X,  Tiieobiild,  summoned  a  ge- 
neral council  at  Lyons,  and  endeavoured  to  heal 
all  schisms  in  relision ;  he  died  in  l-27t). 

GREGORY  XI.,  Pefr  Roser,  a  promoter  of 
concord  and  benevoletice  among  the  Christian 
princi-s;  he  died  in  1378. 

GREGORY  XII.,  elected  pope  in  1406,  during 
(he  schism  of  the  West ;  he  died  in  1417. 

(JREGORY  XIII.,  Hugh  Buoncompagno, 
eleried  pope  after  Pius  V.,  in  157-2  ;  he  reforrn- 
cil  the  calendar,  and  adopte<i  the  style  which 
bears  his  name.     He  died  in  1585. 

GREGORY  XIV.,  Nicholas  Sfondrate.  elect- 
ed p'lpe  after  Uihan  Vll.,  and  died  in  1591 

<;REG0RY  XV.,  .Me.Kander  Ludovisio,  made 
pope  in  IR21.  died  in  lfii23. 

GRPGORY,  Jamp.s,  a  very  eminent  mathe- 
matician, horn  at  Aberdeen,  in  1639,  died  in 
lii75.  The  chief  inventions  of  Greeory  are,  the 
reflecting  telescope,  the  burning  concave  mir- 
ror, and  the  qn.idrature  of  the  circle  by  an  in- 
finite converirinp  series.  He  was  likewise  the 
first  who  demonstrated  the  meridian  line  to  be 
an;i!agous  to  a  scale  of  lograrithic  tangents,  of 
llio  half  coinplement  of  latitude  ;  he  also  invent- 
I'i  and  demonstrated  ceometrically,  by  the  help 
of  the  hyperbola,  a  very  swift  convi;  fine  series 
lor  making  the  logarithm&,  and   therefore  re-  llof  it,  was  ?<'! 

19* 


piu'  inio  the  iiuiver.-ily  stliools ;  he  died  in  1710. 
I  GHEGtiKY,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  physician 
[and  moral  m  riier,  died  In  1773.  Hu  w'rilings 
.are  sipirited  and  elegajit.  and  calculated  lor  se- 
iierai  utiiily.  Those  b>  wliich  he  is  beit  known 
|are,  "  A  Comparative  View  of  the  stale  of  M.in 
jaiid  oilier  .Animals;"  "  A  Father's  Legacy  lo 
his  1  laughters;  and  "  An  Essay  on  the  Oihc<f 
and  Duties  of  a  Physician;"  by  the  latter  oi 
which  he  plainly  show*  that  he  thought  the 
medical  art,  lo  be  generally  admired,  needed 
!oniy  to  be  beiier  known  ;  and  that  tlie  atfecia- 
tion  of  concealment  retarded  its  progress,  ren 
deied  it  a  suspicious  art,  and  tended  to  draw 
ridicule  and  ilisgrace  on  its  professors. 

GUE(;OKY,  John,  an  English  divine,  who 
wrole  several  works;  he  died  in  1C46. 

GREGORY,  Edmund,  author  of  the  "  His 
toncal  Anatomy  of  Christian  Melancholy,"  &.c. 
died  in  11)50. 

GREGORY.  Nazianzen,  patriarch  of  Oon- 
taniinople,  born  in  3i4,  died  in  389.  He  wa;! 
me  of  the  ablest  champions  of  the  orthodox 
aith  concernimj  the  Trinity,  whence  he  had 
the  title  given  hiin  of  "  THE  DIVINE,"  by 
unanimous  consent. 

GI{E(;oUV,  Nyssen.  bishop  of  Nyssa,  in371, 
itid  author  of  the  Nicene  Creed,  died  in  396. 

GREGORY,  Theodorus,  bishop  of  Neo-Cesa- 
rea,  isut named  Thaumaturgiis,  a  disciple  of 
Orieen,  and  famous  for  his  conversion  of  the 
Gentiles  ;  he  died  about  Sfo. 

GREGORY  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  au- 
thor of  some  learned,  but  injudicious  works  ; 
he  died  in  1527. 

tiHEGORY,  Dr.  Georsre,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
n;id  a  learned  and  industrious  moral  and  tniscel 
laneous  writer,  died  vicar  of  West-Ham,  in  180S. 
GKENAD.V,  Lewis  de,  who  refused  the  bish- 
opric of  BragauT.a,  being  so  much  attached  to 
a  monastic  life  ;  he  died  in  1588. 

GRENAN,  Benicniis,  a  Latin  poet,  poetical 
rival  of  piofe.-isor  (.'otfin  ;  he  died  in  1723. 
GRENrE,  a  French  painter  of  great  merit. 
GRENVILLE,  George,  a  celebrated  British 
statesman,  known  in  parliamentary  history  for 
his  two  bills  for  a  more  regular  payment  of  the 
navy,  in  17.57,  and  for  the  trial  of  contested  elec- 
tions in  1770 

GRESH  AM,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, horn  in  London,  in  1519,  and  died  in  1579. 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  ancient  and  se- 
veral modern  languaces,  hnd  a  very  comprehen- 
sive knowledge  of  all  alfairs  relating  to  com- 
merce, whether  foreign  or  domestic:  and  his  suc- 
cess was  not  less,  being  in  his  time  esteemed  the 
richest  commoner  in  England.  He  transacted 
i)ueen  Elizabeth's  mercantile  alTairs  so  constant- 
ly, that  he  was  called  "  The  Royal  Merchant ;" 
and  his  house  was  sometimes  appointed  for 
the  reception  of  foreicn  princes  upon  their  first 
arrival  in  London :  hut  the  most  shining  part 
of  his  character  appears  in  his  public  bcnefac 
tions.  The  Roval  Exchanje.  which  he  built, 
was  a  singular  ornament  to  the  city  of  London, 
and  a  great  convenience  to  the  merchants,  who 
wanti^d  such  a  place  to  meet  and  transact  their 
afl"airs  in  :  and  the  donation  of  his  own  man 
sion-lmusu,  in  BishopsLMle  street,  for  a  seal  of 
learning  and  the  liberal  arts,  with  the  handsome 
provisi'  11  made  tor  the  endowninn'  niid  supi"''? 
iisiaiice  of  a  renerous  an! 
221 


G£ 

public  spirit  as  tias  beeq  equalled  by  few,  and 
must  perpetuate  his  memory  with  the  highest 
esteem  and  gratitude,  so  long  as  any  regard  to 
learning  and  virtue  is  preserved  ;  nor  ought  liis 
charities  to  the  poor,  his  8  alms-houses,  and  his 
liberal  contributions  to  the  10  prisons  and  hos- 
pitals in  /'Ondon  and  Southwark,  to  be  Ibrgotten 
in  the  delineation  olSir  Thomas  Grcsliam's  be- 
nevolent chararicr. 

GRKS3ET,  John  Baptist  Lewis,  a  celebrated 
French  poet,  and  author  of  Vert-vert ;  he  died 
in  1777. 

GRETSKR,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  24  years 
professor  at  lugoldstadt ;  he  died  in  lfi35. 

GUKl 'ZE,  a  very  eminent  French  painter. 
GREVENRROECK,  an  admired  Flemish  pain- 
ter, of  the  17lh  century. 

GREV'ILLE,  Fulk,  or  Foulk,  lord  Brooke, 
an  eminent  statesman,  historian  and  dvamaiir 
writer,  born  in  Warwickshire,  in  1554,  was 
assassinated  by  one  of  his  domestics  in  l(i'28. 

GREVIN,  James,  a  poet  and  physician;  he 
wrote  several  plays,  &c..  and  died  in  1573. 

GREVIUS,  or  GR^VIUS,  John  George,  a 
celebrated  Latin  critic,  born  in  1G32,  at  Naum- 
bourg,  in  Saxony,  died  in  1703. 

GREW,  Obadiah,  an  English  divine,  who 
sided  with  the  presbyterians,  but  opposed  their 
views  in  cutting  ofl"  the  king ;  he  died  in  Ifi'JS. 

GREW,  Nehemiah,  a  learned  writer  and  phy- 
fician,  and  secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  horn 
at  Coventry,  in  1628.  His  chief  works  are  "  .\ 
Catalogue  of  the  natural  and  artificial  Rarities 
belonging  to  the  Society;"  "A  Comparative 
y\naloinyof  the  Stomach  and  Guts;"  and  "The 
Anatomy  of  Plants,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1711. 

GREY,  Lady  Jane,  an  illustrious,  but  unfor- 
tunate personage  of  the  blood  royal  of  England 
by  both  parents;  her  grandmother  on  her  father's 
side,  HenryGrey,marquisof  Dorset,  being  queen 
consort  to"  Edward  IV.,  and  her  grandmother 
on  her  mother's,  lady  Frances  Brandon,  beinsr 
daughter  to  Henry  VIL,  queen  Dowager  of 
France,  and  mother  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 
She  was  born  m  1537,  and  fell  a  victim  to  the  am- 
bition of  her  parents,  who  on  the  demise  of 
Edward  VI.,  overcame  her  by  their  persuasions 
to  suffer  herself  to  be  proclaimed  queen  of  Eng- 
land. Though  only  an  innocent  agent,  she 
was,  on  the  accession  of  Mary,  declared  guilty 
of  high  treason,  and  beheaded  in  1554,  aged  17 
years.  She  was  eminent  for  her  piety  and 
learning,  being  mistress  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
lancuage.';,  in  both  of  which  she  wrote  elegant 
fetters,  which  were  printed  after  her  death. 

GREY,  Dr.  Zachary,  an  ingenious  English 
scholar,  born  in  Yorkshire,  in  1687,  died  at 
Ampihill,  in  1766.  He  was  the  author  of  nearly 
30  publications  ;  but  his  edition  of  "  Hudibras," 
2  volumes  8vo.,  is  the  work  which  will  best  pre- 
serve his  memory. 

GREY,  \)t.  Richard,  a  learned  English  divine 
and  polemical  writer,  born  in  1693,  died  in  1771. 
He  published  "  Mnmoria  Technica  ;  or  a  new 
Method  of  .Artificial  Memory  ;"  "  A  System  of 
English  Ecclesiastical  Law  ;"  "  A  new  and  easy 
Method  of  learning  Hebr<!w  without  points,"  &c. 

GRIBALDUS,Matthew,  a  learned  civilian,  of 
Padua,  who  left  Italy  to  embrace  protestantism  : 
he  embraced  the  anti-trinitarian  doctrine,  for 
which  he  was  persecuted  ;  he  died  of  the  plague, 
in  1504. 

GRIBNER,  Michael  Henry,  professor  of  law 
at  Wittemberg,  wrote  several  works  on  jurispru- 
dence, and  died  in  1734. 
GRIDLEY,Jeremv,  attorney  general  of  the 
222 


GR 

province  of  Massachusetts,  of  great  distinction, 
he  died  in  1767. 

GRIi:RSO.\,ConstantiB,  bom  at  Kilkenny,  ia 
Ireland,  1706,  died  1733.  She  was  an  excellent 
.scholar,  not  only  in  Greek  and  Roman  literature, 
but  in  history,  divinity,  philosophy,  and  mathe- 
matics ;  and  wrote  elegantly  both  in  verse  and 
prose. 

GRIESEACH,  John  Jacob,  a  learned  critic  and 
[divine,  born  in  Hesse  Dannstadt,  1745.  In  1775, 
he  published  his  editiiri  of  the  "  Greek  Testa- 
ment," with  various  readings;  an  inesiinvable 
work.  His  "  Critical  Notes  upon  the  Scriptures" 
are  very  valuable.  He  died  at  Jena,  where  he 
was  divinity  professor,  in  1812. 

GRIFFET,  ;ienry,  a  jc-suit,  of  Moulins,  who 
died  at  Brussels,  in  1775.  He  published  Daniel's 
History  ol  France. 

GRIFFIER,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  called 
old  GrifRer ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1718.  His  son, 
called  ;.  oung  Griflier,  was  an  e.\cellent  landscape 
painter,  and  was  living  m  1713. 

GRIFFIN,  Cyrus,  a  inember,  and  president  of 
congress  ;  a  warm  friend  of  the  independencs 
.if  the  colonies ;  and,  in  1*80,  a  judge  of  the 
United  States'  district  court  for  Virginia;  he 
died  in  18)0. 
GRIFFIN,  the  last  prince  of  Wales  before  its 
■  ai  subjugation  by  the  English,  was  murdered 
by  his  conquerors. 

GRIFFITH,  Michael,  a  native  of  London,  whd 
became  a  Jesuit,  and  was  missionary  of  his  order 
in  I'ngland  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

GRIFFITH,  Elizabeth,  a  novelist  and  drama- 
tic writer  of  some  rniincn ;e,  first  distinguished 
by  "  The  Lelle.-si.f  Htnry  and  Frances,"  which 
contained  the  genuine  correspondence  between 
her  and  her  husband  before  their  marriage.  Her 
next  publication  was,  "  Memoirs  of  Ninon  de 
L'Enclos."  Beside  these,  she  wrote  three  novels, 
four  comedies,  the  "  Morality  of  Shakespeare's 
Drama  illustrated."  and  "Essays  addressed  to 
Young  Married  Women,"  which  closed  and 
crowned  her  literary  career.  She  died  in  Ireland, 
1793. 

GRIFFITHS,  Ralph,  first  editor  of  the  Month - 
Iv  Review,  begun  in  1749,  which  he  edited  very 
ably  :  he  died  in  1803. 

GRIGNAN,  Fiances  Margaret  dc  Sevijrne, 
countess  of;  the  Correspondence  between  hci 
and  her  mother  is  hishly  esteemed  ;  she  died  in 
1705. 

GRIGNION,  Charles,  an  engraver,  who  ac- 
quired great  rcp\iiation  in  England,  until  his 
manner  was  superseded  by  a  more  fashionable 
and  imposing  stj'le  ;  he  died  in  181(1,  aged  94. 
(JIUGNON,  Jaqucs,  an  eminent  Freach  en- 
raver  of  portraits,  flourished  toward  the  end 
of  the  17tii  century. 

GRIGNON,  Charles,  an  English  painter  of 
some  celebrity,  who  was  sent  by  the  royal  aca- 
demy to  Rome,  where  he  painted  a  picture  of 
the  death  of  captain  Cook.  &c. ;  he  died  at  Leg- 
horn, in  1804. 

GRIMALDI,  John  Francis,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, born  at  Bologna,  in  1606,  studied  under  Cn- 
racci,  to  whom  he  was  related,  and  died  in  If80. 
GRIMANI,  Dnmenico,  son  of  the  doge  of  Ve- 
nice, a  learned  n)an,  died  in  1523. 

GRIMANI,  Hubert,  an  excellent  portrait  pain 
ter,  of  Delft,  died  in  1629. 

GRIMARFST,  Leonard,  a  Frenchman.  v\hc 
wrote  the  life  of  Charles  XII.,  tec.  ;  he  died  ia 
1720. 

GRIMAUD,  N.  de,  professor  of  medicine  « 
Moutpclier,died  in  IT'lJl. 


w 


GR 

GRIMMER,  James,  an  ndiniied  laiiilscaj)* 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  15-)6. 

GRJM  OUX,  a  Fi  ench  painter,  who  affected  to 
make  uo  distinction  between  night  and  day  ;  lie 
died  in  1740. 

GRIMSTON,  Sir  Harbottle,  master  of  the 
rolls  to  t'liarles  11.,  an  eminent  law  writer,  and 
original  editor  to  Judge  Croke's  Reports,  born  in 
1;VS4,  died  in  1683. 

GllINDAL,  Kdniund,  arehbiehop  of  Canter- 
uury,  an  able  theological  writer,  born 'in  1519, 
•lied  at  Croydon,  in  1583. 

GRINGOiNNEUR,  Jacqiiemin,  a  Parisian 
painter  of  the  Mtli  century,  who  is  said  to  have 
invented  cards  to  amuse  the  melancholy  hours 
of  Charles  VI.,  king  of  France. 

GRINGORE,  Peter,  herald  at  arms  to  the  duke 
♦if  I/orraine,  died  in  1544. 

GRISAUNT,  William,  an  F.nglish  physician, 
astronomer  and  mathematician  of  some  note  ; 
the  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

GRISWOLD,  Roger,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyerof  Connecticut,  was  a  di.'^tinguis.'.td  and 
intluentJal  member  of  Congress  under  the  ad- 
niiiilstrution  of  the  first  President  Adains,  and 
his  successor.  In  1801  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  war,  an  office  which  he  declined  :  he 
w,i!i  afterwards  successively  a  judge  of  the  su- 
.prenie  court,  and  lieutenant  governor  and  go- 
vernor of  his  native  state.    He  died  in  1812. 

GRIVE,  John  de  la,  a  French  geographer, 
horn  at  Sedan  ;  author  of  "  Topography  of  Pa- 
ris," &.C.  ;  he  died  in  1757. 

GROCHDVVSKI,  a  Pole,  who  was  at  the  bat- 
lie  of  Sye/.ekociny  with  Kosciusko,  in  17!(1,  in 
which  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

GRUCY.V,  William'.born  at  Bristol.  1442,  died 
Ijl^i.  He  was  a  greater  master  of  the  Greek 
and  T<atin  languagos,  and  introduced  a  better 
iironunciation  of  the  latter,  than  had  been  known 
before  In  Eugland.  He  was  professor  of  Greek 
at  O.xford,  where  he  is  said  to  have  taught 
Erasmus. 

GRODfTIUS,  Stanislaus,  aiosiiit,  of  Poland, 
author  of  8  vols,  of  Latin  sermons,  &c.  ;  he  died 
in  1K13. 

GROXOVrrS,  John  Fr(>deric,  an  eminent  ci 
vilian,  historian,  and  critic,  born  at  Hamburgh, 
in  1013,  died  in  1072. 

GRONOVirs,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  writer  tm  the  belles  lettres,  born  at  Oe 
venter,  in  Ui>.3,  and  died  in  1716.  His  chef 
d'tEuvre  is,  "  Thesaurus  Antiquitatuin  Graca 
rum,"  13  vols,  tbiio. 

GROPPER,  Joliii,  an  able  polemic,  of  West 
phalia,  who  had  a  great  abhorrence  of  women 
he  died  in  I.5.W. 

GROS,  Peter,  .in  able  sculptor,  who  cmbel- 
li.slied  the  capital  of  France  witli  his  art ;  he 
died  in  1710. 

GROS,  iNicholas,  a  theologian,  of  Rheims, 
whose  opposition  to  the  bull  unicenilus  obliged 
him  to  flee  from  France  to  England  ;  he  was  au 
thor  of  several  works,  and  died  in  1751. 

GROSE,  Francis,  F.B.  A.,  who,  after  having 
illustrated  the  "  Antiquities  of  England,  Wal 
and  Scotland,"  in  a  series  of  views  of  monastic 
and  ntlier  ruins,  was  on  the  point  of  completing 
his  design  by  those  of  "  Ireland,"  where  In;  had 
been  employed  about  a  month  before  his  death, 
whicli  happened  in  1701,  in  the  ."jSd  yearof  his 
age.  He  published  also  "  A  Treatise  on  ancient 
yVrtnoiir  and  Weapons;"  "A  Classical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Vulgar  Tongue  ;"  "  A  provincial 
Glossary,  with  a  Collection  of  local  Proverbs 
and  popular  Superstitions;"  and  "Rules  for 


GR 

drawing  Caricatures;  the  t-ubject  illusiraied 
with  four  Copperplates ;  with  au  Essay  on  Co- 
mic Painting." 

GROSLEY,  Peter  John,  a  Frenchman,  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  belles  letters,  &c.,  and 
author  of  several  works;  he  died  in  1765. 

GROSSETESTE,  Robert,  an  English  prelatR 
who  wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  &.C.  Dr. 
Pegge  wrote  hi.*  life  ;  he  died  in  1'2!>3. 

GROSTESTE,  Claude,  a  minister  of  Savoy, 
who  went  to  London  on  the  revocallim  of  the 
edict  of  .\antcs  ;  he  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1713. 

GROSVEN'OR,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, and  minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation 
there  ;  he  wrote  an  Essay  on  Health,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1758. 

GROTIUS,  Hugo,  or  Hugo  de  Groot,  born  at 
Delft,  in  1.5815,  died  in  1645.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
lawyer,  philosopher,  mathematician,  historian, 
political  and  |)oetical  writer  ;  but  his  chief  works 
are  "Treatise  of  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Religion;"  and,  which,  singly,  is  sufficient  to 
render  his  name  immortal,  his  "  Treatise  of  the 
Rights  of  War  and  Peace,"  "  De  Jure  Belli  el 
Paris  " 

GROTIUS,  William,  brother  of  Hugo,  wasa 
distinguished  lawyer  and  a  writer  on  law  ;  he 
died  in  1662. 

GROVE,  Henry,  a  learned  divine  among  the 
English  dissenters,  Iwrn  nt  Taunton,  in  1683,died 
in  1738,  leaving  some  very  excellent  theological 
treatises. 

GROVE.  Joseph,  an  English  historical  and 
critical  writer,  died  in  17t34.  His  best  work  is  a 
"  Life  of  cardinal  W'olsey." 

GRUBER,  Gabriel,  a  very  distinguished  Je- 
suit, born  at  Vienna,  who  at  an  early  age  made 
great  proticienry  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  He 
practised  and  taught  successively,  rhetoric,  his- 
tory, niathematirs.  hydraulirs,  chymistry, archi- 
tecture, and  medicine,  in  which  lie  obtained  the 
degree  of  doctor.  His  recreations  were  physi- 
cal and  chymical  cxperiiiients,  drawing  and 
painting.  On  the  suppression  of  the  society  of 
jfsnits,  the  empress  Maria  Theresa  took  him 
into  her  service,  and  intrusted  to  him  the  su- 
perintendence of  shi|i-building  at  Trieste,  as 
well  as  the  draining  of  the  Sclavonian  and  Hun- 
garian morasses.  As  soon  as  he  learned  that  the 
society  continued  to  exist  in  the  Russian  em- 
pire under  thi'  protectiim  of  the  government,  he 
joined  the  society  at  Polocz,  where  he  applied 
himself  to  his  tavourile  studies  for  several  years. 
Being  sent  to  St.  Petersburgh  several  times  on 
the  business  of  the  society,  he  gained  the  esteem 
of  their  imperial  majes;ies.  In  1802  he  was 
elected  general  of  the  society,  andshowed  much 
tranquillity  and  perseverance  in  very  arduous 
and  trying  circumstances.  By  his  exertions,  the 
order  increased  in  Russia,  and  was  restored  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  His  amiable  and  phi- 
lanthropic behaviour,  and  the  variety  and  ex- 
tent of  his  knowledge,  procured  him  many 
friends,  as  well  as  the  confidence  and  goodwill 
of  men  of  the  highest  rank.  With  thoee  abili- 
ties and  information  which  form  a  great  mind, 
he  united  the  piety  and  virtue  of  a  true  member 
of  a  religious  order.     He  died  in  1805. 

GRUCIHUS,  Nicolas,  of  Rouen,  was  the  first 
who  explained  Aristotle  in  Greek ;  he  died  in 
1572. 

GRUDIUS,  Nicolas  Everard,  treasurer  of 
Brabant ;  he  wrote  sacred  and  profane  history 
in  Latin,  and  died  in  ],'>71. 

GRUE,  Thomas,  a  Frenchman,  in  the  latter 
223 


GU 

part  of  the  )7tli  cfiitury,  wlio  traii-lated  Koisn' 
Jllstory  of  all  Reli(;ons  into  Fr<  ncli,  &.c. 

GRUET,  N.,  a  yuuiif;  [loel  (if  promising  abili- 
ties ;  tie  was  killed  by  the  dischargi  of  a  fowling 
piece, in  1778. 

GRUGET,  Claude,  a  Parisian,  of  Uic  16th 
century,  who  translated  Spanish  and  Italian 
works  into  French. 

GRUNER,  John  Frederic,  an  able  theologian 
and  scholar,  of  Cobourg,  and  aullinr  of  several 
works  on  language ;  hi-  died  in  177t<. 

GRUTERUy,  Janus,  a  celebratod  pliilolnger, 
antiquary  and  historian,  born  al  Antwerp,  in 
J560,  died  in  1627. 

GRIJTERI'S,  Peter,  a  practitioner  of  physic, 
in  Flanders,  who  published  "  A  Centuiy  ol' 
J..atin  Letters,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1634. 

GRYLLUS,  son  of  Xenophon,  slew  Epami- 
liondas,  and  fell  himself  at  the  battle  of  Ma 
tinea.  3t;3  B.  C. 

GRYNAH'S,  Simon,  a  learned  German,  Greek 
professor  at  Vienna,  and  afterwards  at  lleidel- 
berg,  became  a  proti^tant,  for  which  hcsullercil 
much  ;  he  died  in  \!>41. 

GVLYN/EVS,  John  James,  a  native  of  Perne, 
and  uiinisler  and  professor  at  Babil ;  he  died  in 
1617. 

GUYNJEVS,  Thomas,  was  professor  of  Greek 
and  Latin,  at  Berne  and  Basil ;  lie  left  four  »ons, 
all  eminent  in  literature. 

GRYPHIARDER,  John,  professor  of  history 
and  poetry,  at  Jena,  died  in  1612. 

GRYP'HIUS,  Sebastian,  a  very  celebrated 
printer,  of  Lyons,  in  France,  born  in  Germany, 
in  1493.  The  books  printed  by  him  are  highl) 
valued  by  the  connoisseurs,  being  no  less  accu- 
rate than  beautiful ;  he  died  in  1556. 

GEYPHIUS,  Andrew,  the  Coineille  of  Ger- 
many, died  in  1664. 

GRYPIllUS,  Christian,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
professor  of  eloquence  al  Breslaw  ;  he  w  as  a 
man  of  extensive  erudition,  &c.,  and  died  in 
1706. 

GUA  DE  MALVES,  John  Paul  de,  a  French 
ecclesiislic,  who  tirst  conceived  the  idea  of  an 
fiicyclopc'lia,  which  was  executed  by  d'Alem- 
bert ;  he  died  in  1786. 

GU  A  D  AGNOLO,  Philip,  a  learned  orientalist, 
hotn  at  "Magliano,  and  author  of  several  works 
lie  died  in  1656. 

GUAGUIN,  Alexander,  an  author,  who  wrote 
some  topographiciil  works ;  lie  died  at  Cracow, 
after  1581. 

GUALCERT,  St.  John,  a  Florentine,  who 
founded  a  monxstery  at  Vallombrosa,  which 
spot  is  immorialixed  by  Milton  ;  he  died  in  1073 
GUALDUS,  Prioratus,  an  Italian,  historio- 
grapher to  the  emperor  ;  he  wrote  the  hisioiies 
of  Ferdinard  II.  and  III.,  &c.,  and  died  in  1678 

GUALTERUS,  Rodolphus,  author  of  Coni- 
meiilarii-s  on  the  Bible,  &c.,  died  in  1586. 

(JtJARIN,  Peter,  an  execlleiit  Hebrew  scholar, 
of  Rouen  :  he  died  in  1729. 

GUARINI,  an  eniinentKCholar,of  a  noble  Ve- 
ronese family,  professor  of  languages  at  Ferrara, 
and  author  of  some  works;  lie  died  in  1460. 

GUARINI,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Ferrara,  in  1537,  died  in  1612.  The 
'-  Pastor  Fido"  has  immortalized  the  name  of 
tluarini. 

GUARINI,  Guarino,  a  well  known  arcliitect, 
s\  lio  embellished  Turin  and  Paris ;  he  died  in 
l'W3. 

(;UASro,  Octavian,  a  native  of  Turin,  who 
•iistingiiislied  himself  by  his  writings  ;  he  died 
ii;  1783. 

224 


GU 

GI.AY  TRiM  IN,  Uenedu,  afami  aadmiral. 
t^ce  DU-GRAY. 

<;l"AZ7.I,  Stephen,  an  Italian,  author  of  some 
poems,  dialogues,  &.C.,  much  esteemed ;  he  died 
in  1565. 

GL'AZZI,  Mark,  of  Padua,  eminent  in  arras 
and  literature;  he  wrote  a  History  of  Charles 
rVIII.,  and  died  in  1556. 

}  GUUIN  DE  LA  BRENELLERIE  Paul  Philip 
8  French  writer,  author  of  tragedies,  essays  on 
various  subjects,  tc,  died  in  1812. 

GlPirs,  Marquard,  an  able  critic,  of  IIol- 
stein,  who  owed  his  elevation,  being  counsellor 
Ito  the  duke  of  Hoistein,  to  tlie  friends  of  his 
'pupil  Schas,  who  left  him  bis  property  ;  he  died 
in  Hi!-'9. 

Gl'DIUS,  Gottlob  Frederic,  a  Lutheran  niinia- 
ter,  author  of  some  valuable  works. 

GUEDRIER  UE  ST  AUSTIN,  Henry  Mi- 
chael, a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  disthiguished  a8 
a  casuist ;  he  died  in  1742. 

GUER.'\RD,  Robert,  of  Rouen,  who  wrote  an 
abridgment  of  the  Bible  in  questions  and  an- 
swers, &c. ;  he  died  in  1715. 

GUERART,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  stale 
of  Soutli  Carolina,  died  at  Charleston,  in  1789. 

GUKRCHEVILLE,  Antoinette  de  Pons,  mar- 
chioness of,  a  French  lady,  who,  when  Henry 
IV.  meditated  ;ui  attack  on  her  virtue,  replied 
that  she  was  not  noble  enough  to  be  his  wile, 
but  too  noble  to  be  his  mistress. 

C-t'ERCHI,  Claude  Lewis  de  Regnier,  count 
de,  .1  French  general,  whodistinguislied  himself 
in  the  wars  of  Italy  and  Flanders;  he  died  in 
1768. 

GUERCINO,  (so  called  from  a  cast  that  he 
had  in  one  of  his  eyes,  for  his  true  name  was 
Francesco  Barbieri  da  Cento,)  a  celebratea 
Italian  painter,  born  near  Bologna,  in  1590,  died 
in  ]tw>6. 

GUERKT,  Gabriel,  eminent  as  an  advocate  at 
the  bar,  and  as  an  author;  liediedatParis,inl688. 

GUERK'K,  dino,  a  Prussian,  and  the  most 
rekbrated  niaiheniatician  of  his  time,  born  in 
lti02,  died  in  1686.  He  was  inventor  of  the  air- 
pump,  and  wrote  largely  on  natural  philosophy. 

GL'ERIN,  Francis,  professor  of  the  college  of 
Beauvais,  translated  Tacitus  and  Livy  into 
French. 

GUERINIERE,  Francis  Robichon,  author  of 
"  I'Ecole  de  Cavalerie,"  &;c. :  he  died  in  1751. 

GUERRE,  Martin,  a  Frenchman,  whose  wife, 
in  his  absence,  received  another  man,  as  her 
husband ;  but  he  returning,  the  impostor  was 
hanged,  in  I65U. 

Gl^ESCLIN,  Bertrand  du,  constable  of 
France,  a  renowned  gennral,  who  checked  the 
victorious  piogrees  of  Edward  III.,  of  England, 
after  king  John  of  France  was  taken  prisoner ; 
he  was  born  in  Brittanv.  in  1311,  died  in  1380. 

GUETTARD,  John  !3teplieii,  a  French  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  whose  application  was  the 
cause  of  his  death,  in  1786  ;  lie  wrote  on  plants. 

GUEULETTK,Thomas  Simon,  a  French  ad- 
vocate, author  of  some  novels  and  comedies;  be 
died  in  1766. 

GUEV.ARA,  Antony  de  a  Spanish  writer, 
whose  life  of  M.  A.  Antonius  lias  been  translat- 
ed into  all  the  languages  of  Europe  ;  he  died  in 
1544. 

GUKV.ARA,  Lewis  Veicz  de,  a  Spanish  poet, 
and  author  of  several  humorous  comedies,  born 
al  Andalusia,  and  died  in  lti4(!. 

GUGLIELMINf,  Dominic,  a  mathematician, 
patronised  by  IjCWia  XIV.,  and  author  of  st- 
veral  valuable  works,  Jie  died  in  1710 


GU 

GUIHEkT,  author  of  Gesta  Dei  per  Francos  ; 
tin  died  in  IVH. 

GUiBKlir.JainesAntlionyHippolite,  a  French 
writer  nil  military  iillairs,  born  atMuiitauban,  in 
1743.  lie  acquired  the  ratili  of  colonel,  and  the 
cross  of  St.  Kouis,  by  his  active  services  in  the 
i'rt'iicli  army,  and  published,  in  1770,  his  cele- 
briiied  work,  "  EsMi  general  rte  Tactiquc;"  a 
work  wliicli,  though  known  and  admired  over 
all  Europe,  drew  upon  its  author  the  envy  too 
often  attendant  on  merit,  which  embittered  a 
great  part  of  liis  days,  lie  was  also  a  dramatic 
writer,  and  produced  three  tragedies,  "  The  Con- 
stable of  Bourbon,"  "  The  Gracchi,"  and  "  An- 
na Bullen  :"  neither  of  which,  however,  was 
published  ;  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
French  academy  ;  and  died  of  an  almost  broken 
heart,  in  170U;  cxclaiminL' on  his  death-bed,  al- 
luding to  his  enemies,  "They  will  one  time  know 
me,  and  do  me  jiisiice." 

GUICCIARUIM,  Francisco,  a  celebrated  his- 
torian, of  Italy,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1482, 
smd  died  in  1540. 

GUICCIAIUJINI,  Lewis,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  a  historiciil  writer  of  the  most  a\y- 
proved  lidelity.  His  principal  work  is  a  "  Hi.s- 
tory  of  the  Low  Countries,  and  of  the  AfTair.i  of 
Kurope,"  from  1530  to  loliO.  He  was  born  at  Flo- 
rence, in  15'2:i,  and  died  in  1583. 

GUICHARU,  Claude  de,  historiographer  to 
the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  author  of"  The  Func  lis 
of  Uie  Ancionls;"  he  died  in  1607. 

GUICHBRON,  Samuel,  a  FrencJi  advocate 
and  historian  ;  he  wrote  "  History  of  the  House 
of  Savoy,"  and  died  in  16(>4. 

GUIDI,  .Mexaiider,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
burn  at  I'avia,  in  IG.'iO,  died  in  1712. 

GU(DO,R(!ni,an  Italian  painter,  born  at  Bolog- 
na, in  1575,  died  in  ir>49.  The  heads  of  this  pain- 
ter have  been  considered  as  not  at  all  inferior  to 
Raphael's. 

GUIDO,Cagnacci,  ahittorical  painter,  of  Bo- 
logna, of  great  merit,  died  in  1()80. 

GCIDOTTI,  Paul,  a  painter  and  anatomist, 
who,  in  attempting  to  fly,  fell  and  broke  his 
limbs  ;  he  died  in  l(i29. 

GU1GN.\RD,  John,  a  Jesuit,  who  was  execut- 
ed at  Paris  for  high  treason,  in  15!)5. 

GUIGNES,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Pontoise; 
he  became  interpreter  to  the  French  king  in  1741, 
and  wrote  many  works ;  he  died  in  1800. 

GUILD,  William,  D.  D.,  a  Scotch  divine,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  and  philosophy  at  Aberdeen  ; 
he  died  in  106-.). 

GUILL.MN,  Simon,  asculptor,  rector  of  the 
painting  and  sculpture  academy  at  Paris ;  he 
died  in  1653. 

GUILLA.NDIUS,  Melchior,  an  eminent  pliy- 
sician  and  botanist  in  Prussia,  wrote  an  excel- 
lent commentary  ou  the  Papyrus,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1.589. 

GIJILLELMA,  of  Bohemia,  the  foundress  of 
an  iiitanioussect  which  started  up  in  Italy  in  the 
KUli  century,  and  which,  under  the  mask  of  de- 
voiii)ii,  used  to  pracli.-^e  all  manner  of  lewdness. 
Guilleliiia  imposed  so  elfectnally  upon  the  world 
by  a  show  of  extraordinary  devotion  all  her  life 
lime,  that  she  was  not  only  reputed  holy  at  her 
death,  but  also  revered  as  a  saint  a  considerable 
time  after  it.  However,  her  frauds,  and  the  de- 
lusigns  she  had  employed,  were  at  last  discover- 
ed; upon  which  her  body  was  dug  up,  and  burnt, 
in  l^iOO.  She  died  in  1281,  and  had  been  buried 
in  Milan. 

GlIILLEMEAtJ,  James,  a  French  surgeon, 
author  of  some  valuable  work-i :  he  died  in  1C12. 

F  f 


i.V 

I  GUILLET  DE  StT^EORGE,  George,  first 
historiographer  to  the  academy  of  painting  and 
[sculpture  in  Pans;  he  wrote  the  History  of  Ma- 
ihomet  II.,  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1705. 

GUILLI.MjD, Claude,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
autlior  of  comnieiuaiics  on  sonic  of  tlie  Gospels, 
'&c. 

GLTLLIM,  John,  the  'cputcd  author  of  a  ce- 
lebrated book,  entitled,  "  The  Display  of  Heral- 
drie,"  was  born  in  Herefordshire,  in  1565,  died  in 
I(i21.     See  BARKHAM. 

GriLLOTIN,a  physician, of  Saintes,  inventor 
of  the  guillotine  ;  he  died  ofgriefUjat  this  instru- 
ment was  so  much  abused. 

GUISC.ARD, Robert,  a  famous  Norman  knight, 
who  assisted  in  the  contjucst  of  Naples  from  the 
Saracens;  he  died  in  108.5. 

GUISCARD,  Ch.-irlcs,  a  Prussian  officer  of 
distinction,  author  of  "  Military  Memoirs  of  Ills 
Greeks  and  Rom.ins,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1775. 

GUISE,  Claude  de  Lorraine,  duke  of,  settled 
in  France,  and  became  founder  of  the  family  of 
Guis-j  then-;  he  died  in  1513. 

(JCISE,  Francis,  duke  of,  son  of  the  precfltl- 
ing,  a  man  of  great  talents  ;  in  him  began  the 
factions  of  Conde  and  Guise ;  he  died  in  1.503. 

GUISE,  Henry,  duke  of,  memorable  in  the  his- 
tory of  France  a.s  a  gallant  officer ;  but  an  impe- 
jrious,  turbulent,  seditious  subject,  who  placed 
|hiinsclf  at  the  head  of  an  armed  force,  and  cal- 
tled  his  rebel  band.  The  League;  the  plan  was 
Ibrmed  by  the  cardinal,  his  younger  brother ; 
and,  under  the  pretext  of  defending  the  Roman 
Icatholic  religion,  the  king,  Henry  HI.,  and  the 
freedom  of  the  state,  against  the  designs  of  the 
Huguenots,  or  French  protostant!*,  they  carried 
[on  a  civil  war,  massacred  the  Huguenots,  and 
[governed  the  king,  who  forbade  his  appearance 
at  Paris  ;  but  fJuise  now  became  an  open  rebel, 
entered  that  city  against  the  king's  express  or- 
der, and  put  to  the  sword  all  who  opposed  him  ; 
the  streets  being  barricadoed  to  prevent  his  pro- 
[gress,  this  fatal  day  is  called  in  the  French  his- 
tory. The  Day  of  the  Barricades.  Masters  of 
Paris,  the  policy  of  the  Guises  failed  them  ;  for 
they  siitTered  the  king  to  escape  to  Blois,  though 
he  was  deserted  in  his  palace  at  Paris  by  his 
very  guards.  At  Blois,  Henry  convened  an  as- 
sembly of  the  stateji  of  France  ;  the  duke  of 
Guise  had  the  boldness  to  appear  to  a  summons 
sent  him  for  that  purpose  ;  n  forced  reconcilia- 
tion took  place  between  him  and  the  king,  by 
the  advice  of  this  assembly;  but  it  being  acci- 
dentally discovered,  that  Guise  had  foniieda  plan 
to  dethrone  the  king,  that  weak  monarch,  in 
stead  of  resolutely  bringing  him  to  justice,  bad 
him  privately  assassinated,  Dec.  23, 1558,  in  the 
38th  year  of  his  age  His  brother,  the  cardinal, 
shared  the  .same  fate  the  next  dav. 

GUISE,  Charles,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of  Henry, 
was  arrested  on  his  father's  murder,  but  escap 
ed  ;  he  w.is  reconciled  to  the  king,  but  the  jea 
lousy  of  Richelieu  drove  him  from  the  kingdom ; 
he  died  in  1640. 

GUISE,  Lewis  de  Ixirraine.  cardinal  of,  son 
of  Henry,  well  known  as  illustrious  in  arms,  and 
in  the  arts  of  peace  ;  he  died  in  ICil. 

GUI.SE,  Henry  of  Lorraine,  duke  of,  grandson 
of  Henry,  w.is  remarkable  for  his  intrigues  with 
the  duke  of  Bouillon,  &c. ;  he  died  in  16C4. 

GUISE,  William,  an  English  divine,  eminent 
for  his  translations  from  the  oriental  languages, 
born  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1653.  died  in  ^§^3.  Fo- 
reigners have  styled  him  "  the  immortal  onia 
meiit  of  the  universitv  of  Oxford." 
GUITTO.V,  John,  a  citizen  of  Rorhcile,  wa* 


GU 

elected  mayor,  captaiu-geiicrul,  and  governor, 
when  that  tity  wag  bisitged  by  cardinal  liiclic- 
licu,  in  Jt)37.  He  would  not  accept  the  cumniand, 
unless  it  was  agreed  that  a  poignard,  winch  he 
produced,  should  lie  on  the  table  in  the  town- 
huusc,  for  him  to  put  to  death  the  tirst  niaii  who 
proposed  to  surrender.  When  he  w  as  told  tlial 
tainine  had  swept  off  the  greatest  part  of  the  in- 
habitants, he  coolly  answered,  "  No  matter, 
while  there  is  one  left  to  shut  the  gales." 

GUITTON,  d'Arezzo,  an  early  Italian  poet, 
flourished  in  the  middle  of  the  13th  century. 

GULUEXSTAEDT,  John  Antony,  a  famous 
traveller,  bom  at  Kiga ;  visited  Astracan,  Cau- 
casus, &c.  ;  he  died  in  1781. 

GUXDLIXG,  Nicolas  Jerome,  a  native  of  Nu- 
remberg, professor  at  Halle,  and  author  of  some 
valuable  woika,  he  died  in  1739. 

GL'.NNEKUS,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of  Chris- 
tiana, founder  of  the  royal  Norwegian  society  at 
Uronlheim  ;  he  died  in  1773. 

GUNNING,  Peter,  an  English  prelate,  born 
at  Hoo,  in  Kent,  was  one  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  review  the  liturgy  ;  he  died  in  1684. 

GUNTER,  Edmund,  an  English  malljeiiia- 
tician.and  professor  of  astronomy  atGresham  col- 
lege, burn  in  Herefordshire,  in  1581,  was  bred  for 
the  church,  and  look  orders  ;  but  genius  and  in- 
I'lmalion  leading  him  chiefly  to  mathematics,  he 
applied  eaily  to  that  study,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  many  important  improvements  in  ma- 
thematical instruments  for  the  use  of  naviga-J 
tion  ;  of  those  the  most  celebrated  are,  a  new 
projection  of  the  sector,  the  invention  of  a  small 
portable  quadrant,  the  discovery  of  a  new  varia-| 
tion  in  the  mariner's  compass,  and  of  a  scale, 
which,  after  him,  is  called  "  Gunter's  Scale." 
He  died  in  1626.  | 

GUNTHER,  a  German  poet,  in  the  beginning 
pf  the  18th  century,  who  was  poisoned  by  a  ri- 
val, when  going  to  be  presented  to  Augustus  II., 
king  of  Poland. 

GURTLER,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Basil,  author 
of  a  German  and  Freneh  Lexicon,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1707. 

GUSM.'\N,  Lewis,  aSpanish  Jesuit,  author  of 
the  hi.'tory  of  his  fraternity,  in  the  Indies,  &c. ; 
he  died  in  lf)05. 

GUSSANVILLAN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Char- 
tres,  edited  the  works  of  Gregory  the  Great. 

GUSTAVUS  VASA,  who,  having  delivered 
Sweden  from  the  Danish  yoke,  was,  in  1533, 
elected  king  of  that  country.  He  was  born  in 
1490,  and  died  in  15TO. 

GCSTA  VTJS  ADOLPHUS,  the  greatest  king 
that  Sweden  ever  had.  He  conquered  liigria, 
Livonia,  T5remen,Venden,Wiesmar,  Pomerania 
&c.  He  shook  the  throne  of  the  emperor  Fer- 
dinand II.  He  protected  pie  Lutherans  in  Ger 
many,  and  by  his  victories  humbled  the  house 
of  Austria.  The  glory  of  this  action  has  beenj 
unjustly  attributed  to  cardinal  Richelieu,  who! 
had  the  art  of  raising  his  reputation  from  the; 
victories  which  (Justavuswas  content  to  gain. I 
He  carried  the  war  beyond  the  Danube,  and! 
would  perhaps  have  deilironed  the  emperor,  had' 
lie  not  been  slain  at  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  A.  D., 
1CG3,  in  the  37lh  year  of  his  ace,  after  ho  had  de- 
feated the  imperial  army  commanded  by  Wal-l 
stein.  Hecarried  to  his  tomb  the  name  of  "The 
<;reat  Gustavus,"  the  love  of  his  subjects,  and 
the  esteem  of  his  enemies. 

GUSTAVrjS  III.,  king  of  Sweden,  came  to 

the  throne  in  1771,  was  shot  at  a  ninsked  ball, 

and  having  languished  some  time,  died  in  179'2. 

GUTHIEREi?,  James,  a  French  advocate.! 

2^6 


GU 

known  as  an  able  antiquarian,  and  correct  writ- 
er; he  died  in  1638. 

GUTHRIE,  William,  a  very  laborioue  and  vo- 
luminous writer  on  history,  politics,  and  othei 
subjects,  bornai  Urcichen,  in  Angusshire,in  1701, 
died  in  17t)'J.  His  principal  works  arc,  "Historiei 
of  the  World,"  of  "  England,"  and  of  "  Scot- 
laud."  He  was  a  "  writer  by  profession,"  and 
is  said  to  have  lent  his  name  to  booksellers  foi 
publications  in  which  he  had  no  concern.  Such 
is  asscrteil  to  have  been  the  case  with  respect  to 
the  Geographical  Grammar,  called  "Guthrie's;" 
which,  however,  is  a  work  that,  for  its  general 
utility  and  comparative  perfection,  confers  cre- 
dit on  the  compiler,  whoever  he  be. 

GUTTEMBERGH,Jolin  of,  a  citizen  of  Stras- 
bourg, to  whom  is  attributed  the  invention  of 
the  art  of  printing,  in  conjunction  with  Fn»t,  or 
Faustus,  and  Peter  Schoeli'er,  or  Schuffer,  the 
servant,  and  afterwards  the  son-in-law,  of  Faus- 
tus, by  whom  it  was  further  improved.  He  was 
born  at  Mentz,  in  1408,  and  died  there,  in  1467. 

GUY,  a  monk  of  Arezzo,  who  invented  Uie  six 
syllables  of  the  gamut,  ul,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  liv 
ed  about  1026. 

GUY,  Thomas,  founder  ofGuy's hospital,  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  Guy,  lighterman  and  coal- 
dealer  in  Horsley-down,  Southwark.  He  was 
put  apprentice,  in  1660,  to  a  bookseller,  in  the 
porch  of  Mercer's  chapel,  and  set  up  trade  with 
a  slock  of  about  200/.,  in  the  house  that  forms 
the  angle  between  Cornliill  and  Lombard-street. 
The  English  Bibles  being  at  thai  time  very  badly 
printed,  Mr.  Guy  engaged,  with  others,  in  a 
scheme  for  printing  them  in  Holland,  and  im 
porting  them  ;  but  this  being  put  a  stop  to,  he 
contracted  with  the  university  of  Oxford  for 
their  privilegeof  printing  them,  and  carried  on  a 
great  Bible  trade  for  many  years  to  considerable 
advantage.  Thus  he  began  to  accumulate 
nioney,  and  his  gains  rested  in  his  hands ;  for, 
being  a  single  man,  and  very  penurious,  his  ex- 
penses were  next  to  nothing.  His  custom  was, 
;to  dine  on  his  shop-counter,  with  no  other  table 
I  cloth  than  an  old  newspaper:  he  was  also  as  lit 
tie  nice  with  regard  to  liis  apparel.  The  bulk  of 
his  fortune,  however,  was  acquired  by  purchas- 
ing seamen's  tickets  during  queen  Anne's  war.«, 
and  by  South-sea  stock,  in  the  memorable  year 
172(1.  He  was  76  years  of  age  when  he  formed 
the  design  of  building  the  hospital,  near  St. Tho- 
mas', which  bears  his  name.  The  charge  of 
I'vectimr  this  vast  pile  amounted  to  18,793/.,  be- 
sides 2!9,499Z.  which  he  left  to  endow  it :  and  he 
jn<i  li\ed  to  see  it  roofed  in.  He  died  Dec.  17, 
1724,  In  the  81st  year  ofhis  age,  after  having  de- 
dicated to  charitable  purposes  more  money  than 
any  one  private  man  uiKm  record  in  England. 

GUYARD,  de  Berville,  a  French  author  of 
some  merit,  dii'd  in  poverty,  aged  73. 

GUYARD, Anthony,  a  Benedictine  monk,  au- 
thor of  several  works,  died  at  Dijon,  in  1770. 

GUYET,  Francis,  an  eminent  critic,  of  An- 
gers, died  in  1655,  nmch  esteemed. 

GU  YON, Claude, a  French  historian, author  of 
an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  other  works ;  he 
died  in  1771. 

GUYON,  Johanna  Mary  Bouviers  de  la 
Mothc,  a  French  lady,  memorable  for  her  writ- 
ings and  lier  sullerings  in  the  cause  of  Quietism, 
born  at  Woiiiaigig,  in  1648,  died  in  1717.  Some  of 
her  spiritual  songs  have  been  translated  by  Cow 
per.     ■  ■      - 

C.UYS,?^^  Augustine,  anative  of  Marseilles 
eminent  as  a  man  of  letters,  and  a  meichaul 
died  in  1799. 


n.\ HA 

GUVSE,  John,  D.   I).,  iiiiuistrr  i»t"   an   iiidc-jtler,  wi!!  skillfd  in  orionial  litPiamre  :  hisbookp, 
peiideiii  Cdiigregatioii  ai  Londun,  iiiid  author  n(\  o:i  tiicolniiical  snhjvcts,  are  much  esteemed  ;  In 


scvi-ral  theological  wnrks ;  ho  died  in  1761 

Ol'VrON  DE  MORVEAU,  LcwiB  Bernard, 
ail  eminent  lawyir,  of  Dijon,  and  advocaie  p;- 
neral  to  ilio  parliament  of  that  city.  lie  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  prolicieiii  in  natural  philosophy 
and  r.hyniistry,  and  as  the  author  of  a  coursM;  of 
chyniistry,  in  4  vols.,  and  other  writings  on  the 
same  subject ;  he  was  made  a  member  of  llie  le- 
gion of  hononr,  and  a  baron  of  the  em|iire,  by 
Napoleon,  and  died  in  1815. 

GVVl.N'-NET,  nuiton,  a  native  of  England, 
rame  to  South-Carolina,  in  1770,  and  soon  re- 
moved to  Georgia.  He  was  a  decidt.il  friend  of 
the  revolution,  a  member  of  congress,  in  177G, 
and  a  signer  uf  the  declaratioiuif  independence. 
He  was  killed  in  a  duel,  in  17 

GWYNN, Eleanor,  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Nell,  who  rose  from  an  orange  girl  to  be  the 
mistress  of  Charles  II. ;  she  died  in  16i::<7. 

G\V  V'NXE, Matthew,  a  distinguished  English 
phy.sician,died  after  16:W 

G  Y  LIPPi'd,  a  Lacedaemonian  general,  sent  to 

assist  Syracuse  against  the  Athenians,  414  1>.  C 

GYZEN,  Peter,  a  landscape  painter,  whose 

views  on  the  Rhine  are  much  admired  ;  he  was 

born  at  Antwerp,  about  1636. 

H 

HAANSBERGEX,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of 
Utrecht.  The  figures  which  he  intpxiuced  into 
his  landscapes  were  very  mucli  admired ;  he 
died  in  1705. 

IIA.\S,  William,  a  printer  and  type-founder, 
was  the  first  who  engraved  French  typo  in  the' 
style  of  Uaskerville  :  he  invented  a  new  print 
iiig  press,  and  died  at  St.  Urban  monastery,  in 
l.^lW. 

IIABAKKUK,  the  eighth  of  the  minor  pro- 
phets, supposed  to  be  of  the  tribe  of  Simeon. 
His  style  is  poetical,  beautiful,  and  sublime. 

ll.VHKUT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Berry,  one  of 
llie  most  ancient  poets  of  France  ;  he  wrote 
Kouie  fables,  &c.,  and  died  in  1.569 

HABKUT  DE  CERISI,  Germain,  an  eccle- 
.iiias'.ic,  of  Bayeux,  who  wrote  some  poems  ;  he 
died  in  lt;.55. 

IIABEIIT,  Henry  Lewis,  the  friend  of  Gas 
Bi^ndi,  and  \\u:  puNisher  of  his  works,  with  an 
eioaant  L:itin  preface,  died  in  167SI. 

ll.\BlC<J'r,  Nicolas,  a  surgeon,  born  atBonay, 
\v:is  eminent  in  his  profession,  and  wrote  a  trea 
tiae  ini  the  plague  :  he  died  in  WH. 

H.VBIXGTOX,  William,  an  English  poet  and 
historian,  born  in  Worceslersliire,  in  1G05,  died 
in  1654.  His  amatory  poems  were  entitled 
"  Ciistara,"  and  printed  in  16;U  5  and  1640.  He 
also  publi.<ihed  a  tragicomedy,  called  "  The 
Uuecn  of  .\rragon." 

HACHETTE,  Jane,  a  heroine,  of  Beauvais. 
iu  Picardy  ;  she  successfully  headed  a  body  of 
women,  in  an  assault  against  the  Bourguignons 
who  besieged  her  native  place  in  J 472. 

H  ACK.VERT,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
.\nisierdam,  in  1635.    The  mountainous  seen 
ry  in  his  landscapes  is  much  admired. 

H.\CKET,  John,  an  English  prelate,  of  great 
uierit,  was  chaplain  to  James  I.  bishop  of  Lich 
field  and  Coventry, ;  he  spent  eight  years  in  re 
pairing  his  cathedral,  at  the  expense  of  20,000/., 
iicirlv  all  his  own,  and  died  in  1670. 

UACKET,  William,  an  English  fanatic,  in 
the  reign  of  Elisabeth.  He  was  hung  and  quar- 
tered for  blasphemy,  in  151)2. 

H.\CKSPAN,  Theodore,  a  Luthsian  minis- 


diid  :n  !fi.W. 

H.vnnu.'ii,  X.,  count  of,  an  Austrian  gene- 
ral, distJiiiiiiislii  d  liirase'.f  against  the  Turks,  in 
1789,  anil  dii'd  llie  next  year. 

li.VliUOi  K,  Sir  Ruliard,  a  valiant  admiral, 
whodisiiiigiiisiivd  himself,  on  various  occasions, 
under  Cliarli  s  H.  and  his  successors ;  he  die<d 
very  old,  in  1714. 

li.VUDOX,  Walter,  an  eminent  English  scho- 
lar, professor  of  civil  law,  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward ;  he  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  llie  refor- 
mation, aud  died  in  1571. 

HADRIAN.     Sc«  ADRIAN. 

HAE.\,  Antony  do,  privy  couu.<ellor,  and  phy- 
sician to  the  craprens  Maria  Theresa,  was  au- 
thor of  "  Itatio  Medendi,"  and  a  treatise  on 
magic  ;  he  died  in  1776. 

HAERLEJr,  Theodore  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Hacrlcui.  Hi.'<  Chriiit  and  his  apuslles, 
in  the  church  of  Utrecht,  arc  much  adinireil ; 
he  died  in  147U. 

H  AGEDORN,  a  German  poet,  of  the  18th  cer- 
tury.  His  works,  in  imitation  of  Fontaine,  dis- 
play genius,  vivacity,  and  great  delicacy. 

•I  AGBX,  John  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  bom 
in  Cleves.  His  pieces  are  much  admired.  He 
died  at  Oie  end  of  the  17tli  century. 

U.AGG.M,  the  tenth  of  the  minor  propheti, 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystaspes.  He  was 
of  the  sacerdotal  race. 

HAGUEXIER,  John,  a  French  poet.  Hii 
pieces  are  on  light  subjects,  but  possess  great 
wit  and  elegance  ;  he  died  in  1738. 

HAGUEXi  )T,  Henry,  aulhor  of  medical  trca- 
lises,  was  a  phytician,  of  Moiitpclier;  he  died  in 
1776. 

HAHX,  Simon  Frederick,  author  of  the  "  His- 
tory of  the  Empire,"  was  a  very  extraordinary 
character.  At  the  age  of  10,  he  knew  several 
Inuguases,  and  at  24,  was  professor  of  history  at 
Helmsladt ;  he  died  in  1729. 

HAILES.    See  DALRYMPLE. 

H  AILLAX,  Bernard  de  Girard,  lord  of,  a 
French  historian,  born  at  Bourdeaux,  in  1535, 
died  ill  16IU.  He  published  a  history,  which 
re.iches  from  I'haramond  to  the  death  of  Charles 
VII.,  and  was  the  first  who  composed  a  body  of 
the  French  history  in  French. 

HAINES,  Joseph,  commonly  called  count 
Haines,  a  very  eminent  low  comedian,  and  a 
person  of  great  facet  iousness  of  temper  and 
readiness  of  wit,  died  in  1701. 

H.\KE.M,  the  tiiird  of  the  Fatimite  caliphs, 
was  a  violent  persecutor  of  the  Christians  and 
Jews,  and  pretended  to  be  the  visible  image  of 
God.  He  was  assassinated  by  the  intrigue  of 
his  sister,  in  1021.       ' 

H.\KEWELL,  John,  mayor  of  Exeter,  in 
1632.  Another  brother,  William,  was  of  Exeter 
college  ;  he  warmly  espoiise^the  party  of  the 
puritans,  and  published  "  The  Liberty  of  the 
Subieet  again:«t  the  power  of  Impositions,"  &.C. 

HAKE  WELL,  George,  a  learned  divine,  bom 
at  Exeter,  in  1579,  died  in  1649.  His  principal 
work  is  "  An  Apology,  or  Declaration  of  the 
Power  and  Providence  of  God  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  World,  proving  that  it  dotli  not  de- 
cay," &c. 

HAKLUYT,  Richard,  famous  for  his  skill  in 
the  naval  history  of  England,  was  bom  in  Here- 
fordshire, in  15.53,  and  died  in  1616.  He  is  au- 
thor of  u  "  Ciiilection  of  Vuvagps  and  Discove- 
ries," in  3  voi»  folio,  and  of  several  other  useful 
works. 

227 


^ 


HA 

HALUE,  John  liuplisi^du,  a  leariifd  French- 
man, horn  at  Paris,  in  1674,  difttl  in  1743.  We 
have  of  liis,  a  valuable  work,  fntillcd  "  Grande 
})cscription  de  la  Chine  et  de  la  Tartarie,"  in  4| 
vols,  folio. 

HALE,  Sir  Matthew,  a  most  learned  lawyer,! 
and  chief  justice  of  the  King's  linnch,  horn  in; 
J609.  The  attainments  of  Sir  Matthew  were 
wonderful ;  for  he  had,  beside  his  peculiar  pn 
fcssion,  a  conbidcrahle  knowledge  in  the  civil 
law,  in  arithmetic,  algebra,  and  other  iiialhe 
malical  sciences,  as  well  as  in  physic,  anato- 
my, and  surgery ;  was  very  conversant  in  ex- 
perimental philosophy,  and  other  brandies  of 
philosophical  learning,  and  in  ancient  history 
and  chronology  ;  but,  above  all,  he  seemed  to 
have  made  divinity  his  chief  study ;  so  thai 
Hiose  who  read  what  he  has  written  upon  theo- 
logical questions,  nnglit  be  inclined  to  think  that 
he  had  studied  nothing  else.  His  principal 
works  are  legal,  philoi^ophical,  and  religious;  of 
ihe  former,  the  most  valuable  are,  his  "  Pleas  of 
the  Crown,"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Common 
Law  of  England.''     He  died  in  1676. 

HALES,  John,  an  English  divine  and  poet, 
born  at  Bath,  in  1584,  died  in  1056.  After  his 
death,  there  c^me  out  a  collection  of  his  works, 
■with  this  title,  "  Golden  Keniains  of  the  e\Tr- 
memorable  Mr.  Jolin  Hales,  of  Eton  College," 

&.C. 

HALES,  Stephen,  a  very  celebrated  natural 
philosopher  and  niatltematician,  born  in  Kent, 
ui  1677,  died  in  1761.  Among  many  other  use- 
ful inventions  of  his,  was  that  of  ventilators  ; 
which  he  continued  to  improve  as  long  as  he 
Jived.  His  "  Statical  Es.says"  have  been  often 
printed,  and  are  well  known.  | 

HALI-BEIGH,  a  Polander,  whose  original 
name  was  Bobowski.  Being  taken  by  th  H'ar- 
lars,  while  a  cl'-  1,  he  was  sold  to  the  Turks, 
who  educated  hw..in  their  religion.  He  acquired 
the  knowledge  of  17  langAiges,  and  becauie  iu- 
terpreter  to  the  grand  signior;  translated  inWl 
the  Turkish  language  the  catecliism  of  the' 
church  of  England,  and  all  the  Bible  ;  conjposed 
a  Turkish  grammar  and  dictionary,  and  other, 
things  which  were  never  printed  His  principal 
work  is  "  A  Treatise  upon  the  I-iturgy  of  the 
Turks,  their  Pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  tlieir  Cir-i 
cumcision,  and  Manner  of  visiting  the  Sick." 
lie  died  in  1675. 

H  ALKET,  Ludy  Amia,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1620,  and  married  Sir  James  Halket,  in  16.56. | 
Her  lather,  Robert  Murray,  was  preceptor  to, 
(-'harle.s  I.  From  her  MSB.  was  selected  a  vol 
lunie  of  meditations  ;  she  died  in  ItJ'J'J.  I 

HALL,  John,  an  English  lawyer  and  poet,| 
Celebrated  as  a  political  writer,  died  in  lliSii.      , 

HALL,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  who  pub  . 
lished  soirie  occasional  serniOMS,  and  was  great- 1 
ly  beloved  ;  he  died  in  1763r  j 

HALL,  John,  a  surgeon  of  Kent,  who  tloii-i 
risbed  iu  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  ;  he  published', 
a  compendium  of  Anatomy,  &.c.  1565.  { 

HALL,  Jacob,  a  noted  rope  dancer  in  tl»e  agel 
r,f  Charlea  U. 

HALL,  Kichard,  an  English  )iopish  priest. 
Tie  left  England  to  avoid  the  penal  laws  againsil 
his  religion,  and  became  divinity  fnolessor  ati 
Douay  ;  he  was  author  of  some  theological 
works,  and  died  in  1604. 

HALL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  and  learned  bi-l 
tihopof  Norwich,  born  in  1074,  died  in  1656.  Hisj 
"Meditations"  arc  well  known ;  and  his  poeti-| 
cal  talents,  chiefly  e.xercised  in  satire,  were  very 
respettable.    He  is  univctsaltv  allowed  to  have 

228 


HA 

jbccn  a  man  of  great  wit  and  learning,  and  of  aa 
'treat  meekness,  modesty,  and  piety.  His  works 
iinake  5  vols,  in  folio,  and  liuve  gained  him  the 
lapptllalion  of  the  "  Christian  Scncia  " 

HALL,  Lyman,  governor  of  Gc<iigia,  was  a 
zi-alous  advocnliMor  the  revoliitioii,  a  iiieinber 
ol  congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of  the  decia 
lion  of  indcpcndance.     He  died  about  179U. 

HALLE,  Antony,  a  good  Latin  poei  and  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  at  Caen  ;  he  died  at  I'aris 
in  1G75. 

H.ALLE,  Peter,  professor  of  canon  law  in  the 
universily  of  Paris,  born  at  Bayeux,  in  Norman- 
dy, in  1611,  died  in  1089. 

HALLE,  Claude  Guy,  of  Paris,  distinguished 
as  a  painter,  died  in  173G.  His  son,  Noel,  was 
also  respectable  in  the  same  art ;  he  died  in  1758. 

HALLKIl,  Albert,  an  illustrious  physician, 
and  voluminous  writer,  born  at  Beine,  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  1702,  died  in  1777.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  most  acute,  various,  and  oiiginul 
genius,  that  ha:3  appeared  in  tiie  medical  world 
since  Boerhaave. 

HALLEY,  Edmund,  a  most  eminent  Fnglisl) 
philosopher  and  astronomer,  born  in  London,  in 
lt)56.  Ills  astronomical  discoveries  greatly  iin 
proved  the  art  of  navigation,  and  his  works  are 
highly  valued  in  every  part  of  Europe.  He  died 
at  Greenwicli,  in  Jan.  1741-iJ.    • 

HALLIFAX,  George  t-aville,  marquis  of.  See 
SAVILLE. 

HALLIFAX,  Dr.  Samuel,  bishop  and  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Asaph,  was  a  prelate  of  great 
knowledge  and  ability;  an  incomparable  civi- 
lian, and  an  extremely  acute  public  speaker. 
His  sermons  at  bishop  Warburton's  lectures  are 
much  esteemed;  and  his  Analysis  of  bishop 
Bullet's  Analogy  (a  book  entirely  abstruse  and 
metaphysical)  is  written  with  great  elegance  of 
style,  as  well  as  with  much  profundity  of  iliink- 
iiig.  He  was  born  at  Chesterfield,  in  1730,  and 
died  in  1790. 

HALS,  Francis,  an  admired  portrait  painter, 
of  Mechlin  ;  he  died  in  1666. 

HALS,  Dirk,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  a 
painter  of  festive  and  low  scenes ;  he  died  in 
1056. 

HAMBERGER,  George  Albert,  an  eminent 
mathematiciiiii,  of  Franconia,  and  author  of  a 
valuable  work  on  optics  and  other  subjects  ;  he 
died  in  1726. 

HAMBERGER,  George  Christoi)her,  a  learn- 
ed German,  published  Orpheus  and  other  volu- 
minous works  ;  he  died  in  177:1. 

IIAMEL,  du  Wonccati,  Henry  Lewis  dii,  of 
Paris,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  ol'  mechanics, 
agriculture  and  commerce  ;  he  died  in  1782. 

11AM1''L,  .loiin  Baptist  du,  a  cei.bratcd 
Frcinl!  philosopher  and  divine,  born  at  Vire,  in 
lOtl.  didlinnOH. 

IIAMILCAK  BARCAS,  a  famous  Carthagi- 
nian general,  slain  in  baisle  227  B.  C. 

HAMILTON,  Patrick,  abbot  of  Feme,  in  Scot- 
land. He  was  coiidi  nined  to  the  flames,  for  his 
adherence  to  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  endured 
the  sentence  with  wonderlnl  fortitude.  He  was 
not  only  pious,  but  learned  iuid  polite.  He  suf- 
fered in  1527,  aged  23. 

HAMIl>TON,  Jame?,  first  duke  of,  a  distin- 
guished Wiinmaiider  under  Charles  I.  He  main- 
lalned  his  master's  cause  in  the  North,  after  its 
ruin  in  England;  was  at  length  defeated  at 
Preston,  and  beheaded  in  1649. 
i  HAailliTON,  Count  Antony,  an  elegant  wri- 
Itcr,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1646,  of  a  Scotch  family. 
h  His  most  celebrated  work  was  "  Mcinoirsof  t^ie 


HA 

Count  dc  Graminont ,"  but  lit;  wroti;  also  somi- 
pcjcms  and  Fairy  Talcs,  wliicli  aru  excellent  in 
tlieir  kind,  and  died  17-20. 

HAMILTON,  William,  duke  of,  was  secre- 
tary of  stale  for  Scotland.  He  died  in  lOo?  of| 
wounds  received  at  the  Itattle  of  Worcester. 

H.A MILTON,  Williaju,  an  ingenious  poet, 
distiuguislied  by  tlie  liveliiiosa  of  his  iniagina 
lion  aiid  the  delicacy  of  his  sentiments.  He  was 
boiu  of  an  ancient  and  hmionrabli;  family  in 
1704,  and  died  m  1754.  His  poems  were  printed 
aiRlinburch,  1700. 

H.\MILtON,  George,  earl  of  Orkney,  dis- 
tin|!uished  himself  at  the  battle  of  the  lioyne, 
and  at  Ulenlieiin  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

HA.MILTON,  sir  William,  thirty-seven  years 
British  ambassador  at  the  court  of  Naples,  was 
born  in  the  year  170'J,  and  died  in  London,  in 
1803.  The  zealous  and  successful  eiToris  which 
he  made  during  his  long  rc«ideiice  in  Italy,  in 
brincinK  to  light  the  buried  treasures  of  antiqui- 
ty need  not  here  be  enumerated  ;  indeed,  his 
«h(ile  life-was  devoted.to  studies  eonneried 
Willi  the  lino  arts.  His  "  Observations  on  Mount 
Vesuvius,  Mount  .^Ktna,  and  other  Volcanoee, 
in  a  Series  of  Letters  to  the  Royal  riociety," 
Were  puhli!:b>!d  with  notes  in  177J. 

H.VMILTO.V,  EJizabelh,  a  distinguished  mis- 
rellaiu.'ous  writer,  born  at  Belfast,  in  1758.  Miss 


the  Navy  of  the  United  States  under  President 
Madison.     He  died  in  181i>. 

HAMILTON,  Hugh,  a  learned  English  pre- 
late, professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  afterwards  dean  of  Armagh 
and  bishop  of  Clonfert  and  of  Ossorv-  •  he  died 
'inl-^O.'i. 

HAMILTON,  William,  an  English  historical 
Ipainter,  and  member  of  the  royal  academy,  died 

I  HAMLET,  the  name  of  a  prince  of  Denmark, 
whose  history,  as  related  by  Saxo  Grammaticus, 
has  furnished  Shakspcarc  with  llie  groundwork 
I  of  one  of  his  liiie.-n  plays. 
I  H.\MMOND,  .Vmhony,  an  English  poet  and 
I  tin  author,  distinguished  olan  as  a  wit  and  as  a 
I  man  of  fashion  ;  he  died-about  17.30. 

HAS^MO.MD,  Dr.  Henry,  a  learned  English  di- 
[vino  and  comineiitalor,  born  at  Chertsy,  in 
lOOo,  died  in  lliOO.  His  ehicf  works  arc,  a  "  I'rac- 
tic.il  Caterliisin  ;"  a  "  Paraphrase  ami  .\nniita- 
tions  on  the  New  Testament;"  and  a  "  I'ara 
phr,-i3eand  Commcntarv  on  the  Old  Testament ;"' 
of  which  he  only  published  tlie  Psalms,  and  went 
through  a  third  pari  of  the  book  of  Proverbs. 

1I.\M.M<  )ND,  James,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
born  in  1710,  died  in  1742.  He  was  equerry  to  the 
prince  of  Wale^ ;  and  is  said  to  have  divided 
his  life  between  jilcaiiiire  and  bioks;  in  hi«  re- 


ciples  of  Education  ;"  and  the  "  Lifeof  .\giip 
pina,  Wife  of  Germanicus."  After  her  death, 
her  "Memoirs,"  with  a  Selection  from  her 
Correspondence,  were  edited  by  Miss  Henger, 
and  published 


egies.' 
IIA.VION,   John. 


a  French   physician,    who 


wrote  on  religious  subjects  in  an  admired  style  ■ 
ho  died  in  inS7. 


I 


HAMPDEN,  Johh,  a  celebrated  political  cha- 
,,■.,.,,,„„.,    ,    ,  .  ,  ^.Tactci-intli^reignofCharlea  I.,  famous  for  SU6- 

HAMIL  TON,  Andrew,  an  eminent  lawyer  of |ltaii  ilg  singly  the  weightof  a  royal  prosecution, 
Philadelphia,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  as- Hon  his  refusing  to  pay  the  s<«fe-inonev  in  the 
scinbly ;  he  died  in  1741.  His  son  James  Ha-  j  reign  of  Charlos  I.,  was  born  twLondon',inl304 
inilton  was  repeatedly  governor  of  Pennsylva-  PHa^inz  in  lii-25-(j  obtained  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
"'?i'Wl'lT''2riv*^i"'j  \'.l''„  ..»  r  .V.  j  commons,  he  soon  grew  to  be  one  of  the  iiiont 

popular  men  in  the  nation ;  and  after  he  had 
I  held  the  chief  direction  of  his  parly  in  the  house 
airainst  the  king,  he  took  up  arms  in  the  same 
cause,  and  was  one  of  the  first  who  opened  the 
war  by  an  action  at  a  place  called  Brill,  about  5 
miles  from  Oxford  ;  but  he  was  cut  otT early  by 
a  mortal  wound,  which  he  received  by  a  pistol 
bursting  in  his  hand,  in  a  skirmish  with  prince 
Kuperl,  June  18,  IMS,  and  of  which  he  died  the 
'24th.  Clarendon  Ikls  given  Hampden  the  cha- 
racter of  a  great,  ratlK.T  than  a  good  man;  but 
when  passive  obedience  and  non-resistance 
were  disgraced  by  law,  he  came  to  be  esteemed 
a  good  as  well  a."i  a  great  man,  and  has  conti 
nucd  to  be  thought  so  from  that  time  to  this. 

H.VMPTON,  James,  translator  of  Polybiiis. 
died  1778. 

H.VMSA,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  known  for  hi 
attempt  to  eradicate  the  ter>cts  of  Maliotnet  aiiu 
to  establish  his  own.  He  flourished  about  lU2ii 
HANCOCK,  John,  minister  of  Lcxiiictiin. 
Ma.ssachusetls,  respected  and  beloved  ;  he  died 
in  1752. 

HANCOCK,  John,  minister  of  Braintree,  sou 
of  the  precedine  ;  died  in  1744. 

H.\NCOCK,  Thomas,  a  benefactor  of  H.irxard 
college,  died  in  1764. 

HANCOt^K,  John,  LL.  D.,one  of  Uie  most 
conspicuous  friends  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  president  of  congress  in  1776,  and  s=  ned 
the  declaration  of  independence  in  that  ca,  nci- 
ty.  Ho  w,-i.s  afterwards  governor  of  Mas=achu 
setts  for  s.veral  years.     He  died  in  17U3. 

229 


HAMILTON,  Andrew,  governor  of  the  co 
lony  of  New-Jersey,  and  deputy  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  died  in  1702 

H.\ MILTON,  John,  a  counsellor  of  the  colony 
of  New-Jersey,  who  was  at  the  head  of  its  go- 
vernment for  se^fcral  years  ;  he  died  in  174t>. 

HAMILTON,  John,  was  several  times  gover- 
nor of  Pennsylvania ;  he  died  in  New- York,  in 
178:<. 

HAMILTON,  Alexander,  secretaiy  of  tlw 
Treasury  of  the  United  Slates,  under  general 
Washington,  and  a  major  general  intlie  .-Ameri- 
can army,  was  bom  in  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  in 
1757,  and  came  to  New- York,  in  1773.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  he  joined  the 
army,  was  aid-de-camp  to  the  coininandcr  in 
chief,  and  continued  in  the  service  until  thcsur 
render  of  Cornwallis,  at  Yorktown,  where  the 
.'Vmericniis  under  his  command  stormed  and 
look  the  British  works.  He  afterwards  com 
m- need  the  practice  of  the  law  in  New- York, 
and  rose  to  the  hii^hest  eminence  in  the  pro- 
fession. He  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  colonel 
Burr,  in  1804.  As  a  statesman  and  a  financier, 
he  revived  the  public  credit,  and  placed  the 
United  States  revenue  on  a  permanent  tbotini-. 
He  always  poSKessed  the  conlidenoeof  Washing- 
ton, and  his  death  was  lamented  by  the  whole 
community,  as  an  irreparable  loss  to  his  coun- 
trv. 

H  \ MILTON,  Paul,  was  a  firm  and  decided 
patriot  of  the  revolution,  governor  of  the  state 
tsi  doiiih  t'arolina,  and  atter^vards  ei\:ri'tary  of 

20 


Z ^A  — 

HANDEL,  George  Frederic,  an  illui>lriutis 
master  in  music,  horn  at  Halle,  in  UpiterSaxuiiy, 
in  1684.  His  compositions,  particularly  liu  ura- 
t'trios,  have  been  repeatedly  pcrforuitd,  to  the 
pvesent  day,  with  uninterrupicit  siucceH  and  un- 
rivalled glor}-.  He  died  in  1759,  and  wan  bu- 
lled in  Westminster  Abbey,  where,  by  his  own 
order,  and  at  his  own  expense,  a  monuinenl  is 
orccted  to  his  nicuior>'. 

HANGE3T,  Jerome  do,  a  doctor  of  the  Sar- 
bunnewno  wrote  against  Luther;  hedied  in  1538. 

HAXn-'AH,  asaint  among  the  MuHsiilinana, 
the  head  of  all  tlnir  sects;  he  died  at  Babylon. 

HANKLN'S,  Martin,  was  professor  of  history, 
politics  and  eloquence  at  Breslaw,  and  an  author ; 
he  died  in  170y. 

lL\NMEa,  Meredith,  D.D.,  treasurer  of  Tri- 
nity church,  Dublin.  Ho  translated  tlie  eccltsi- 
aslical  histories  of  Eusobius,  Socrates;  and  Eva- 
griui,  and  died  in  1604. 

HANMER,  Jonathan,  a  non-conforuiist  di- 
vine, lie  is  the  author  of  ecclesiastical  anti- 
quity and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1037. 

HANJIEK,  SirThoniaa,  Ban.,a  tlistinKuished 
statesman  and  polite  writer,  born  in  I6'.6.  In 
1713  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons ;  which  office,  difficult  at  all  limes, 
hut  at  that  time  more  particularly  60,  he  dii^- 
charged  with  becoming  dignity.  He  died  in  1716. 

HANNECKEN',  Mennon,  a  historian  and  di- 
vine, of  Germany,  was  professor  of  morals, 
theology,  &c.  at  Marpurg,  and  died  in  1671. 

HANXECKEN,  Philip  Lewis,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  and  elo- 
quence at  Giessen.  His  works  were  chiefly  on 
theological  controversy  ;  lie  died  in  1706. 

HAN'NEM  AN,  John,  a  painter,  at  the  IlaL'ue, 
and  an  excellenl  cupyist  of  Vaudyck ;  he  died  in 
lt)80. 

HANNIB.AL,  a  great  Carthaginian  general, 
was  the  Eon  of  Hatnilcar,  who  made  him  swear 
on  the  altar,  that  he  would  never  be  reconciled 
to  the  Romans.  At  25  years  of  age,  he  took 
npun  him  tlie  command  of  the  army.  After 
taking  Salamanca  and  Saguntum,  in  Spain,  lie 
deloated  the  Gauls,  and  passed  the  Alps  in  d- 


having  mollified  the  rocks  with  vinegar,  and  cut 
through  them  with  iron.  He  took  Turin,  and 
at  Pavia  defeated  Cornelius  Scipio.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  defeated  Flaiiiiuins,  and  slew  l.'j.OOO 
nun  ;  he  next  overthre\V  Varro  at  Caniiffi,  with 
40,000  foot,  and  2700  horse,  tiie  flower  of  the 
Roman  youth,  and  sent  to  Caithage  two  or  three 
baskets  of  gold  rings  taken  from  the  hands  of 
.Vi:)Q  slain  Roman  gentlfiiiicn.  And  now  had 
Hannibal  gone  straight  lo  Rome,  he  bad  cer- 
laiiily  ruined  that  commonwealth;  bul  going  > 
Capiia,  where  he  wintered,  the  delights  of  the 
place  so  debauched  his  whole  army,  that  the 
Romans  recovered  themselves  from  the  conster- 
nation into  which  the  loss  of  live  battles  had 
I  liiown  them.  Two  years  after,  Maicellus  gave 
him  battle,  and  conquered,  but  was  Imnself 
killed  in  an  ambush.  Hannibal  was  defeated 
afterwards  by  Sempronius  Gracchus,  and  at  last 
met  with  a  total  overthrow  by  Scipio  ;  wh-ii, 
falling  (or  fearing  to  fall)  into  the  hands  of  the 
Uomans,  he  took  poison,  which  lie  had  kept  in 
a  ring  for  that  purpose,  16'2  B   C,  aged  70, 

HANNIBALIANUS,  Flavins  Claudius,  was 
murdered  by  Constantius,  in  338 

HANNO,  a  Carthaginian,  employed  by  his 


HA 

Some  supposed  voyages  of  Hanno  are  published 
ill  the  Oxford  (icograpliprs. 

H.WNSACHS,  a  Gorman  poet.  His  works, 
ill  live  volumes  Iblin,  arc  inditlerent ;  he  died  io 
io7ti. 

H.ANRIOT,  Francis,  an  associate  of  Marat 
and  Robespierre,  and  equally  atrocious  iti  his 
character.  He  was  guillotined.  July,  1794,  exe- 
crated for  his  cruelty  and  rapine. 

HA.N'SON',  John,  a  distinguished  member  of 
Congress  from  Maryland,  and  lor  two  years 
president  of  that  body  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

H.\.\\V.\Y,  Jonas,  was  born  at  Portsmouth, 
in  1712.  Being  bred  to  coninicr.ce,  he  lett  Kiig- 
laiid:  and  entered  into  biisinosg  at  Lisbon  as  a 
merchant ;  from  Lisbon  he  removed  to  Peters- 
burgh,  where  he  was  appointed  agent  to  tlio 
British  factory  ;  and,  with  the  view  of  opening 
a  trade  through  Russia  into  Persia,  he  undertook 
a  laborious  and  dangerous  course  of  travels,  of 
which  he  aftei'wards  publislied  an  interesting 
account  at  his  return  to  England.  To  the  cha- 
ritable disposition  and  benevolent  exertions  of 
Mr.  Haiiway,  London  owes  in  a  great  measure 
the  institution  of  tlie  Marine  Society,  the  sup- 
port of  the  Magdalen  Hospital,  the  improvement 
of  its  streets  and  avenues  ;  and  the  poor  of  v» 
lious  descrfptions,  tiieir  most  etfectual  couifor 
and  support.     He  died  in  1786. 

HARCOURT,  Harriet  Eusebia.  an  Ei^IIsft 
lady,  who  established  a  female  monastery  on 
liei-  lands  in  Yorkshire,  which  was  dissolved  at 
lier  dealli,  in  1745. 

HARUE.NBURGH,  Jacobus  R.,  D.  D.,  first 
president  of  dueen's  College,  New- Jersey,  was 
iiuleiatigable  in  his  labours,  and  much  blessed, 
he  died  iu  1790. 

HARDER,  John  James,  was  professor  of  rhe- 
fcric,  afterwards  of  medicine  and  anatomy,  at 
Basil;  a  man  highly  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  abilities;  he  died  in  1711.  His  brother, 
.lames,  vi'as  professor  of  oricnial  languages  at 
Leyden,  and  a  learned  divine. 

HARDEBY,  Geofl'rey,  an  Augustine  monk, 
confessor  to  Henry  II.,  professor  at  Oxford,  and 
an  author  ;  he  died  in  13G0. 


fiance  of  the  snow,  and  of  Publlus  Cornelius  ;('    HAfTDI,  Alexander,  a  French  .poet,  who  is 


said  to  have  written  600  pieces  for  the  theatre. 
Of  these,  however,  no  more  remain  than  41, 
which  were  published  by  himself  in  six  vols, 
lie  was  the  first  French  dramatiat  who  intro- 
duced the  custom  of  being  paid  for  his  pieces, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1630. 

H,\RDIME,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
died  in  1748.  His  brother,  Simon,  e.xcelled  as 
a  flower  painter,  and  died  in  1737. 

HARDING,  John,  an  old  English  chronicler, 
born  in  1438,  died  after  1401. 

HARDING,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
polemical  writer,  born  in  151'2,  died  about  1570. 

HAUDINGE,  Nicolas,  an  e:ninent  English 
scholar,  and  author  of  some  Latin,  and  other 
poems  ;  he  died  in  1759. 

H.'VRDINGE,  George,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  a  member  of  parliament,  and  attorney 
and  solicitor  general  to  the  queen;  he  died  in 
1816. 

HARDION,  James,  a  Frenchman,  who  pu'' 
lished  "  Universal  History,"  18  vols.,  and  oti 
works  ;  he  died  in  1766. 

HARDOUIN,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  eminent 
38  a  critical,  historical,  and  miscellaneous  wri 
ter,  born  at  Kimper,  in  Bretagne,  in  1647,  diwd 


countrymen  to  make  the  circuit  of  .Africa;  in  lin  17G9. 
consequence  of  which  he  explored  various  re- I      HARDUIN,  Aleiander   Xavier,   of  Arras, 
gtons,  and  made  great  geographical  discoveriei.llknown  a^  a  graminarian,  di«id  in  1783. 
230 


HA  

HARUWICKE.    See  YORKE,  Pliilip! 

HARDY,  Sir  Cliarles,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  New- York,  aflerwarils  au  admiral  in  tlie 
British  navy,  and  commander  in  chief  of  the 
western  squadron,  in  177:4,  the  year  of  his  death. 

HARDY,  Josiau,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  governor  of  the  province  of  New-Jersey,  in 
1761. 

HARR,  Dr.  Francis,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
and  author  of  some  celebrated  polemic  tracts, 
died  la  1740. 

HARGRA  VE,  Francis,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent law-writers  of  his  day,  was  born  in  17.30, 
and  died  in  1921.  He  was  many  years  one  of  his 
majesty's  counsel,  and  recorder  at  Liverpool ; 
and  among  his  mimerous  publications  may  be 
mentioned,  a  "Collection  of  State  Trials,"  11 
vols,  folio,  in  1781.  In  1813,  owing  to  ill  health 
and  other  circumstances,  he  parted  wi;h  liis 
library,  which  was  purchased  by  parliainent  for 
8UO0^,  to  be  placed  in  the  library  of  Lincoln's 
It-ii,  for  the  public  use.  It  contained  300  MSS. ; 
«ifj  his  law  books  were  enriched  with  valuable 
notes. 

H.VRIOT,  Thomas,  an  Enplish  mathemati- 
cian. He  accompanied  Sir  VValter  Raloicli  to 
.■Viuerica,  and  g.ive  the  public  an  account  of 
Viri;inia:  he  died  in  1621. 

II.-VRIRI,  an  Arabian  author,  lived  in  1120 

IIARLAY,  .^Wiille  de,  a  firm,  disniticd,  and 
learned  president  of  the  parliament  of  I'ari^, 
after  He  Thou ;  he  died  in  1616. 

IIARLAY  DE  SANCY,  Nicholas  de,  was 
ambassador  of  France  to  England,  under  Henry 
HI.  :  he  died  in  1629. 

H.VRL.\Y,  Francis  de,  archbishop  of  Paris, 
lio   favourite  of  Lewis  XfV.  ;  he  died  in  16!I5. 

H.\RL.\Y,  Achille  de,  lirst  president  of  the 
larliameiitof  Paris,  was  an  upright  inigislratc ; 
ltd  died  in  1712. 

HARLEY,  Robert,  afterwards  earl  of  O.vford 
»iid  earl  .Mortimer,  and  lord  high  treasurer  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1661.  On  the  bth  of  March,  1711,  he  w.is  in 
great  danger  of  his  life ;  the  marquis  of  Guis- 
card,  a  French  papist,  then  under  examination 
of  a  committee  of  the  privy  council  at  VVhiiohall, 
stabbing  him  with  a  penknife,  which  he  took 
np  in  the  clerk's  room,  where  he  waited  before 
he  was  examined.  Guiscard  was  imprisoned 
and  died  in  Newgate,  the  I7th  of  the  sanir 
month  ;  whereupon  an  act  of  parliament  passed, 
making  it  felony,  without  benefit  offlergy,  to 
attempt  the  life  of  a  privy  counsellor  in  the  exe 
cution  of  hisolliee.  After  the  death  of  queen 
Anne,  viz.  June  10,  171.5,  Harley  was  impeaclied 
by  the  hoti.«e  of  commons  of  high  treason,  ami 
high  crimes  and  misdemeanors  ;  and  was  com 
mitted  to  the  Tower  by  the  house  of  lord':, 
wJiere  he  suffered  confinement  till  July  1,  1717, 
and  then,  after  a  public  trial,  was  acquitted  by 
liis  peers;  he  died  iu  1724,  and  Pope  has  cele 
brated  hia  memory  in  the  following  lines  : 

"  A  soul  supreme  in  each  hard  iiLstance  tried, 
Above  all  pain,  all  anger,  and  all  pride. 
The  rage  of  power,  the  blast  of  public  broath. 
The  lust  of  lucre,  and  the  dread  of  death." 

'V  ia  nobleman  laid  the  foundation  of  thp  Hai- 
le»4n  Collection  of  MSS  now  in  the  Britisli 
Museum  ;  which  was  enlarged  by  his  son  Ed- 
ward, who  succeeded  to  his  title  and  estates. 
and  al  whose  death,  it  consisted  ofSOOO  volumes, 
and  above  40,000  original  rolls,  charters,  and 
other  deedti  and  instruments  of  great  antiquity. 
H.\RI.OW.  un  eminent  English  portrait  and 


HA 

ihistorical  painter,  died  in  the  oloom  of  life,  in 
1819.  The  admirable  arrangement  and  pow- 
erful effect  Willi,  which  he  repreHented  the  scene 
from  Henry  VIM.,  in  whiih  Mrs.  Siddons  is 
the  principal  figure, and  all  the  Kemble  fami 
ly  are  introduced,  is  a  masterly  proof  of  hia 
taste,  judgment,  and  skill,  as  a  historical  pain- 
ter ;  as  his  portraits  of  West,  Northcote,  Fuseli, 
&.C.,  were  of  his  fidelity  in  th.it  branch  of  the 
art.  As  a  copyist  also  he  was  entitled  to  high 
praise.  His  copy  of  a  picture  of  Rubens  miglit 
be  taken  for  the  original ;  and  his  copy  of  Ka 
phael's  famous  picture  of  The  Transfiguration, 
which  he  painted  witii  astoiiisliiii„'  ra,ridity, 
u-as  highly  admired  at  Rome,  wnore  the  origiiirii 
might  be  Ctnupared  with  it. 

H.VRMER.  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissenting 
divine,  and  critical  writer  on  biblical  liicraiure. 
born  at  Norwich,  in  1715,  was  ,54  Vi  ws  pastor  of 
a  congregation  at  Watiesfiold,  -ii  Suffolk,  and 
died  in  1788. 

HARMODIUS.    See  ARI.STOOITON. 

H.VRO,  Don  Louis  de,  a  favourite  of  Philip 
IV.,  prime  minister,  and  a  great  diplomatist ;  J)u 
died  in  1661. 

H.-\RC)LD  I.,  kiiigof  England,  »on  of  Canute; 
he  died  the  .5th  year  of  his  reign,  in  103<). 

H.\ROI,D  M.",  son  of  earl  Godwin,  took  pos 
session  of  the  English  crown,  on  the  death  of 
Edward  the  Confessor.  In  repelling  the  inva 
sion  of  his  kingdom,  by  William  of  Normandy, 
he  was  slain,  Oct.  10^5,  in  the  first  year  of  his 
reign. 

H.\RP.'VLU3,  a  Grecian  astronomer,  inventor 
of  the  cycle,  480  B.  C 

H.\RPALUS,  an  officer  intru-stcd  by  Alex 
ander  with  the  trcasuresof  Babylon,  with  which 
he  fled  away. 

H.VRPE,  Jean  Francois  la,  an  eminent  French 
orator,  critic,  poet,  and  dramatJc  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1740,  died  in  1802. 

HARPOCR.VTION,  Valerius,  an  ancient  rhe- 
torician of  .Alexandria,  who  has  left  an  excellent 
"  Lexicon  upon  rtie  Ten  Orators  of  Greece.  ' 
He  flourished  about  175. 

H  ARP.SFIELD,  Nicholas,  archde.^con  of  Can- 
terbury, an  English  divine,  attached  to  the  po- 
pish religion  :  he  died  in  1.572. 

HARRINGTON,  John  loid,  an  English  noble- 
man, distinguished  by  the  talents  and  genius 
which  he  displayed  at  a  very  early  age  ;  he  died 
in  1613,  agod  2-2. 

HARRINGTON,  Sir  John,  an  ingenious  Eng- 
lish poet,  and  translator  of  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso;"  by  which  he  gained  a  considerable 
reputation,  and  for  which  he  is  now  principally 
known  :  lie  was  born  at  Helston,  near  Bath,  in 
151  !,  and  died  in  1612. 

ll.\RRINGTO.N,  James,  an  eminent  political 
writer,  born  in  Northamptonshire,  in  1611,  died 
in  1677.  His  chief  work  is  called  "  Oceana," 
and  is  a  kind  of  political  romance,  in  imitation 
of  Plato's  "  Atlantic  Story,"  where,  by  Oceana. 
Harrington  means  England  ;  exhibiting  a  plan 
of  republican  government,  which  he  would  have 
erected,  by  forming  the  three  kingdoms  into  b 
genuine  commonwealth. 

HARRINtJTON,  Henry,  an  omiii«nt  English 
physician  and  poet,  died  at  Bath,  in  1816 

HARRLS,  Walter,  an  English  physician,  in 
the  reign  of  William  III.  He  wrote  some  es 
teemed  books  on  the  diseacee  of  children. 

H.\HRIS,  Robert,  was  president  of  Trinitv 
college,  O-Vt'ord,  wrote  some  sermons,  and  died 
in  1658. 

H.\RRIS,John,an  English  divine.and  a  distin- 
231 


HA 

{(uished  mathematician,  iiccretary  to  the  ruyal 
society,  died  in  1730. 

HARRIS,  William,  minister  of  a  disseiitiii); 
con^iregatiuii  in  Londuii,  ditd  in  1740. 

HARRIS,  William,  a  protcstant  dissenting 
minister,  of  eminent  abilities  andcliaracler,  and 
author  of  a  historical  and  critical  Acajunt  of 
the  Lives  of  James  I.,  Cliarles  I.,  and  Oliver 
Cromwell,  all  tending  to  recommend  repnblican- 
ism,  in  S  vols.,  after  the  manner  of  Mr.  Bayle. 
He  died  in  1770. 

HARRIS,  James,  an  English  gentleman,  of  1 
very  uncommon  parts  and  learning,  bom  in  the! 
Close,  at  Salisbury,  in  170'J,  died  in  17H0.  He  i? ' 
the  author  of  "  Three  Treatises,  concernin;; 
Art,  Music,  and  Paintin;;,  and  Poetry,  and  Hap- 
piness ;"  "  Hermes  ,  or,  a  Philosophical  Inqni 
ry  concerning  Universal  Grammar,"  (wliicli 
tnshop  Lowth,  in  the  preface  to  his  "  Enulisii 
Grammar,"  calls  the  most  beautiful  and  perfect 
example  of  analysis  that  has  been  exhibited  >ince 
the  days  of  Aristotle;)  "  Philosophical  .Vrrangc- 
ments  ;"  and  "  Philological  Inquiries  " 

HARRIS,  James,  earl  of  Malmesbury,  an  En- 
glish ambassador  at  the  court  of  Berlin,  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, and  afterwards  at  the  Ha^ue,  and  a 
member  of  the  privy  council,  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1800vend  died  in  5820. 

H.\RRISO\,  William,  an  eleyant  poet,  and 
secretary  to  the  English  ambassador  at  the 
Hague,  died  in  London,  iu  1713. 

HARRISON,  William,  an  English  wriicr,  au- 
thor of  the  Pilgrim,  a  pastoral  tragedy,  17011. 

H.VRRISON,  John,  a  colonel  in  the  parlia- 
inent  army,  and  one  of  the  judges  of  the  un- 
ft)rtunate  Charles;  he  was  executed  for  hiaper- 
lidy,  after  the  restoration. 

HARRISO.V,  Robert  Hansen,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  of  Maryland,  was  chief  justice  of  the 
general  court,  and  governor  of  that  state.  He 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  courtof 
the  United  States,  in  1789,  but  declined  the  of- 
fice, and  died  in  1790. 

HARRISON,  John,  a  most  accurate  English 
mechanic,  inventor  and  maker  of  the  famous 
time-keeper,  for  ascertaining  the  longitude  at 
sea,  born  at  Foulby,  near  Pontefract,  in  York- 
shire, 1693,  died  1776.  After  many  experiments, 
he  made  a  time-keeper  in  the  form  of  a  watch, 
with  which  two  trials  wej-e  in  voyages  to  the 
West  Indies ;  and,  being  found  to  answer,  the 
discoverer  received  from  parliament  the  sum  of 
'J4,000;. 

HARRISON,  Benjamin,  one  of  the  delega- 
tion from  Virginia,  who  sigru;d  the  declaration 
of  Indepf;iidence. 

HART.  Oliver,  minister  of  Charleston,  South 
Carolina, published  several  sermons,  and  died  in 
179.->. 

HART,  Levi,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Preston, 
Conn.,  instructed  u)any  young  men  for  the  mi- 
nistry, and  died  in  1808. 

HART,  John,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
Independence,  and  an  active  and  useful  revo- 
lutionary patriot,  he  died  in  1779. 

HARTE,  Walter,  a  divine,  poet  and  histori- 
an, born  earlv  in  the  18th  century,  and  educa- 
ted in  the  free-.scliool  of  Marlborough.  Lord 
Chesterfield,  to  whose  son  Harte  was  tutor) 
describes  him  as  a  man  of  consummate  erudi- 
tion. His  greatest  poetical  work,  called  "  The 
Amaranth,"  was  published  in  17fi7  ;  his  "  His- 
tory of  Gustavus  Adolphus,"  in  17G5;  and  his 
'  Essays  on  Husbandry,"  in  1704.  He  died  in 
1773. 

HARTLEY,  David,  an   English  physician 
23-2 


HA ■ 

of  eminence,  born  in  Yorkshire,  in  1705.  His 
jtrincipal  work  is  entitled  "  Observations  on 
Man. his  Frame, his  Outy,andhia  Expectations/ 
He  died  in  1757. 

H  ARTMAN,  John  Adolphus,  a  convert  from 
the  Jesuits,  to  Calvinism,  and  professor  of  phr- 
losophy  and  poetry,  at  Castel,  and  afterwards 
of  history,  at  Marpurg  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

HARTSOEKER,  Nicolas,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy, at  Heidelberg,  and  mathematician  to 
the  elector  palatine,  died  in  1725. 

H.\RTUN(iUS,  John,  professor  of  Greek  at 
Heidelberg,  for  some  time  in  arms  against  the 
Turks  ;  he  died  in  1579. 

HARVARD,  John,  an  eminent  American  di- 
vine, founder  of  Harvard  college,  Massachu- 
etts,  died  in  lfi38. 

HARVEY,  (Gideon,  an  eminent  English  pliy- 
sician,  attendant  upon  Charles  II.  in  his  exile, 
and  after  his  restoration  ;  he  died  in  170O. 

H.\RVEY,  William,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician who  first  discovered  the  circulation  of  i lie 
hlood  and  the  motion  of  the  heart,  in  animals, 
born  at  Folkstone,  in  Kent,  in  1578,  died  iy 
1C57. 

HARVEY,  Sir  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Virginia.  His  tyranny  and  rapacity  caused 
his  impeachment  and  removal,  in  1635. 

HARWOOD,  Dr.  Edward,  an  English  dm- 
senting  divine,  and  excellent  classical  scholar, 
born  in  17-29,  ilied  in  1794.  His  chief  works 
are,  "  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  New 
Testament,"  "  A  View  of  the  various  editions 
of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Classics,"  and  an  edi- 
tion of  the  "  New  Testament  in  Greek,  with 
'Enelish  notes." 

HASE,  Theodore,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Bremen,  his  native  town,  died  in  1731. 

HASE,  James,  brother  ot  the  preceding,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  learning  and  writings,  died  in 
1723. 

,HASSELaUIST,  Frederic,  a  Swedish  bota- 
nist and  natural  historian,  born  in  East  Goth- 
land, in  1722,  died  at  Smyrna,  in  1752. 

HASTED,  Edward,  a  topographer,  born  at 
Hawley,  in  Kent,  in  1732.  His  "  History  of 
Kent"  is  well  known  and  esteemed.  In  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  much  reduced  in 
circumstances,  and  was,  by  lord  Radnor,  pre- 
sented with  the  mastership  of  the  hospital  at 
Corsham,  Wilts.     He  died  there  in  1812. 

H.\STL\GS,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Huntington,  was  celebrated  for  her  acconi 
plishments,  and  for  her  public  and  private  cha 
rity.     She  died  in  1740,  deservedly  lamented. 

HASTINGS,  Rt.  Hon.  Warren,  was  born 
near  Daylesford,  in  Worcestershire,  in  1733. 
Having  been  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
he  went  out  to  the  East  Indies  as  a  writer,  and 
in  course  of  time  became  governor  of  Bengal. 
He  was  removed  from  Madras  to  the  presidency 
of  Calcutta  at  a  critical  period,  when  the  stale 
of  Hiiidostan  became  perilous  from  the  rapidly 
increasing  power  of  Hyder  Ally,  the  sovereign 
of  Mysore,  and  the  intrigues  of  the  French,  who 
were  taking  advantage  of  the  rupture  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  In  this  exigency, 
the  governor-general  had  to  rely  solely  upon  liia 
own  exertions;  and  he  succeeded,  beyond  all 
expectation,  in  saving  British  India  from  a  com- 
bination of  enemies.  Party  spirit  at  home,  how- 
ever, turned  his  merit  into  a  crime,  and  charges 
were  brought  against  him  in  jiarliamcnt.  He 
returned  in  !78f),  and  an  impeachment  followed, 
the  trial  of  which  lasted  nine  years,  and  termi- 
nated In  au  acquittal.    After  this  he  led  a  re- 


HA 

tired  life  on  the  wreck  of  his  fortune,  and  an 
annuity  from  ibe  India  company.  He  lired, 
however,  to  seu  lus  pians  lor  the  security  of 
India  publicly  applauded  ;  but  received  no  other 
recompense  for  iiis  sullerings,  than  thai  of  bein 
sworn  of  the  privy-couiicii  Sir  Warren  ditxl 
In  1818. 

H.\TSEL.L,  John,  clerk  of  the  house  of 
eoninions,  from  I'iiS  to  1797,  died  in  18i0. 

H/VTTON,  Sir  Christopher,  an  eminent  states- 
man, and  lord  chancellor  under  Uueen  Eliza- 
oeth,  died  in  IJ'Jl. 

HAUSTEAU,  Peter,  a  clergyman  and  a  comic 
writer,  in  the  rtign  of  Cliarles  1. 

HAUTE-FEUIl-LE,  labbe,  a  French  gontic 
man,  skilled  in  mechanics,  who  niadeconsldera 
ble  unprovenients  in  the  movements  oi  watches 
and  invejiied  a  specular  gnomon  tor  regulating 
'locks  and  watches  by  the  sun,  &c.,  born  in 
?(>47,  died  in  17-24 

HAUTKKOCHE,  Noel  le  Breton  cJe,  a  French 
'Iramalic  poet  and  actor,  died  at  Paris,  in  1707. 

HAUTETEKKE,  Anthony  Dadine  de,  profes- 
sor of  law  at  Toulouse,  author  of  a  tieatise  on 
monastic  life,  and  other  works,  indicative  of 
gr'-al   alents  and  learning ;  lie  died  in  l(i8'2. 

H.VVARD,  William,  a  respectable  actor,  and 
dramatic  writer,  of  Dublin,  died  in  1778. 

HAVEN,  Samuel,  D.  U.,  minister  of  Ports 
mouth,  New  Hampshire,  published  many  ser- 
mons, and  died  in  180C. 

HAV'E.V,  Jason,  minister  of  Dedhara,  Massa- 
^hiusette,  author  of  many  published  sermons, 
died,  much  respected,  in  1803 


HA 

have  sunk  into  wretchedness,  arising  from  the 
untimely  loss  of  tlieir  dearest  relatives. 

H.AWEIS,  Thomas,  an  Eiitjiishdivme,  known 
as  chaplain  to  the  countess  ot  Huntington,  and 
as  piincipal  of  a  scnunary  whicli  she  founded 
for  the  education  of  students  in  divinity;  he  died 
in  l»iO. 

I  II.VWKE,  Edward  lord,  a  brav  and  intrepid 
English  admiral,  appointed  rear  ol  the  white,  in 
1747,  being  then  styled  by  George  II.  "  His  own 
.Admiral;"  and,  by  successive  promotions,  he 
became  vice-admiral  of  Great  Britain,  in  1765. 
He  was  one  of  the  greatest  characters  that  evcf 
adorned  the  British  navy ;  but  most  of  all  re- 
markable for  the  daring  courage,  which  induced 
him,  1)11  many  occasions,  todisregard  those  forms 
of  conducting  or  sustaining  an  attack,  which, 
by  the  rules  and  ceremonies  of  service,  had  be- 
fore been  considered  as  indispensable.  His  de- 
I'.'at  of  the  French  armament,  under  marshal 
Conflaiis,  oil'  Belloi-le,  will  never  be  forgotten. 
He  died  in  1781. 

HAWKESWORTH,  Dr.  John,  an  English 
writer,  of  a  very  soft  and  pleasing  cast,  born  at 
Bromley,  in  Kent,  in  1715,  died  in  1773.  As  an 
author,  "The  Adventurer"  is  his  capital  work; 
the  merits  of  which,  it  is  said,  procured  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Dr.  Herring,  archbishop 
ot  Cantorbuiy.  When  the  design  of  compiling 
a  narrative  of  the  discoveries  in  the  South  Seas 
was  on  foot,  he  was  recommendifd  as  a  projicr 
person  to  be  employed  on  ilie  occasion  ;  bi:i  the 
performance  did  not  answer  expectalion.  Works 
f  taste  and  elegance,  where  iroaginaMon  and 


HAVEIICAMP,  Sigibert,  a  celebrated  Dutcli  jilie  passions  were  to  be  affected,  were  his  pro- 


critic,  and  professor  of  history,  elocpience,  ai'J 
the  Greek  tongue,  at  Leyden.  He  was  particu- 
larly skilled  in  the  science  of  medals,  and  was 
ihe  authorof  some  works  in  this  way  that  were 
very  much  esteemed.     He  gave  good  editions. 


vince ;  not  works  of  dry,  cold,  accurate  nurra- 
tive.    However,  he  executed  his  task,  and  is 
said  to  have  received  for  it  tlie  enormous  sum 
of  60001. 
HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  an  Englinh  admiral, 


as  well  as  grand  ones,  of  several  Latin  andnwho  signaliz.ed  himself,  In  the  reii:n  of  Eliza- 
Greek  authors;  of  Eutropiu3,Tertullian'3"Apa  jbeih,  by  opposing  the  Spanish  armada,  and  in  his 
logetic,"  Josephus,  Sallust,  &c. ;  and  his  edi-{,e.\pedititnis  to  the  West  Indies  ;  he  died  in  1595. 
tions  of  those  authors  are  reckoned  the  best.i  H.VWKINS,  Sir  John,  to  whom  the  public 
He  died  in  1742,  aged  58.  are  indebted  for  a  good  edition,  with  notes,  of 

H.WERS,  Clopton,  an  English  physician,  "Walton's  .\ngler,"  as  well  as  a  valuable"  His- 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  bones,  died  early  in  tory  of  Music,"  was  born  in  1719,  and  died  in 
the  18ili  century.  1789.     Some  short  lime  before  his  deaih,   he 

HAWES.  Stephen,  an  English  poet,  who  Iwroie  a  "  I-ife  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson," 
flourished  about  1500.  j which,  though   replete  with  literarj'  aiifcdote 

H.VWES,  Dr.  William,  an  English  physician, I! and  entertainment,  met  with  but  an  inditferent 
svho  has  immortalized  his  name  by  being  the jj reception  from  the  critics, 
founder  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  for  thtil     H.\WKINS,  William,  governor  of  the  state 
recovery  of  persons  apparently  dead  by  drown-  I  of  Georgia,  died  in  1819. 

Ing,  suffocation,  or  strangulation,  was  born  at  |  H.-\WKSMOOR,  Nicolas,  an  English  archt' 
Islington,  In  1736,  and  died  In  1808.  Dr.  Hawes  tect,  pupil  to  Sir  Cliristopher  Wren,  died  in  1736, 
was  a  truly  amiable  and  benevolent  man;  and'l  HAWKWOOD,  Sir  John,  born  in  the  reign 
gave  a  strong  proof  of  his  plillanihrophy  in  liisijof  Edward  II.,  died  in  1394.  Though  bred  a 
unwearied  attention  to  the  above-mentioned  in- 1  tailor,  having  afterwards  taken  to  arms,  he 
iliuition,  which  has  been  found  highly  useful, 'Isignalized  himself  in  the  wars  in  Italy,  by  his 
and  to  establish  which  he  employed  many  years  Ivalour  and  conduct,  which  raised  hvin  to  the 
of  his  life.  So  much,  indeed,  did  this  engros.^}| highest  posts.  He  gained  so  great  honour  and 
bis  mind,  and  engage  his  attention,  that  his  owniireputation  for  having  restored,  in  those  paits, 
niimediace  interests  appeared  to  him  to  be  very!  militar>'  discipline,  which  was  almost  lost,  that, 
subordinate  considerations ;  yet  he  was  always  j  after  his  death,  the  Floientincs  erected,  in  their 
roAdy  to  afford  his  professional  assistance  tolicity,  a  black  marble  statue  .is  an  acknotvlcdg 
distress.  It  would  be  difhcult  for  the  eneiiiies|linent  for  the  services  he  had  done  thern. 
of  Dr.  Hawes,  (if  such  a  truly  benicnant  clia-||  H.'WVLEY,  Joseph, distinguishexi  is  a  stales 
racier  could  have  any  enemies.)  to  say  any  thing 
to  his  disadvantage.  There  was  a  remarkable 
simplicity  in  his  manners,  tlie  result  of  an  inno- 
cent and  unsuspecting  heart :  and  his  name 
eu!!ht  to  be  recorded  aninng  the  benefactors  of 
llnfir  country,  lor  tile  esiablishnient  of  an  iiisti 
lution,  which  has  been  a  source  of  renewed 
happiness  to  thous;ind6,  who  mi;;hi  uthcrwl: 


man  and  patriot,  and  re^nrdcd  as  having  be,;n 
one  of  the  ablest  advocatco  of  American  liberty ; 
he  died  in  17f<8. 

li.WVLEV.  Gideon,  many  years  a  missionary 
to  the  Stockbridso.  Monawk,  and  Oneida  In 
dians,  and  eminently  useful  to  Uieiu ;  be  died  in 
1807. 

IfAV.   James-  a  Scotchman,  who  went  to 


G    ir 


90* 


:33 


IIA 

England  with  Jajnes  1.,  wlie/e  he  wab  eiiiidliliil. 
anil  employed  on  several  enibasbir ■^,  and  lo  in- 
gotiaic  a  marriage  between  rhe  prince  of  VVal^^ 
and  a  prince&s  oi  Fiance  ;  be  died  in  Ib'M. 

HAY,  William,  born  in  Sussex,  in  lti95,  wa^ 
remarkable  for  his  personal  deformity ;  on  wliicli 
subject  he  wrote  an  excellent  "  Kssay,"  wherein 
be  alluded  to  his  own  case  with  singular  gcx.il 
humour.  He  was  repres<'ntative  in  parliamejit 
for  Seafiord,  and  dit^  in  1755;  having  written, 
beside  the  above  essay,  "  R»ligio  Phllnsoplii," 
*'  Imitations  of  Martial,"  and  some  otlier  pieces, 
which  were  collected  and  printed  in  17'J4. 

HAYDN,  Joseph,  was  born  of  low  parentage, 
at  Kliorau,  in  AuKTia.  ill  1733.  At  an  early  age 
he  was  received  into  the  choir  of  the  caihedial 
In  Vienna,  He  afterwards  got  his  living  by 
teaching  music,  and  by  composition.  In  1791, 
be  went  to  England,  and  publisht  d  several  of 
his  works ;  in  consequence  oi  wiiich  the  univcr- 
»ity  of  0.vl"ord  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  ol 
doctor  of  music.  In  1790,  he  returned  to  Ger- 
many, where  he  composed  his  sublime  oratorio 
of  "The  Creation,"  and  "The  Seasons,"  and 
died  in  18t>J.  His  works  are  very  numerous  and 
valuable.  Wliile  Haydn  was  in  England,  a 
ship  captain  entered  his  chamber  one  morning: 
"  You  are  Mr.  Haydn  V  "  Yes."  "  Can  you 
make  me  a  march  to  enliven  my  crew  ?  You 
shall  have  thirty  guineas ;  but  I  must  have  it  to- 
day, for  to-morrow  1  start  for  Calcutta."  Haydn 
agreed:  the  seaman  left  him;  the  composer 
opened  his  piano,  and  in  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
the  march  was  written.  Haydn  appears  to  have 
had  a  delicacy,  rare  among  the  musical  birds  of 
prey  and  passage,  who  go  to  feed  on  the  un- 
wieldy wealth  of  England  ;  he  thought  so  large 
a  sum,  for  a  labour  eventually  so  slight,  a  spe- 
cies of  plunder — came  home  early  in  the  even- 
ing, and  made  two  other  marches,  in  order  to 
allow  the  liberal  seaman  his  choice,  or  to  give 
them  all  to  him.  At  daybreak  the  purchaser 
came — "  Where  is  my  march  V  "  Here,  try  it 
on  the  piano."  Haydn  played  it.  The  captain 
counted  the  thirty  guineas  on  the  piano,  took  up 
the  inarch,  and  went  down  stairs.  Haydn  ran 
after  him  ;  "  I  have  made  two  others,  both  bel- 
ter, come  up  and  hear  them,  and  take  your 
choice."  "  I  am  satisfied  with  the  one  I  have." 
The  captain  still  went  down.  "  I  will  make  you 
a  present  of  them."  The  captain  went  down 
only  the  more  rapidly,  and  left  Haydn  on  the 
stairs.  Haydn,  from  one  of  those  motives  not 
easily  defined,  determined  on  overcoming  this 
singular  self-denial.  He  immediately  went  to 
the  exchange,  ascertained  the  name  of  the 
ship,  made  a  roU  of  his  marches,  and  sent  them, 
with  a  polite  billet,  to  the  captain  on  board.  He 
was  surprised  at  receiving,  shortly  after,  his  en- 
velope, unopened,  from  the  Englishman,  who 
had  judged  it  to  be  Haydn's.  The  composer 
tore  the  whole  in  pieces  on  the  spot.  The  anec- 
dote is  of  no  great  elevation  ;  but  it  expresses 
peculiarity  of  character ;  and  certainly  neither 
the  captain  nor  the  composer  could  have  been 
easily  claused  among  the  common,  or  the  vulgar 
of  men.  Haydn  soon  adopted  the  custom  of 
shopping,  and  frequently  wandered  in  the  morn- 
ing from  house  to  house  of  the  music-sellers. 
He  used  to  mention  his  dialogue  with  one  of 
those  persons.  He  had  inquired  for  any  par- 
ticularly good  music,  "  You  are  come  exactly  at 
the  right  tinte,"  vyas  the  shopkeeper's  answer. 
"  for  I  have  just  printed  olf  Haydn's  siibliini 
music  "Oh!  as  for  that,  1  will  have  iiothii.i; 
1r»  do  witli  it."  "  How,  sii,  ootbiug  to  do  witli 
234 


HE 

llavdn!  what  fault  is  to  be  tbuiid  with  itl" 
'  Uh :  fault  enough :  but  there  is  no  use  in 
~pi  aking  about  it  now  ;  it  do^s  noi  pirase  me, 
>iiow  me  something  else."  The  music  seller, 
who  was  an  enthusiast  about  Haydn's  compo- 
^iti^ns,  looked  at  the  iiiquiier,  "  No,  sir,  1  have 
iiilier  music,  no  doubt,  but  it  is  not  fit  for  you," 
and  tumid  his  bark  upon  him.  Haydn  was  go- 
ing out  of  the  shop,  laughing,  when  he  mei  an 
acquaini.ince  coming  in,  wjio  pronounced  bis 
name.  The  niusit  seller,  w  hose  vexation  had 
revived  willi  the  sound,  turHed  round  and  said, 
"  Yes,  sir,  here  is  a  gentleman  who  actually 
docs  not  likethat  greai  man's  music  "  I'lie  mis- 
take was  of  course  soon  cleared  up,  and  the 
person  was  known  who  alone  luiglit  presume  to 
object  to  Haydn's  music. 

HAYEK  DU  PEKKON,  Peter  le,  a  native  of 
Alencon,  distinguished  for  his  poems,  odes, 
songs,  kc.  ;  he  was  born  in  1C03. 

HAYEK,  John  Nicholas  Hubert,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  author  of  a  work  on  the  immortali- 
tv  of  the  soul,  and  other  valuable  writings  ;  toe 
died  at  Paris,  in  1780. 

HAYES,  (Charles,  an  ingenious  mathematical 
writer,  author  of  a  treatise  on  fluxions,  and 
other  works  ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1760. 

MAYES,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  born  in  1708.  He  became  professol 
of  music  at  Christ  Church  College,  Oxford,  and 
published  a  collection  of  English  ballads;  buti» 
best  known  by  his  cathedral  music  and  catches. 
He  defended  Handel  against  Avison,  with  soma 
asperity,  and  died  in  1777. 

HAYLEY,  William,  an  English  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  ISiiO. 

HAYLEY,  William,  a  poet,  dramatist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1745,  was  edu 
cated  at  Cambridge.  On  leaving  the  university 
he  retired  to  his  estate  of  Eartham,  in  Sussex  , 
he  died  at  Felpham,  in  1820. 

HAYMAN,  Francis,  a  painter,  of  some  dis- 
tinction, born  at  Exeter,  in  1708,  became  a  loeni 
ber,  and  librarian  of  the  royal  academy,  ano 
died  in  li  /6.  . .  .    - 

HAYRION,  a  native  of  the  Tyrolese,  in  the 
loth  century,  of  gigantic  stature.  He  is  said  ta 
have  been  16  feet  in  height,  with  strength  pro- 
IKJrtionate  to  his  size.       -  • 

H.'WNES,  Hopton,  assay  master  of  the  Eng- 
lish mini,  known  as  the  auiliorof  a  work  on  the 
attributes  and  worship  of  God,  and  the  chaiac- 
ter  and  offices  of  Christ ;  he  died  in  1749. 

HAYNES,  Samuel,  an  English  clergyman i 
he  published  a  collection  of  state  papers,  and 
died  in  1752. 

HAYNES,  John,  governor  of  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut,  of  which  latter  colony  he  waa 
one  of  the  founders  ;  he  died  in  IGS-l. 

HAYTER,  Kev.  John,  an  excellent  Greek 
scholar,  who  was  employed  by  ihe  prince  of 
Wales,  (present  king,)  for  many  years,  in  un- 
rolling and  deiyplieiing  the  MSS.  found  at  Her- 
culaneum.  He  died  at  Paris,  of  apoplexy,  in 
1818,  in  his  03d  year. 

HAYWOOD,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
historian,  died  in  1027. 

HAYWOOD,  Elizabeth.    See  HEYWOOD. 

HAYWOOD,  Henry,  minister  in  Suuth  Ca- 
rolina to  the  Socinian  baptists,  died  in  1755. 

HAZAEL,  servant  of  Benhadad,  king  of  Sy- 
ria, was  sent  by  his  master  to  inquire  of  the 
prophet  Elisha,  the  result  of  liis  sickness.  On 
his  reinrn,  he  killed  the  king,  and  usurped  his 
throne,  ^R'J  B.  C. 

HEAD,  Kichard,  a  native  of  Ireland,  Iuiowm 


HE 

ns  the  autlior  of  "  The  Englipii  Rogui'."  a  t  o- 
medy,  and  several  other  dramatic  pieces ;  ttc 
died  ill  1678. 

HKADLEY,  Henry,  an  ingenious  poet,  and 
excellent  young  man,  was  born  at  Irslead,  in 
Norfolk,  in  niifi,  and,  after  pasi^ing  under  the 
tuition  of  Dr.  Parr,  was  admitted  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, f  ixford.  He  died  in  17?8.  Before  the  agi- 
of  20  he  puhlished  a  volume  of  "  Poems ;"  but 
lie  is  principally  known  tu  the  literary  worhl  l>y 
Hvo  voluniKS  of  "  Select  Beauties  of  Ancieiii 
Englisli  poetiy,  with  Remarks,"  1787:  a  work 
very  deservedly  ill  hiirli  esteem  ;  and  which  was 
ele(;antly  republished  liy  M..  Shaipe,  in  I?IO, 
with  a  biographical  skeicli  of  the  author,  by  (lie 
Rev.  Hemy  Kelt,  B.  D.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford. 

HE.ARNF.,  Thoma.s,  an  English  antiquary, 
and  iiidefali|;alile  collector  and  editor  of  books 
and  MSS.  chiclly  concerning  English  liisiory, 
born  in  1G78,  and  died  in  17.T5. 

HEATH,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
chancellor  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Mary, 
died  in  1.'>K0. 

HEATH,  James,  an  Engliish  historian,  born 
in  London,  in  1G39,  and  died  in  IGIVI. 

HE.ATH,  Tlioni.is,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
»nd  a  Jesuit :  he  was  sent  as  a  miasionary  to 
England,  where  he  died  about  15t)8. 

HEATH,  Benjamin,  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
and  town-clerk  of  Exeter,  wiio  wrote  several 
works,  but  is  best  known  by  "  A  Revisal  of 
Shakspeare's  Text,  wherein  the  alterations  in- 
troduced into  it  by  the  more  modern  editors  and 
critics  are  particularly  considered,  17t(5. 

HEATH,  William,  a  brigadier,  and  after 
wards  a  iiiajor-cencral  in  the  Ainerican  army 
during  the  revolution  ;  he  was  distinguished  foi 
his  palriotism  and  zeal,  and  died  after  the  war 
at  Boxlniry,  Massachuselts 

HEATHCOTE,  Dr.  Ralph,  a  very  learned  di- 
vine and  controversial  writer,  born  in  1721,  and 
died  in  179.5.  When  very  young,  he  published, 
at Cainbridae,  "  Historia  Astronomln,"  which 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  merit  which  he  after- 
wards acijuired  in  the  literary  world.  The  doc- 
tor was  deeply  engaged  in  the  Middlelonian 
controversy  upon  the  miraculous  powers.  In 
177.5  he  published  "  A  Sketch  of  Lord  Boling- 
broke's  Philosophy  ;"  and,  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  same  year,  came  out,  "  The  use  of  Reason 
asserted  in  Matters  of  Religion."  The  doctor 
slso  was  encaged  in  the  compilation  of  the 
"Biographical  Dictionary,"  12  vols.  8vo,  1701, 
and  had  a  considerable  sum  from  the  booksellers 
for  several  new  articles  in  the  edition  of  1784. 
In  1771  apiieared  •'  The  Ii-enarch  ;  or,  Justice 
of  Peace's  Manual ;"  and  he  then  qualified 
himself  for  acting  for  the  liberty  of  Southwell 
and  Scrooby.  The  first  volume  of  "  Sylva  ;  or. 
The  Wood,"  was  published  in  178G,  and  a  se- 
cond edition  in  1788.  He  had  intended  publish- 
ing a  second  volume  of  this  work,  but  indisposi- 
tion prevented  his  accompllshins  it. 

HKATIIFIELD,  Lord.    See  ELIOT. 

linBF.iXSTRElT,  Joh^  Ernest,  a  physician 
and  writer  educated  at  Jena ;  he  went  afterwards 
tol.'i|i<ic,  where  he  died  in  17S6. 

HF.llKR,son  of  Pelah,  and  father  of  Pheleg, 
died  >^I7  B.C.  aged  464.  The  Jews  derive  tlie 
name  of  Hebrews  from  him. 

HKHERnEiV,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician  and  medical  writer,  born  in  1710, 
died  in  1801. 

HF.HF.RT,  James  Rene,  a  Frcncli  revolution- 
Ut,  disiiii)ruiiib»d  for  his  abusiv*  writincs  and 


HE 

his  bitterness  against  the  queen.     He  was  guil- 
lotined by  order  cf  Robespierre,  in  1794. 

HKC.\'T,i;i'i5.  a  biiitorian  of  Ahdera,at  the 
court  ot  the  Ptolemies,  autlior  of  a  history  at 
the  Jews,  kc. 

HECHT,  Christian,  a  minister,  of  Fesen,  in 
East  Friezland.  died  in  1743. 

IIFCK,  Nicholas,  an  admired  Dutch  landscape 
and  historical  painter,  born  in  ISfiO. 

HECK,  Martin  Heiniskirk,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  an  eminent  landscape  painter. 

HF/<.'K,John  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  of  Oa- 
denard,  died  in  ]68!l. 

HECKEWELDER,  John,  a  natiw  of  Eng- 
land, was  formally  years  a  Moravian  mission- 
ary among  the  Delaware  Indians,  and  author  of 
an  account  of  the  manners  and  customa  of  the 
Indian  tribes  which  once  inliabited  Penasylva- 
nia;  he  died  in  ]?S23. 

HECQUET,  Philip,  a  French  physician,  who 
is  immortalized  in  Gil  Bias,  under  the  nanie  of 
Doctor  Sangrado.  He  was  a  man  of  piely,  and 
author  of  several  nieUical  works;  tie  <Ued  in 
17:!7. 

HEDELIN,  Francis,  a  French  grammnrian, 
poet,  antiquary,  preaehi-r,  and  writer  of  roman- 
ces ;  but  chiefly  distinguished  by  a  book  entiiled 
"  Pratique  du  Theatre,"  born  at  Paris,  in  lf)04, 
died  in  ir-70. 

IIKDERICITS,  orHEDERirn,  Benjamin,  • 
native  of  I'pper  Saxony,  and  author  ot'  a  cele- 
brate<l  "  Greek  Lexicon,"  was  iMjrn  in  Misnim, 
in  Iii7.5,  and  riii-d  in  1748. 

HEDLIXf.EU,  John  Charles,  a  Swiss  engra- 
ver, wlio.se  medals  are  much  admired,  died  in 
1771. 

HEDWIG,  John,  a  German,  professor  of  bo- 
tany, whose  researches  respecting  the  cryptoga- 
mia  class  of  plants  will  immortalize  his  faiiie  ; 
he  was  born  in  1731,  and  died  at  Leipsic,  in  1799. 

HEEDE,  William,  a  historical  painter,  born 
at  Fumes,  died  in  1728.  His  brother.  Vigor  Van, 
also  eminent 'in  the  same  branch  of  tlie  pro- 
fession, died  in  170H. 

DEEM,  John  David  de,  a  painter,  of  Utrecht, 
whose  fruits  and  tlowers  were  much  admired, 
he  died  in  1674. 

HEEMSKIRK.     See  HEMSKIRK. 

HEERE,  Lucas  de,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Ghent,  died  in  1564 

HEGESIPPl'S,  a  Jew,  converted  to  Christi- 
anity, in  157.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  church 
to  his  own  time.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
■wrote  an  account  of  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

HIMDFGGER,  John  Henry,  an  eminent  pro- 
tesiani  divine,  professor  at  Heidelberg,  at  Stein- 
furl  and  at  Zurich,  where  he  died  in  WW. 

HEIDEGGER,  John  James,  born  in  Switzer- 
land, in  1661,  and  famous  for  his  humour  and 
his  ugliness.  H  is  judgment  and  taste  in  operatic 
amusements  gained  him  the  favour  of  George 
II.  and  his  court,  and  acquired  him  the  chief 
management  of  the  Opera-house  in  the  Hay- 
market.  He  also  improved  another  snecies  of 
diversion,  not  less  agreeable  to  the  king,  which 
was  the  masquerades  ;  and  over  these  he  always 
presided  at  the  king's  theatre.  He  was  likewise 
appointed  master  of  the  revels.  Froii  these 
several  eniployments,  he  gained  a  regij  iar  in- 
come, amoiintine  in  some  years  to  5000i.,  which 
he  spent  with  much  liberality;  and  iiis  charity 
was  boundless  ;  it  being  well  attested,  that  after 
a  successful  masquerade  he  has  been  known  to 
irive  away  several  hundred  pounds  at  a  time. 
He  if  supposed  tu  have  been  tlie  m<  ■:'  hard-f«a- 
«35 


1 


.^'" 


HE 


HK 


lured  man  in  Uic  kingdom,  and  innumerable.)  UELLENICUS,  a  Greeli  Jiisiorian,  wjr>  died 
jests  an;  related  of  him  ;  but  being  good  hu-1,411  B.C. 

moured,  and  aiwaj  s  llie  first  to  joke  on  his  own'!  HELLOT,  John,  a  French  phHoeophical  and 
ttgliness.  111-  blunted  every  shaft  of  ridicule  ;  he  iciiymical  writer,  and  a  distinguished  chymist, 
died  in  Iti-l'J.  l!died  in  ITiJfi. 

HEIL,  Daniel  Van,  a  painter,  of  Brussels,!!     HELMBKEKER,  Theodore,  a  Dutch  land- 
bom  about  1704.  iscape  and  historical  painter,  of  Haerlem,  died  at 

HEIL,,  John  Baptist,  brother  of  the  preceding,'  Rome,  in  1094. 


I 


Was  an  eminent  hisiorital  and  portrait  painter 
he  was  born  in  loOli.  Leonard  Van,  another 
brother,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  painter, 
particularly  of  flowers  and  insecta. 

HEIN,  Peter,  a  Dutcliman,  who,  from  obscu 
rity.  rose  to  the  command  of  the  fleets  of  his 
country,  was  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  French, 
in  1629. 

HElN'ECCrUS,  John  Gottlieb,  a  German  law- 
professor  and  writer,  born  at  Eiseinberg,  in  1081, 
died  1741. 

HEIXRCKEN,  Christian  Henry,  an  extraor- 
dinary youth,  born  at  Lubeck,  in  1721.  He  spoke 
his  maternal  tongue  fluently  at  ten  months  ;  at 
one  year  old  he  knew  the  principal  events  of  the 
Pentateuch  :  ir.  two  months  more  he  was  master 
of  the  entire  histories  of  tlie  Old  and  New  Tes- 
tament ;  at  two  years  and  a  half  he  answered 
the  principal  questions  in  geography,  and  in  an- 
cient and  modern  history.  He  spoke  Latin  and 
French,  German  and  Low  Dntch,  with  great  fa- 
cility:  before  the  coinniencement  of  his  fourrii 
year,  172.1,  in  which  he  died.  His  constitution 
was  so  delicate,  that  he  was  not  weaned  till  a 
few  months  before  his  death. 

HEINSIUS,  Daniel,  professor  of  politics  and 
history,  at  Leyden,  and  librarian  of  the  univer- 
sity tbejje,  born  at  Ghent,  in  1580,  died  165.5. 
He  disti.iguished  himself  a.'S  a  critic  by  his  la 
Soars  :jpon  Theocritus,  Hesiod,  Seneca,  Ho 
mer.Theophrastiis,  Ovid, Li  vy,  Terence,  Horace 
&c.,  and  wrote  poems  in  various  laii^'uages, 
which  have  been  often  printed,  and  always 
admired. 

HEINSIUS,  N.,  grand  pensionary  of  Holland, 
Vvas  an  able  statesman,  and  a  man  of  stront; 
powers  ('f,;pind.    He  died  at  the  Haine,  in  1720. 

HE1.J,  •  .  JS,  Nicholas,  the  son  of  Daniel,  born 
at  Leyubn,  in  1620,  became  as  greai  a  Latiii 
poet,  and  a  gti.  t  critic,  than  his  farhe;,and 
died  in  1661. 

HEiSS,  N.,  a  German  historical  wr:ier,  of  the 
17th  century. 

HEtSTER.  Lawrence,  a  physician,  surgeon', 
and  naturalist,  born  at  Frankfort,  in  1083,  died 
in  175^.  His  principal  works  are,  "Compendium 
Aii.itcrnicuitt,"  and  "  Institutions  of  Surgery." 

H  KLE,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  who,  alter 
<ertnng  in  the  army,  settled  at  Paris,  where  he 
became  an  estcemeo  dramatic  writer,  in  the 
FrKOch  languatfe  ;  he  aied  in  1780. 

HELENA,  St.,  the  mother  of  Constantine  the 
Great,  was  distinguished  for  her  piety  and  Chris- 
tian charitv,  an.l  as  the  founder  of  several 
churches     She  died  in  328. 

HELiODORIJrf,  of  PhoBnicia,  flouriplied about 
398.  In  his  youth  he  wrote  a  romance,  by  which 
he  is  now  better  known  than  by  his  bishopric  of 
Tricca,  to  which  he  was  afterwards  p'omotcd  It 
}s  entitled,  "  Etiiiopics."  and  rel.ites  the  amours 
of  TheagencSandChariclea.  The  learned  lieu 


HEL.MONT,  John  Baptist  Van,  commonly 
called  Van  Melmont,  a  man  of  great  learning,  es- 
pecially in  physic  and  natural  philosophy,  born 
at  Brussels,  in  1.577.  By  his  skill  in  physic  he 
performed  such  unexpected  cures,  that  he  was 
put  into  the  inqjaiiition,  as  a  man  that  did  things 
beyond  the  reach  of  nature.  He  cleared  him- 
self before  the  inquisitors;  but,  to  be  more  at 
liberty,  retired  afterwards  into  Holland,  where 
he  died,  in  104^1. 

HELMONT,  Matthew  Van,  a  painter,  of  Ant- 
werp, died  in  1726. 

HELOI.SE,the  concubine,  and  afterwards  the 
wife,  of  Peter  Abelard  ;  a  nun,  and  afterwards 
prioress  of  Argentnil ;  and,  lastly,  abbess  of  the 
Paraclete.  She  was  born  about  the  beginning  of 
I  he  12th  century,  and  died  in  1163.  See  ABE- 
L.^RD. 

HELSHAM,  Richard,  M.  D.,  professor  of 
physic  and  natural  ptulosophy  in  Dublin  college, 
and  author  of  lectures  on  natural  philosophy. 

HELSE,  Bartholomew  Vander,  a  painter,  of 
Haerlem.  died  in  1070. 

HELVETIUS,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 
distinguished  himself  at  Paris,  during  the  pre- 
valence of  an  epidemic  there,  by  his  successful 
practice  :  he  died  in  1721. 

HELVETIl'S,  John  Claude,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  physician  to  11:  queen  of  France, 
counsellor  of  state,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1755. 

HELVETIUS,  Claude  Adrian,  who  wrote 
the  celebrated  book  "De  I'Esprit,"  On  the 
-Mind,  and  "  De  I'llomme,"  On  Man,  and  whom 
Voltaire  calls  "a  true  pliilosopher,"  was  bom 
at  Paris,  in  1715,  and  died  In  1771.  His  hypo* 
thesis  is  m.-iterialism  in  the  worst  sense. 

HELVICUS,  Christopher,  professor  of  Greek 
lud  ea.stern  laoguages,  and  of  divinity  at  Giesaen 
iniver.=i:v  ;  he  died  in  1617. 

HELYOT,  Peter  a  native  of  England,  of 
the  order  of  Franciscans,  author  of  a  history 
of  the  monastic  orders,  &c.,died  in  1716. 

HEMEL.\R,  John,  a  Flemish  poet  and  orator, 
and  author  of  some  estremely  useful  comnien 
liaries  upon  the  medals  of  the  Koinan  emperors, 
i'rom  the  time  of  Julius  CtEsar  down  to  Justinian, 
was  born  at  the  Hague,  and  died  in  1040. 

HEMMERMN,  or  MALLEOLUS,  Felix,  a 
canon,  and  writer  of  Zurich,  in  1428. 

HRMMINGFORD,  Walter  de,  canon  of  Gis 
borough  abbey,  En;.'land,  and  author  of  a  history 
lof  England,  from  1060  to  1308;  he  died  in  1347' 

HE.M5K1RK,  Martin,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  a  village  of  his  name  in  Holland,  in  1498 
.Most  of  liis  works  were  engraved;  but  it  is 
visible  that  he  did  not  understand  the  chiaro 
obbcuro,  and  that  bis  manner  of  designing  was 
dry.  He  has,  however,  been  called  the  Ra- 
phael of  Holland,  and  died  in  1574. 

HEMPKTRK.  Egbert,  a  Dutch  painter. 

HEMSKUIK;  Eizbert.  the  Younger,  a  son  of 


tins  is  of  opinion,  that  Heiiodorus  was  amongilthe  preceding,  was  also    an   eminent    Dutch 
;ne  romance  writers,  what  Homer  was  amoiiiri'painter  ;  he  died  in  1704. 

the  poets.  I]     HEMSTERHUIS,  or   IIEMSTERHUSIUg, 

HKHOaAn.\LUS, Marcus  .\urelius  Antoni-llTiheriu*,  a  learned  critic,  born  at  Groningen, 
ItUS,  emperor  rf  Rome.  He  was  cruel,  vindic-  was  professor  of  mathematics  and  philosophy, 
live,  and  licentious,  and  was  assassinated  A.  D.  ]at  Amsterdam,  and  of  Greek  and  historv,  at 
9ii  hL^yden  ;  lie  died  rn  nO", 

•2% 


HE 

HEMSTERHUSIUS.Fraiicis.graiidson  of  tin; 
precediiij;,  w;is  in  tliu  service  ol'  the  Uuiled 
Slates,  lie  was  author  of  "  OJuvres  Pliiloso- 
pliiiiues,"  and  ollnji  works,  and  died  in  1790. 

UKi\  ACLT,  Jolm  d',  a  Frenchman,  who  ac- 
<|iiired  considerable  celebrity  as  a  poet,  died  in 

HEXAULT,  Charles  John  Francis,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1685,  was  adniitledcouMsellorin  parlia- 
nieiit,  ill  17C6,  wuli  a  dispeiiiiaiion  on  accoum  of 
liis  age,  and,  in  1710,  was  made  presidriit  of  the 
firsi  chamber  of  inquests.  He  spent  several 
yeajti  in  making  himself  master  ol  the  Roman 
law,  the  ordinances  of  the  French  kings,  their 
customs,  and  public  law;  but  history  whs  liis 
favourite  study;  and  he  is  deservedly  account!  d 
the  iirst  framer  of  chronological  abrid^inients  ; 
in  which,  without  slopping  al  detached  tacts,  he 
attend!!  only  to  those  which  lorm  a  chain  of 
events  that  perfect  or  alter  the  government  and 
character  of  a  country,  and  traces  only  the 
spiiiiRs  which  exalt  orlmiiible  a  nation,  extend- 
ing or  contracling  the  space  that  ii  occupies  in 
the  world.  The  tirstediilonof  his  work,  the  re- 
sult of  torty  years'  reading,  appeared  in  1744, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  chancellor  Dragues- 
seau,  with  llie  modest  title  of,  "  An  Essay." 
The  sucxi^ss  it  met  with  surprised  him.  He 
made  continued  improvements  in  it,  and  it  has] 
gone  through  nine  editions,  and  been  translated' 
into  Italian,  English,  and  German,  and  even  inio* 
Chinese.  He  wrote,  in  early  life,  tiiree  trajedfts, 
which  met  with  indiircreiit  success;  hutafter-| 
wards  he  composed  three  delightful  roinedics. 
Henaiilt  died  in  1771. 

HENDHRSON,  Alexander,  a  leader  of  the 
Presbyterian  party  ^  Scotland,  and  one  of  the 
divines  sent  to  mett  Charles  I.  at  Newcastle. 
He  died  about  164ti. 

HEMli;i!.SON,  John, of  Covent  Garden  Ihea- 
|re,  an  admirable  actor  in  various  cli.->iacters  of 
the  Immorlal  Shakespeare.  His  private  life  wasi 
exceedingly  amiable.  He  was  born  in  London, 
in  1747,  Ruddied  in  178j. 

HE.VnEUSOX,  John,  B.  A.,of  Pcmbrolcccol-I 
Wpe,  O.vl'oid,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1757.riis|!|ayed, 
at  a  very  early  period  of  life,  an  iiiieonnnon 
thirst  afier  knowledge,  which  he  gratilkd  with 
unremitting  ardour.  The  favourite  subjects  of 
his  studies  were  metaphysics,diviiiity,  morality, 
chymistry,  and  medicine ;  and  the  virtues  of  his 
heart  were  snpenor  eviMi  to  the  astonishing 
powora  of  Ins  niideistandiiig.  He  died,  however, 
the  victim  of  intemperance,  in  1788. 

IIEXCJES  T,  a  Saxon  chief,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land to  a.ssist  in  repelling  the  I'icts,  and  received 
the  kingdom  of  Kent  as  a  reward  for  bis  Ber- 
vices  ;  lie  died  in  4f  9. 

lil'.N'l.EY,  Anthony,  a  member  of  the  BritiBh 
pa:li!inu'iit,  (lislingnished  for  his  eloquence,  the 
wit  and  ea.-ie  of  his  wrilings,  the  elegance  of  liis 
manners,  and  his  patronage  of  literary  men  ;  he! 
died  in  1711.  l; 

HENLEV,  John,  better  known  by  the  appe11a-i! 
tioii  of  "  Orator  Henley,"  was  born  at  Melton,! 
Mowbray, in  lieiceslershire,  in  109-2.  He  publish-!! 
«d  several  pieces;  as  a  Iranslstion  of  Pliny's 
"  Epistles,"  of  several  works  of  Abbe  Vertot, 
of  Monlfaucon's  "  Italian  Travels,"  in  folio, 
and  many  other  lucubrations ;  but  his  celebrity 
he  acquired  asa  popular oratoriiear  Clare  Mar- 
ket. He  preached  on  Sundays  upon  theological 
niatters,  and  on  Wednesdays  upon  all  other 
sciences.  He  struck  medals,  which  he  dispersed 
as  tickets  to  liis  subscribers,  a  star  rising  to  the 
rniddlc,  v.'ltli  tdis  mono,   "ad  suinma,"   and 


HE 

below,  "  Invcniain  viani,  aut  faciam."  Each 
nuditur  paid  one  sliilling.  He  w.'is  also  author 
of  a  weekly  paper,  called  "  The  Hyp  Doctor," 
for  wliich  he  had  100^  a  year  given  him.  "This 
singular  cliaiactcr  died  in  1750. 

IIEMLEV,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  professor  of  moral 
phiiosHphy  in  the  college  of  Williamsburg,  Vir- 
ginia, alierwards  head  of  the  East  India  college, 
lat  Ileiifnid.  England;  he  died  In  18lt>. 

HENMMiES,  Jerome,  a  German  hiEtoriao, 
{in  the  Ifith  century. 

I  HKiN'NUVER,  John,  a  bishop  of  Lisieux,  in 
{France,  justly  lueiiiorable  for  liis  humanity  at  the 
itime  of  the  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
linew,  died  in  1577. 

HENUION,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Tilyes, 
was  engai;ed.  at  the  liuic  of  his  death,  in  17120, 
in  writing  a  work  on  weights  and  measures. 

IIEN'KY, of  Huntingdon, an  early  Englishliis- 
{torlan,  died  in  11(38. 

i  HENRY  I.,  surnamed  the  Fowler,  emperor 
of  Germany,  was  elected  to  the  throne  in  919 
He  was  a  wise  and  piiliiic  prince,  was  success- 
ful in  his  ware,  strengthened  his  empire,  and 
promoted  harmony  and  union,  among  the  Ger- 
man princes.     He  died  in  936. 

HENRY  II.,  surnained  the  Lame,  was  grand 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  ascended  the  imperial 
throne  in  1002.     He  died  in  10-il. 

HENRY  111.,  emperor  of  Germany,  succeed- 
ed to  the  throne  in  1039.  He  made  war  with  se- 
veral ot  the  popes,  expelled  three  of  them,  and 
was  crowned  hy  a  fourth.     lie  died  in  1056. 

HENRY  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany,  succeed- 
ed his  father,  Henry  HI.,  wlien  only  six  years 
old  ;  during  his  minority,  the  kingdom  was  go- 
verned by  his  mother.  He  was  involved  in  wars 
with  the  popes,  was  dethroned  by  his  children, 
and  dieil  in  poverty  and  obscurity,  in  llOO! 

IIENKY  v.,  son  of  the  preceding,  deposed 
his  father  in  llOti.  He  died  in  1125,  leaving  the 
character  of  an  unnatural  son,  an  impious  hypo- 
crite, and  an  insidious  and  imperious  master. 

HENHY  VI.,  ascended  the  throne  of  the  em- 
pire ill  ll'.HI.  He  detained  Richard  of  England, 
w  iio  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  a  pri.'  r,  and 
obtained  a  large  sum,  as  his  ransom.  jdied 
iu  1 197. 

HENKY  VII.,  was  elected ■Vrtipeior  in  1308. 
He  entered  Rome,  sword  in  hand,  and  was 
crowned  by  the  pope,  1312,  and  died  the  fol- 
ic wing  >ear. 

HKNUV,  Raspon,  margrave  of  Tliuringia, 
was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  in  124(},  but 
died  tl.i'  following  year. 

HENRY  I.,  king  of  France,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1031.  He  died  in  lOfiO,  with  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  brave  warrior,  n-^\i  a  benevoleni  man. 

HENRY  II.,  succeeded  "its  father,  Francis  I  , 
as  king  of  France,  in  1547.  He  was  cngasied  in 
wars  with  England,  and  with  Charles  V.,  of 
Spain,  and  supported  the  glory  of  his  arms,  by 
his  bravery  and  success.  He  died  of  a  wound, 
accid(Mi(ally  inflici(>d  at  a  tournament,  in  1559. 

HENRY  in.,  w.iscliosen  king  of  Poland,  but 
quitted  that  throne,  to  succeed  his  brother,  as 
king  of  France.  At'tera  reign,  distracted  by  the 
quarrels  between  the  protcstants  and  catholics, 
he  was  killed  by  a  priest,  named  Clement,  iir 
1589.  In  his  person,  the  house  of  Valois  bccam* 
extinct. 

HENRY  IV.,  king  of  France,  was  horn  at  Pau, 
in  15.53.  His  right  to  the  throne  was  disputed, 
because  he  was  a  piotestant ;  but,  after  the  mas- 
sacre of  St.  Bartholomew,  he  9ignali7.ed  himself 
against  the  Irajuers  :  ami  H'-nrv  HI.  dy!ng,lw 


BE 

succended  liiin,  in  opposition  to  cardinal  dc  Hnur- 
bnn.  In  138*.),  with  4U0Umt;n,  lie  delcalcd 30,000, 
cuniinuiided  by  the  duke  ot°  Muyciine,  tec.  lie 
al'teru-ui'd!!  embraced  the  catholic  relipioii,  and 
wa-s  crowned.  He  aUo  del'eaied  18,000  Spani 
ardb,  in  Burgundy,  and  nductd  tlie  leaguers  to 
their  duty,  whom  he  pardoned.  A  young  scho- 
lar, John  Chastel,  would  have  struck  hini  in  tl>e 
niouih  with  a  knil'c,  but  mii-sed  tuin  ;  the  king 
eaid,  •'  And  is  it  so,  that  the  Jesuits  must  he  con- 
denmed  by  my  mouth?"  and  thereupon  they 
Were  hani:<hed.  A  protesiant  minister  told  him, 
"  He  denied  God  with  his  mouth,  and  therefore 
he  was  struck  there  ;  but  if  he  denied  him  in  his 
heart^thene.xt  stroke  might  be  thereahouls  too." 
He  conclude<l  a  peace  with  Spain, and  an  agree- 
ment with  Savoy,  in  1001  ;  and  was  slabbed  with 
n  knife,  by  Ravillac,  in  his  coach,  at  Paris,  May 
14,  ItilO.  Above  fifty  historians,  and  live  hun- 
dred (laneKyrists,  poets,  and  orators,  have  spoUen 
in  his  praise.  But  the  "  lienriade"  of  Voltaire! 
is  tile  most  likely  to  immortalize  him. 

HKiNRY  I.,  king  of  England,  and  duke  ofl 
Kormandy,  was  the  third  son  of  William  tlisi 
Conipioror,  and  ascended  the  throne  in  IKKI. ; 
Although  absolute  in  power,  he  re!gne(J  with 
wisdom,  opposed  the  encroachments  of  thei 
church  of  Rome,  abolished  the  curlew,  regula-| 
ted  the  weights  and  measures  of  his  kingdom, I 
and  laid  the  Ibundationof  that  liberty,  of  which; 
Kngllshuieu  are  so  justly  proud.  He  died  in] 
IIR").  I 

lIKNRy  n.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Enp-j 
land  in  1154.  He  cddcd  Brittany  and  Ireland! 
to  Ins  dominions,  attempted  to  repress  the  ainbi-| 
tion  of  the  clergy,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart,! 
at  the  rebellion  of  his  children,  in  1189.  His 
teicM  was  marked  with  v-.odom,  valour,  and  po-| 
pularity,  and  was  calculated  to  advance  the 
welfare  of  his  people. 

HENRY  HI.,  succeeded  John,  as  king  of 
EiiL'land,  in  1216.  He  was  defeated  in  his  warsj 
abroad,  and  imprisoned  by  his  barons  at  home, 
anil  died  after  a  weak  and  disgraceful  reign,  in 
127-2.  I 

HEN'RY  IV.,  third  sonof  Henry  III.,  usurped 
the  throne  in  1399,  and  by  that  act,  gave  rise  to 
the  long  wars  between  the  houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster ;  he  died  in  1413. 

HENRY  v.,  son  of  Henry  IV.,  on  ascending 
the  throne,  abandoned  his  dissolute  associates, 
and  his  equally  dissolute  habits,  and  became  a 
wi.<e  and  virtuous  monarch.  He  formed  the  de- 
sign of  conquering  France,  fought  the  battle  of 
Agincourt,  nia.ied  Catherine,  and  was  declar- 
ed licir  to  the  throne  of  that  kingdom  ;  but  died 
euddenlv  in  the  midst  of  his  successes,  in  1422. 

HENRY  VI.,  son  of  Henry  V.,  succeeded  his 
fa'her  on  the  English  throne,  when  only  ten 
ii«ontlis  old,  and  his  grandfather  Charles  VI.  as 
lovereign  of  France.  He  was  crowned  kingof| 
France  at  Paris  ;  but  his  claims  were  opposedj 
by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  under  the  name  ofj 
Charles  VH.  who  recovered  the  Fiencli  domln-j 
inns,  and  expelled  the  English.  He  was  after- 
wards deposed  at  home  by  the  duke  of  York, I 
and  committed  a  prisoner  to  the  tower,  where! 
he  was  nnirdcred,  in  1471. 

HENRY  VII.,  opposed  and  defeated  Richard 
ni.  and  was  crow'iied  kins  of  England,  on  the 
field,  after  the  battle  of  Boswortli,  ii;  14R5.  He 
was  devoted  to  the  happiness  of  his  subjects, 
und  contributed  materially  to  the  establislinient 
of  commerce,  the  encouragement  of  industry, 
and  to  the  proteciion  of  the  arts  He  checked 
tlie  eiicroacliments  of  the  nobles,  made  salutary 
238 


HE 

laws,  and  died  with  the  reputation  of  a  greet 
and  good  king,  in  1509.  By  his  marriage,  the 
rival  claims  of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancas- 
ter, were  united  and  settled. 

HENRY  VIH.,  son  and  succpssor  to  Henry 
VH,,  ascended  the  throne,  in  1509,  aged  18.  Al- 
though for  a  short  time  popular,  he  toon,  by  his 
arbitrary  ami  capricious,  conduct,  proved  hica- 
jself  a  tyrant.  He  obtained  the  title  ol  defender 
|Of  the  faith,  from  tlie  pope,  by  opposing  Luther. 
I  He  afterwards  quart  elkd  witli  the  pope,  who 
(refused  to  divorce  him  from  his  wife,  and  re- 
nounied  his  authority,  and  declared  hinit>elf 
|lieadol  the  church,  thus  introducing  tl;e  relor- 
jmation  into  England.  He  was  six  times  mar- 
jried  ;  two  of  his  wives  perished  on  the  scalTo.d, 
;and  two  others  were  divorced.  Although  beiie- 
ilits  resulted  from  his  reign,  he  must  be  detested 
I  for  Ills  tyranny  and  oppression ;  he  died  in  1547. 
H  F.N  RY,  prince  of  Wales,  oldest  son  of  Jauirs 
II.,  died  in  1012,  aged  18,  lamented  by  the  nation, 
I  who  viewed  in  him  their  future  friend  and  com- 
imon  benefactor. 

I  HENRY,  of  Huntingdon,  an  early  English 
•  historian,  died  in  1168. 

HENRY,  Matthew,  an  eminent  dlsscntin? 
teacher,  and  voluminous  writer,  born  in  Iti^iS, 
died  in  1714.  His  best  known  work  is  bis  "  Ex- 
position of  the  Bibie.  " 

i  HENKY,  Di.  ROBERT,  minister  of  one  of 
the  churches  of  Edinburgh,  and  author  of  the 
"  Hisiorj'  of  Great  Britain,"  in  5  vols.,  born  at 
iSt.  Ninian's,  in  1718,  died  in  17t>0.  A  posthu- 
mous volume,  being  the  Olh,  has  been  published 
isince  his  death. 

I  HENRY,  Philip,  an  English  dissenting  clenjTj'- 
nian,  eminent  for  his  piety,  benevr^lencc,  and 
moderation,  died  about  1070. 
1  HENRY,  David,  a  printer,  wasformoie  than 
half  aci-titury,  an  active  manage?  of  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  he  was  born  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Alierdeen,  in  1710.  A  concurrence  of 
circunistancrs  placing  him  within  the  notice  of 
I\Ir.  Edward  Cave,  of  St.  Gate,  he  at  length 
became  related  to  his  patron,  by  marrying  his 
sister,  in  1T36.  Those  useful  and  popular  publi- 
cations which  describe  the  curiosities  in  Weat- 
niinstcr  .Abbey,  St.  Paul's  Church,  the  Tower  of 
London.&.c.printed  for  Newbury. wereoriglnally 
compiled  by  Mr.  Henry,  and  were  improved  by 
him  through  many  successive  impressions.  He 
published  in  1772,  "The Complete  English  Far- 
mer; o',  A  Practical  System  of  Husbandry  ,  in 
which  is  comprised  a  general  V^iew  ot  the  whole 
.\rt  of  Husbandry;"  from  this  he  withheld  bis 
name, as  he  did  also  from  "A  Historical  Account 
of  all  the  Voyages  round  the  World,  performed 
by  English  Navigators,"  in  4  vols.,  in  1774  ;  to 
which,  in  1775,  Mr.  H.  added  a  5th,  containing 
Captain  Cook's  Voyage  in  the  Resolution  ;  and 
in  178G,  a  6th,  contoining  the  last  Voyage  of 
Captain  Cook;  introduced  by  an  aiimiiablc 
summary  of  all  the  voyages  niidertaken  for  dis- 
covery only,  ill  the  Southern  and  Northern  hem- 
ispheres, and  in  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  Oceans. 
He  died  in  1702. 

HENRY,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Virginia,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  commanding  eloquence,  was 
the  first  man  who  proposed  to  the  colonU'S, 
hostile  measures  against  Great  Britain.  He 
was  the  first  governor  of  Virginia,  after  the  de 
claration  of  Independence,  and  a  member  of  the 
old  congress  ;  he  declined  the  appointments  of 
secretary  of  state,  under  president  Washington, 
and  of  minister  to  France,  under  his  successor  : 
he  died  in  1799. 


HE 


HE 


I  WHO  puhlislied  some  degaiit  lyric  and  heroic 
poeiry,  ab'iul  158J. 

UERlssSANT,  Lewis  Amiiony  Prosper,  an 
uiiiiiietit  French  poet  and  physician,  ditd  at 
Paris,  in  I70i). 

HERITIEK,  Nicolas  1',  a  French  poet,  and 
draniaiic  writer,  and  hisloriograpiicr  of  France, 
died  in  ICSO. 

UEIUTIF.R,  Marie  Jeanne  1'.  deVillandon,  a 
French  poetess  and  novel  writer,  died  at  Paris^ 
in  1734. 

HERITIER  DEBRUTELLE,Charlc«  Lou- 
is r,  a  botanist,  was  born  at  I'aris,  in  1740.  In  1784 
he  pubhshed  a  splendid  work,  called  "Stirpes 
Nova; ;"  two  years  after  which  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  collected  from  the  gardens  the  mate- 
rials of  his  "  Hortuni  Anglicuin,"  which  he 
loft  unfinis^hcd,  being  assassinated  in  August, 
1801,  as  was  suspected,  by  his  son. 

HERLKMUS,  David,  a  German  astrologer, 
born  in  1557 

HERMAN,  Paul  a  celebrated  botanist,  a  na- 
tive of  Haile,  in  Saxony,  died  in  1693. 

HERMAN,Janies,aii  cmineiil  niatliemntirian 
of  Ba.sle,  and  the  friend  of  Leibnitz.  He  was 
born  in  167a,  and  died  in  1733,  leaving  various 
works. 

HERMANT,  Godefroi,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris,  died 
in  1690. 

HERMAS,  Pastor,  or  Shepherd,  one  of  the  fa- 
thers, supposed  to  have  died  at  Rome,  A.  I>.  SI. 

llERiVIES,  an  ERvptian  legislator,  priest,  and 
philosopher,  who  lived,  us  some  think,  in  the 
year  of  the  world  2076,  in  the  reign  of  NInus, 
aCier  Moses;  and  was  so  skilled  in  all  profound 
arts  and  .sciences,  that  he  acquired  the  surname 
of  'I'risniegistus,  or,  "thrice  great."  Scmio 
writers  think  that  Hermes  Trtsniegisius  was  no 
other  than  Moses,  and  state  that  he  flourished 
1930  B.  C. 

HERMIAS,  3  heretic,  of  Galatia,  in  the  2d 
century. 

HERMILLY,Vaquettcd',  anative  of  France, 
author  of  the  history  of  Majorca  and  Minorca, 
&c.,died  al  Paris,  in  1778. 

IIER.M()(;E.\ES,ofTarsus,  a  Greek  rhetori- 
cian, flourished  about  the  year  161.  At  15  h» 
became  a  teacher;  at  17  he  wrote  his  "  Art  of 
Rhetoric;"  but,  at  2&,  he  lost  his  memory,  and 
the  faculty  of  speech.  Of  his  works  some  por- 
tions remain,  which  were  printed  at  Geneva,  in 
1614. 

HERMOGENES.a  heretic.of  theSd  century, 
of  the  sect  of  stoics. 

n  EROD,  falsely  called  the  Great,  king  and  ty- 
rant of  Judea,  who,  on  the  streie  n  of  a  misin- 
terpreted prophecy,  caused  all  the  inalecliiklren 
of  Bethlehem,  and  its  neighbourhood,  to  be  mas- 
sacred by  his  soldiers,  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of 
Christ,  in  the  vain  hope  of  destroying  the  Sa- 
viour of  mankind.     He  dii'd  A.  D.  3. 

HEROD  ANTIPAS,  son  and  successor  to  He- 
rod the  Great ;  he  put  to  death  John  the  Baptist. 
Our  Saviour  was  made  to  appear  before  him  by 
Pilate. 

HERODIAN,  a  Greek  historian,  of  Rome,  who 
flnurishcd  under  the  reigns  of  Severus,  Cara- 
calia,  Heliogabalus,  Ale.vander,  and  Maximin. 
His  history  contains  eight  books,  and  is  greatly 
admired.  It  comprises  the  events  from  A.  D.  18(> 
to  arid.     Herodian  died  about  247, 

HEROnOTI)S,an  ancient  Greek  historian, 
of  Halicarnassus,  in  Caria,  born  about  484,  and 
died  in  iV\  K.  C.  He  is  called  "  The  Father  of 
History  :"  his  work  is  written  in  the  Ionic  diar- 

23(> 


HE.MIY,  John,  a  uieinber  of  congress,  fioni 
Maryland,  in  177.'^,  afterwards  elected  a  senator 
of  the  United  Slates,  and  in  1797,  governor  of 
the  state  ol  Maryland  ;  he  died  in  1798. 

HEUACLITUS,  3  celebrated  Epacsian  philo- 
sopher, who  is  said  .0  liave  continually  bewail- 
ed the  wicked  lives  of  men,  and  ae  often  as  lie 
came  among  them  to  have  fallen  a  weeping  . 
contrary  to  Democritus,  who  made  the  follies  o 
mankind  the  subject  of  laughter;  he  flourished 
about  500  B  C. 

HERACLIUS,  son  cf  a  governor  of  Africa 
dethroned  Phocas,  and  ascendid  the  throne  of 
Constantinople,  in  610;  he  died  in  641. 

HERACLIUS,  patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  about 
1170. 

HERALDUS,  Desiderius,  a  counsellor  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  eminent  for  his  writings 
on  law  and  on  the  belles  lettres,died  in  1649. 

HERBELOT,  Bartholomew  d',  an  eminent 
orientalist,  born  at  Pa/is,  in  16-2o,  died  in  1695. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Bibliothcque  Orientale,  or 
A  Universal  Dictionary,  containing  whatever 
relates  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Eastern  world." 

HERBERT,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  author 
of  "  Travels  in  Asia  and  Africa,"  wasengagfd 
in  the  civil  wars  of  his  country,  at  first  on  the 
side  of  the  parliament,  afterwards  for  the  king. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  created  a  baronet,  and 
died  in  16«2 

HERBliRT,  Mary,  countess  of  Pembroke,  a 
(treat  encourager  of  letters,  and  herself  an  in- 
genious poet.  Her  character  may  be  highly 
judged  of,  from  the  epitaph  written  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  viz. 

"  Underneath  this  sable  hearse 
Lies  the  subject  of  all  verse  : 
Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother. 
Death  !  ere  thou  lia.st  kill'd  another, 
Fair,  and  good,  and  leanrd  a.^  she, 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee." 

HERBERT,  Edward,  lord  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury,  in  Shropshire,  an  eminent  English  states- 
man, and  writer  on  history,  philosophy,  and 
criticism,  born  in  Montgomery  Castle,  in  1561, 
died  in  Iti4.'^ 

HERBERT,  George,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  divine  and  poet,  of  whose  judgment  the  great 
Lord  Bacon,  had  so  high  an  opinion,  that  he 
would  not  suffer  his  works  to  be  printed  till 
they  had  passed  Herbert's  e.vainination  ;  he  was 
bori  in  1.593,  and  wrote  a  volume  of  devout 
poems  called  "The  Temple."  He  also  wrote 
a  valuable  work  in  prose,  entitled  "  A  Priest  to 
the  Temple ;"   he  died  about  163,5. 

HERBERT,  William,  earl  of  Pembroke.born 
in  Wiltshire,  in  1580,  died  of  apople.xy,  in  1630. 
He  was  chancellor  of  Oxford,  and  made  the 
oniversity  a  present  of  a  large  collection  ol' 
manuscripts.  Pembroke  College  was  so  named 
in  honour  of  him. 

HERBERT,  William,  a  topographical  anti- 
quary, born  in  1718,  died  at  Cheshunt,  in  1795, 
Bublished  a  new  edition  of  "  Atkyns's  Historj' 
»f  Gloucestershire ;"  and  a  continuation  of 
"  Ames's  Topographical  ."Vntiquities." 

HERBIN,  Augustus  Francis  Julian,  a  native 
of  France,  distinguished  as  an  oriental  scholar, 
died  in  1806. 

IIRRHIXIUa,  John  a  protcstant  clergyman, 
of  Poland,  died  in  1676. 

III;RI)1;R,  John  G<Jttfried,  a  German  writer, 
prearher  to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Weimar,  ecclesi- 
astical counsellor  Slc,  died  in  1803. 

HERERAS,  Ferdinand  de,  a  poet  of  Seville, 


HE 

l<!Ct,  and  dividi.'d  into  nine  boobs,  which  contain 
tlie  most  n-niarkalilc  occurrences  within  a  pe- 
riod of  240  years,  from  the  reifjji  of  Cyrus,  the 
first  king  of  Persia,  to  that  of  Xerxci>,  when  tlie 
historian  was  living.  These  nine  books  are  cal 
}ed  the  Nine  Mus<»,  each  of  them  being  di:>lin 
guished  by  the  name  of  a  Mnse. 

HKKOFHILrs,  a  physician  and  able  anato 
mist,  of  Chalcedon,  570  B.  C. 

HEUREBA  TORIIESILLAS,  Antonio  de.  a 
celebrated  Spanish  historian,  lie  published  a 
•'  History  of  the  World  from  1*54  to  15'.t8;"  and 
;  what  is  much  more  esteemed)  a  u'oncral  "  His 
»ory  of  the  Indies  from  1492  to  1554  ;"  and  also 
wrote  a  History  of  Spain.  He  was  born  in  15ti5, 
and  died  in  1025. 

HERRICK,  Robert,  a  poet,  bom  in  London, 
1591,  received  his  education  at  Cambridge ;  aftei 
Which  he  obtained  the  vicarage  of  Dean  Prior, 
Devonshire.  At  the  time  of  the  rebellion,  he 
was  deprived  of  this  living ;  but  at  the  restora 
tion  he  recovered  it,  and  died  not  long  after- 
wards. His  poetical  works  were  printed  in  1618 
uikiir  the  title  of  "  Hesperides-" 

HERRING,  Dr.  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can 
terbury,  born  in  Norfolk,  16!)3.  When  the  re- 
bellion broke  out  in  Scotland,  in  1745,  and  the 
Highlanders  defeated  the  king's  troops  at  Pre.s 
ton-pans,  the  archbishop  (then  of  York)  contii 
bated  much  to  remove  the  general  panic,  and 
awaken  the  nation  from  its  lethargy.  He  con- 
vened the  nobility,  gentry,  and  clergy,  of  his  dio 
cese,  and  addressed  them  in  a  noble  and  aniniat 
cd  speech,  which  had  such  an  elTect  upon  his 
auditory,  that  a  subscription  ensued  to  the 
amou;it  of  40,000/.,  and  the  example  was  sue 
cespfully  followed  by  the  nation  in  general.  On 
the  death  of  Dr.  Potter,  in  1747,  he  was  translat- 
ed to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  and  died  in  1757. 

HERSCHEL,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  Eng 
lish  astronomer,  discoverer  of  the  planet  Geor 
gi»jm  Sidus.  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called  Her 
schel,  died  in  1822,  aged  84. 

HERSENT,  Charles,  or  Hersan,  a  French  di- 
vine, known  as  the  author  of  a  severe  satire 
against  Richelieu  :  he  died  in  16C0. 

HERSEY.  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Hinghatn,  Mass.,  who  gave  1000?.  sterling  to 
wards  founding  a  profesenrship  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  in  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1770 

HERSEY,  Abner,  brother  of  Ezekiel,  gave 
500^  to  establish  a  professorship  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  physic  in  Cambridge  ;  he  died 
after  1770. 

HERTZBERG,  Ewald  Frederic,  comfe  de,  a 
very  eminent  statesman,  of  Prussia,  horn  at  Lot 
tin,  in  Pomerania.  He  became  known  in  the 
literary  world  at  the  age  of  17,  and  on  leaving 
college,  by  a  "  Dissertation  on  History."  On  his 
rcmrn  from  the  university,  being  known  to  Fre- 
deric II.,  who  saw  him  possessed  of  merit,  in 
1745,  he  entered  the  diplomatic  career  as  secre- 
tary of  legation,  and  progressively  rose  to  the 
highest  point  of  rank  and  confidence  in  the  state. 
The  remembrance  of  liim  will  always  be  closely 
connected  with  that  of  the  great  king  whom  he 
had  the  honour  to  serve.     He  died  in  1795. 

HERVEY,  Augustus  John,  earl  of  Bristol. 
a  captain  of  the  royal  navy,  and  a  loid  of  the 
admivalty ;  he  died  in  1779. 

HERVEY,  James,  an  English  divine,  of  ex- 
emplary virtue  and  piety,  born  at  llarditigstone 
in  Nortt.amptonshire,  in  1714.  died  in  17.58.  Hi? 
chief  writings  are,  "  Mediiaiions  and  Contem- 
lUations  ;"  ''  Remarks  on  Lord  flolin};hroke"s 
Letters  on  the  Stuify  and  Use  of  History  ;"  and 
240 


HE 

"  Theron  and  Asposio ;  or,  a  Series  of  Dialogues 
and  Letters  on  the  most  iiupoiiant  subjects.". 

HERWART,  or  HERVART,  John  Frederic, 
of  Augsburg,  chancellor  of  Bavaria,  lived  at  th« 
beginning  of  the  )7th  century. 

HESHL'.'<Il"S,Tillcmannus,  a  German  divine, 
was  a  teacher  of  theology,  and  tlie  author  of  se- 
veral the<ilogical  works;  he  died  in  1588. 

HESIOD,  a  very  ancient  Greek  poet,  but  whe- 
ther cotempory  with,  or  older  or  younger,  than 
llonier,  is  not  yet  agreed  among  the  learned. 
The  "Theogony,"  and  "Works  and  Day?,"  are 
the  only  undoubted  pieces  of  this  poet  now  ex- 
tant. 

HESSE,  William,  prince  of,  was  distinguish- 
ed for  his  attention  to  literature,  and  for  his  pa 
ironage  of  literaiT  men  ;  he  died  in  1597. 

FIESSELS,  orllESSELIUS,  John,  professoi 
ol  theology  at  Louvain,  was  distinguished  foi 
his  eloquence  and  learning  ;  he  died  in  1566. 

HESYCHIUS,  a  celebrated  grammarian  and 
lexicographer,  of  Alexandria,  who  flourished 
about  A.  D.  300. 

HETHERINGTON,  William,  an  English  ii- 
vine,  who  died  in  1778,  leaving  20,000/.  as  a 
perpetual  fund  for  the  relief  of  50  blind  pet^ns 
with  10/.  a  year. 

HETZER,  Lewis,  a  German  socinian ;  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  Bible,  which  was 
suppressed,  and  died  in  1540. 

HEURNILS,  John,  a  celebrated  Dutch  physi- 
cian, born  at  Utrecht,  in  1543,  died  in  1001 
There  are  several  productions  of  his,  but  his 
principal  one  is,  "  A  Treatise  upon  disorders  of 
the  Head."  He  also  published  Hippocrates,  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  with  explanatory  commenta- 
ries, which  have  undergone  many  editions. 

HEUSCH,  William  de,  a  landscape  painter, 
of  Utrecht,  who  died  in  the  latter  part  of  tlie 
17th  century.  His  nephew  Jacob,  and  another 
of  the  same  family,  named  Abraham,  were  also 
successful,  as  jiaiuters. 

HEUSINGKR,  John  Michael,  a  Saxon  di- 
vine, eminent  for  his  piety,  was  made  professor 
at  Gotha,  and  afterwards  at  Eisenach,  where 
he  died  in  1751. 

HEUSINGER,  James  Frederic,  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  an  able  scholar,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished teacher ;  he  died  in  1778. 

HEVELIUS,  John,  an  eminent  astronomer, 
horn  at  Dantzic,  in  Itjll,  died  in  1C87;  leaving 
behind  him  several  valuable  treatises. 

HEVIN,  Prudent,  an  eminent  French  sur- 
geon, and  writer  on  surgery,  died  at  Paris,  in 
178S 

HEWES,  Joseph,  a  member  of  the  conii 
nental  congress  from  North-Carolina,  and  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he 
died  m  1779. 

HEWSON,  William,  a  distinguished  anato- 
mist and  lecturer,  for  some  time  the  assistant 
and  partner  of  Dr.  Hunter,  and  author  of  several 
medical  works;  he  died  in  1774. 

HEXHAM,  John  of,  an  English  Benedictine, 
and  historical  writer,  of  the  12th  century. 

HEY,  John,  D.D.,  born  in  1734,  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  in  1780,  became  the  first 
Norrisian  prolcssor  Oi"  ^?j,vinily,  which  chair  he 
resigned  in  1795;  he  died  in  London,  iu  1815, 
leaving,  besides  other  works,  "  Lectures  on  Pi- 
vinilv."' 

HEVDEN,  John  Van  der,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  died  in  1712. 

HEYLIN.  Dr.  Peter,  an  English  divine  and 

historian,  born  at  IJurford,  in   Oxfordshire,  in 

J 1600.    Id  1621,  he  published  his  "  Microcosmus, 


HI 

or,  Dfscriptioii  of  the  Great  World  ;"  which  is 
almosl  the  only  work  tiial  he  is  known  by  now  ; 
Imt  !hai  is  in  no  very  liiKli  esttcni,  being  supcr- 
culcd  by  things  abundantly  better  of  the  kind  ; 
)pf  dind  in  166-2. 

ME VNE,  Christian  Cotflieb,  born  in  Silesia, 
171!).  succeeded  Gcsner,  in  17G3,  in  the  profes- 
f^oisliipof  riietoric  ai  Gottin^cn,  where  also  he 
liecatne  secretary  to  the  t^ociely  of  Sciences, 
lie  drew  lip  a  catalogue  of  ihe  library  at  Goi- 
!i.i?on,  which  made  150  folio  volumes.  Kiiic 
".loigelll.  placed  his  three  younger  sons  under 
Ills  care  at  Gouin);en,  and  they  all  treated  him 
will)  the  grcatCBi  respect;  he  died  suddenly, 
July  14,  1812.  His  principal  works  were,  an 
.(lition  of  llomcr,  with  illustrations,  8  vols.  , 
.-•.notlier  of  Virgil,  with  notes;  and  "  Opuscula 
Acadeniica,"  (J  vols.  Svo. 

HEY  WOOD,  John,  anoted  Ensli.sh  poet  and 
jester  of  his  lime,  was  one  of  the  lirst  who 
wrote  Eni;lish  plays.  He  found  means  to  become 
a  favourite  with  Henry  Vlll.,and  was  well  re- 
warded by  that  monarch  for  the  mirth  and  quick- 
iiejis  of  hi-  conceits  ;  he  was  borrt  in  London, 
and  died  in  l.'>t>.5. 

HEYWOOI),  Jasper,  son  of  the  preceding, 
translated  three  tragedies  of  Seneca,  and  wrote 
various  poems  and  devices,  some  of  which  are 
printed  iu  a  book  called  "The  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devices,"  in  1573,  4to  ;  he  was  born  in 
LVlTi,  and  died  in  159T. 

HEYVV()t)n.  Thomas,  an  actor,  and  most 
vohiiniiions  play-writer,  in  the  reigns  of  queen 
Eiizabi?th  and  James  I.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  author  of  2iO  plays,  of  which  only  24  are 
now  evtam. 

HEY\V'OOD,Eli7.a,a  very  voluminous  writer, 
born  in  London,  in  1693,  died  in  175G.  Her  latter 
and  best  writinL's  are  "  The  Female  Spectator," 
4  vols.  "  Epistles  for  the  Ladies,"  2  vols.  "  For- 
tunaie  FoiiudUng,"  1  vol.  "  Adventures  of  Na- 
ture," "  FUstory  of  Betsy  Thoughtless,"  4  vols.. 
"  Jennv  and  Jemmy  Jessamv,"  3  vols.,  "  Invisi- 
ble Spy,"  2  vols.,  "The  Husband"  and  "The 
Wife,"  2  vols  ;  all  in  12mo. ;  and  a  pamphlet, 
entitled,  "  A  Prc.-sent  for  a  Servant  Maid."  When 
young,  she  dabbled  in  dramatic  poetry,  but  witli 
ro  great  SHccess  :  none  of  lier  plays  being  eillier 
much  approved  at  first,  or  revived  afterwards. 

HEYWOOD,  Oliver,  an  English  non-confor- 
mist  divine,  and  a  writer  on  tlieologlcal  sub- 
jects ;  he  died  in  1702. 

HEYWOOD,  Nathaninl,  a  native  of  Bolton, 
rjerted  for  non-conformily  :  died  in  1677. 

HEYWOOD,  Thomas,  junior,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
was  from  South  Carolina. 

HIACOOMES,  the  first  Indian  in  New-Eng- 
land, converted  to  Christianity, was  minister  ai 
Martha's  vineyard  ;  he  died  in  'Iti'Jti. 

HICETAS,  of  Syracuse,  an  ancient  philoso- 
plier,  who  flourished  about  340  B.  C.  He  taught 
that  the  sun  and  the  stars  were  motionless,  and 
that  the  earth  moved  round  them  ;  this  is  men- 
tioned by  Cicero,  and  probably  gave  the  first  hint 
of  that  system  to  Copernicus. 

HICKEL,  a  celebrated  portrait  and  historical 
palmer,  died  at  Hamburglk  .April  1799. 

HICKES,  John,  jo'  (I  the  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth's rebellion,  in  1685,  and  for  this  disloyal 
act  wa?  execnttHj. 

in<;KES,  George,  an  English  divine,  anti- 
.^iiary,  critic,  and  polemical  writer,  of  uncom- 
mon parts  and  learning,  born  in  Yorkshire,  in 
|t'>42,  died  in  l"!.";.  His  "  [Jnguanim  Septen- 
tiioiKiIir.m  Thosiauvu.--',''  published  iu  170.^,  t.\- 


HI 

hihiis  a  splendid  and  durable  monument  of  his 
industry. 

HICKMAN,  Henry,  ejected  fornon-conformi- 
ty,  minister  of  an  English  congregation  at  Lcy- 
den,  and  author  of  several  works ;  he  died  iu 
1688. 

HIERO  I.,  kingof  Syracuse, 478  B.  C,  cele- 
brated by  the  pen  of  I'indar. 

HIERO  H.,  kinf  of  Syracuse,  268  B.  C,  wes  at 
one  lime  the  enemy,  and  afterwards,  the  friend 
of  the  Komaiis. 

HIEROCLES,  an  enemy  and  persecutor  of 
the  Christians  in  the  4lh  century. 

HIEROCLES,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  the 
.5th  century,  taught  at  Alexandria  with  great  re- 
putation, and  wrote  seven  books  upon  Provi- 
dence and  Fate.  These  books,  however,  are 
lost,  and  all  we  know  of  f  hem  is  by  the  extracts 
which  are  to  be  met  with  in  Pbotins.  Hieroclps 
wrote  also  •' A  Commentary  upon  the  (iolden 
Verses  of  Pythagoras,"  which  is  still  eiiani, 
and  has  several  times  been  published  with  lho.se 
\eise3. 

IHERON'TMUS,  or,  as  he  is  commonly  called, 
Jerome,  a  very  celebrated  father  of  the  chnrcli, 
born  on  the  confines  of  Dalmatia,  about  329, 
died  in  420. 

rilFFER.XAN,  P.1UI,  a  native  of  Ireland,  but 
chiefly  resident  in  England,  and  known  as  a 
dramatic  writer,  translator,  and  compiler,  was 
born  iu  Dublin,  in  1719,  and  died  in  1.  /7.  Some 
very  curious  and  entertaining  memoirs  of  this 
singular  character,  will  be  found  in  the  Euro- 
pean Maga7,ine,  vol.  XXV. 

HIGDEiV,  Ralph,  an  early  English  chronicler 
died  in  1363. 

HIGDEN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  poliiical 
writer  in  the  time  of  queen  Aniie,  died  iu  1715 

HIGGENS,  or  HIGINS,  John,  an  Engli.^'h,  di 
vine,  who  instructed  youth,  and  wrote  several 
scliool-hooks ;  he  died  after  liKM. 

HIGGINSON,  Francis,  first  minister  of  Sa- 
lem, Massachusetts,  arrived  from  England  ia 
16'«),  and  died  in  1630. 

IIIGGINSON,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
much  respected  :  died  in  1708,  aged  93 ;  he  was 
a  minister  72  years. 

HIGGO.\S,"SirThoma8,  a  writer,  and  an  am- 
barsador  I'rom  Eni^land  to  Sa.vony  and  Vienna ; 
lie  was  knighted  for  his  services,  and  died  iu 
1691. 

HIGGONS,  Bevil,  a  dramatic  poet  and  histo 
ria;i  ;  died  in  l7:iS. 

HIGH.MORE,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English 
anatomist;  liedudiu  16rt4. 

HIGHMORE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
painter,  born  in  London,  in  16tt2,  died  in  1780.. 
Jlr.  Higiimore  was  also  a  respectable  writer,  and, 
among  several  other  things,  published  in  1766, 
two  small  volumes  of  "  Essays,  Moral,  Religi- 
ous, and  MLscellaneous.'' 

niLARION,  a  native  of  Gaza,  founded  a 
monastic  order  in  Palestine,  and  died  in  371. 

HILARIUS,  an  ancient  father  of  the  Christ 
tian  church,  and  bishop  of  Poictiers,  wiio  tU)U- 
rished  in  the  4th  century. 

HILARIUSE,  Joseph,  eminent  as  a  medalist 
and  antiquary,  at  Vienna  ;  died  in  1798. 

HILARY,  St.  a  native  of  Poictiers,  in  France, 
bishop  of  that  town,  in  355  ;  was  banished  by 
Con.-tanlius.  into  Phrj'gia  :  and  died  in  357. 

HILDE8ERT,  bishop  of  Mans,  and  then 
archbishop  of  Tours,  disliuguished  for  piety, 
learninir,  ice.  ;  died  in  the  12ih  reiitiirv. 

HILDESLEY,  Mark,  an  English  bishopmuch 
►•stccmed  -.  he  died  iu  1772. 


fl  h 


21 


241 


HI 

HILL,  Aaron,  a  celebrated  pciti  and  miscella 
Tie'tus  writer,  born  in  Londuii,  in  Iii85,  died  in 
1750  His  principal  works  are,  ''  Klfrid,  or 
The  Fair  Inconstant,"  a  tragedy ;  "  Uinaido," 
an  ojiera ;  another  iracedy,  called,  "  The  Fatal 
Vision,  or.  The  Failor  Siani;'"  and  two  trape 
dies,  called,  "  Me^fte,"  and  "  Zara  ;"  which 
were  brought  upon  the  stage  in  Drury-lane,  by 
Garrick. 

HILL,  .loscph, an  English  puritan  divine,  who 
rled  to  Flolland;  author  of  an  improved  edition 
of"  iSchrevelii  Lexicon,"  &.c. ;  hediud  in  1707. 

HILL,  Sir  John,  an  I'nplish  writer,  born 
about  171C,  died  in  1775.  He  was  bred  an  apo 
Jhecarj",  and^etup  in  St.  Martin's  lane,  West- 
minster ;  but,  marrying  early,  and  without  a 
fortune,  he  was  obliged  to  look  round  for  other 
resources  than  his  profession.  Being  possessed 
of  quick  natural  parts,  he  soon  made  himself 
acquiiinted  with  the  theoretical  as  well  as  |iiac- 
tical  parts  of  botany  :  and  being  recommended 
to  the  duke  of  Richinoiid  and  lord  Petre,  lie,  un- 
der their  patronage,  executed  a  scheme  of  travel 
ling  over  several  parts  of  England,  to  gather 
«er!ain  of  the  most  rare  and  uncommon  plants, 
which  he  afterwards  published  by  subscription. 
.'\bout  1746,  he  translated  from  the  Greek  a 
small  tract,  written  by  Theophrastus,  "  On 
Geras ;"  and  this  being  well  executed,  pro- 
cured him  friends,  reputation,  and  money.  En- 
couraged by  this,  he  engaged  in  works  of  greater 
extent  and  importance.  The  first  that  he  under- 
took was,  "  A  General  Natural  History,"  3  vols, 
folio  He  next  engaged,  in  conjunction  with 
George  Lewis  Scott,  Esq.,  for  a  "  Supplement  to 
Chamber's  Dictionaiy."  Heat  the  same  time 
«arted  the  "  British  Magazine ;",  and,  when 
engaged  in  a  number  of  iliese  aii(ft)ther  works, 
some  of  which  seemed  to  require  a  man's  whole 
attention,  carried  on  a  daily  essay,  under  the  ti- 
tle of  "  The  Inspectfl4  "  He  next  applied  himself 
to  the  preparation  of  certain  simple  medicines  ; 
namely,  the  "  Essenceof  Water-dock,  Tincture 
of  Valeri:in,  Pectoral  Balsam  of  Honey,  and 
Tincture  of  Bardana."  The  well  known  siiu- 
plicity  of  these  medicines  made  the  public  judge 
favourably  of  their  effects,  insomuch  that  they 
had  a  rapid  sale.  Soon  after  tt-';  publication  of 
the  first  of  tliese  medicines,  ,  ;  obtained  the 
patronage  of  the  earl  of  Bute ;'  mider  which  he 
published  a  very  pompous  and  voluminous  bo- 
tanical work,  entitled,  "  A  System  of  Botany  ;" 
and  having,  a  year  or  tv>'o  before  his  death,  pre- 
sented an  elegant  set  of  his  botanical  works  to 
the  king  of  Sweden,  that  monarch  invested  him 
with  one  of  the  orders  of  his  court. 

HILL,  Robert,  a  man  remarkable  for  his  per- 
severance aiid  talent  in  learning  many  languages 
by  the  aid  of  books  alone,  and  that  under  every 
disadvantage  of  laborious  occupation(as  a  tailor) 
and  extreme  poverty  ;  he  was  born  at  Miswell, 
near  Tring,  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1C99,  and  died 
in  1777. 

HILL,  William,  an  English  scholar,  who  pre- 
pared an  edition  of  Dionysius  Periegetis ;  he 
died  in  1667. 

HILL,  George,  ati  eminent  clergyman,  of 
Scotland,  professor  of  Greek,  and  afterwards 
of  divinity  at  the  college  of  St.  Salvador,  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary's  College,  and  chaplain  to  the 
king  ;  he  died  in  1820. 

FULL,  Thomas  Ford,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquary and  philologist,  died  Sept.,  1705. 

HILLEL,  tiie  Elder,  a  Jewish  doctor,  of  the 
Misrhna    born  about  30  B.  C,  he  reduced  the 
Jewisji  traditions  into  six  treatises. 
242 


HI 

HILLEL,  the  prince,  great  grandson  of  Judai 
Hakkadosh,  was  one  ol  the  writers  of  IheGema- 
ra;  hctlourished  in  the  middle  ofthe  4th  century. 

HILLIAKU,  Nicholiis,  liiuner  to  queen  Eh- 
zabi'th,  whoee  picture  he  drew  several  times, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  in  1547,  died  in  1619.  He 
imitated  the  .style  oi'  Holbein  ;  and  Isaac  Oliver 
was  his  pupil.  Ponne  has  celebrated  this  painter 
in  apoem,  called, "  The  Storm  ;"  where  he  says, 

"  A  hand,  an  eye, 
By  Hilliard  drawn,  is  worth  a  history." 

H I  LLIARD,Timothy, minister  of  Cambridg«, 
Mass.,  died  in  1790,  much  respected  for  his  tal- 
ents and  qualifications. 

HIM  LRU'S,  a  Greek  grammarian,  who  kept 
a  scliuol  at  Athens,  in  the  time  of  Julian. 

HINCKLEY,  John,  an  English  divine,  wh» 
publi.'-lied  some  works;  he  died  in  1691. 

IIINCMAR.orHINCMARUS,  archbishop  of 
Rlieiius,  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  Gallicaa 
chnreli ;  he  died  in  882. 

HIPPARCHIA,  a  celebrated  lady  who  flour- 
ished in  the  time  of  Alexander.  She  addicted 
herself  to"  philosophy,  and  wrote  some  things 
which  have  not  been  transmitted  down  to  us; 
among  wliich  were  "Tragedies;  Philosophical 
Hypotheses,  or  Suppositions;  some  Reasoi.mgs 
and  Uuesiions  proposed  toTheodorus,  surnamed 
the  .'\theist,"  &c. 

HIPPARCHUS,  a  great  astronomer,  born  at 
Nice,  in  Bithynia,  flourished  between  160  and 
125  B.  C.  He  is  reckoned  to  have  been  the  first 
who  from  vague  and  scattered  observations  re- 
duced astronomy  into  a  science,  and  prosecuted 
the  stiidv  of  it  Hvstematically. 

HirPAKCHL'S,  son  of  Pisistratus,  was  slain 
by  Harnudius  and  Aristogiton, 528 B.  C. 

HIl'POCRATES,  the  father  of  physic  and 
prince  of  physicians,  born  in  the  island  of  Cos, 
in  tlieBUth  Olympiad,  flourished  at  the  time  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war.  He  was  the  first  man 
that  we  know  of,  who  laid  down  precepts  con- 
cerning physic.  On  account  of  his  wonderful 
skill  and  foresight  in  this  art,  he  pa-ssed  with 
the  Grecians  for  a  goj,  and  after  his  death  had 
dMne  honours  paid  him.  He  died  at  about  90 
years  of  age.  His  works  have  often  been  printed. 

HIPPONAX,  a  satirist  of  Ephesus,  as  re- 
markable for  his  wit  as  the  deformity  of  his 
person.  Bupaliis  and  Anthermus,  two  emineut 
statuaries.  (  aricaturcdhiin  in  a  statue :  on  which 
he  wiote  such  bitter  invectives  against  them, that 
they  both  despatched  themselves  ;  or  (as  others 
say)  left  Ephesus  on  the  occasion. 

"  Acer  hostis  Bupalo,"  says  Horace. 

In  the  Aiithologia,  there  are  some  epigrams  an 
Hipponax. 

HIRAM,  king  of  Tyre  ;  he  furnished  Solomon 
with  n:atcrials  for  the  temple,  and  died  1000 
B.  C. 

HIRE,  Laurence  dc  la,  a  much  adi»>red 
French  painter,  died  in  1656. 

HIRE,  Philip  de  la,  a  celebrated  French  ma- 
thematician, son  of  Laurence  ;  his  works  are 
numerous  and  valuable;  he  died  in  1718. 

HIRE,  Philip  de  la,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  painter,  wiiose  portraits  are  admired  ;  he  died 
in  1719. 

II  ISC  AM,  or  HiaiAM,  15th  caliph  of  the 
Ominiades,  ascended  the  throne  in  723,  and  dici2 
in  74:5. 

HITCHCOCK,  Euos,  D.  I).,  minister  of  Pro 


HU 


HO 


vidfiico,  Rhode  Island,  was  sniiittitnc  chaplain  jTliere  have  been  few  persons  whose  writitigs 
m  llie  American  army  ;  he  died  in  IM'i.  'have  had  a  inure  pernicious  influence  in  spreaa- 

HOAnijY,  John,  U.  D.,  bishop  of  Leiu'hiini  ing  irreligion  and  infidelity  than  Hobbcg;  and 
and  Femes, archbishop  of  Dublin  and  of  Armagh,!  Vft  none  of  his  treatises  are  directly  levelled 
and  primate  of  Ireland;  lie  died  in  1740.  i|a!ialnst  revealed  religion. 

HOADI.Y,  Benjamin,  bishop  of  Winchester,  I|     HoBKIMA,  Minderhout,  an  eminent  Dutch 


born  at  Westerham,  in  Kent,  ItiTG,  died  in  17G1 
Preaching  .igain^t  what  he  coni^idered  as  the 
inveterate  errors  of  the  clergy,  among  other  dis- 
conrsf  s  one  was  upon  these  wmds,  "  My  king- 
dom is  not  of  tills  world:"  which  producing 
the  famous  Bangorian  controversy,  as  it  w;ih 
called,  employed  the  press  lor  many  years. 
Hoadly  contended,  that  tho([er';yliad  no  preten- 
sions to  any  temporal  jnri-idictions  ;  but  that  tern 
poral  princes  had  a  richt  togovi'rn  iii  tcciesiasli- 
nal  politics  ;  and  by  this  mrans  he  drrw  on  him- 
self the  indignation  of  almost  all  the  clergy.  These 
disputes,  however,  have  long  since  snbsidi'd. 

IIOVDhY,  Dr.  Benjamin,  eldest  son  of  the 
bishop  of  Winchester,  born  in  Loudon,  in  l~05-(i. 
11"  was  appointed  physician  to  his  majesty's 
hniisi'liold,  in  1742,  and  to  that  of  the  prince  of 
Wales,  in  1746.  This,  being  at  a  lime  wlien 
till'  lainilies  were  not  upon  the  best  terms,  is  a 
proof  that  Dr.  Floadly  was  a  most  nne.vcfpiion- 
uhli'  man  ;  and  he  is  said  to  have  filled  ilie  post 
will)  sinuular  honour.  He  published  some  me 
di( :al  and  pliilosopliical  works,  and  "  The  Sns 
picioMs  Husband,  "  a  coitu'dy,  which,  whenever 
represented,  continually  affords  fresh  pleasure 
to  I  he  aiiilieiice;  he  died  in  17.^7. 

MO  \1)LY,  Dr.  John.  ThisgentlemM,, young 
est  ^pii  of  the  bishop  of  Winclnsii'r,  was  born 
111  London,  in  1711,  and  died  in  177(i ;  and  wiili 
hipi  the  name  of  Hoadly  became  extinct.  He 
revised  Lillo's  "  Anien  of  Feversham,"  wrote 
the  .1th  act  of  Miller's  "  Mahomet,"  and  left 
behind  hiin  several  dramatic  works  in  MSS.i 
aniimc  the  rest,  "The  Housekeeper,"  a  farce, 
en  the  plan  of  High  Life  below  Stairs,  and  a 
tragedv  on  the  slorv  of  lord  Cromwell. 

HO.\R,  Leonard,  M.  D.,  president  of  Har- 
vard College,  res,()ected  as  a  scholar  and  n , 
Chrisiian  :  he  died  in  ir>75. 

HOB  \RT,  Peter,  first  minister  of  Hiiighavi, 
Mass.,  died  in  Ifi79. 

HOB  AKT,  \chemiah,  son  of  Peter,  ami  min- 
ister of  Newton ;  he  was  humble,  pious,  and  I 
learned,  and  died  in  171'2.  j 

HOB  ART,  Noah,  minister  of  F.iirfield,  Conn., ' 
was  a  man  of  creat  talents  and  e.xtensive  ac- 1 
qnirements  :  he  wrote  in  favour  of  presbyteriaii 
ordination,  and  died  in  177.3. 

HOBART,  .lohn  Sloss.  judL'e  of  the  district 
court  of  New  York,  and  a  senator  ofthe  United 
States;  he  died  in  1805, 

HORBES,  Thom.is,  horn  at  Malmsbnry,  in 
J.">88,  died  in  1H75).  He  published,  among  other 
things,  an  "  English  translation  of  Tluicydidrs, 
"  Unman  Nature,"  and  a  treatise  "  De(^orpore 
Politico,  or,  of  the  Elements  of  the  Law," 
This  latter  piece  w.is  presented  to  Gassendns, 
all(^Yead  bv  him  a  few  months  before  his  death  ; 
whorls  said  lirst  to  have  kissed  it,  and  then  to 
have  deliverod  his  opinion  of  I'  In  these  words  : 
"This  treatise  is  indeed  small  in  bulk,  but,  in 
my  judemeni,  the  very  marrow  of  science." 
In  lfi.il,  he  published  his  religious,  political,  and 
moral  principles  in  a  complete  system,  which 
he  called  the  "  Leviathan ;"  and  caused  a  copy 
of  it,  very  fairly  written  on  vellum,  to  he  pre- 
fented  to  Charles  II.  He  also,  in  his  88ih  year, 
published  in  English  verse,  the  whole  "  Iliad" 
and  "Odyssey"  of  Homer;  but  his  poetry  is 
below  criticism,  and  has  lon£  been  exploded. 


landscape  painter,  boin  at  ,\ntwerp, about  16IL 

HOCHE,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Versailles,  di> 
tinguished  as  a  brave  and  intrepid  general  in  the 
French  army,  during  the  revolution  ;  he  diod 
in  Austria,  in  1797. 

HOCHSTET  TER,  Andrew  Adam,  a  German 
divine,  historian,  and  political  writer,  born  at 
Tubingen,  in  ICfw),  died  in  1717. 

HODiiES,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  settled  in  London,  where  he  died  in 
lii8-}  He  wrote  an  account  of  the  plague  in 
London,  and  other  medical  works. 

HtJDY,  Humphrey,  an  eminent  English  di 
vine,  and  controversial  writer,  regiiis  prol'essor 
of  Greek  at  Oxford,  and  an  archdeacon;  he 
dieil  in  17(Mi. 

HOE,  Matthias  de  Hocnegg,  a  distinguished 
Gernmn  Lutheran  divine,  and  preacher  to  th« 
elector  of  SH.\;ony  ;  he  died  in  lfi45. 

HOECK,  Robert  Van,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
.Vntwerp,  died  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 

HOK.t^K,  John  Van,  a  distinguished  portrait 
and  historical  painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1600, 
and  dii-d  in  Ili5l). 

HOKL,  Gerard,  a  distinguished  historical  and 
landsrape  painter,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  173:1. 

IIORL'I'ZLINUS,  Jereniias,  a  learned  phi- 
lolosist,  of  Nuremberg,  settled  at  Leydcn,  where 
liedii'd  in  1041. 

HOESCHKLlUa,  David,  a  learned  and  inde- 
fatigable scholar,  of  Aiig.sburg,  and  librarian 
and  teacher  in  the  college  theie,  died  In  1617. 

HOFFMAN,  Daniel,  an  eminent  Lutheran 
ivine,  and  professor,  at  Helmstadt,  toward  the 
close  of  the   I6th  century. 

HOFFM,\N,  Maurice,  a  German  medical, 
anatomical,  and  botanical  writer,  born  at  Bran- 
ienbnr2,  in  Ifi'Jl,  and  died  in  16518. 

HOFFMVN,  John  Maurice,  son  of  the  pre- 
eediim,  a  physician,  and  medical  writer,  born  at 
VIrdorf.  in  16,^       nd  died  in  1727 

HOFF.M.'VNt  >hu  James,  the  laborious  com- 
piler of  a  "  Lexicon  Universale  Historico-Geo- 
raphico- Poetico-Philopophico- Politico- Phi  lolo- 
eicum,"2  vols,  folio,  Geneva,  1077,  Ithasbeen 
nee  enlarged  and  published  in  4  vols,  folio,  and 
tinds  a  place  in  every  learned  library.  He  wan 
horn  at  Basle,  in  16^5,  and  died  iliere  in  1706. 

HOFF.M.V.N,  Gasper,  professor  of  physic. 
It  .\lidorf,  and  author  of  some  medical  works; 
he  di.  (1  in  164!). 

H'1FFM\N,  Frederic,  born  at  Hall,  near 
MaL'deburg,  in  IfitiO,  was  professor  of  physic  at 
thai  place,  and  died  in  1742.  His  works  were 
collected  at  Geneva,  in  six  large  folios,  1748, 
and  17.54  ;  and  he  has  deservedly  been  reckon- 
ed among  th«  best  writers  on  physic. 

HOGARTH,  William,  a  truly  great  and  ori- 
ginal genius  in  painting  and  engraving,  was 
born  in  1697,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin,  Lud- 
gate,  and  bound  apprentice  to  Mr.  Ellis  Gam- 
ble, a  silversmith  of  eminence,  in  Cranboum 
street,  Leicester  Fields.  In  this  profession  it  is 
not  unusual  to  bind  apprentices  to  the  single 
branch  of  engraving  arms  and  cyphers  on  every 
species  of  metal ;  and  in  that  particular  depart- 
ment, young  Hogarth  was  placed.  He  began 
business  on  his  own  account  about  1720 ;  and 
his  first  employment  seems  to  have  been  the 
engraving  of  arms  and  ahop-bills.  The  ntn 
»13 


^J 


HO 

step  was  tn  design  and  fiiriiish  plaies  lor  book- 
esllersi ;  ot'  wliich,  liioSB  best  known  are  17  for 
aduddi'cinio  edilionof  "  Hudibras,"  (witliHut- 
ler's  bead,)  in  1726.  The  first  piere  in  which 
he  distin;!uished  bimseif  as  a  painicr.  was  a  it- 
presciitalion  of  Wansttad  assnubly,  tlie  por- 
trails  Ironi  life,  wittiout  builesque,  and  Ihe  co- 
louring rather  better  than  ■^nnie  of  his  later  aiid 
more  highly  flnifihed  perlorinances.  ll  wa^ 
Hogarth's  custom  to  sketch  out  on  the  spot  any 
remarkable  face  which  particularly  struck  him, 
and  of  wliich  he  wished  to  preserve  the  renipnt- 
brance  ;  and  this  he  fr*?i]nently  did  with  a  pen- 
cil on  his  nail.  In  ITM),  Mr.  Hogarth  married 
the  only  daughter  of  Sir  James  ThornliiM  :  and 
soon  alter,  having  summer  lodgings  at  t^oulll 
l.aiiibelli,  and  being  intimate  with  Mr.  Tyers, 
he  contributed  to  the  improvement  of  the  Spring 
Gardens,  at  Vauxhall,  by  the  hint  of  embellis.i- 
ing  llieiii  with  painting,  some  of  which  were  tlic 
proiliictionsof  liis  own  truly  coi^ic  pencil.  In 
1733  his  genius  became  conspicuously  known. 
His  "  Harlot's  Progress"  introduced  him  to  the 
notice  of  the  great,  an^l  Hogarth  rose  complete- 
ly into  fame.  Soon  after  the  peace  of  Ai.\-la- 
(.'hapelle,  he  went  over  to  France,  and  was  ta- 
ken into  custody  at  Calais,  while  lie  was  draw- 
ing the  gale  of  the  town  ;  a  circumstance  which 
he  has  recorded  in  his  picture,  entitled  "  O  tlie 
Koast  Beef  of  Old  England!"  published  1749. 
He  was  actually  carried  before  the  ;^overnor  as 
a  spy,  and  alter  a  strict  examination,  commit- 
ted H  prisoner  toGrandsire,  his  landlord,  on  his 
promising  that  Hogarth  should  not  go  o,it  of  his 
house,  till  he  was  to  embark  for  England.  In 
1753,  he  appeared  to  the  world  in  the  character 
of  an  author,  and  published  a  4to  volume,  en- 
tilled  "  The  Analysis  of  Heauty,  written  with 
a  view  of  fixing  tiie  fluctuating  Ideas  of  Taste." 
In  this  performance,  he  shows,  by  a  variety  of 
examples,  tha«  a  curve  is  the  line  of  bnanty, 
and  that  round  >welling  figures  are  most  pleas- 
ing to  the  eye ;  aiul  the  truth  of  his  opinion  has 
been  countf  uanced  by  subsequent  writera  on  the 
subject.  Hogarth  was  one  of  the  most  absent 
of  men.  Soon  after  he  set  up  iiis  carriage  he 
had  occasion  to  pay  a  visit  to  tlie  lord-mayor, 
(Mr.  Beckford.)  VVhen  he  went,  the  weather 
tvas  fine ;  but  business  detained  him  till  a  vio- 
lent shower  of  rain  came  on.  He  was  let  out 
of  the  niansi<jn  house  by  a  different  door  from 
that  at  which  he  entered  ;  and,  seeing  the  rain, 
began  immediately  to  call  for  a  hackney-coach. 
Not  '»ie  was  to  be  met  With  on  any  of  the  neigh- 
bouring stands;  and  our  artist  sallied  fortli  to 
brave  tiic  storm,  and  actually  reached  Leicester 
Fields  without  bestowing  a  thought  on  his  own 
carriage,  till  Mrs.  Hogarth,  (surprised  to  see 
him  so  wet  and  splashed)  asked  him  where  he 
had  left  it.  The  last  memorable  event  in  our 
»rtis:'s  life,  v\as  his  quarrel  with  Mr.  Wilkes; 
in  which,  if  Mr.  Hogarth  did  not  commence  di- 
fect  nostilities,  he  at  least,  obliquely  gave  tlie 
first  ofience,  by  an  attack  on  the  friends  and 
party  of  that  gentleman.  Mr.  Churchill,  the 
poet,  soon  after  published  the  "  Epistle  to  VVil- 
hsm  flogarth,"  and  took  for  the  motto,  '■  ut  pic- 
ture potsis."  Mr.  Hogarth's  revenge  against  the 
tmet,  terminated  in  vamping  up  an  old  print  of 
a  pug-dog  and  a  bear,  which  he  published  under 
the  title  of  "  Tl»e  Bruiser  C.  Churchill,  (once 
the  R?v. :)  in  the  character  of  a  Uussian  Ilei  cn- 
I.-!',"  &c.  At  the  time  these  hostilities  wire 
carrying  on  in  a  manner  .so  virulent  and  dis- 
ffr:)<N'fui  to  all  ihe  paniCK,  Hogarth  died.  October 
ns,  17t;4. 

244 


HO 

HOHKMjOHE,  prince  de,  a  distinguisheil 
eeneral  of  the  miperial  army,  in  the  wars  agaiiin 
the  French  and  Turks  ;  he  died  in  17% 

HOIjB.Ai'K,  Paul  Thierri,  baron  de,  an  emi- 
nciii  uiiiieralogiEt,  and  member  of  several  of  the 
academies  of  Europe ;  he  died  at  Pans,  in  1789. 

HOLBEIN,  John,  better  known  by  his  Gcr- 
ninn  name,  Hans  Holbein,  an  aduiirahle  pain- 
ler,  born  at  Basil,  in  Switzerland,  in  14118,  died 
of  the  plague,  in  l.i.M.  His  most  famous  pic- 
tures are.  Our  Saviour's  Pa.ssion,  in  the  town- 
houac,  at  Ba^il ;  and,  in  the  fisli-inarkel  of  the 
same  town,  a  Dance  of  Peasants,  and  Death's 
Dance;  which  are  exceedingly  striking  to  the 
onnoisscur.  Going  to  England  Holl.i.iii  was 
introduced  by  SirTliomas  More  to  Henry  VIIL, 

this  manner.  Sir  Thomas  inviicd  the  king  to 
an  entertainment,  and  hungup  all  Holbein's  pie- 
ces, disposed  in  the  best  order,  and  in  the  best 
light,  in  the  great  hall  of  his  house.  The  king, 
upon  his  first  entrance,  was  so  charmed  with  the 
iglit  of  them,  that  he  asked"  Whether  such  an 
artist  were  now  alive,  and  to  be  had  for  nio- 
iiey'!"  Upon  which,  Sir  Thomas  presented 
liiilbein  to  the  king,  who  immediately  took  him 
into  his  service,  and  brought  him  into  great  es- 
teem with  the  nobility  of  the  kingdom.  Hol- 
bein had  the  same  singularity  which  Pliny  men- 
tions of  Turpilius,  a  Roman;  namely,  that  of 
painting  with  his  left  hand. 

HOLBERG,  Louis  de,  a  distinguished  Da 
iiish  writer,  author  of  a  hi.itory  of  Denmark 
and  other  works,  died  in  1754. 

HOLCROFT,  Thomas,  a  miscellaneous,  poe- 
tical, political,  and  .Itamalical  writer,  and  no- 
velist, was  the  son  o,"  a  shoemaker,  and  born  in 
1744.  He  was  bred  to  his  father's  trade,  but 
quilted  it  for  a  time,  and  became  jockey  to  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Vernon,  at  Newmarket  racc^.  He  re- 
turned afterwards  to  shocniaking,  at  which  he 
oiitiiiued  till  he  was  about  25  years  of  age. 
Mr.  Holcroft  then  became  an  actor,  which  pro- 
fession he  followed  (not  with  the  most  flatter- 
ing success)  till  after  the  production,  in  1781,  of 
his  comedy,  called  Duplicity.  He  then  with- 
drew from  the  stage  as  an  actor,  and  for  several 
years  devoted  his  attention  to  dramatic  and  no- 
vel writing.  His  plays  (of  which  the  best  ii 
The  Road  to  Ruin)  are  enumerated  in  the  Bio- 
srnphia  Dramatica.    Mr.  Holcroft  died  in  1800. 

HOLDF.N,  Henry,  an  excellent  English  coni- 
mentalor  on  the  New  Testament,  and  writer 
on  Faith,  died  in  16t)2. 

HOLDEN,  Samuel,  died  in  London,  in  1740, 
and  bequeathed 4,fi47i.  in  charity,  for  promoting 
the  gospel,  &c.,  in  New  England. 

HOLDER,  William,  an  ingenious  English 
man,  who,  among  many  other  works,  published 
a  book  entitled  "  The  Klcinonts  of  Speech ;  an 
Essay  of  Inquiry  into  the  natural  production  of 
Letters;  with  an  Appendix  concerning  Persons 
that  are  Deaf  and  Dumb,  1G69."  He  died  in 
lfi97. 

HOLDS  WORTH,  Edward,  born  in  1688,  died 
in  1747.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Muscipula," 
a  poem,  esteemed  a  master-piece  in  its  kind  . 
and  also  of  '•  Remarks  and  Dissertations  on 
Virgil:"  and  Mr.  Spence  speaks  of  him  in  "  Pn- 
lyinetis,"  as  one  who  understood  Virgil  in  a 
more  masterly  manner  than  any  person  he  ever 
knew. 

HOLE,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and  divine, 
born  at  Exeter ;  he  died  in  1803. 

HOLINSHED,  Raphael, an  English  historian, 
and  faipousfor  the  chronicles  that  go  under  his 
iivaiuf,  died  in  1581.     His  '•  (Chronicles"  weiv 


k-1»^K 


HO 

first  publisiicd  in  1577,  in  2  vols,  folio  ;  and  then 
in  1587,  in  3;  the  two  first  of  which  are  gen 
rally  bound  toj^cthei.    The  continuations  from 
1377,  to  1587,  were  by  Stow,  Thin,  Fleming,  and 
others. 

HOLL,  Francis  Xavicr,  a  Jesuit,  professor 
of  belles  letters,  and  of  ecclesiastical  law,  in 
eevcral  German  universities ;  he  died  at  Heidel- 
bura,  in  17.~i4. 

HOLLAND, Philemon,  a  very  laborious  trans- 
lator, was  born  at  Chelniford,  Essex,  and  edu 
tated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  died 
in  Ui'M,  at  the  age  of  85,  liaviiis;  published 
translations  of  Livy,  Pliny,  Plutarch,  Suetonius, 
Xenophon,  and  "  Cannlen's  Britannia ;"  to 
whirn  last  he  made  additions. 

n()LLAR,  Wentzel,  or  Wenceslaus,  a  most 
admired  engraver  of  views  and  portraits,  born 
at  Prague,  in  Koheniia,  in  IG07,  died  in  1GG7. 

HC^LLIS,  Denzil,  lord,  second  son  of  the  carl 
of  Clare,  an  eminent  English  patriot,  born  in 
1597,  died  in  IfiSO.  He  nobly  maintained  and] 
defended  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  liousc! 
of  commons,  of  which  he  was  a  most  worthy' 
member,  against  the  arbitrary  measures  oi  | 
Charles  1.  and  his  favourites,  falsely  styled) 
"  The  King's  Friends."  His  lordship  was  also 
a  political  writer. 

HOF/LIS.  Thomas  Felhani.  duke  of  Newcas- 
tle, was  employed  in  several  high  offices  during 
the  reign  of  Ceorpe  H.  He  retired  frrttu  the  ad 
niiuistratioii  soon  after  the  accession  of  George 
HI.,  and  died  in  1768.  ' 

HOLLIS,  Thomas,  born  in  London,  in  1720,1 
died  in  1774.  He  was  possessed  of  a  large  for-l 
tune;  more  than  half  of  which  he  devoted  to 
charities,  to  the  encouragement  of  genius,  and 
to  the  support  and  defence  of  liberty.  His  stu- 
dious hours  were  devoted  to  the  search  of  noble| 
au'hors  hidden  by  the  rust  of  time,  and  to  do! 
their  virtues  justice  by  brightening  their  actions: 
for  the  review  of  the  public.  A  new  edition  of 
"Tolaiid"s  Life  of  Milton"  was  published  un-; 
der  his  direction,  in  1761 ;  and  in  1703,  he  gave 
an  accurate  edition  of  Algernon  Sidney's  "  l)is-: 
courses  on  Government;"  on  which  the  pains  audi 
expense  that  he  bestowed  arc  almost  incredible.  I 
JlOLLIt*,  Thomas,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard' 
college,  and  founder  of  a  professorship  of  ma-| 
thematlrs  and  theology,  in  that  seminary  ;  he' 
died  in  r.nnland,  in  1731.  j 

HOl.MKS,  (Jeorge,  a  distinguished  Knglislil 
aniiiinary,  eniploye<I  to  arrange  the  valuable  pa- 
pers ill  the  Tower  ;  he  died  in  17-)9. 

HttLMES,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  an  English  divine, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew 
languages;  lie  died  in  1678. 

HOLMES,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
siicressively  canon  of  Salisbury  and  dean  of 
Winchester,  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  scholar, 
afid  for  his  devotion  to  biblical  criticism  ;  hci 
died  .-11  Oxford,  in  180.'j.  1 

H'lLSTEN.  Cornelius,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Ilaerlem,  who  lived  about  the  end  of  the  17tli' 
ceiilurv.  I 

IIOLSTEINIUS,  Lucas,  a  German  commen- 
tator, on  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  born  at  Ham-| 
biirc,  in  1.596,  and  died  in  IGGl 


HO 

HOLT,  John,  an  English  miscellaneous  wri 
ter,  died  near  Liverpool,  in  IcWl.  M  the  tim« 
of  his  death  he  was  engaged  in  writing  a  histo- 
ry of  that  city. 

HOLWELL,  John  Zephaniah,  a  governor  of 
Hencal,  and  one  of  the  wretched  prisoners  con- 
fined in  the  Black  Hole,  in  Calcutta,  tHiih  June, 
1756,  wherein  a  great  number  of  gentlemen 
were  suffocated  ;  but  Mr.  Holwell,  with  a  lew 
others,  surviving,  he  published  a  "  Narrative" 
of  the  dreadful  affair.  He  also  wrote  a  great 
number  of  tracts,  chiefly  on  Indian  afl'aiis,  and 
dii'd,  jiged  near  90,  in  1798. 

HOLYU.A,  Harten,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
English  divine,  poet  and  philosopher,  born  at 
Oxford,  in  1593,  ilied  in  lf)t)l.  He  wrote  "Terli 
nogamia,  or  the  Marriage  of  the  .Arts,"  a  com 
edy,  acted  by  some  Oxford  scholars,  at  Wood 
stock,  in  lOil,  t>efore  king  .Tames;  and  a  "  .Siir 
vty  of  111,'  World,"  in  10  books,  a  poem,  in 
KiCl ;  but  the  work  that  ho  is  known  and  es- 
teemed lor  now,  is  his  "Translation  of  the  t»a 
tins  of  Juvenal  andPersius;"  for  though  his 
poetry  is  but  inditferent,  yet  his  translation  is  ge- 
nerally allowed  lo  be  faithful, and  his  notes  good. 
HOr,YOAKE,Franci8,  a  learned  Englishman, 
memorable  for  having  made  an  "  Elymologicai 
Dictionary  of  Latin  Words,"  born  in  War- 
wickshire, in  l.')67,  died  in  16.33. 

HOLYO.AKK,  Thoin.is,  an  officer  in  the  Eng- 
lish army,  afterwards  a  clergyman,  and  author 
of  a  Latin  and  English  Dictionary  ;  he  died  in 
1675. 

HOLYOAKE,  Edward,  president  of  Harvatd 
college,  died  in  1767. 

HOLYWOOD,  John,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, died  at  Paris,  in  1256. 

HOMBERG,  William,  a  native  of  Batavia, 
in  Java;  he  went  lo  Europe,  and  settled  at 
Paris,  where  he  became  a  distinguished  chyinist, 
and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Orleans  ;  he  died 
in  1715. 

HOME,  David,  a  celebrated  Pcolch  divine  and 
writer,  the  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

HOME,  Henry,  lord  Kaimes,  one  of  the  se- 
nators of  the  college  of  justice  in  g*cotland,  .ind 
eminent  as  a  critical  and  philosophical  wiitrr, 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1696,  died  in  17tfQ.  His 
principal  works  are,  "  Skelche<!  of  the  History 
of  Man,"  '"  Elements  of  Criticism,"  and  "The 
Gentleman  Farmer." 

IIO.ME,  John,  was  born  in  the  city  of  An- 
crum,  in  Roxburgshire,  in  17i4,  and  died  at 
Merchiston  rionse,  near  Edinburgh,  in  1808, 
Mr.  Home  was  originally  educated  for  the 
church  of  Scotland,  inducted  into  a  living  in 
the  Lntliians,  the  duties  of  which  he  discharged 
with  the  greatest  propriety.  As  soon,  how<  ver, 
as  it  was  known  that  he  was  the  aiitlior  of  the 
excellent  tragedy  of  "  Douglas,"  be  became 
very  unpopular,  froin  the  ptirltaniral  spirit  of 
the  times,  whir'"  ronde'-ed  it  criinin.nl  in  \h>- 
eyes  of  the  multiin'le,  lu.it  a  clergyman  should 
even  read  a  pi;iy,  (ar  less  be  the  author  of  cte 
On  this,  Mr.  Home  gave  in  his  resignation,  and 
contented  himself  with  the  income  of  a  small 
paternal  estate.  He  was  alw;iys,  as  far  as  liia 
means  would  admit,  the  friend  and  patron  of 


HOLT,  sir  John,  chief  justice  of  ihe  courtijmerit ;  and  under  his  fo.'tering  hand,  many 
of  king's  bench,  in  the  reign  of  king  Vvilliam.j sparks  of  literary  genius,  that  would  otherwise 
was  born  in  I6t2,  died  in  1708.  He  piiblislied;|have  lain  dormant,  were  brought  to  light.  Ho 
chief  justice  Kelynge's  Reports,  with  annota  (was,  in  early  life,  a  very  kind  patron  to  Mac- 
tioiis  upon  them,  by  himself;  and  his  integrityl  phersmi,  the  translator  of  Ossian,  who  had  al' 
■lid  uprightness  as  a  judge  are  celebrated  by  tlie;|terwards  anopportiinilvof  manifesting  bis  era- 
author  of  the  "Tattler,"  No.  14,  iiiidf  rthc  clia-  Ititudchy  a  bequest  of  2(101)/.  Though  Mr.  Home 
racier  of  Verns,  the  m.ngisMate.  ('wrote    several    trailed ies  be.^irles    "  Iiouglas" 


I 


HO 

some  of  which  possess      merit,  none  of  them 
were  successful  on  the  stage. 

HO  M  ER,  tlie  most  ancient  of  the  Greek  poets, 
WHS  the  father  of  poetry,  as  lierodoius  was  of 
history,  and  Hippocrates  of  physic.  As  much 
as  he  has  celebrated  the  praisf-s  of  others,  he 
has  been  so  very  modest  about  himself,  iliat  we 
do  not  find  the  least  mention  of  himthroui:hout 
his  poems:  so  that  where  he  was  born,  who 
were  his  parents,  what  ai»e  he  lived  in,  and  al 
most  every  circinnstance  of  his  life,  remain,  at 
this  day,  in  a  great  mi-asure,  if  not  wholly,  un- 
known. The  only  incontestable  works  which 
Flomor  has  left  behind  him  are  the  "  Iliad"  and 
tlio  ••  Odyssey."  It  was  by  these  poems  that 
all  the  wortnies  of  antiquity  were  fornied. 
lliMice  the  lawgivers,  the  founders  of  monar- 
chies and  conimniiwcallhs,  took  the  model  of 
their  politics;  hence  the  philosophers  drew  the 
first  principles  of  morality  which  they  tauiiht 
the  people;  hence  phy.siciaiis  have  studied  dis- 
eases and  their  cures ;  astronomers  have  learn- 
ed the  knowledge  of  the  heavens,  and  geome- 
tricians of  the  earth  :  kings  and  princes,  the  art 
to  govern  ;  and  captains,  to  form  a  battle,  to 
encamp  an  army,  to  bHsiea;o  towns,  to  fiuht,  and 
gain  victories.  "  Homer  (says  Sir  Williain 
Temple)  was,  without  doubt,  the  most  universal] 
genius  that  has  been  known  in  the  world,  and 
Virgil  the  most  accomplished.  To  the  first  mnsti 
be  allowed  the  most  fertile  invention,  the  richest! 
vein,  the  most  general  knowledge,  and  the  niostj 
lively  expressions :  to  the  last,  the  noblest  ideas, 
the  justest  institution,  the  wisest  conduct,  audi 
the  choicest  elocution.  The  colouring  of  bothj 
seems  equal,  and  indeed  in  both  is  admirable,  j 
Homer  had  more  fire  and  rapture,  Virgil  morej 
liehl  and  sweetness;  or,  at  least,  the  poetical! 
fire  was  more  raging  iu  the  one,  but  clearer  in 
the  other;  which  makes  the  first  more  amazing,; 
and  the  latter  more  agreeable.  In  short,  these; 
two  immortal  poets  must  be  allowed  to  have] 
so  much  excelled  in  their  kinds  as  to  have  ex 


HO 

HO.VORIUS,  son  of  Theodosiiis  the  Great, 
and  emperor  of  the  West,  died  at  Ravenna,  in 
42.t 

HON'ORIUS  I.,  pope  after  Bonifac«  V.,  died 
in  iV.iH. 

HONORHJS  H.,  Lambert,  bishop  of  Oslia, 
and  pope  in  1134.  died  in  IlliO. 

HONORIL'S  HI.,  Ccnsio  Savelli,  succeeded 
Innocent  III.,  as  pope,  and  died  m  I'^S?. 

HONORins  IV.,  James  ^<av8lli,  was  clecte*. 
pope  in  1-285,  and  died  in  I2H7. 

HONT.\N,  baron  de,  author  of  a  volume  of 
travels  in  North  America,  filled  with  improba- 
bilities :  he  lived  in  the  ITih  century. 

HONTHEIM,  John  Nicholas  de,  suffragan  t* 
the  archbishop  of  Treves,  died  in  17!l0. 

UONTHORST,  Herard,  an  eminent  and  ad- 
mired painter,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  IliliO. 

H0(3D,  Samuel,  visconnt,  a  celebrated  British 
admiral,  K.  B.,  and  governor  of  Greenwich 
Hospital,  born  in  17"24,  died  at  Bath,  in  18lt). 

HoOFT,  Petrus  Cornelius  Van,  an  eminent 
Dutch  poet  and  historian,  born  at  Amslerdiun  : 
he  died  in  1647. 

HOOGliVEEN,  Henry,  an  eminent  Dutch 
philologist,  born  at  Leyden,  in  1712,  died  in  1794, 
His  "  Doctrina  Particularum  Lingiis  (Jrajcte," 
•2  vols.  4to,  in  17y(>,  is  e.xecuted  with  a  prodi- 
ious  abundance  of  learning,  and  is  a  lasting 
foundation  for  his  well  earned  fame. 

HOOGSTRAETEN,  Theodore  Van,  an  ad- 
mired landscape  painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in 
1640. 

HOOGSTR  AETEN,  James,  a  Dominican,and 
inquisitor  general,  known  for  the  virulence  with 
which  he  wrote  against  Lnther  and  Erasmus. 
Ho  died  at  (Cologne,  in  1527. 

HOOGiJTRATEN,  David  Van, a  celebiatod 
Dutch  critic,  lexicographer,  and  poet,  born  at 
Rotterdam,  in  16.58,  died  in  17'24. 

HOOGI'E,  Rnmain  de.  a  Dutch  engraver  and 
designer,  whose  works  are  highly  esteemed. 

HOOKE,  Robert,  an  eminent  English  mathe- 


ceeded  all  comparison,  to  have  even  extinguish- 1  maliciaii  and  philosopher,  born  in  the  Isle  of 
ed  emulation,  and,  in  a  manner,  confined  true  Wight,  in  1635,  died  in  170-2.  He  distinguished 
poetry,  not  only  to  their  two  languages,  but  fol  himself  by  many  noble  inventions  ami  inir 
their  very  persons."  The  first  appearance  of  ||provcinents  in  mechanics;  invented  pendnliim 
Homer's  works  in  Greece,  was  about  1-20  yearsi  watches,  and  several  astronomical  instrnnu'iltB 


before  Rome  was  built ;  that  is,  about  200  years 
aft^ir  the  supposed  time  of  Homer.  The  .\ruii- 
delian  marbles  give  907  years  before  Christ,  as 
the  period  when  he  flonrisli.-d. 

HOMMELi,  Charles  Frederic,  a  voluminous 
writer,  of  Leipsic,  died  in  1781. 

HO.MMOND,  Charles  Francis  I',  an  instruct- 
er  of  youth,  at  Paris,  author  of  an  Epitome 
Uisioria  Sacrie,  and  "  De  viris  lllustribusUrbis 
Kom.f,"  &c.,  died  in  1794. 

HO^OEKOETER,  Gilles,  a  landscape  and 
flower  painter,  at  Utrecht,  born  in  1583. 

HONDEKOETER,  Gysbrecht,sonofthepre- 
cedin^,  was  also  a  painter,  an<I  was  born  in  1613. 
IIONDEKORTER,  Melcliior,  a  landscape 
painter,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  1095. 

HOMDIUS,  Abraham,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Rotterdam,  died  in  1695. 

HON DIUS,  Jesse,  an  eminent  selftaught  en- 
graver on  copper  and  ivory,  and  a  writer  of 
distinction,  in  Flanders;  he  died  in  1614. 

HOVE,  George  Paul,  a  lawyer,  ot'NurombHrg, 


for  making  observailons  both  at  sea  and  land  ; 
and  was  particularly  serviceable  to  Mr.  Boyle 
in  completing  the  air  pump.  His  writings  are 
numerons  and  valuable. 

HOOKE,  Natiianael,  author  of  a  valuable 
"  Roman  History,"  and  other  works ;  he  died 
in  I7f)4. 

HOOKER,  John,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born  at  Exeter,  in  15-24.  He  afterwardi 
represented  his  native  place  in  parliament,  and 
died  in  1601. 

HOOKER,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, author  of  an  excellent  work,  entitled  "  Tha 
Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  in  8  books," 
was  born  in  1553,  and  died  in  1600.  Of  Hook- 
er and  this  work,   pope  Clement  VIII.  said, 

This  man  indeed  deserves  the  name  of  an 
author.  His  books  will  get  reverence  by  age; 
for  there  are  in  them  such  seeds  Of  eternity, 
that  they  shall  continue  till  the  last  fire  shall  de- 
vour all  learning." 

HOOKER,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Cam- 


aiid  counsellor  to  the  duke  of  Meimiiigen,  di«^d  jbridge,  Mass.,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  Con- 
in  1747.  ■ 

HO.VESTIS,  Petms  de,  or  Petrus  Damiani, 
an  Italian,  made  bisiiopof  Ostiaaiid  a  rardinal 
by  pope  Stephen,  and  al'lerwards  his  ambassa- 
dor at  France  ;  he  died  iu  107-2. 
246 


neciicul ;    he  published  several  sermons,   and 
died  in  1647. 

HOOKER.  John,  minister  of  Northampton. 
Mass.,  was  able  and  faithful  in  l>i«  eflice;  he 
died  in  1777. 


HO 


Ho 


HOom,  Cliarles,  an  EiigUsli  teacher  and  di-!  brateil  graininariaii,  of  Egypt,  floiinslicd  aliuut 
vine,  [irobuudary  of  Lincoln  cathedral ;  hedied]|A.  D.  380.  Tti(;re  are  extant  under  Ins  name 
in  )t''i>8.  jtwo  books  ''Concerning  the  Hieroglyphics  of 

HOOLE,  Ji)hn,  a  poet  and  translator  of  con-|;the  Egyptians." 
ndoiaMe  reputation,  was  burn  in  London,  1T27,||       HOKATII,    three    Roman    hrutiiers,    who 
and  educated  in  Henford^hire,  under  Mr.  junies!  fought  and  conquered  the  thrie  Curiatiiof  Alba, 
Uenr.elt,   the    publisher    of    Ri>ger    Ascham's '667  B.  C. 

works.  In  1744,  he  was  placed  as  a  clerk  ill  the;  HOKATIUS,  Codes,  a  renowned  Roman 
India  House,  in  whicli  e-.tabh<liinenlhe  rem  ii:i-' knight,  who  saved  the  city  by  hit  iioblr  di  iViiCe 
c(i  till  the  end  of  the  year  1785,  when  he  resign-iiof  a  wooden  bridge,  attacked  by  Porfiiina. 
ed  hie  office  of  auditor  of  Indian  accounts,  aiid<{  While  he  and  two  associaics  oppo:«rd  the  eiu^iiiy 
■oon  after  retired  to  the  iieighbourliood  of  Onr-|  at  the  entrance,  he  desired  Ins  U  llow-ciii7.en.->  to 
king,  in  Surrey,  where  he  di'd  in  1893,  having^jcut  away  the  bridge  behind  him  ;  this  being  e.\e- 
prodjced  elegant  translations  of  the  works  oil  cuted,  he  fell  into  the  T)  ber;  hut,  though  wnund- 
Tasso,  Anosio,  and  Motastatio,  and  written  ed,  and  oppresai-d  by  heavy  armour,  he  gained 
three  tragedies.  He  was  a  very  auiiable  charao-  ,  the  shore.  He  flourished  'jOO  B.  C. 
tcr,  and  greatly  esteemed  by  Dr.  Johnson.  |]    HOR.\TIUS,  (iuinius  Fiacciis,  or  Horace,  an 

HOOPER,  or  HOPER,  John,  bishop  of  Glou-'ancient  Roman  lyric  and  satiric  poi-t,  who  Hoiir- 
cester,  was  born  lu  Sinnersetfchire,  in  1495.  In  thci  islied  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  was  born  ai  Venu- 
persecutioii  under  Mary,  refusing  to  recant  Ins  sium,  abou;  05  B.  C.  His  poetical  talents  soon 
opinions,  he  wa.s  burned  in  the  city  of  Glouces-limade  him  known  to  "ume  of  ihe  greatest  nien  in 
tar,  and  suffered  death  with  admirable  constan-  Rome.  Virgil,  as  he  has  told  us,  wastht  tirsiwho 
cy,  in  1555.  jl recommended  him  to  Ma-ctnas  ;   and  this  cele- 

lIOOPER,  George,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  En-  Lbtated  patron  of  literature  and  learned  nun  grew 
f\\M\  prel.ite,  bishop  of  St.  Asaphs,  and  after-jso  fond  of  him,  that  he  became  a  suitor  for  him 
wards  01  Bath  and  Wells ;  he  died  in  17'27.        1  to  .\iigustiis,  and  got  his  estate  (whicli  had  been 

HOOPER,  William,  a  member  of  the  conti-  forfeited)  to  be  restored.  Augustus  was  highly 
sent?!  congress,  from  North  Carolina,  and  a  taken  with  his  greai  ineiii  and  address;  admitied 
tigiier  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  be  him  to  a  dose  familiarity  with  him  in  hi.«  private 
dica  in  I7<)0.  I  hours,  and  afterwards  made  liim  no  small  otlers 

HOORNBECK,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch  di-  of  preferment.  The  poet  had  the  greatness  of 
yine,  professor  of  diviniiy  at  Utrecht,  and  after-  mind  to  refuse  thoin  all ;  the  life  he  loved  bc-yt, 
wa'ds  at  Leyden,  and  a  theological  writer ;  hej  and  lived  as  much  as  he  could,  was  the  very  re 
<iie,l  in  16:'>6.  I  verse  of  a  court  lite;  a  lite  of  retirement  and 

HOPKINS,  Ezekiel,  a  learned  prelate,  bishop  study,  free  from  the  noise  and  hurryof  ambition, 
of  Raphor-,  and  afterwards  of  Londonderry  ;  he   He  died  about  i'  B.  C. 
disd  in  IfiitO.  I     HORM.\.\,  William,  a  native  of  Salisbury, 

HOPKINS,  Charles,  sonof  theprecedinc,  was  distint^uished  as  a  divine  and  as  a  botanist,  died 
distinguished  in  England  as  a  poet  and  drama-,  in  1535. 
»lc  writer ;  he  died  in  1699.  ,     HORMISD.^S.  a  pope  of  Rome,  in  514,  died 

HOPKINS,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding. 'in  523,  and  was  afterwards  canonized, 
was  also  celebrated  as  a  poet ;  the  time  of  his,     HORMISn.\S  11.,  succeeded   his  father  as 


deatli  is  not  known 

HOPKINS,  Edward,  governor  of  Connect! 
cut,  and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  college  :  he 
founded  L'lhmmar  schools  in  New-Haven  and 
Hartford,  Conn.,  and  died  in  1657. 

HOPKINS,  Samuel,  minister  of  West  Spring- 
field, Mass., died  in  1755,  much  esteemed. 

HOPKI.NS,  Stephen.  LL.  D.,  chief  justice 
and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  a 
memlier  of  Congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of 
Uie  declaration  of  Indepcodcnce ;  he  died  in 
1785. 

IIOPKINSO.V,  Francis,  a  member  of  con- 
gross,  from  New-Jersey,  and   a  signer  of  the 


king  of  Persia,  in  578.  His  subjects  revolted  un- 
der his  gi-iiei  al,Varanes,  who  defeated  him,  and 
deprived  iiim  of  sight.     He  died  in  5?»0. 

HORN  E,  (ieorge,  bishop  of  .Norwich,  born  at 
Otham,  in  Kent,  in  17:10,  and  diud  in  1792.  This 
divine  united,  in  a  remarkable  degree,  depth  of 
learning,  brightness  of  iniagiiiation,  sanctity  of 
manners,  and  sweetness  of  temper.  Four  vo- 
lumes of  his  incomparable  "Sermons"  are  pub- 
lished. His  "  rouimentary  on  the  Psalms,"  in  i 
vols.  4to,  "  will  (as  the  writer  of  his  epitaph  ex- 
presses it)  continue  to  be  a  ronipanion  to  the 
closet,  till  the  devotion  of  earth  shall  end  in  ihe 
hallelujahs  of  heaven."  Dr.  Home  also  wrote  x 


declaration  of  Independence;    he  was   after- j celebrated   piece  of   irony,  in  reply  to  .^daia 
wards  a  judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  Hni-!  Smith's  Sketch  of  David  IIume"s  Life. 


ted  Slates,  for  Pennsylvania,  and  died  in  1791  , 
He  was  distinguished  also  as  a  popular  writer,' 
and  as  a  poet.  : 

HOPPNER,  John,  R.  A.,  an  eminent  English 
portrait  painter,  and  translator  of  "  Oriental 
Tales"  into  English  verse  '1805),  was  horn  1759,' 
and  dicci  in  Charles-street,  St.  James'  square,  in 
1810.  I 

HOPTON.  Arthur,  a  distinguished  English 
matiicmatician,  and  writer  on  mathematical 
iub>.-cts,  (lied  in  16U,  aged  26.  ' 

HOPTON,  Ralph,  lord,  an  English  officer, 
distin'.'iiifhed  for  his  valour,  particularly  during 
jbe  civil  wars  ;  he  died  in  165'2. 

HOPTOV,  Susanna,  an  English  lady,  author 
»f "  Daily  Devotions"  and  other  religious  works ; 
ihe  died  in  1709. 

HORAPOI.LO,  or  HORl'S  .\POLLO,  a  cele- 


HORNECK.Dr.  .Anthony,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  born  in  the  Lower  Palatinate,  in 
lii4l,died  in  1696. 

HORNER,  Francis,  an  English  lawyer,  .mil  a 
member  of  parliament,  of  some  distinction,  died 
in  If^n. 

HOR.N'IUS,  George,  professor  of  history  in  the 
university  of  Levden,  died  in  1670. 

HORNSBY,  fhonihs,  D.  D.,  born  in  17.'V4,  and 
died  in  1810,  at  the  Observatory,  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  He  was  Savilian  professor  of  as- 
tronomy, professor  of  natural  philosophy,  reader 
in  ex|verimciital  philosophy,  and  librarian  to  the 
Radclitre  library  ;  and  his  long  and  eminent  ser- 
vices in  the  cause  of  science,  and  successful  la- 
bours in  completing  the  aftroiiomical  arrange- 
niente  at  the  Observatory,  will  ever  be  retneiii- 
bcred  with  gratitude  by  the  miiversity. 
247 


HO 


IiO 


HUE REHOW,  Peter,  professor  of  acirtHioniy,?'  HOBTKNSIUS,  llartin,  an  astronomer,  of 
niatiii^uiC'tics,  and  pl>.ilo8opby,  at  Copt-nliaguii,  mt-ICt;  he  died  in  1639. 

and  a  wriier  on  itie  Copcriiican  sj'slcm;  he  died  i    II05KA,  the  first  of  the  minor  propliets,  flour- 
iii  I'M.  Ished  under  the  reigns  of  Jcrolioain  aiiJ  Czziah 

HOSIROX,  Jeremiah,  an  English  astronomer,  |{  ilOSII'S,  Stanislaus,  a  native  of  i'olahd,  was 
memorable  from  being  tlie  first,  from  the  bcpm-  [secretary  to  the  king  of  Poland,  bishop  of  Culm 
Jiing  of  the  world,  who  liad  observed  tlic  Iran-  |aiid  of  Warmia,  and  afttrwards  a  cardinal    He 


sit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk.     He  was  born 
lu  IG19,  and  died  in  1041. 

HORSLiEY,  John,  author  of  a  very  lpam«d 
and  excellent  work,  ciuitled,  "  Britannia  Konia- 
na  ;"  being  an  ample  account  of  the  vestiges  of 
the  Roniaos  in  Uniain.  He  was  born  in  Morth- 
umberlaiid,  and  died  in  1731. 

HORSLEY,  Samuel,  bishop  of  St.  Asaiih,  wasi 
born  in  die  parisli  of  St.  Martin's  it  the  Fields, 
where  his  fattier  was  clerk  in  orders,  and  was 

eduraied  at  Trinity  hall, Cambridge.  He  became  Itiorn  in  l'i6l,died  in  171)4. 
one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  day,  as  all  HOSPITAL,  .Michael  de  ]',  chancellor  oi" 
theol(>i;ist,  a  mathematician,  and  a  profound  liFrancu,  to  which  otlice  he  was  laii^ed  on  the 
classic.  He  was  many  years  rector  of  St.  Mary's,  ideath  of  Henry  il.,  in  the  midst  of  mibulence 
Newiiiijion,  the  first  parish  to  which  he  was  ever  j land  faction.  He  displayed  great  abilities,  and 
promoted,  and  which  preferment  ho  held  lougiiVvasdislinguished  for  the  fiimness,  integrity,  and 
after  hi:- epi.^copal  elevation.  His  lordship's  lirst  miUlness  of  his  administration  :  he  died  inlSv:). 


died  in  1579. 

HO.SKINS,  John,  an  eminent  English  por- 
trait painter,  died  in  ^^'l&^. 

HOSPIMAN,  Uodolphus,  a  learned  Swiss 
wriier,  who  has  done  prodigious  service  to  the 
prutestant  causi',born  at  Alldorf,  in  1547.  d>ed 
in  lti-3G.  He  wrote  an  excellent  work  of  vast  ex- 
tent, called, "A  Hislory  of  the  Errorsol  Popery.'* 

HOSPITAL,  William  Francis  Antony,  mar- 
quis de  1',  a  great  mathematician,  of  France, 


seat  on  the  right  reverend  bench  was  in  1788,  as 
bishop  of  St.  David's.  In  1793,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Rochester,  with  which  he  held 
the  deanery  of  Westminster;  and,  in  1802,  ele 
vated  to  the  more  lucrative  bishopric  of  Si- 
Asaph.  No  man  of  the  age,  perhaps,  pAS£e.'=6e<l 
more  of  what  is  geiieialiy  understood  by  the 
idea  of  recondite  learning,  or  was  more  pro- 
fouiidly  versed  in  classical  chronology.  Heedited 
and  illustrated  some  of  the  most  important  of 
Sir  Isaac  Ncwion's  works,  in  5  vols.  4to,  and 
was  himself  the  author  of  several  esteemed  ma- 
thematical and  theological  productions.  As  a 
ttenator,lie  was  deservedly  considered  in  the  first 
class;  there  were  few  important  discussions  in 
the  house  of  lords,  especially  when  the  topics  re- 
ferred to  the  hierarchical  eBtablishinents  of  Eng- 
land, the  French  revolution,  or  the  African  slave 
trade,  (of  which  he  was  a  systematic  opponent.) 
in  which  his  lordship  did  not  participate.  The 
reverend  prelate  was  many  years  a  leadint;  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  society ;  but  withdrew  from  it, 
as  has  been  said,  in  consequence  of  a  certain 
high  appointment  taking  place,  of  which  he  dis- 
approved. His  concluding  words,  on  retiring, 
were,"  I  quit  that  temple  where  philosophy  once 
presided,  and  where  Newton  was  her  officiating 
minister  !"  His  lordship  died  at  Brighton,  Oct. 
4,  1806. 

HORSTIUS,  James,  a  German  physician,  and 
professor  of  medicine  in  the  university  of  Helm- 
stadt ;  he  died  in  1600. 

HORSTIUS,  Gregory,  of  such  reputation  in 
the  practice  of  physic,  that  he  was  usually  cal- 
led the  iEsculapius  of  Germany.  He  was  born 
in  Torgau,  in  1578,  and  died  in  1636. 

HORTE,  John,  an  English  divine,  bishop  of 
Kilmore.  and  afterwards  of  Tuam,  in  Ireland ; 
he  died  in  17.51. 

HORTENSIA,  a  celebrated  Roman  matron, 
who,  when  the  senate  laid  a  heavy  tax  on  the 
women  of  Rome,  pleaded  with  so  much  e\o- 
quence  in  behalf  of  her  sex,  that  the  tax  was  con- 
siderably diminished. 

HORTENSIUS,  Quintus,  a  celebrated  Rtnnan 
orator  and  poet,  who,  being  eclipsed  at  the  bar 
by  Cicero,  quitted  it  for  a  military  iif<;,  and  be 
»ame  military  tribune,  praetor,  and  consul.  He 
died  about  .50  B.  C. 

HORTE\SIUS,Lambert,  aOutch  philolojiist, 
poti.  and  historian,  a  native  of  Utrt<;ht :  he  died 
Tii  1577. 

248 


HOSSCH,  Sidronius,  a  Flemish  Jesuit,  authoi 
of  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  &c.,  died  in 
1653. 

HOSTE,  Paul  1'  a  French  Jesuit,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  "Poulon,  and  a  matlicmatical 
writer;  he  died  in  170U. 

HOSTUS,  Matthew,  a  German  antiquary, 
died  in  1.587. 

HOTMAN,  Francis,  a  learned  French  civi- 
lian, and  commentaior  on  Latin  author.^,  bom 
at  Paris,  in  15-J4,  died  in  1590. 

HOTTIiNGER,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, distinguished  for  his  great  learning  and  ta- 
lents. His  abilities  were  so  conspicuous,  that 
he  was  educated  at  the  public  expense  ;  he  was 
professor  of  divinity  and  oriental  languages  at 
Zurich,  professor  at  Heidell^v'rg,  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal counsellor  to  the  elector  Palatine.  His  writ- 
ings are  very  numerous.     He  died  in  1667. 

HOTZE,  an  A  nsirian  general,  born  in  Zurich, 
distinguished  for  his  bravery,  was  killed  in  bat 
le  about  1799. 

IIOUARD  DE  LA  MOTHE,  Anthony,  a 
French  lawyer,  skilled  in  the  profession,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works  connected  with  it;  he 
died  in  1803. 

HOUBIGOUT,  Charles  Francis,  a  learned 
divine,  born  at  Paris,  in  1686.  He  published  an 
excellent  edition  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  with  a 
Latin  version,  and  notes,  4  vols,  folio,  1753,  and 
many  other  learned  works,  and  died  :n  178i3,  in 
the  98tli  year  of  his  age. 

HOUBRAKEN,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  painter,  au- 
thor of  the  "  LivvB  of  the  Flemish  painters," 
wa?  born  at  Dordt,  in  1660. 

HOUBRAKEN,  Jacob,  an  eminent  Dutch 
portrait  and  historical  engraver,  born  in  IC9S, 
died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1780. 

HOUCHARD,  John  Nicholas,  a  French  ge- 
neral, who  raihcd  himself  to  the  highest  rank  in 
the  army  during  the  revolution  ;  he  was  guillo- 
tined in  1793. 

HOriDARD  DE  LA  MOTTE,  Anthonv,  a 
French  writer.    See  MOTTE. 

HOUURY,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  dislftguished 
as  a  popular  preacher  and  writer,  died  ai  Paris, 
in  17.30,  aged  99. 

HOUGH,  John,  bishop  of  Worcester,  memo- 
rable for  tlio  noble  stand  he  made,  when  presi- 
dent of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  against  JameH 
11.,  who  wanted  arbitrarily  to  iinposc  fellows 
and  officers  upon  the  college  by  his  royoi  niau- 


HO 

(jaip,  was  born  in  Middlesex,  in  ICSO,  and  died 
in  i'i.l 

HoULIERES,  Antoinette  de  la  Garde  des,  a 
Pri'iich  lady,  distinguished  as  a  {Kictcss  and  dra- 
matic writer ;  she  died  in  1G94.  Her  daugh- 
i<;r.  who  also  possessed  poetical  talents,  died  in 

nie. 

HOUSEMAN,  Cornrlius,  a  celebrated  land- 
scape piiinter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1727. 

HOUSEMAN,  James,  an  eniiiKMit  portrait 
and  liislorical  painter,  oi' Antwerp,  died  in  1096. 

HOdSSAYE.     SeeAMtXOT. 

Hi)i;STON,  William,  M.  U.,  an  eminent  En 
^lisli  physician,  pupil  to  Boerhaave,  died  in  the 
West  Indies,  in  J733. 

HOUSTON,  John,  a  distinguished  advocate 
lor  the  revolution,  was  a  member  of  congres.- 
in  1775,  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Georgia , 
he  died  m  1796. 

HOUTEVILLE.  Claude  Francis,  a  native  of 
Paris,  who  wrote  an  admirable  work,  called 
"  La  Veritc  de  la  Keligimi  Chrcticnne  prouvee 
par  les  FailB."  died  in  174"2,  aged  54. 

HOVEDEN,  R(Ji!Prde,  an  early  Enslish  his- 
torian, whose  annals  coinincuced  where  those 
of  Uede  terminated  ;  he  lived  in  the  age  of  Hen- 
ry II. 

HOVEY,  Ivory,  minister  of  Plymouth,  Ma-ss. 
Hi!  left  a  journal  which  contained  about  7,0U0 
octavo  pages,  and  died  in  180:i. 

UOW.  William,  anofficer  in  the  royal  army, 
during  the  civil  wars  in  England,  afterwards  a 
phy.'iiciaii  and  botanist  of  distinction  in  London ; 
he  died  in  ll>oO. 

HOVV.\RD,  Charles,  earl  of  Nottingham,  an 
intrepid  English  admiral,  commander-in  chief 
at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  born  in 
1536,  died  in  1W4. 

n(»WARD,  Sir  Robert,  an  English  historian 
and  dramatic  poet,  died  about  1G98.  There  wa.« 
one  Edward  IJoward,  esq.,  likewise  a  descend- 
ant of  the  same  family,  who  exposed  himself  to 
the  satirist.s  by  writing  bad  plays. 

HOW.VRD,  Henry,  earl  of  Surrey,  a  brave 
general  and  esteemed  poet,  born  in  15-20,  was 
beheaded  on  a  suspicion  of  his  designing  to  wed 
the  princess  Mary,  and  thereby  aspiring  to  the 
crown. 

Hi  (WARD,  Thomas,  earl  of  Surrey,  and 
duke  of  Norfolk,  lord  high  admiral  of  England, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VlII.,  distinguished  lor 
bis  services  aa  a  naval  officer,  and  as  a  soldier,  at 
tile  battle  of  Floddenfield,  and  afterwards  as 
viceroy  of  Ireland  ;  he  narrowly  escaped  the 
capricious  tyranny  of  that  prince,  and  died  in 
15.54. 

HOWARD,  Edward,  a  brave  and  celebrated 
Enslish  admiral,  brother  to  the  preceding,  was 
killi'd  in  an  action  with  a  French  ship,  in  1514.1 

HOWARD,  John,  was  born  at  Hackney,  in' 
Middlerspx,  in  t)ie  year  17-2(5,  and  put  apprentice 
to  Mr.  Nathaniel  Newnham,  a  wholesale  gro- 
cer, in  WalliiiL'-street.  His  coiisiitntion  wis 
thought  very  weak,  and  his  health  appeared  to 
have  been  injured  by  the  necessary  duties  of  his 
apprenticeship;  at  the  expiration  of  it,  there- 
fore, he  took  an  apartment  in  a  loduing- house. 
In  Stoke,  Newington,  kept  by  a  Mrs.  Sarah 
Lardeau,  a  widow,  by  whom  he  was  nursed 
with  the  utmost  rare  and  attention.  .\t  length 
he  became  so  fond  of  his  landlady,  that  they 
were  privately  married,  about  tlie  year  175-2. 
She  was  possessed  of  asmill  tortuiie,  which  be 
presented  to  her  sister.  This  wife.  ho-«'"«'<" 
died  in  1755,  and  lie  was  a  sincere  and  atPrv  I 

I   i 


HO 

lionate  iiii'urner  lor  lier  death,  .•^bout  this  time, 
it  is  believed,  he  was  elected  F.  R.  S.,  and,  with 
an  intention  of  visiting  Lisbon  alter  the  earlli- 
quako,  lie  at  inidsunimer,  1756.  set  sail  on  board 
the  Hanover  packet,  which  was  taken  by  a 
French  privateer;  and  he  behaved  with  so  much 
hauteur,  so  much  a  I'Anclois  to  tlie  captain  of 
the  privateer,  as  might  probably  be  the  cause  of 
his  suffering  so  severely  as  it  appears  he  did,  and 
■'  perhaps  what  he  suffered  on  this  occasion 
increased  (if  it  did  not  ijrst  call  forth)  his  sym- 
pathy with  the  unhappy  people."  He  after- 
wards, it  is  believed,  made  the  tour  of  Italy ; 
and  at  his  return,  settled  at  Urokenhiirst,  a  re- 
tired and  pleasant  villa  in  the  New  Forest,  near 
I.ymiiigton,  in  Hami<sliire ;  having,  April  '25, 
1758,  married  Harriet,  only  daughter  of  Edward 
Leeds,  esq.,  of  Croxtoii,  in  Cambridgeshire. 
Mrs.  H.  died  in  1765,  in  childbed.  After  the 
death  of  his  second  wife,  he  left  Lymiiigton, 
and  purchased  an  estate  at  Cardington.  near 
Bedford,  where  he  very  much  conciliated  the 
esteem  of  ihe  poor,  by  employing  them,  build- 
ing cottages  for  them.  tec.  In  1773,  he  served 
the  office  of  sheriff  of  tlie  county  of  Bedford. 
This  offii  e,  as  he  observes,  brought  "  the  dis- 
tress of  prisoners  more  immediately  under  his 
notice  ;"  and  with  a  view  to  iis  alleviation,  he 
becan  his  labours  by  "  visiting  most  of  the 
county  jails  in  England,"  and  afterwards  "  the 
bridewells,  houses  of  correction,  city  and  town 
jails,"  where  he  found  "  miiltiiiules,  both  of 
felons  and  debtors,  dying  of  the  jail  fever  and 
the  small-pox."  Upon  this  suljject  he  was  ex- 
amined in  the  house  of  commons,  in  March, 
1774,  when  "  he  had  the  honour  of  their 
thanks."  This  encouraged  him  to  proceed  iu 
his  design  :  he  travelled  again  and  again  through 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  also  into  France, 
Flanders,  Holland,  Germany,  and  Switzerland  ; 
and  published  "  The  State  of  the  Prisons  in 
Enclaiid  and  Wales,  with  preliminary  observa- 
tions, and  an  account  of  some  foreign  prisons, 
1777."  In  1780,  he  published  an  .-Appendix  tr> 
this  Account,  in  which  he  extended  the  narra- 
tive of  his  travels  to  Italy,  and  gave  some  ob- 
servations on  Ihe  management  of  prisoners  of 
war,  and  the  hulks  on  the  Thames.  This  Ap- 
pendix he  republished,  in  1794  ;  which  publica- 
tion included  also  an  account  of  his  visit  to 
Denmark,  Sweden,  Russia,  Poland,  Portug.il, 
and  Spain.  By  this  time  his  character  for  ac- 
tive benevolence  had  engaged  the  public  atten- 
tion, and  it  was  proposed  that  a  snb.scriptio  i 
should  beset  on  foot,  to  erect  a  statue  to  his  Iwi 
nour.  This  idea  was  so  well  received,  that  in 
15  or  16  months,  615  persons  subscribed  1533<. 
I'.U.  (id.  ;  but  some  of  those  who  knew  Mr,  How- 
ard best  never  concurred  in  the  scheme,  being 
well  assured  that  he  would  never  countenance 
nor  accede  to  it :  and  the  event  jusiilied  their 
conduct;  lor  the  language  that  he  held  upon 
the  subject,  when  first  advised  of  it,  was,  "  Have 
not  I  one  friend  in  England  that  would  put  & 
stop  to  such  a  proceeding"!"  In  coiise()uence 
of  two  letters  from  Mr.  Howard  liiiiiself  to 
the  subscribers,  the  design  was  laid  hMiIh.  In 
1789,  Mr,  H.  published  "  An  Account  of  the 
principal  Lazarettos  in  Europe,  with  various 
papers  relative  to  the  plague,  together  with 
ftirther  Observations  on  some  Foreign  Prisons' 
and  Hospitals,  and  additional  Remarks  on  thu 
present  State  of  those  in  Great  Britain  and  Ire 
land,", with  a  great  number  of  curious  plates 
No;  satt^tied,  however,  with  what  he  had  alrea 
dv  done,  h*-  concludes  his  "  Account  of  Lozar 
2'49 


HO 


HU 


rellos"  wilh  announcing  his  intcniion  again  to 
quit  liis  cmintry,  for  ihe  purpose  of  rcvisiliiii! 
Kuseia,  Turkey,  and  some  ether  countries,  and 
extending  his  tour  in  the  East.  On  tliis  lour, 
howt'ver,  he  tell  a  victim  to  his  humanity;  for, 
having  visited  a  young  lady  at  Cherson,  sick  of 
au  cpideiuic  fever,  for  the  purpose  of  adniiiiis- 
icring  siinie  medical  assistance,  he  caught  the 
distemper  himself,  and  was  carried  olf  in  li 
dav.s,  Jan.  00,  1790.  The  name  of  Howard  will 
live  in  the  remembrance  of  those  who  have 
been  rescued,  by  his  exertions,  from  the  gloomy 
horrors  of  cfmfniement.  which  might  otherwise 
ha\  (■  been  unliniltid ;  alleviated  in  the  pangs  of 
disL-ase,  which  might  have  been  irremediable  ; 
and  comiortcd  in  the  still  more  agonizing  re 
preaches  of  conscious  guilt,  which  would  inevi- 
tably have  terminated  in  destruction.  A  statue 
to  Mr.  Howard's  memory  has  been  erected  iu 
St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

HOVVAKU,  Francis,  earl  of  Effingham,  go- 
veruiir  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  in  1634.  Alter 
an  unpopular  administration  of  five  years,  he 
returned  to  England,  and  died  in  1700. 

HOWARD,  Simeon,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Bos- 
ton: he  to*.)'  a  deep  interest  in  the  American 
revolution,  and  died  in  1804. 

HOWARD,  Benjamin,  a  member  of  congress, 
from  Kentucky,  afterwards  governor  of  the  ter- 
niory  of  U|  per  Louisiana,  was  a  brigadier-ge- 
neral in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  during 
the  last  war ;  he  died  in  1814. 

HOWE,  John,  an  English  non-conformist  di- 
vine, eminent  for  his  learning,  moderation,  and 
great  virtues ;  he  died  in  1705. 

H<JVVE,  John,  an  EngUsh  statesman,  and 
lliember  of  parliament,  was  a  privy  counsellor, 
in  the  reign  of  Anne.     He  died  in  17'21. 

HOWE,  Richard,  earl,  a  famous  British  ad- 
miral, born  in  17-25.  At  J4  he  entered  the  na- 
vy ;  and  at  the  early  age  of  20  was  apiwinted 
captain  of  the  Baltimore  sloop,  in  which  he 
attacked  two  French  frigates  of  30  guns  each, 
and  obliged  them  to  sheer  off.  Our  limits  pre- 
vent us  from  tracing  this  brave  man  through  all 
his  exploits;  but,  baling  presented  to  the  king, 
by  lord  ^''..tce,  after  the  meraorablf-  victory 
ci.  oonflans,  in  1759,  his  majesty  said,  "  My 
lord  Howe,  your  life  has  been  one  continued  se- 
ries of  services  to  your  country."  In  biief,  we 
may  say  the  same  thing  of  the  latter  period  of 
his  existence.  In  1782  he  was  sent  to  the  relief 
of  Gibraltar,  a  service  which  he  performed  in 
>he  most  admirable  manner  in  the  sight  ot  the 
hostile  fleet,  which  he  in  vain  challenged  to  bat- 
tle. In  1793,  his  lordship  took  the  command  of 
the  channel  fleet ;  and  in  1794,  totally  vanquish- 
ed one  of  the  most  powerful  fleets  that  France 
had  ever  equipped  for  sea,  and  brought  home 
aevcn  ships  of  the  line,  besides  smaller  vessels. 
On  this  glorious  occasion  their  majesties,  with 
three  of  the  princes^^es,  paid  him  a  visiton  board 
his  ship,  at  Spithead ;  when  the  king  presented 
liim  with  a  magnificent  sword,  enriched  with 
dianxmds,  a  gold  chain,  and  a  medal;  and  the 
thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament,  the  free 
dom  of  London,  and  the  universal  acclamation!; 
of  the  nation,  followed  these  acknowledsiments 
of  the  sovereign.  Earl  Howe  died  in  1799,  and 
a  handsome  monument  is  erected  to  his  memo- 
ry, in  St  PaiJ's  cathedral. 

HOWELL,  James,  an  English  political  and 
historical  writer,and  poet,born  in  raermarlhcn- 
shire,  in  159<>,  died  in  1666.  Of  his  very  nume- 
rous works,  the  best  arc  "  Dodona's  Grove,  or, 
^e  Vocal  Forest,"  and  "  Epietolc  Ho  Elians : 
250 


Familiar  Letters  Domestic  and  Foreign,  partly 
lilstiirical,  partly  political,  partly  philoeophicaj." 
It  is  not  to  be  wondered  iliat  these  letters  have 
run  through  many  editions;  since  they  notoniy 
contain  nmch  of  the  hisiory  of  his  own  times, 
Out  are  also  interspersed  with  many  pleasant 
stories  properly  introduced  and  applied. 

HOWELl.,  William,  a  civilian,  of  Oxford, 
and  cintucellor  of  Lincoln,  died  in  llidS.  The 
works  that  he  has  left  bi-hind  him  arc,  among 
others,  "  Medulla  Ilistoria;  Anglicana; ;"  a 
"  Hisiory  of  the  World  from  the  earliest  Times 
to  the  Ruin  of  the  Roman  Empire ;"  and  "  Ele- 
menta  Historia;  Civilis." 

HOWELL,  David,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  a  member  of  congress,  at- 
tomey-gencraJ,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  I  hat  state,  professor  of  mathematics,  and  af- 
terwards of  law,  in  Brown  university,  and  a 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States, 
for  that  district.    He  died  in  1824. 

HOWELL,  Richard,  governor  of  New-Jer- 
sey, in  1793,  to  which  office  he  was  elected  eight 
years  successively ;  he  died  in  1802. 

HOyLE,  Edmund,  author  of  some  celebrated 
treatises  on  the  games  of  Whist,  Quadrille,  &c., 
bom  in  1672,  died  in  1769. 

HOZIER,  Peter  d\an eminent  French genea- 
ilogist,  and  counselludCl  state  under  Lewis  XIV.; 
he  died  at  Paris,  in  1660. 

HOZIER,  Francis,  a  brave  English  admiral, 
died  in  1727. 

HUARTE,  John,  a  native  of  French  Navarre, 
though  he  usually  passes  for  a  Spaniard,  lived 
in  the  lOih  century,  and  gained  great  fame  by  a 
work  that  lie  published  in  the  Spanish  tongue, 
upon  a  very  curious  and  interesting  subject 
VIZ.  to  show  the  gifts  and  different  abilities  of 
men,  and  for  what  kind  of  study  the  genius  of 
every  man  is  adapted.  This  book  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages.  Its  title  is 
"  The  Trial  of  Wits." 

HUBBARD,  William,  minister  of  Ipswiclt, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  history  of  New  England  in 
I  manuscript ,  he  died  in  1704. 

HUBER,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Berne,  wa* 
professor  of  divinity,  at  Witteniberg,  in  1552. 

HUBER,  Ulric,  a  Dutch  lawyer,  professor  of 
law  and  history,  at  Franeker;  he  died  in  1694. 
His  writings  were  on  subjects  cormccted  with 
his  proppi-sion. 

HUBER,  Mary,  a  native  of  Geneva,  distin- 
guished as  a  writer.    She  died  at  Lyons,  in  1753. 

HUBER,  John  Rudolph,  a  portrait  and  histo- 
rical painier,  of  Basil ;  he  died  in  1748,  aged  80. 

HUBERT,  Matthew,  a  preacher,  and  priest' 
of  the  oratory  of  Paris,  distinguished  for  hiu 
eloquence  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

HUBNER,  John,  of  Saxony,  was  professor 
of  geography,  at  Ltipsic,  and  rector  of  the 
schonl  at  Hamburgh,  where  he  died  in  1731. 

HUDDE,  John,  a  burgomaster  of  Amster- 
dam, eminent  as  a  mathematician,  and  known 
also  as  a  politician  ;  he  died  in  1704. 

HUDSON,  Captain  Henry,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish navigator,  who  flourished  in  high  fame,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  having  disco- 
vered Hudson's  bay  at  the  north  of  Canada, 
and  the  river  in  New- York,  which  has  since 
borne  his  name.  He  is  supposed  to  have  per- 
ished at  sea.  being  set  adrift  in  a  shallop  by 
his  mutinous  crew,  in  1611. 

HUDSON,  Thomas,  a  painter,  born  at  Exe- 
ter, in  1701,  had  Sir  Jotliua  Reynolds  for  a  *-cho-- 
lar,  by  whom  he  was  eclipsed  in  the  an.  lie 
died  in  London,  in  1779. 


HU 


HU 


HUDSON,  Dr.  Jolin,  an  eniinenl  English  cri  [1     HUMPHREY,  Lawrence,  an  Eniilish  writer. 


Hfe,  and  keeper  ut'  ihe  Bodleian  library,  and 
principal  of  St.  Mary-tiall,  Oxford ;  he  died  in 
1719. 

HUDSON,  William,  an  eminent  bntani»t, 
born  in  Westmureiaiid,  about  I73<l.  In  1762  he 
published  "  Flora  Aiiglica,"  and  died  in  1793. 

HUET,  Peter  Daniel,  bishop  of  .\vrauces,  in 
France,  aud  a  celebrated  |jl;:la«ophical,  hisiori 
lal,  and  coinmurcial  writer,  burn  at  Caen,  in] 
1C30,  and  died  in  17-21. 

HUFJV.\GEL,  Gcoige,  a  native  of  Antwerp,] 
diRtingulehed  us  a  writer  on  natural  tiislury,  audi 
of  I<atiii  poetrv  ;  he  died  in  liiiM). 

HUGH  CAPET,  count  of  Paii.«  and  Orleans, 
was  raided  to  the  throne  of  France  by  his  nic- 
rita  and  courai;e,  in  987,  and  thus  became  the| 
head  01"  the  third  race  of  the  Fiench  monarchy 
he  died  in  9%. 

HUGHEr?,  John,  an  English  poet,  dramatic 
author,  and  »>ssayist,  horn  at  Marlborout;h,  in 
I(i77,  died  in  17'2<i.  His  last  work  w,i,<  ■'  The 
Siegij  of  Damascus,"  a  tragedy,  wnicli  is  .-^lill 
occasionally  acted.  Several  papers  in  the  "  Tat 
tIerR,"  "Spectators,"  and  "  Guardians,"  were] 
written  by  him. 

HUiJHES,  Jabez,  younger  brothi^r  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  as  a  scholar,  and  a.<)  a 
translator  from  the  Latin  \ml  Sjianish  ;  he  died 
in  1731. 

HUGHES,  Jabez,  of  ("ambridge,  known  as  the 
ftdltiir  of  Chrvsostom's  treatise  on  the  Priesthood; 
he  died  Ml  1712. 

HUGO,  of  Cluni,  abbot  of  Cluni,  and  a  saint 
of  the  Uomish  calendar,  died  in  lfi09. 

HUGO,  Herman,  a  le.irned  jesnil,  who  wrote 
on  metaphy.>iical  subjects,  and  was  alsodistin 
guisbed  in  his  time  as  a  poet,  was  born  at  Brus- 
sels, ill  158^,  and  died  of  the  plague,  at  Khim- 
berp,  in  16-29.  I 

HUGO,  Charles  Lewis,  a  French  and  Latin 
writer,  abbot  of  Etival,  and  titular  bishop  of 
Ptolemais  ;  he  died  in  1735. 

HUGTE.VBURGH,  John  Van,  an  eminent 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1733.  His  brother,  James, 
was  a  landscape  painter  of  reputation.  He  died; 
in  1696. 

HULDRIC,  John  James,  professor  of  law,  at 
Zurich,  where  he  died  in  17.1l. 

HULL,  Thomas,  a  respectable  actor  and  dra- 
matic writer,  and  founder  of  the  liicatrical  fundi 
for  the  relief  of  distressed  actors  and  .ictresses, 
was  bred  to  the  practice  of  physic,  but  (Viitteil 
that  profession  for  the  stage,  of  which  he  died 
the  father,  at  the  age  of  80,  in  1803. 

HULME.  .\athaniel,  an  English  physician  of 
reputation,  and  author  of  several  essays  on  me- 
dical subjects  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

HULSEMANN,  John  a  Lutheran  divine, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leipsic,  and  a  Iheolo 
gical  writer  ;  he  died  in  l&U. 

HUL9IUS,  Anthony,  a  distinguished  oriental 
scholar,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  Leyden  ; 
he  died  in  108,5. 

HULSIUS,  Henry,  a  theological  writer,  and 
pnrt'e.sRor  at  Douisburgh,  where  he  died,  in  17-2.'i. 

MUJ.1ST,  Peter  Van  tier,  an  e.vcclleni  painterof 
animals,  a  native  of  Dort;  he  djed  in  1708. 

HU.ME,  David,  a  celebrated  philosopher  aii.l 
historian,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1711,  and  died 
in  1776.  Hie  "  Essays,"  and  "  Hi.story  of  Eiig 
land,"  are  so  well  known,  as  scarcely  to  need 
mention.  The  latter  has,  undoubtedly,  the  pre- 
ference, in  the  public  mind,  over  every  other 
extant.  The  former  are  very  strongly  tinctured 
mUi  infidelity. 


was  professor  of  divinity,  and  president  of  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford,  and  aflerwardj  dean  of 
Glmicesier,  and  of  Winchester  ;  he  died  in  1590. 

HUMl'HllKYS,  David,  LL.  D.,  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution,  aid  de-camp,  successively,  to 
Pni'iam,  Greene,  and  Washington;  afterwards, 
ambassador  from  the  United  Slates  to  Lisbon, 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain  ;  he  died 
,it  New  Haven,  in  1818.  He  rendered  essential 
service  to  his  country,  by  his  poetical  and  pa- 
triotic writings,  which  wore  read  and  admired, 
bolh  here  and  in  Euri'pe  ;  also,  by  Ihe  introduc- 
tion, into  the  United  Stales,  of  a  valuable  breed 
of  (ine-wnoled  sheep,  from  Spain. 

HU.N.VEIUC,  king  of  the  African  Vandals, 
known  for  his  severe  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians, died  in  484. 

HUNNI.\DES,  John  Corvinus,  a  general  of 
the  Hungarian  armies  in  the  13th  century,  and 
was  distinguished  for  his  bravery,  and  his  great 
success  in  the  wars  with  the  Turks  ;  ho  died  in 
1156,  lamented  by  the  pope,  by  the  Christians, 
and  even  by  the  inhdels. 

HUNNIUS,  Giles,  a  distinguished  Lutheran 
divine,  professor  of  divinity  at  Marpurg,  and 
afterwards  at  Wittemberg  ;  he  died  in  1603. 

HUi\T,  Walter,  an  English  Carmelite,  known 
for  his  opposition  to  the  union  between  the 
Greek  and  Latin  churches  ;  he  died  in  1470. 

HUi\ T,  Jeremiah,  D.  I).,  an  English  clergy- 
man and  theological  writer,  died  in  1744. 

HUNTER,  Robert,  author  of  the  celebrated 
"  Letter  on  I'nlhusi.ism,"  which  has  been  as- 
cribed to  Swift,  and  still  more  commonly  to  the 
earl  of  Shaftesbury.  He  wrote  also  a  farce, 
called  "  Androboros,"  and  died  governor  of  Ja- 
maica, in  17.34. 

HUNTER.William,  M.  P.,  a  most  celebrated 
English  physician  and  anatomist,  born  in  17f8, 
died  in  1783.  The  most  splendid  of  Dr.  Hunter'* 
medical  pulilicaiions  is,  '-  The  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Gravid  Ulerus."  His  Anatomical  Mu- 
seum was  the  most  complete  of  all  the  private 
ones  in  Europe,  and  was  collected  by  him  at  the 
e.xpense  of  upwards  of  20,000/. 

HUNTER,  John,  younner  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  very  eminenl  English  surgeon,  and 
anatomical  writer,  born  in  17-2."^,  died  suddenly 
in  1793.  .\t  the  a^e  of '20  he  began,  us  aiisistanl 
to  his  brother,  the  career  that  ended  in  his  be- 
coming, both  in  theory  and  practice,  the  tirat 
surgeon  ill  the  world,  (iisanatomical  researchee 
were  various,  persevering,  and  successful :  with 
the  oflice,  use,  situation,  or  coiiiinunication,  of 
the  several  parts  of  the  human  structure^  no 
man  was  better  acquainted  ;  and  his  numerous 
writings  may  he  considered  as  a  basis  on  which 
the  whole  art  of  physic  may  securely  rest.  Mr. 
Hunter's  most  valuable  treatises  may  be  found 
in  the  "Philosophical  Transactions,"  from  the 
62d  to  the  82d  volumes. 

HUNTER,  Aline,  widow  of  Mr.  John  Hunter, 
the  anatomist,  was  distincuished  as  the  author 
of  several  beautiful  poems,  and  as  the  intimate 
friend  of  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter  ; 
she  died  in  1802. 

HUNTER,  Dr.  Henry,  (in  eminent  presby 
terian  divine,  equally  admired  for  his  pulpit  elo- 
quence, aud  l<elovcd  for  his  benevolence,  iv.ia 
born  at  Culross,  in  Perthshire,  in  1741,  and  dud 
at  Bristol,  in  180-2.  His  works  are  numcrnei, 
but  the  most  important  are  tran.slations.  T{i« 
principal  orizinal  publication  is  a  course  ol's  r 
moms,  in  6  vols.  8vo.,  entitled  "  Sacred  Bi^^Tra 
phy."  The  most  diBtinguished  of  bii  transla- 
tor 


tions  are,  "St-  Picrrp's  f=iudits  ol'  Nature  ;"j;  tiation,  and  di'lViid<;r  ol   VVickliffe,   and   «-a» 
"  Soiiiiiiii's  Travels  ill  Egypt ;"  "Saunii'b  !Ser- ;  burnt  alive  by  llie  couucil  ol'  Contiliiiicc,   in 


nioris;"  and  the  "  Physiugnoinical  Kssays  of 
Lavaier. 

HUNTINGDON,  Sulina,  countess  dowager 
of,  dauKhtnr  of  Wa-!iiiigt()n,  earl  Ferrers,  was 
born  in  1707,  married  in  17*,  Tlieopiiilus  earl 
Hiiiitiiigdon,  by  whom  she  had  issue  four  sons 
and   three  daiighlers,  and  died  in  17111.      il 
ladyehip  had  been  a  widow  45  years;  and  her 
great  rclici«us  concerns,  a."  head  of  a  very  iiu- 
itieiOussecl  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, she  left 
by  will  in  the  hands  of  committees  for  maii- 
ai;iiig  tlieni  in  both  kingdiims.     Her  religiuu^' 
principles  have  been  Ion;:  since  known;   and 
lier  unbounded  benevolence  bore  the  best  fesii 
niony  of  the  purity  of  her  intentions;  havinp; 
in  ilie  course  of  her  life,  expended  above  100,000/ 
in  piihlir  and  private  acts  of  charity. 

in  NTINliTON,  Henry  of,  an  Enjrlish  cliro 
nifier  1)1'  tiie  12th  century;  he  wrote  a  history 
of  En;;la  id  from  the  earliest  accounts  to  the 
death  of  king  Steplien. 

HC  NTINGTON,  Robert,  a  learned  Engl 
di\  iiie,  and  writer  of  travels,  born  in  ]63(j,  died 
in  1701. 

HUNTINGTON,  Joseph.  D.  D.,  roiiii.sier  oi 
Coventry,  Conn.,  author  of  "  Calvinism  Iniprov 
ed,"  which  was  ausv.-ered  by  Dr.  Strong,  ol 
Bradlbrd.  Conn. ;  he  died  in  1795. 

Hr'NTrNCrTON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  congress  fioui 
that  slate,  in  1776,  and  a  sijjner  of  the  declara- 
tion of  Independence;  ultei wards  a  judge  and 
Chief  justice  of  llie  supreme  conn,  and  lieuleii 
ant  governor  of  the  state  ;  he  died  in  17i«j. 

HUNTINGTON,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Con 
neciiciit,  removed  to  Ohio,  in  1^'0I,  and  was 
afterwards,  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  governor  of  tliat  stale;  he  died  in  1817. 

HUiNTLNGTON,  Jedediah,  a  general,  and  a 
distinguished  oificer  in  the  American  army, 
during  the  revoluiion,  afterwards  treasurer  ol 
the  Slate  of  Connecticut,  and  collector  of  the 
Customs  for  the  port  of  New-ljoiidon  ;  he  died 
In  1818. 

HUNTORST.  Gerard,  one  of  the  best  Dutch 
painters  of  the  16th  ceninrv. 

HURD,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Worcester 
His  "  Dialogue<<  on  Chivalry  and  Koniance," 
"  Sermons  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel,"  and  "  Life 
and  Works  of  liisliop  'Warburton,"  are  his 
principal  literary  productions.  In  178:i,  on  the 
denti;  of  archbishop  (■'ornwallis.  Dr.  I'liid,  who 
had  been  preceptor  to  thi'  prince  of  Wales  and 
the  duke  of  York,  was  offered  the  primacy  ;  but 
f'-tpiested  of  the  kins;  permi.-;sion  to  decline  it. 
He  died  in  1808.  in  the  89th  year  of  his  age. 

UlJFtDiS,  Dr.  James,  a  learned  divine,  and  a 
verv  pleasing  poet,  born  at  Bisliopstone,  Su^soi, 
in  l'7ia,  died  at  Buckland,  in  Berksbire,  in  IfiOl. 
Dr.  Hurdis  was  poetry  professor  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  His  principal  poems  are,  "The 
Village  Curate,'  "The  Favourite  Village,' 
"  Sir  Thomas  More,"  a  tragedy,  and  "  Adria' 
tio ;  or.  The  First  of  June."  H<'  also  published 
"Twelve  Dissertation.<ion  the  Nature  and  Occa 
Bion  of  Psalm  and  Prophecy." 

HITRE,  Charles,  a  French  divine,  was  pro 
fessor  of  languages  in  the  university  of  Paris, 
and  afterwards  principal  of  the  college  of  Ben 
court.  He  Wrote  a  Diction.iry  of  the  Bible,  &c. 
fthd  died  in  1717. 


UI5. 

HUSSEY,  Giles,  a  moat  iiigenioiiti  Eii^-I'sb 
portrait  painter,  in  1710,  died  suddenly,  while 
workmg  in  his  garden  at  Ueaston,  Aslibi4tloii, 
Devonshire,  in  178rt.  Pipfessor  Bariy,  i:i  iii« 
noble  painting,  wl.ich  adorns  the  large  room  ut 
the  Society  ot  Arts  in  the  Adelphi,  has  thought 
Mr.  liussey  entitled  to  an  eminent  place  in  hia 
Elysium,  and  has  introduced  him  brhiiid  Phi- 
dias ;  obsirviiig,  that  his  abilitcs  were  ealculated 
to  have  raised  his  country  to  an  iniuiurutl  lepu- 
latioii  (but  for  the  prolessiona!  tnvy  and  lan- 
cour  of  a  wretched  cabal),  and  that  he  appealed 
no  less  amiable  as  a  man,  than  he  was  auuiiia- 
ble  a.s  an  artist. 

HUTCHK80?:,  Dr.  Francis,  a  very  fine  w  riler 
nn  moral  philosophy,  and  an  eivellent  man, 
horn  in  Ireland,  in  1094,  died  in  1747.  His 
''  Sloral  Philosophy"  was  published  at  Glasgow, 
in  1755. 

HLTCHINS,  John,  author  of  the  history, 

and  antiquities  of  Dorsetshire  ;  he  died  in  1773. 

HUTCHINS,  Thomas,  geogiapher   general 

of  the  United  States  ;  he  published  several  maps, 

and  died  at  Pittsburgh,  in  1789. 

HUTCHINSON.  Ann,  an  artful  woman  in 
Massachusetts,  whose  religious  opinions  were 
heretical, and  which  were  condemned  by  a  coun- 
cil of  ministers:  she  was  baiiisbed  ff  in  Ih"  co- 
lony, and  was  murdered  by  the  Indians,' 
New-Haven,  ill  1643. 

HUTCHINSON,  Thomas,  governor  ol .;, 
cliusetls,   oilious   for  his  arbitrary  condii,.i.  .n 
hisotnce  ;  ho  published  a  History  of  the  Colony 
f  Massachusett.s,  &c.,  and  died  iu  England, 
in  17f  0. 

HUTCHINSON,  John,  an  English  philoso- 
phical and  critical  author,  celebrated  as  the  op- 
[lonent  of  Dr.  Woodward  in  natural  history,  and 
oi'Pir  Isaac  Newton  in  philosophy ;  he  was  born 
in  Yorkshire,  in  1C74,  and  died  in  1737. 

HUTCHINSON,  John  Ilely,  a  celebrated 
Irish  lawyer  and  siatesiuan  ;  not  a  little  remark 
alile  for  his  avidity  after  lucrative  offices.  Be- 
ing at  one  and  the  same  time  a  privy  counsellor, 
reversionary  secretary  of  state,  major  of  ilie  4th 
regimen!  of  horse,  provo.-it  of  Trinity  College, 
Dithlin,  and  searcher,  packer,  and  ganger  of  the 
port  Ol'  Stranglord.  A  late  Briti^h  minister,  lord 
North,  made  iIh;  following  remark  on  him  :  "  If 
England  and  lieland  w'ere  given. to  this  man,  he 
would  solicit  the  Isle  of  Man  for  a  pofjto  gar- 
den." Mr.  Hutchinson  was  born  in  1715,  und 
died  in  1794. 

HUTTEN,  Ulric  de,  a  satirical  writer,  of 
Germany,  distinguished  tor  his  zeal  in  suj-port 
of  the  reformation,  his  hostility  to  the  cliurcli 
of  Rome,  and  the  eccentricity  und  profligacy  of 
his  private  lile  ;  he  died  on  an  island  in  the  lake 
of  Zurich,  in  I52H. 

HUTTEN,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Silesia,  founder 
of  an  anabaptist  seel,  called  the  Moravian  breth- 
ren; the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known,  although 
it  is  said,  he  was  burnt  as  a  heretic. 

HUTTER,  Elias,  a  protestant  divine,  distin- 
guished as  a  learned  orientalist ;  be  died  at  Nu- 
remburg,  in  1602. 

HUTTEU,  Leonard,  a  learned  German  di- 
vine, professor  of  theology,  at  Wittcinberg,  and 
rector  of  the  universitv  there  ;  he  died  in  1018. 
BUTTON,  Matthew,  professor  of  divinity  in 
Hfi;.S,JohM,  a  celebrated  German  reformerij  Cambridge,  hi.shop  of  Durh.im,  and  afterwards 
1114  martyr,  bom  in  Bohemia,  in  1376.  He  was!  aichbisliop  of  York  ;  he  died  in  1605. 
tllc  first  opposer  of  the  doctrine  of  tiaiHuhstau- J     HUTTON,    William,  the   historian  of  Bir 


HY 

miii^ii<iin,  and  aiiihor  ol"  various  other  works, 
was  born  al  Dei  by,  in  1723,  and  died  at  Bi.ti 
iiet:'8  Hill,  iii;ar  Birmingham,  in  ltil5,  aged  W. 

IIUXIIAM,  Dr.,  ail  Kiiglish  physician,  wim 
made  some  imifhiveiiieiit!)  in  mndicinc,  wlucn 
still  bear  his  name  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

HI'VGt-iiVS,  Constantinp,  secretary  lo  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  president  of  liis  council, 
ivas  [lie  author  of  14  books  of  Latin  poems,  &c. 
He  died  in  l«87. 

HUYGENS,  Christian,  a  very  celebrated  Dutch 
iialliemaiician  and  astronomer,  bora  al  tin- 
Hague,  in  KiW,  and  died  in  1(595. 

itOYSUM,  Justus  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Amsterdam,  died  in  ITKi. 

HtJYSUM,  John  Van,  son  of  the  pieeeding, 
was  also  distinguislied  as  a  painter;  as  were 
his  two  brothers.     He  died  in  1740. 

H  V  DK,  Edwai  d,  <  arl  of  Clarendon,  and  chan 
ccllor  of  England,  born  in  Pintoii,  in  Wiltshire, 
in  10'^,  and  died  in  1674.  His  name  is  immor 
talizeil  by  his  "  History  of  the  Rebrllion,"  in 
the  ti'iie  of  Charles  I.  He  was  afterwards,  how- 
ever, impe.iched  of  high  treason,  and  fled  to 
F'rance,  where  he  died. 

HYDE,  Henry,  earl  of  Clarendon,  son  to 
the  chancellor,  born  in  163'^,  died  in  1709.  Flis 
"  Stale  Letters,"  during  his  government  of  Ire 
land,  and  bis  "  Diary,^'  for  the  years  li)87  to 
1600,  were  published  in  17(33,  from  the  Claren- 
<i,  in  Oxforu. 

,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  and 
of  the  oriental  languages,  bom  in 
itj  lie.  published,  beside  other  thing!  "  A 
catalogue  of  tho  books  in  the  Undleian  library  ;" 
"  De  Ludis  orientalibiis  libro  duo,"  a  work' 
which  is  held,  at  present,  in  very  high  esteem  ; 
and  "  The  rnligiou  of  the  ancient  Persians,'"  a 
work  of  profound  and  various  erudition,  abound- 
ing with  many  new  lights,  on  the  most  curious 
and  interesting  subjects.     He  died  in  1703. 


li) 

•  ng  out  of  that  chair,  where  Ammonius.  Mien'- 
les,  and  many  great  and  celebrated  philoeo- 
lihers  had  taught;  and  this  at  a  linie  too,  whi-n 
iiien  of  immense  learning  abounded,  both  at 
Vlexandria,  and  in  many  other  parts  ol  ihe  Ro- 
man empire.     She  was  murdered,  .\.  V  41.5. 

HYPERIDES,  a  disciple  of  Plato,  who  pro- 
cured the  banishment  of  Demosthenes  Irom 
Athens ;  he  was  put  to  death  by  Antipater,  322 
B.  C. 

HYPERIUS,  Andrew  Gerard,  a  divine,  who 
embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  reformation,  and 
was  divinity  professor  at  Marpurg,  died  in  15t)4. 

HYPSICLES,  a  matheniatiuian,  of  Alexan- 
dria, under  Marcus  Aurclius. 

HYRC.^NUS,  John,  prince  and  high-priest  of 
the  Jews,  after  his  father.  He  restored  his  nation 
;o  independence,  from  the  power  of  Antioi:lius, 
king  of  Syria,  and  died  lOf)  B.  C.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  sun  of  the  same  name,  who  died 
30  B.  C. 

HYWELL,  ap  Owain,  a  prince  of  North 
Wales  ;  he  died  in  1171. 

HYVVELF.,.  ap  Morgan,  a  prince  of  Glamor- 
gan, in  Wales,  died  in  104:1,  aged  130. 

HYWELL,  Dda,  or  Good,  a  legislator  of 
Wales,  died  in  948. 

I 

lAMRLICUS,  an  Arabian  king,  was  deprived 
of  his  dominions  by  the  Romans,  but  his  son 
was  restored  'J2  B.  C. 

l.VMULICUS,  a  Greek  author,  in  the  age  of 
Marrus  Aureliiis. 

lARCHI.  Solomon  IJen  Isaac,  an  illustrious 
Jewish  ralibi,  was  born  in  Frafice,  in  1101,  and 
died  in  IIHO 

lARCHAS,  a  learned  Indian  philoso|)her. 

IB.\RR.A,  Joachim,  cminrnt  as  a  printer  to 
the  king  ol  Spain,  died  in  1785. 

IBAS,  bishop  of  Edossa,  a  Nestorian,  was 


HVDE,  Lawrence,  viscount  Hyde,  and  earl  of  i  banished  in  ■iA9,  and  restored  in  451 


Rochester,  was  the  second  son  of  the  chancillor, 
and  was  a:  ways  employed  about  ilic  court,  either 
as  a  member  of  the  cabinet,  or  as  an  ambassador 
abroad.  He  died  in  1711,  with  the  reputation  of  { 
an  able  statesman. 

H  YI)E,  Ed  ward,  was  lieurenaiit  governor,  and 
governor  of  the  colony  of  North  (/aroliua ;  he 
died  in  ri>. 

HYDER-.\Ll  KH.\JI,  an  Asiatic  prince,  son 
of  til''  king  of  Mysore,  and  himself  suvereign 
of  Snba  of  Servia,  was  distinguished  for  his 
intiipidity,  a'ld  for  hia  hosiihty  to  the  Euro- 
peans, whom  he  considered  as  intruders  in  the 
country,  ajd  whom  he  invariably  opposed  ;  he 
died  m  178-2,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Tipiioo  Saib. 

H  YGINUS,  Caius  Julius,  the  frcedman  of  Au- 
gustus, was  the  author  of  several  Latin  works. 

HYGtN'IIS,  a  philosopher,  of  .Athens,  was 
pope  of  Rome  in  153;  he  suffered  martyrdom, 
a:id  was  canonized 

ilVLL,  Alhayn,  an  English  physician  and 
m^ilical  writer,  died  at  London,  in  l.'>59. 

HYPATIA,  a  most  beautiful,  virtuous,  and 
learniid  lady  of  antiquity,  daughter  of  Tlieon, 
who  governed  the  Platonic  school  at  .•\loxandria, 
the  place  of  her  birth  and  education,  in  the  lat 
ter  part  of  the  4th  century.  Socrates  tells  us, 
thai  Hypati-x  "  arrived  at  such  a  pitch  of  learn- 
ing, as  very  far  to  exceed  all  the  philosophers  of 
her  time."  But  our  notions  of  Hypatia  will  bn 
proilig  iiusly  heightened,  when  wo  consider  her 
fc'i';i(;.'diiig"her  father,  as  she  actually  did,  in  the 
guver:inient  of  the  Alexandrian  school :  teach- 


II>I!<3T,  Benjamin,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  ciiapiain  to  the  king,  died  in  17'2S. 

IDEK,  C-otheddin,  a  slave,  who  usurped  the 
throne  of  India,  after  the  death  of  his  master. 

IBRK  Azz'-ddin,  an  otficer  in  the  Egyptian 
court,  who  inarriod  the  Sultan's  widow,  and 
ascended  his  throne,  but  wai>  assassinated  A.  O 
1-257. 

IBEK,  an  Arabian  author,  who  died  in  1348. 

IBR.\HIM  IMAM,  a  Mahometan  chief  priest, 
murdered  hy  the  calipli  Marvan,  in  748. 

IBR.\HlSl,  son  of  Massoud,  was  the  eighth 
caliph  of  the  race  of  the  Gaisnevides;  he  di'd 
in  1098. 

IBRAHIM,  brother  of  Haroun  Raschid,  w.is 
made  caliph  of  Bagdad  in  817,  and  died  in  8.1'.'. 

IBR.\HIM,  a  learned  mussulman  doctor,  uf 
Shiraz. 

IBRAHIM,  son  of  .\chmet,  succeeded  hie 
brother  as  emperor  of  Turkey,  in  1640,  and  was 
assassinati:d  in  1G49. 

IBR.VHIM,  E(i>ndi,  a  Pole,  establislied  a 
printing  press  in  Turkey. 

IBYCUS,  aGreek  lyric  poet,  flourished  about 
540  B.  C.  He  was  murdered  by  robbers  ;  and 
in  his  dying  moments  he  observed  cranes  flying 
over  his  head,  whom  he  implored  to  be  his 
avengers.  His  murderers  walking  in  Rhegium 
some  time  al'terwards,  and  seeing  some  cranes 
in  the  air,  one  of  them  said  to  his  companion.'^, 
"  tli'Te  come  the  witnesses  of  Ibycus  death." 
They  were  overheard,  tried,  and  executed. 

IDACIUS,  a  Spanish  prelate,  and  an  author 
of  the  5th  centurv. 
22  253 


IN 


lU 


IDRIS,  Gawr,  a  Welch  astronomer,  after!!  INGOULT,  Nicholas  Lewis,  a  native  of  Gi- 
whom  one  of  the  higheat  mouutains  of  Wales  hsore,  was  eloquent  as  a  preacher  ul  the  jcMiits, 
m  iiamt'd.  !  and  died  in  1753. 

IFI.1AND,  Au^Btus  William,  a  celebrated  i    INGRAM,  Robert,  an  English  divine, and  the 
German  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  died  at  Ber  lauihor  of  various  works,  died  in  Id04. 
lin.  in  1814.     He  was  interred  with  great  pomp.  '     lNGR.\SSt.\,  Joliu  Pliilip,  a  celebrated  pby- 

IGN.AT1U3,  surnamed  Theophrastus,  bisliopj  siciaii,  <if  Palermo,  died  in  l.Wl. 
of  Antioch,  born  iti  Syria,  and  educated  under       INGUIMBEUTI,  Dominic  Joseph  Mane  d', 
the  apostle  and  evangelist,  St.  John      lit  wasj'a  learned  divine, and  bishopof  Carpcniras,  wa« 


torn  to  pii-ces  by  lions,  at  Rome,  by  command 
of  the  emperor  Trajan,  A.  D.  107.  His  epistlu.« 
are  very  interestins  remains  of  eccli'siasiical 
aniii|iiity  on  many  accounts;  but  the  most  im- 
portant use  of  his  writings  respects  the  autheii- 
ticiiy  of  the  Holy  ijcripliires,  which  he  frequent- 
ly alludes  to  in  the  very  expressions  lliat  they 
stand  in  at  this  day. 

I(>N.\T[US,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  in 
847,  diL-d  in  878. 

IGNATIUS.    See  LOYOLA. 

IGOR,  sovereign  prince  of  Russia,  died  in 
915. 

ILDEFONSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Toledo,  and  au- 
thor of  au  Ecclesiastical  History,  died  in  Cti7. 

ILIVE,  Jacob,  an  English  printer  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  died  in  1768. 

ILLEISCAS,  Gonsalvo,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, author  of  the  lives  of  the  popes,  died  in  1580, 


a  munificent  and  pious  prelate,  and  died  in  1757. 

iNGULPHUS,  abl)ot  of  t'roylarid,  was  born 
in  London,  in  lO'M,  wrote  "  llistoriaMonaaterii 
Croylandeiisis,"  and  died  in  llO'J. 

INNOCENT  I.,  was  elected  pope  in  402,  and 
died  in  417. 

INNOCENT  II.,  was  elected  pope  after  Hono- 
rius  II.;  he  was  driven  into  France  by  a  rival 
pope, but  afterwards  returned,  and  died  at  Rome, 
in  1143. 

INNOCENT  III.,  Lothaire  Conti,  elevated 
to  the  popedom,  in  1198.  He  persecuted  the 
Albigenses,  and  raised  the  papal  authority  to 
its  Greatest  h--i<.'fit.     Ht:  di(,d  in  1'21G. 

INNOCENT  IV.,  Sinibaidi  de  Fiesque,  car- 
dinal, was  elected  pope  in  I'i-13,  and  was  the 
first  who  investeil  the  cardinals  with  a  red  hat, 
as  a  mark  of  dignity.     He  died  in  125-t. 

INNOCENT  v.,  Peter  de  Taianiaise,.afcll 


ILLTYDVARCHOG,  orlLLUTUS,  asaint.'l^ishopof  Lyons,  was  made  pope  iu  1276,  and 


who  is  said  to  liave  taught  the  Welch  an  im 
proved  method  of  ploughing.     He  died  in  480 

ILLYRIUS,  Matthias  Flaccus,  or  Francow- 
jtz,  was  a  learned  divine,  who  completed  his 
education  under  Luther  and  Melancthon ;  he 
died  in  1575. 

IMBERT,  Bartholomew,  a  poet  of  Nismes, 
died  in  1730. 

I.MBERT,  John,  an  advocate  of  RocheUe, 
died  in  the  16th  century. 

IMBERT,  Joseph  Gabriel,  a  painter,  of  Mar- 
seilles, who  entered  a  monastic  order,  and  died 
in  1749. 

IMHOFF,  James  William,  a  very  famous  ge- 
nealogist, born  at  Nuremberg,  in  1651,  died  in 
1723. 

IMPERIALI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, and  one  of  the  24  nobles  of  Genoa,  died 
in  162?. 

IMPERIALI,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
eminent  as  a  writer  and  physician,  died  in  1653. 

IMPERIALI,  Guieeppe  Renato,  a  cardinal, 
known  for  a  magnificent  library  which  adorns 
the  city  of  Rome  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

IN.\,  a  king  of  the  West  Saxons;  he  went 
to  Koine  in  726,  and  founded  an  English  college. 

IN.\CHUS,  founded  the  kingdom  of  Argos, 
about  le.VS  B.  C. 

INCHOFER,  Melchior,  a  German  Jesuit. 
He  wrote  a  satire  against  the  Jesuits,  and  died 
in  1648. 

INDfj'LPHUS,  a  Scotch  kins,  said  to  be  the 
T7th  since  the  foundation  of  that  monarchy. 

INGENHOUZ,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  natii 
ral  philosopher,  who  happily  applied  his  ctiymi 
cal  discoveries  to  the  purposes  of  medical  and 
agricultural  improvements.  Many  of  liis  dis 
quisilions  will  be  found  in  the  Philosophical 
Trans. ictions  of  London,  vol.  65  to  72.  He  was 
born  at  Bretia,  but  was  latterly  resident  in  Eng- 
l.-ind.  and  died  at  Bowood  park,  the  seat  of  the 
mar(|uiB  of  Lar.sdowne,  in  171(9. 

[NGFIEN,  William  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  died  in  the  17th  century. 

INGOLDSBY,  Richard,  governor  of  the  co 
tony  of  New  York  was  succeeded  by  governor 
Reeknian,  in  1700 
2:)  4 


died  the  same  year. 

INNOCENT  VI.,  Stephen  Albert,  bishop  of 
Ostia.  was  elected  pope  in  1352,  and  died  in  1362. 

INNOCENT  VII.,  Come  de  Meliorati,  was 
elected  pope  in  1404,  and  died  in  140t'>. 

INNOCENT  VIII.,  John  Baptint  Ciho,  a  no- 
ble Genoese,  was  elected  pope  in  1484,  and  died 
in  1492. 

INNOCENT  IX.,  John  Anthony  Facchinetti, 
an  Italian,  was  elected  pope  in  1591,  and  died 
two  months  after. 

INNOCENT  X,  John  Baptist  Pamphili,  was 
elected  pope  in  1644.  He  published  a  bull  against 
the  Jaiisenists,  and  died  in  16.55. 

INNOCENT  XI.,  Benedict  Od<.scalchi,  an 
Italian,  was  elected  pope  in  16T6,  and  died  in 
1669. 

INNOCENT  XIL,  Anthony  Pignatelli.  a  Nea 
politan,  elected  i)opc  in  1691;  he  condemned  Fen 
elon's  Maxims  of  the  Saints,  and  died  in  1700. 
INNOCENT  Xni.,  Michael  Aiigelo  Conti, 
a  native  of  Rome,  and  the  eighth  pope  of  the 
family,  was  elected  in  1721,  and  died  in  1724. 

[NSTITOR,  Henry,  a  Doniiiilcan,inquiaitor- 
gencial  of  Mayence,'Trevcs,  and  Cologne,  and 
author  of  some  works. 

I  \T.\PHERNES,  one  of  the  seven  nobles  of 
Persia,  who  conspired  against  the  usurper, 
Smerdis,  521  B.  C. 

INTERIAN  DE  A  YALA,  John,  a  Spaniard, 
autlior  of  .some  poems,  died  in  1770. 

INVEGES,  Angustino,  a  Sicilian  historian, 
and  antiquary,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  died 
in  1677. 

IRELAND,Saniuel,a  gentleman, bred, we  have 
been  told,  to  trade  ;  but,  endow^-d  with  a  turn 
to  science  and  literature,  he  soon  distinguished 
himself  as  the  draftsman,  engraver  and  illus- 
trator of  seveial  I'legant  and  esteemed  works ; 
amnnjr  which  were,  "  A  Picturesque  Tour 
through  Holland,  Brabant,  and  part  of  France, 
in  1789;"  "  Picturesfjue  Viiws  on  the  River 
Thames,  and  on  the  Medway  ;"  "  Graptiic  II-  • 
lustrations  of  Iloirar'h  ;"  "Picturesque  Views 
of  the  Severn  and  Avon:"  and  "Picturesque 
Views,  with  an  Historical  Account,  of  the  Inns 
iof  Court  iu  London  and  WestminBtvr."     He 


18 


IS^US,  a  cticbrated  (jn.ck  orator,  aiiJ  na- 
tive of  Chalcis,  in  Syria,  ilie  scliolar  of  Ly^ias, 
and  preceptor  of  Demosthenes.  He  ilourisiied 
:)*)  years  before  Christ,  and  was  ilie  first  who 
applied  eloquence  to  state  affaiis,  ii\  which  lie 
was  followed  by  his  scholar  Demosthenes. 

ISAIAH,  the  greatest  of  tlie  propli.  t.--,  was  of 
Uie  lineage  of  David.  He  propliesied  I'ruin  736 
to  081  B.C.,  and  is  said  to  have  been  cut  in  iwo 
with  a  wooden  saw,  by  the  cru>'l  kiiij;  Mann*»th. 

ISDEGERDES,  king  oWei.sia,  was  vnlianl, 
hut  cruel.  He  persecuted  the  Christians,  and 
(lied  in  430. 

I.-^ELIN',  James  Christopher,  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Basil,  where  he  di'jd  in  1737. 

ISHM.VEL,  son  of  Abraham,  by  Hag.ii,  1910 
B.  C.     He  was  the  progenitor  of  the  Aialnans. 

ISHMAEL  I.,  sopliy  of  Persia,  was  disiin- 
cuished  tor  his  valour  and  wisdom,  ai.d  died  it: 
l.')23. 

IHHMAEL  II.,sophyof  Persia,  murdered  his 
'  tL'ht  brothers,  and  at  last  was  poisoned  by  Ilia 
own  sister,  in  157'1. 

ISIDOUE,  of  .Mexandria,  placed  over  a  mo- 
nastery, by  Athanasius,  dn  d  in  40^. 

ISIDUKE,  St.,surnamcd  Pelusioia,orDaciatc, 
I'rom  his  retiring  into  a  solitude  near  the  town 
which  bears  both  these  names,  was  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  disciples  of  John  Chrysostom. 
He  died  about  440;  and  we  have  remaining 
CUl'i  of  his  letters,  in  five  hooks. 

IJ^IDORE,  of  Cordova,  was  bishop  of  Cordo- 
va, in  the  ase  of  Honorius. 

I.SIDORE",  of  Seville,  a  bishop  of  that  city, 
was  called  the  doctor  of  the  ap;;  he  died  intJSi). 

ISIDOKUS,  of  Charax,  a  Greek  author,  300 
B.C. 

ISINGRIMt'3,  Michael,  an  eminent  printer, 
of  Basil,  of  the  HUh  century. 

ISM  EN  IAS,  a  Theban  general,  who  refused 
to  kneel  before  a  Persian  king. 

ISOCRATES,  a  Gretkorator,  horn  at  Athens, 
in  the  fust  year  of  the  86th  Olympiad,  i.  e  4311 
years  before  Christ,  died  at  the  age  of  98.  We 
have  21  orations  of  his  coin(>osing. 

ISR.'^EL,  Manasseh  Ben,  a  learned  rabbi,  of 
the  Low  Countries,  who  olfered  Cromwell  two 
liundred  thousand  pounds  for  pern)i.ssion  to  the 
Jew.-^  to  settle  in  Ensland.     He  died  In  1C57. 

ITTIMUS,  Tlionias.  a  German  divine,  and 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leipsic,  died  in  1710. 

IVES,  or  YVES,  bishop  of  Charlres,  in  109.'?, 
led  a  life  of  great  piety ;  he  died  in  1115,  and  was 
canonized. 

IVETE.\UX,  Nicholas  Vauquelin  seigneur 
dc,  a  French  poet,  anil  preceptor  to  Lewis  XIIL, 
when  dauphin  ;  he  died  in  1C49,  after  leading  a 
liceniions  life. 

IWAN  v.,  John  Alexiowitz,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  Russia  in  lf>82.  He  was  a  weak 
prince,  unworthy  of  a  throne,  and  died  in  ifi9»i. 

IWAN  VI.,  of  Brunswick  Bevern,  succe(?did 
to  the  throne  of  Russia  in  1740,  at  the  age  of 
three  months.  He  was  imprisoned,  and  at  last 
pu!  to  death,  in  1746. 

IZAACKE,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  wrote 
the  history  of  Oxford,  and  died  in  1724. 


JAAPHAN,  Ebn  Tophail,  an  Arabian  plii- 
losopher,  cotemporary  with  Averroes,  who 
died  about  1198.  He  composed  a  philosophi- 
cal romance,  entitled  "  The  Life  or  History  of 
Hai  Rbii  Yokdhan;"  in  whicii  he  endeavours 
to  denion»trate,  bow  a  man  may,  by  the  m^re 
M5 


died  June  11,  1800,  (being  the  very  day  on  which 
rhe  concluding  sheet  of  his  last  mentK>ned  work 
Went  to  preas,)  of  a  broken  heart,  as  is  believ- 
ed ;  having  been  most  illiberally  accused  (with- 
out any  proof)  of  being  concerned  in  ilie  forge 
ry  of  the  pretended  Shaks|>eare  MSS.;  from 
which  his  sou,  VV.  II.  Ireland  (the  real  fabrica- 
tor of  that  most  ingenious  literary  imposiiion,) 
fn  a  confessional  pamphlet,  publicly  and  solemn- 
ly exculpated  him. 

IRELAND,  John,  author  of  "  Illustrations  of 
Hou;artli,"  and  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Mr.  John 
Henderson,'  the  actor,  was  born  near  Wem,  in 
Shmpshire,  and  died  in  the  vicinity  of  Birming- 
ha'u  i'l  1808. 

IREN.EUS,  Saint,  bishop  of  Lyons.in  France, 
who  wrote  an  elaborate  work  "against  Here- 
bies,"  part  of  whicli  is  still  extant  under  his 
name.  He  sulVered  martyrdom  in  the  5th  per- 
•ecLtion  of  the  Christiana  under  Severus,  A.  D. 
20.1. 

IRETON,  Henry,  son  in-law  to  Oliver  Croni 
well,  and  a  brave  general  in  his  army,  died  in 
1051. 

IRE  VIS  \,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  trans- 
lated the  "Polyclironicon,"  in  1387. 

IRVERIU.S,  called  also  Wernerns,  or  Guar- 
nerus,  a  German  lawyer  of  the  12tn  century, 
wlio  was  properly  the  restorer  of  the  Roman 
law.     He  died  in  U50. 

IRO.N'r'lDE,  Gilbert,  an  Englishman,  who,  at 
the  restoration,  was  made  bishop  of  Bristol ; 
be  died  in  1671. 

IRVINE.  William,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army  during  the  revolution,  and  af- 
terwards a  member  of  congress,  from  Pennsyl 
vania  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

IRWIN,  Eyies,  was  born  at  Calcutta,  of  Irish 
parents,  educated  in  England,  and  afterwa.rds 
employed  in  a  civil  capacity,  in  the  East.  He 
was  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  and  died  in  1817. 

ISAAC,  son  of  Abraham  and  Sarah,  was  the 
father  of  Esau,  the  progenitor  of  the  Edomites, 
and  of  Jacob,  the  ancestor  of  the  Israelites.  He 
«lied  1710  B.  C. 

IS.A.\C,  Angelas,  Greek  emperor,  in  1185. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  his  brother,  and  died  in 
1304. 

IS.AAC,  Caro,  a  rabbi,  of  Spain,  who  retired 
to  Jerusalem,  and  devoied  himself  to  study  and 
■olitude  ;  he  dii-d  in  the  lOth  century. 

ISAAC  CO.M.MENUS,  Greek  emperor,  in 
1057.  After  a  turbulent  reign,  he  retired  to  a 
monastery,  and  died  in  1061. 

IS.VACSON,  Henry,  an  Englishman ;  he  wrote 
a  valn.ible  chronological  work,  and  died  in  1654. 
ISABELL.A,  daughter  of  Philip  the  Fair, 
king  of  France,  was  born  in  129-2,  and  married 
to  Edward  II.,  of  England.  Her  conduct  was 
licentious,  and  she  died  in  prison. 

IS.\BELL.\,  of  Bavaria,  married  Charles  VI., 
of  France,  in  1385,  and  died  little  laineiited,  in 
1435. 

ISABELLA,  daughter  of  John  TL,  of  Castile, 
married  Ferdinand  V.,  king  of  Arragon,  in 
1469.  Slie  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Castile 
hi  14T4,  and  thiis  united  the  two  kingdoms. 
Her  reign  is  remarkable  for  the  discovery  of 
America  by  Columbus.    She  died  in  1504. 

ISABELLA,  daughter  of  Alphonso,  duke  of 
Calabria,  was  married  to  John  Galcazzo  Sforza, 
In  1489,  and  died  in  15-^1. 

ISABELLA,  sister  of  the  king  of  Poland, 
married  John  Zopolita,  king  of  Hungary,  in 
»WJ  aMddii-d  ill  15.i8. 


liglit  oC  nature,  atlamtiie  knowledge  of  things 
natural  and  supernatural ;  more  particularly  the 
kuowlciige  of  Uod,  and  the  affairs  of  anotlitr 
life. 

JABLONSKI,  Daniel  Ernest,  a  popish  divine, 
of  Germany.  He  endeavoured  to  reconcile  the 
Lutherans  and  Calrinists  ;  wrote  some  disser- 
tations and  other  works,  and  died  in  1741. 

JABLONSKI,  Theodore,  counsellor  of  the 
court  of  Prussia,  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudi- 
tion, and  highly  esteemed.  His  publications 
were  numerous. 

JABLONSKI,  Paul  Ernest,  professor  of  theo 
logy  at  Frankfort,  the  author  of  several  learned 
works;  he  died  in  1757. 

J.\BL0NSK1,  fliarles  Gustavus,  a  German 
author,  he  died  at  Halle,  in  1787. 

J.VCETltJS,  Francis  de  Cataneis,  professor 
of  Platonic  philosophy,  at  Florence,  died  in 
1532. 

JACHAIA,  Ben  Joseph,  a  Portuguese  rabbi, 
wrote  a  paraphrase  on  Daniel,  and  died  in 
1539. 

J.\OK1=ON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  pre- 
sident of  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  a 
man  of  learning  and  piety  -.  he  died  in  1640. 

JACKSON,  John,  an  Englisli  divine,  theologi- 
cal and  historical  author,  born  in  1686,  died  in 
171)3.  His  last  and  capital  work  was,  "  Chrono- 
logical Antiqi.it?es,"  1752. 

J.^CKSOX,  Joseph,  a  letter-founder  of  distin- 
guished eminence,  born  iu  1733.  la  testimony 
of  liis  ahililies,  let  it  suffice  to  mention,  as  mat- 
ters of  difficulty  and  curiosity,  tlie  facsimile 
•types  which  he  formed  for  Doomsday-I3ook,  and 
the  Alexandrian  New  Testament :  and,  as  a  pat- 
tern of  the  most  perfect  symmetry,  the  types 
with  which  Mr.  Bensley  printed  the  splend'  1 
edition  of  the  Bible,  published  by  the  late  Mr. 
Macklin.     Mr.  Jackson  died  in  1702. 

J.^CKSON,  Arthur,  an  ejected  non-conformist 
<livine,  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  Bible,  and 
<Jied  in  1666. 

JACKSON,  Cyril,  D.  D.  an  eminent  divine, 
born  at  Stamford,  in  1746,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. He  was  sub-preceptor  to  his  present  ma- 
jesty ;  in  consequence,  he  was  njadc  dean  of 
Christ-Church,  which  he  resigned  in  1809.  This 
elegant  scholar  declined  the  mitre,  thouch  the 
primacyof  Ireland,  as  well  as  an  Erjgiish  bishoi>- 
ric,  bad  been  ofiered  him.  He  died  at  Felpham, 
Sussex,  in  1819. 

JACKSON,  Dr.  William,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  prebendary  of  York,  regius  profes- 
sor of  Greek  at  Oxford,  and  bishop  of  Oxford ; 
he  died  in  1811. 

JACKSON,  William,  a  musical  composer  of 
considerable  eminence,  and  author  of  several  in- 
genious literary  productions  in  prose  and  verse, 
was  bora  at  Exeter,  in  1730.  His  musical  pro- 
ductions are  too  numerous  to  be  here  detailed, 
and  loo  well  known  to  require  it.  In  178-2,  he 
published"  Tliirly  Letters  on  various  Subjects." 
In  1791,  he  published  "  Observations  on  the  pre- 
sent State  of  Music  in  London  ;"  and  in  1798, 
lie  added  another  volume  to  his  Letters,  undei 
the  title  of  "The  Four  Ages;  with  Essays  on 
various  Subjects."  Mr.  Jackson  was  organist 
of  the  cathedral  at  Exeter ;  and,  besides  his  mu- 
sical talents,  was  an  excellent  pai;iter,  chiefly 
iu  tlie  landscape  way.     He  died  in  1803. 

JAC'JB,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  obtained 
his  brother's  birthright,  and  went  to  Egypt, 
where  he  died  1680  B.  C,  aged  147. 

J.ACOB,  Ben  Napthaii,  a  famous  Jew  rabbi, 
in  theotli  century,  and  Inventor  (with  Ben  Aser; 
25G 


J  A 

of  the  point.s  in  Hebrew  to  serve  for  ^•oweIs,  and 
of  the  acoems,  to  facilitate  the  reading  of  that 
language. 

JACOB,  Ben  Haiin,  a  rabbi,  of  the  Ifith  cen- 
tury, who  rendered  himself  famous  by  tlie  col- 
lection of  the  Masore,  w  liich  is  properly  a  cri- 
tique upon  the  books  of  the  Bible,  in  order  to 
etile  the  true  n-ariing. 

JACOB,  Henry,  an  Englishman,  wrote  against 
the  Brownisis,  and  died  in  16il. 

J.\COB,  Henry,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  an 
able  Orientalist,  and  dt«'d  in  1652. 

J.'VCOB,  a  Hungarian  monk,  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, preached  a  crusade  against  the  Saracens. 

J.\COB,  Giles,  an  Entlisli  law  wrinT,  biogra- 
pher, and  lexicographer,  born  at  Romsey,  in 
Hampshire,  in  1686,  dii  d  in  1744.  Besides  a 
Law  Dictionary,  he  published  twovolume.s,  en- 
titled "  The  Poetical  Register;  or.  Lives  and 
Characters  of  iheF-nglish  poets." 

JACOB  AL  BARDAI,  was  an  able  leader  of 
the  Eutychians,  and  a  disciple  of  Severus, 

JAf.'OBi-EUS,  Oliger,  professor  of  philosophy; 
at  Copenhagen,  and  an  a  iclior  ;  he  died  in  1701 

JACOBS,  Julian,  a  Swiss  painter,  died  in 
1664. 

JACOMB,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  was  ejected  for  non-con 
formity,  and  died  in  1687. 

JACOPONE,  daTodi,  an  Italian  poet,  coiem- 
porary  with  Dante,  died  in  1306. 

JACaUELOT,  Isaac,  a  French  protestanl 
minister,  who,  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  became  chaplain  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia; he  died  in  1708. 

JACCiUET,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lyons,  was 
an  admirer  and  imitator  of  Rosscau,  and  died 
in  1793. 

JACCIUIER,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  eminent 
as  a  mathematician  and  divine,  died  in  1788. 

JADDUS,  high-priest  of  Jtidea,  when  Alex- 
ander approached  Jerusalem  to  destroy  it. 

JADF;L<)T,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  known 
as  a  physician  and  an  author,  died  in  1793. 

JAEGER,  John  Wolfgang,  a  Lutheran  di 
vine,  and  divinity  professor,  at  Tubingen  ,  he 
wrote  several  Latin  works,  and  died  in  1720. 

JAGO,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and  poet, 
born  in  1715.  About  1732  he  was  entered  as  a 
servitor  in  University  college,  Oxford  ;  in  which 
humiliating  situation  he  was  visited  by  his 
schoolfellow,  Shenstone,  then  a  comiiioiier  in 
Pembroke  c  'lege,  who  introduced  him  to  hi.* 
fellowcolle  ans.  In  1767,  he  published  a  poem* 
called  "  Edg  Hill,"  by  which  his  poetical  repu- 
tation was  completely  established  ;  and  he  die* 
rector  of  Kilmcotc,  Leicestershire,  in  1781,  A 
collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1784. 

JAIIXOT,  Alexis  Hubert,  a  French  sculptor, 
and  geographer  to  the  king,  died  in  1780. 

JAMBLICUS,  the  name  of  two  celebrated 
Plaioiiic  philosophers,  in  the  4t)i  century,  one 
of  wlinm  was  a  native  of  Chalcis,  and  tiic  other 
of  Apamea,  in  Syria. 

JAMES,  St.,  the  Gfl-at,  son  of  Zebeiicc,  one  of 
the  apostles,  was  put  to  death  by  Herod,  A.  D. 
44. 

JAMES,  St.,  the  Less,  brother  of  Simon  and 
Juile,  was  al.so  one  of  the  apostl(!s.  He  was 
surnaincd  the  Just,  and  put  to  death,  A.  D.  62. 

JAMES,  St.  a  bishop  of  Nisibis,  distinguish- 
ed for  hjs  patriotism  and  benevolence  ;  he  died 
about  350. 

J.AMES  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  was  taken  by 
the  English,  imprisoned  IS  years,  and  then  libi!- 
rated.    He  was  assassinated  in  1437 


JAMB.-^,  U.,  !iiii^  oi'  .Scotland,  succeeded  lli8|i     JAN'^SEXS,  Alirahain,  a  celtbrated  painter, 
lailii-r,  Jjimes  1.,  and  was  killed  in  14iiO.  [iborii  a[  Aiinverp,  m  lliiJ.     He  onte  cliallengod 


JAMi:;s  III.,  duc.  uedL-d  his  father,  James  II.,{ 
of  ■jc.ulaiid,  was  odious  for  his  cruellies,  and' 
put  io  di  atii  by  Ills  lel^jllious subjects  in  MAS. 

JA.MEl?,  IV.,  succeeded  his  I'aliier,  James  III. 
Ho  was  an  active  and  patriotic  monarch,  bnl 
>V3K  slain  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Floddentield, 
in  loi:i. 

J.'\.\IE3  v.,  80n  and  successor  of  James  IV. 
Ho  supported  the  reiisjious  establishment  of  liis 
country,  and  let"(  his  dominions  to  his  onlv  child, 
Mary  Stuart.     He  died  in  1542. 

JAMES  VI.,  of  Scotland,  and  I.  of  England, 
was  son  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots.  Inoiicli 
li'arned  and  inielligent,  his  favouritcg  were 
wortliless  characters.  He  was  the  author  o( 
several  works,  and  died  in  l(>-2o. 

JAMES  [I.,  of  Enjrland,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Cliarlea  FI.  His  oppressive  <;overnmentand 
popish  principles,  alienated  his  subjects  from 
hiiu,  who  invited  William  III.,  of  Holland,  to 
liie  throne.     Ho  died  at  Paris,  in  1701. 

J.A.ME3  I.,  king  of  Arragon,  surnamfd  tlie 
Warrior,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1213,  and 
died  in  l-i76 

J.\.MES  II.,  kine  of  Arragon,  succeeded  his 
broriier,  Alphonso  III.,  in  1291.  He  unitt  d  Va- 
leniia  and  Catalonia  to  his  crown,  and  died  in 
13J7. 

J.\MES,  of  Voraigne,  provincial  of  the  Do- 
minicans, compiled  the  Golden  Legend,  and  died 
>u  1298. 

J.\ME.^,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  was 
a  distinguished  collector  of  curious  MSri.,  and 
liied  in  liV.Vi. 

JAMES,  Richard,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
educated  at  U.xford,  was  a  learned  scholar  and 
critic  ;  he  died  in  10:18. 

J.V.MCS,  Dr.  Robert,  an  English  physician  of 
grea;  eminence,  and  particularly  distinguished 
by  the  preparation  of  a  most  excellent  fever 
powder,  born  in  1701),  died  in  I77fi.  His  princi- 
pal writinirs  are,  a  "  Medicinal  Dictionary," 
The  Practice  of  Physic,"  and  "A  Dispensa- 
tory." 

JAMES,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  Englishman, 
educated  at  Cambridge,  was  an  author,  and  died 
in  1804. 

J  \  M  ET,  Peter  Charles,  a  French  writer,  born 
Ml  1701. 

JA.MISOX,  George,  a  celebrated  Scottish 
painter,  usually  called  the  Vandyke  of  Scotland, 
born  in  l.")**),  died  in  Edinburgh,  it  "4C44. 

J.\MV.\,  A«aadis,  a  French   p^it,  who  be- 
came secretary  to  Charles  IX.,  an(i  ^ied  in  J585. 
J.\NE WAY,  Jamos,  educated  at  Oxford,  was 
ejected  for  non-conformity,  and  died  in  lt)74. 

JA.VICON,  Francis  Michael,  a  French  writer, 
born  in  ''aris,  was  educated  in  Holland,  and 
died  in  I7;i0. 

JA.VSENIUS,  Cornelius,  a  dinne,  envoy  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  to  the  council  of  Trent,  died 
in  157fi 

JA.VSE.N,  Cornelius,  btabop  of  Ypres,  and 

Erincipa!  of  the  sect  called  Jansenists,  born  at; 

Leerdain,  in  Holland,  in  I5SS,  died  in  1638  I 

J.\NSO.'V,  or  JAXSCJ.VILTS,  James,  a  native| 

of  Amsterdam,   and  professor  of  theology,   at{ 

Louvain  .  he  died  in  1625.  I 

JAN'SOV,  .\hrHlidm.of  Antwerp,  an  excellent 

painier  in  the  16th  century.  1 

J.AVSSE.VS,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter,  died' 

in  1665.  I 

J.WSSEN'S,  Victor  Honorius.  a  painter,  of  | 

Brussels,  died  in  1739.  I 

K  k 


Kubens,  wiio  prudently  yielded  to  him  ;  telling 
liim,  that  he  should  leav*-  the  public  to  de- 
termine the  question  of  their  re-pective  merits. 
Jaitbon,  however,  was  a  good  artist,  a.<  may 
be  seen  by  a  fine  picture  of  his  in  the  Dusseldorif 
gallery,  repre.^eiuing  the  resurrection  oiLazarus. 

J.VNUARll.'S,  St.,  bishop  of  Benevenlo,  was 
beheaded  in  the  persecution  of  Dioclesian. 

J  APHET,  son  oi  Noah,  the  progenitor  of  the. 
nations  of  Eurojie  and  Asia,  was  born  2U3' 
B.  C. 

J.\RDL\S,  Mary  Catherine  des,  a  French 
lady,  famous  for  her  poetry  and  romances,  died 
in  lOcCl.  She  is  said  to  have  been  the  inventor 
of  novels.  Her  works  were  printed  in  10  vols. 
at  Paris,  in  1702. 

J.\RDV\,  Karel  du,  a  Dutch  painter  of  note, 
died  in  1078. 

J.\ROSL.AW,  grand  duke  of  Rus.sia,  in  the 
10th  century,  w.ts  a  patron  of  learned  nn'ii. 

J.VKRKJE,  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  who  bicame  a 
piolcstant,  and  afterwards  recanted.  He  wrote 
lor,  and  against,  the  Jesuits,  and  die<l  in  liiTO. 

J.MIRV,  Laurence  Juillarddu,  a  French  poet 
and  divine,  who  excelled  as  a  preaciier ;  he 
died  in  17.10. 

J.ARS,  Gabriel,  a  Frenchman,  and  "mineralo- 
gist of  snin-^  note,  died  in  17ii8. 

JARVIS,  Ahrahani,  I).  D.,  second  bi-hop  of 
the  episcopal  church  in  Connecticut,  died  at 
.New  Haven,  in  1813 

J.\UCOL'RT,  Li'wis  de,  a  learned  French- 
man, and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1780. 

J.AULT,  .Augustus  Francis,  professor  of  Sv- 
riac  in  the  Royal  Collei^e  at  Paris,  was  cele- 
brated as  a  phy>ician,  and  died  in  1757. 

JAY,  Guy  .Slichel,  le,  an  advotate  of  thp  par- 
liament of  Paris,  ruined  himself  by  printing  a 
polyglot  Bible,  and  died  in  1675. 

JE.VCOCKE,  Caleb,  was  a  baker,  and  an  au- 
thor, died  in  1'8^. 

JE.A.NES,  Henry,  educated  at  O.xford,  was 
the  author  of  several  works  ;  he  died  in  16S2. 

JE  \.\.VI>f,  Peter,  a  Burgundian,  advocate  i,i 
the  parliament  of  Dijon,  and  favourite  of  Henry 
IV.  ;  he  died  in  1622.  after  seeing  seven  succes- 
sive kin2s  on  the  tlirone  of  France. 

JE.\I.'R.\T,  Seb:i3tian,  a  Frenchman,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  able  mathematician;  he  died 
in  1803. 

JEBB,  Samuel,  an  English  physician  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  at  Nottingham,  died 
in  1772. 

JEBB,  Dr.  John,  born  in  London,  in  173fi. 
He  was  eminent  both  as  a  non-conformist  divine, 
and  a  physician.  In  the  knowledge  of  the 
Christian  Scriptures  he  was  particularly  con 
versant,  as  his  theological  lectures  at  Cam- 
bridge gave  incontestable  proofs ;  his  skill  in  the 
medical  profession  was  great  and  scientific,  an.l 
his  practice  nncominonly  successful.  His  ardour 
in  the  cause  of  liberty  also,  was  unabatiag  and 
incorruptible  :  and  his  publications,  theological, 
medical,  and  political,  gained  great  approbation ; 
he  died  in  1786. 

JEBB,  Sir  Richard,  bart.,  M.  D.  P.  R.  and 
.A.  S.  S.,  son  of  the  preceding,  one  of  the  censors 
of  the  college  of  physicians  in  1781,  and  phy- 
sician extraordinary  to  his  Britannic  .Majestv, 
born  in  1729,  died  in  1787. 

JECHO.VIAS,  king  of  Judah,wa.<t  carried  pri- 
soner to  R.ilivlon  bv  Nebuchadnezzar. 

JEFFEKY,  Ttuiinas,  an  English  dissenting 
clergvman  and  an  author  of  the  IHth  ceutury. 
257 


JE 

JEFFERY,  John,  a  popular  divine,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  diud  in  17*20. 

JEFFERY,  of  Moiunoutli,  ap  Arthur,  bishop 
of  Si.  Asaph,  a  fanaous  British  historian,  \vli<i 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Henry  I. 

JEFFREYS,  lord  George,  baron  Weni,  com- 
monly known  by  the  name  of  judge  Jert'reys, 
the  infamous  lord  chancellor,  undur  Jamt-u  II., 
died  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  in  168!).  He  was 
one  of  the  greatest  advisers  and  promoters  of  all 
the  oppressive  and  arbitrary  uieasures  of  that 
unhappy  tyrannical  reign;  and  his  sanguinary 
and  inhuman  proceedings  will  ever  render  hit 
name  detested. 

JEFFREYS,  George,  a  writer,  and  fellow  of 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  died  in  1755. 

JEFFRIES,  Sir  Herbert,  lieutenant  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  and  successor  to  Sir 
William  Berkeley,  as  chief  magistrate,  died  in 
1678. 

JEHU,  the  tenth  king  of  Israel  885  B.  C,  was 
deprived  of  his  kingdom  by  Hazael,  king  of  Sy- 
lia,  and  died  856  B-  C. 

JEKYL,  Sir  Joseph,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  waa  master  of  the  rolls  to  George  1., 
and  died  in  1768. 

JEKYL,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  brother  to  Sir  Jo- 
seph, educated  at  Cambridge,  was  an  author  of 
various  works,  between  1674  and  1682. 

JELLINGEB,  Christopher,  a  German,  who 
obtained  a  living  in  England,  from  which  he 
was  ejected  for  non-conformity,  in  1662. 

JENCKES,  Joseph,  lieutenant  governor  and 

Sovernor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island;  he 
ied  in  1740. 

JENISCHIUS,  Paul,  a  learned  native  of  Ant- 
werp, died  in  1647. 

JENkIN,  Robert,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Cambridge,  and  author  of  valuable  theological 
ttacts,  died  in  1727. 

JENKIN,  William,  a  ptu-itan,  ejected  for 
non-confoimity,  in  1662. 

JENKINS,  iflenry,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  re- 
markable for  his  longevity,  being  at  the  time  of 
bis  death,  (1670,)  169  years  old.  He  remember- 
ed the  battle  of  Floddenfield,  and  was  exami- 
ned in  court  on  a  circumstance  that  happened 
140  years  before.  He  retained  his  faculties  to 
the  last;  but,  as  he  was  born  before  parochial 
registers  were  kept,  no  parish  would  support 
him  ;  so  that  he  subsisted  by  begging. 

JENKINS,  Sir  Leoline,  a  learned  civilian  and 
«n  able  statesman,  under  Charles  II.,  born  in 
Glamorganshire,  in  1623,  died  in  1685. 

JENKINSON,  Charles,  earl  of  Liverpool,  a 
Statesman  of  profound  ability,  but  extremely 
unpopular,  was  the  son  of  colonel  Charles  Jen- 
kinson,  and  first  introduced  himself  into  life  as 
a  political  writer,  and  a  critic  in  The  Monthly 
Review.  From  this  source  he  derived  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  late  earl  of  Bute,  and  all  those 
honours  and  rewards  to  which  he  afterwards  at- 
tained. He  was  for  many  years  president  of 
the  board  of  trade.  In  the  year  1782,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  family  title  of  a  baronet ;  in  1786, 
he  was  created  lord  Hawksbury,  and  in  1796, 
earl  of  Liverpool.  He  was  supposed  to  be  high 
in  the  confidence  of  his  majesty  ;  and  his  tho- 
rough knowledge  of  the  commercial  interest  of 
his  country,  and  acquaintance  with  subjects  of 
political  economy,  have  been  displayed  in  nu- 
merous tracts  ;  the  greater  part  of  which,  how- 
ever, were  written  on  subjects  creating  a  tem- 
porary interest,  rather  than  as  illustrative  of 
general  principles.  From  this  description  of  hi? 
last  -valuable  work,  "  On  the  Coins  of  the 
258 


JE , 

Realm,"  ought,  however,  to  form  an  excepti<m. 
He  died  in  1808,  in  his  80th  year. 

JENKS,  Benjamin,  a  pious  divine,  born  in 
Shropshire,  in  1646,died  in  1724.  Hisbesi*i(nown 
writings  are  "  I'rayers  and  Offices  of  Devotion 
for  Families,"  and  "  Meditations  on  varioui 
important  Subjects." 

JENKYNS,  David,  made  a  Welch  judge  by 
Charles  I. ;  he  was  distinguished  for  hia  loyalty, 
and  died  in  1650. 

J ENNRNS,  Charles,  a  non-conformist  gentle- 
man, of  considerable  fortune,  at  Gopsal,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, who  complied  the  words  for  some 
of  Handel's  oratorios,  and  began  an  edition  of 
Shakspeare ;  but  died  when  he  had  published 
'•  King  Lear,"  "  Hamlet,"  "  Othello,"  "  Julius 
Ca'sar,"  and  "  Macbeth."  His  death  happened 
in  1773. 

JENNINGS,  David,  D.  D.,  a  dissenting  mi- 
nister and  author,  died  in  1762. 

JENSON,  Nicolas,  or  Jansonius,  an  eminent 
printer  and  letter-founder,  of  Venice,  died  ia 
1481. 

JENYN8,  Soame,  born  in  London,  in  1705, 
and  well  known  in  the  literary  world,  as  the 
author  of  "  The  Internal  Evidences  of  the 
Christian  Religion  ;"  an  "  Essay  on  the  Origin 
of  Evil;"  and  various  poetical  pieces.  He  was 
niauy  years  M.  P.  for  the  town  of  Cambridge  ; 
he  was  also  a  commissioner  for  trade  and  plan- 
tations, and  died  in  1787. 

JEPHSON,  Robert,  a  successful  poet,  drama 
tic  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  many  yean 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  and  died  in  1803. 

JEPTHAH,  a  judj;c  ot  Israel,  known  in  sa- 
cred history  for  his  reifiarkably  rash  vow. 

JEREMi.\il,  second  of  ifie  great  prophets^ 
was  born  629  B.  C,  and  died  586  B.  C. 

JERNINGHAM,  Edward,  a  poetical,  miscel- 
laneous, and  dramatic  writer,  born  in  A'orfolk, 
in  1727.  He  was  descended  from  an  aiicieni 
Roman  Catholic  family,  and  was  educated  lit 
Douay  and  Paris ;  but  on  his  return  to  England, 
he  joined  in  communion  with  the  established 
church.     He  died  in  1812. 

JEROBOAM  1.,  king  of  Israel,  son  of  Solo 
mon,  died  954  B.  C. 

JEROBOAM  II.,  sonof  Joash.kingoflsrael 
826  B.  C,  died  784  B.  C. 

JEROME.    See  HIERONIMUS. 

JEROME,  of  Prague,  so  called  from  the  place 
of  his  birth,  in  the  capital  city  of  Bohemia, 
where  he  is  lield  to  be  a  protestant  martyr.  He 
was  a  disciple  of  John  Huss,  and  died  in  the 
same  cause,  in  1416. 

JEROME,  of  St.  Faith,  or  Joshua  Larchi,  a 
Spanish  Jew  of  great  influence,  who  became  a 
convert  to  Christianity,  and.  It  is  said,  5000  Jews 
followed  his  example.  He  died  in  the  15tb  cen- 
tury. 

JERVAS,  Charles,  a  painter,  of  Great  Britain, 
more  likely  to  be  immortalized  by  Mr.  Pope's 
friendship  and  panegyric,  than  by  his  own  pic- 
tures. He  was  a  writer  also,  and  published  a 
translation  of  "  Don  Ciuiiottc"  without  under- 
standing the  Spanish  language,  and  died  about 
1740. 

JESSEY,  Henry,  a  non-conformist  minister, 
ejected  in  1662. 

JESTYN,  ap  Gwrgant,  prince  of  Glamorgan, 
succeeded  his  uncle  as  king,  in  1043. 

JESUA,  Levita,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  of  the  ISth 
century. 

JESUS,  a  Jew,  who  foretold  the  calamities 
of  hia  nation,  before  the  siege  of  Jerusalein. 


JO  JO 

JKSI  ;?,  .son  ot  tiiracti,  a  native  of  Jerusalem, jaliioncol  Ciinsiantinoi)l<;  on  bis  master's  death, 
was  author  of  Ecclcsiasticus,  200  B.  C.  nanil  was  heheaucd  in  4'J5. 

JESUS  CHRIST,  the  Uleised  Saviour  of  the, I  JOHN  I.,  siirnanied  Zimisfes",  seized  the 
World,  horn  at  Bethlehem,  A.  M.  4004,  an(i  wasj|thr(inc  of  Constantinople,  by  assa<^inatmg  Ai- 
criicificil  by  the  Jews,  Friday,  April  \i,  A.  P.  M.rv  lAunaa  riiocas,  in  009.     "lie  di!^Jlla^ed  great 

JETHRO,  father-in-law  of  Moses,  was  priest  j  vaionr  against  the  Saracens,  and  was' poisoned 


and  kins  of  the  Midianites. 

JECNE,  Jean  le,  a  French  divine,  of  great 
piety,  and  much  esteemed  by  Massillon ;  he 
died  in  1672. 

JEWEL,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  n 
great  polemic  writer  in  defence  of  the  English 
church  a^'ainst  popery;  he  was  born  in  l.')2i:, 
and  died  in  1571. 

JEZKI)  I.,  tifth  caliph,  or  8Uccessor  of  Maho 
met,  in  «80.     lie  died  in  683. 

JOAB,  a  general  under  David,  was  put  to 
death  1014  B.  C 

JOACHIM,  abbot  of  Corazzo,  made  a  pil- 
^ima^e  to  the  Holy  Land  ;  he  pretended  to  be 
a  prophet,  and  died  in  120-2,  leaving  a  numerous 
sect  behind  liim. 

JO.ACIllM,  Georjre,  mathematical  professor 
at  Wittembrrg,  an  able  defender  of  the  Coper- 
nican  system  ;  he  died  in  1570. 

JOAN,  Pope,  a  woman,  placed  among  the 
successors  of  St.  Peter  as  John  Vlll.,  or  John 
VII.  This  slory  was  believed  for  more  than 
200  years,  but  is  now  generally  discrediiid 


JOAN  of  Arc,  commonly  called  the  Maid  of  'in  .'53;!,  and  died  in  5.35. 


in  '.176. 

JOHN  II.,  Comnennq, succeeded  tothethrone 
of  Constaniinopic,  in  1118.  He  was  succes»ful 
in  his  wars,  was  a  virtuous  prince,  and  died 
in  1143. 

JOHN  III.,  Diicas,  was  emperor  of  Nice, while 
Ihe  Latins  were  mastcr:>  of  Constantinople  ;  he 
died  in  1255. 

JOHN  IV.,  Lascaris, succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  in  1259  His  eceptre  was 
sei/.ed  by  Michael  Palicologus,  who  put  him  in 
prison,  where  he  died. 

JOH.N  v.,  Cantaciw.enus,  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople.    See  CANTACUZENL'S. 

JOH.N  VI. jPalaologue,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Consinntinople,  in  1341.  This  weak  and 
unfortunate  monarch  died  In  1390. 

JOHN  VII.,  Pala-ologue,  succeeded  his  father 
as  emperor,  in  1425,  and  died  in  144B. 

JOHN  I.,  pope,  a  Tuscan,  succeeded  to  the 
popedom,  in  523.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Theo- 
doric,  and  died  in  526. 

JOHN  II.,  a  native  of  Rome,  was  elected  pope 


Orleans,wtiose  heroic  behaviour  in  re-animating 
the  e.Tpiring  valour  of  the  French  nation,  thoiigl 
by  the  nl(l^t  .supcrstitidus  means  (pretrndin;;  .i 
be  inspired,)  deserved  a  better  fate.  She  was 
burnt  by  ihr  F.nglish  as  a  sorceress,  in  1431,  at 
the  a-.'e'of  24 

JO.AN,  queen  of  Naples,  murdered  her  first 
and  sirond  husbands,  and  adopted  a  relation  as 
her  successor,  who  put  her  to  death  in  1381. 

JO.W  II., queen  of  Naples,  after  Ladislaus, in 
j41-1,  disgraced  herselfby  her  debaucheries,  and 
died  in  1434 

JOASH,  .son  of  Ahaziah,  was  proclaimed  king 
of  Israel  at  the  age  of  seven  vears,  and  slain  4SJ 
B.C. 

JO.ASIf,  son  of  Jehoabaz,  king  of  Israel,  de 
feaied  the  Syrians,  took  the  king  of  Judah  pri 
son.-r,  and  died  KG  B.C. 

JOB,  patriarch  of  Uz,  celebrated  in  sacred 
history  tor  bis  sutferings  and  patience  ;  he  died 
about'l.-inOB.  C. 

JOBF.RT,  Lewis,  a  learned  French  Jesuit 
born  at  Paris,  in  lt>47,  died  in  1719.  We  have 
several  tr.icts  of  piety  of  his  writing,  bi-sidcs  a 
piece  entitled,  "  La  Science  des  Medailes,"  in 
good  esteem. 

JODELLE,  Stephen,  lord  of  Limodin,  bom 


JOH.N  III.,  a  Konian,  vyas  elected  pope  Ib 
5r>0,  and  died  in  573. 

JOHN  IV.,  elected  pope  in  640,  died  in  642. 

JOHN  v.,  a  Syrian,  elected  pope  in  G85,  died 
in  687. 

JOHN  VI.,  a  Greek,  elected  pope  in  701,  died 
in  705. 

JOHN  VII.,  a  Greek,  succeeded  .Tohn  VI.  He 
was  a  weak  ponliff,  and  died  in  707. 

JOHN  VIII.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  in  872, 
and  died  in  882;  300of  his  letters  are  preserved. 

JOHN  IX.,  a  native  of  Tivoli,  elected  pope  in 
808,  died  in  900. 

JOHN  X.,  archbishop  of  Ravenna. wast  lected 
pope  in  914.  More  capable  of  leading  an  army, 
than  guiding  the  church,  he  defeated  the  S;ira 
cens  in  battle,  and  was  put  to  death  in  9'.:S. 

JOHN  XI.,  son  of  Alberic,  dukcot  Spoletto, 
was  made  pope  in  931,  at  the  early  age  of  25  j 
he  died  in  936. 

JOHN  XII.,  a  Roman  noble,  elected  pope  in 
|956.  Being  accused  of  various  crimes,  he  waif 
'defKisedby  aeeneral  council, and  killed  in  964. 

JOHN  XIII.,  a  Roman,  was  elected  pope  in 
965  by  the  emperor,  asainst  the  will  of  the  Ro- 
man people ;  he  died  in  972. 

JOHN  XIV.,  succeeded  to  the  popedom  Id 


in  1532,  at  Paris,  and  said  to  bo  first  of  all  the  1 983.     He  was  imprisoned  by  llie  anti-pope  Boni- 
Frcnch  who  wrote  comedies  and  tragedies  in  bis  ,  face  VIII  ,  and  died  in  984. 
own  toneuc  in  the  ancient  form  ;  he  died  in  157.!.  i|     JOHN  XV.,  pope  after  John  XIV.,  died  soon 
JOEL,  the  second  of  the  minor  prophets,;  after  his  elevation. 


aouri>'hed  about  790  B.  C, 

JOHN,  Baptist,  the  forerunner  of  Christ,  son! 
of  Zacharias  and  Elizabeth,  was  beheaded  bvi 
Herod  A   n.29.  | 

JOHN  the  Evangelist,  brother  of  James  the 
Great,  called  to  the  apnsilc.-liip  at  the  age  of  26, 
was  a  favourite  of  his  master,  and  the  writer  of 
the  Apocalypse;  he  died  at  Ephesus,  A.  I).  100. 

JOHN,  surnamed  .Mark,  was  the  disciple  of^ 
Uie  Apostles.  ! 

JOHN,  a  native  of  Nicomedia,  was  put  to 
death  in  the  persecution  of  Ilioclesian,  in  303.  i 

JOHN.  St.,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  was  raised  to 
«he  sei'  of  Alexandria,  in  610. 

JdirV.  stcreiarv   to  Ilanoriug,  seized  the 


JOHN  XVI.,  a  Roman,  was  made  pope  in 
985.  He  was  the  first  who  rewarded  meritori- 
ous deed^  by  canonization,  and  died  in  996. 

JOHN  XVH.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  in  1003, 
after  Sylvester  II. 

JOHN  XVIII.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  after 
John  XVII.  He  died  in  1009,  after  having  re- 
signed the  dignity. 

JOHN  XIX.,  succeeded  his  brother  as  pope, 
in  1024.  He  crowned  the  emperor  Courad  II., 
and  died  in  1033. 

JOHN  XX  ,  the  name  given  by  some  to  the 
anti-pope  Philaeathus,  or  to  John,  or  to  the 
wonmn  who  is.xaid  to  li.ive  filled  the  papal  chair, 
under  the  name  of  pop*  .loan. 

259 


Jo 


JO 


JOHN  XXI., .  in  i.d  pop^;  ill  l;:^f^,  ilitri  by  liie 
fall  iif  aliiiiMiii;  ill  l-i77. 

Jo)IN  XXII.  il'Euse,  was  elccied  po|ie  in 
]3li!,  aad  .ii<  'J  in  IXU. 

JOJL\  XXili.,  Baltliasar  Cossa,  a  Ncapiili 
tau,  was  elected  pope  in  1 110.  and  died  in  MI9. 
JOHN,  king  ol  England,  was  llir -.on  ul  Henry 
rV'.  This  monarch,  being  CMnipelled  by  the 
liarons,  signed  Magna  riiarta,  Ihe  basic  of  Britiili 
fr<'«<loni  ;  he  died  in  1210. 

JOH.\,  kiiigot  France,  surnamed  tlie  Good, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  in  LVIO.  He  was  de- 
;o3ii-d  in  battle  and  taken  prisoner  by  Edward, 
thr  l)!ark  prince ;  he  died  in  1364. 

JOHN  in.,  king  of  Sweden,  son  ofGustavus 
Vasa,  ascended  the  throne  inl.'jOS.  He  attempted 
[n  restore  tlie  fKipiph  religion,  but  was  unsur- 
cestful,  and  died  in  15!>i!. 

JOII.V  II.,  king  of  Castile;  he  was  a  brave 
Warrior,  and  died  in  1454. 

JOII.V  H.,  king  of  Navarre,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Arrajroii,  in  14.>*,  and  died  in  1479. 

JOHN,  son  of  the  enipeior  Henry  VII.,  was 
elected  to  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia,  in  1309,  and 
lifter  conqnering  Silesia,  declared  liiniselfking  of 
Poland.  He  was  a  prince  of  great  valour,  and  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Crecy,  in  1346. 

JOHN  I.,  king  of  Portugal,  was  raided  to  the 
(l;roiu;  in  13f'4.  Under  hie  reigji  the  Portuguese 
ijLi.'an  their  famous  discoveries;  liedied  in  14',f3. 

JOHN  II.,  king  of  Portugal,  surnamed  the 
Great,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  14f<l.  He 
carried  his  arms  into  Africa,  and  died  in  149.5. 

JCJIIN  III.,  kingof  Portugal,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1.5i!l,  and  died  in  Lw?. 

JOHN  IV.,  surnamed  the  Fo.'iunate,  was  soi, 
of  the  duke  of  Braganza.  By  the  assi:  tance  of 
his  brave  countrj men  he  shof)k  otF  the  Spanish 
yoke,  and  was  proclaimed  king  in  1030  ;  lie  died 
in  liVli). 

JOHN  v.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Portnsal, 
in  1707.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  interests  of 
his  country,  and  died  in  1750. 

JOHN,  ofGauntor  Ghent,  duke  of  Lancaster, 
and  son  of  Edward  III.,  was  a  prince  of  dis- 
tinpnished  valour  and  prudeme,  and  o  patron 
of  tile  pnel  fliancer;  he  died  in  13't5). 

JOHN  SOBtESKI,  king  of  Poland.  See  SO- 
BTE,«KI. 

JOH.V,  of  Austria,  Don,  was  the  natural  son 
of  the  emperor  '.'harles  V.,  and  a  celebrated 
wafrior  ;  he  died  by  poison,  in  IS?!?. 

JOHN,  Fearless,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Nicopotis  against  Bajazet ; 
he  was  assassinated  in  1419. 

JOHN,  of  France,  duke  of  Berry,  was  son  of 
king  John,  and  distinguished  at  the  battle  of 
Poictiers ;  he  died  in  141G. 

JOHN  v.,  duke  of  Brittany,  surnamed  the 
CorM)ite.ror,  died  in  l.T.)9. 

JOH.N'  VI.,  duke  of  Brittany,  a  prince  of 
great  v  alour  and  benevolence,  died  in  144f>. 

JOHN  v.,  count  of  .^rma^nac,  was  stm  of 
John  IV.,  of  Navarre.  For  his  misconduct,  lie 
was  banished  from  France,  and  killed  in  1743. 

JOHN,  of  Leyden.     PeeBOCCOEI). 

JOHN,  of  Saiishiiry,  an  Englishman,  bishop 
of  Charlres,  and  one  of  the  most  learned  per- 
sons in  the  i2th  century.  The  only  things  re- 
ilifiining  of  his,  arc  his  "  Life  of  St.  Thomas 
of  Canterbury  ;"  "  A  Collection  of  Letters  ;" 
and  his  "  Polycration." 

JOHN.of  Paris,  a  celebrated  Dominican,  and 
theological  professor  at  Paris,  died  in  1304. 

JOHN,  of   Udino,  3  celebrntrd  pnintcr.   at 
Rome,  died  in  15f.4. 
5fO 


JOHNES,  Thomas,  born  at  Ludlow,  in  Shrop- 
shire, in  1746,  was  bred  at  Eton  and  Oxford. 
He  was  a  member  of  parliament,  lirst  for  Car- 
digan, and  afterwards  for  the  county  of  Radnor. 
His  estates  at  Hafod,  in  Cardiganshire,  were 
conducted  on  the  most  liberal  scale,  and  were  a 
strong  attraction  to  all  visiters  of  tliul  pun  of 
Wales.  But  ill  1^07,  the  elegant  mansion,  a 
most  valuable  library,  and  a  printing  establish 
menl,  from  wliich  had  issued  many  elrcant  pic 
diictions.  Were  destroyed  by  an  accidental  flie, 
while  >lr.  Johiies  was  attending  hi.s  duly  in 
parliament.  In  Idll  be  lost  a  favourite  daiiifh- 
tcr,  from  the  effects  of  which  iliock  lie  never 
recovered.  He  died  in  181(i.  Mr.  Jolints  re- 
printed, with  ereat  care  and  attention,  generally 
with  notesaiid  illustrations,  at  hi>,  private  prctis. 
above  alluded  to,  the  valuable  works  of  "  Frois 
sart,"  "  dc  Joinvillc,"  and  "  Moiistrelei." 

JOHNSON,  Martin,  an  excellent  piiiuter  of 
landscapes,  died  in  the  reign  of  James  II. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  of 
remarkable  learning,  and  steadiness  in  sullering 
for  the  principles  of  the  revolution,  in  ItSSH 
I  He  was  horn  in  1G49,  anddied  in  17(j3. 
I  JOHNSON.  John,  a  noii  juror  divine,  who, 
I  though  promoted  in  the  established  churcli,  ei- 
I  pressed  a  mean  opinion  of  her  articles  and  litur- 
Igy  ;  he  died  in  1725. 

I  JOHNSON,  or  JANSEN,  Cornelius,  an  ei- 
jcellent  painter,  a  native  of  Amsterdam.  In  the 
I  reign  of  Jamt's  I.,  he  drew  several  fine  portraits 
tif  that  monarch,  and  most  of  his  court,  •••"'died 
ill  lGl'f5. 

JOi!NSON,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
me  (t,  died  in  17(8.  The  dramatic  pieces  which 
itliis  author  produced  arc  enumerated  in  the 
"  Biocraph'a  riran-ntica." 

JOHNfiON,  Maurice,  an  excellent  English 
aii?i(]ii.-irv,  died  in  17.55. 

JOHNSON,  Dr.  Samuel,  born  at  I-itchfield, 
ill  1709,  where  lii.<  father  was  a  reputable  book- 
seller. He  was  entered  of  Pembroke  college, 
Oxford,  in  172'^,  but  left  the  university  without 
taking  any  degree.  In  March,  1737,  he  went  to 
London,  where  he  appears  t.'i  have  met  with 
disappointments  which  disgusted  him  with  the 
town  ;  for,  in  ■\iit'usl,  we  find  him  desirous  of 
returning  again  into  liis  native  country,  to  take 
upon  himself  the  office  of  master  of  a  charily 
"choni,  in  Shropshire,  then  vacant,  the  salary 
of  wliich  was  f>0/.  a  year.  But  the  statuies  of 
t)ie  school  requiring  the  person  who  should  be 
elected  to  be  a  master  of  the  arts,  this  attempt 
seems  to  liave  been  frustrated.  In  1740.  he  be 
gan  to  write  the  "Debates  in  the  Senate  of  Jjil- 
iipiit,"  printed  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  ; 
and,  after  producing  some  poems,  translations, 
and  biograpliica!  works,  which  met  with  a  gooij 
reception,  fparticnlarly  "  London,"  the  "  VaM 
nity  of  Human  Wishes,"  and  '•  I'he  Life  or 
Savage,")  he  brought  forth  "  Irene,"  airaged'', 
in  1749.  This  not  meeting  with  the  success  th.it 
he  expected,  he  set  about  his  "Dictionary." 
The  execution  of  this  cost  him  the  labour  of 
many  years;  but  he  was  amply  repaid  by  the 
fame  which  he  acquired.  During  the  recesses 
of  tliis  stupendous  labour,  he  published  his 
"  Ramblers."  The  reputation  of  these  works 
gained  him  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws,  in  the  tIni^  crsity  of  Dublin,  which  was 
soon  after  followed  by  the  same  degree  from 
rixford.  To  this  siiccee/lnd  li  is"  Idlers."  Hi.« 
next  pnhlic.-ition  was"  Kasselas,  Prince  of  Aliyf-- 
siiiia,"  a  beautiful  little  novel,  in  the  East<  rn 
-t'.le,  Dhouiiilii-e  witli  the  most  useful  and  v." 


JO 

ral  maxims,  suited  to  llic  several  contliiioiis  of 
life.  Of  his  political  works,  which  foHowed  ai 
dibianl  iuiervals,  the  public  are  more  divided 
about  the  nienis :  it  is,  liowever,  but  fair  to  pru- 
giiiiic  ihai  lliey  were  his  candid  opinions  upon 
the  subjects,  and,  as  such,  deserving  of  no  cen- 
sure from  tin;  judgment  of  iniparliality.  Hi.' 
last  undertaking, "  Tlie  Lives  of  the  British  I'o 
ets,"  would  alone  have  been  sutlicienl  to  irn 
mortalize  his  name,  as  it  by  far  excels  any  thing 
executed  upon  a  similar  plan,  by  others;  and. 
though  ilie  critical  remarks,  in  a  few  instances, 
incorporate  a  liitletoo  much  with  political  opi- 
nions, their  general  excellence  must  alway.sgivc 
them  ilcserved  celebrity.  It  is  sHiil,lhathe  wa;^ 
execuiing  a  second  part  of  "  The  Prince  of 
.\hyssiiiia,"  and  was  in  hojics  to  have  hnislied 
it  before  his  death,  which  event  happened  Dec. 
13,  1784.  The  editor  of  the  "  Biographia  Dra- 
inarica,"  after  be-^^towing  many  just  encomiums 
on  the  genius  of  Dr  J.,  says,  it  would  be  the 
hviliest  injustice,  were  I  not  lo  observe,  that  no 
thinu  but  that  genius  can  possibly  exceed  (lie 
extent  of  his  erudition  ;  and  it  would  be  addinj 
a  greater  injury  to  liis  still  more  valuable  ((uali 
ties,  were  we  to  stop  here  ;  since,  together  with 
the  ablest  head,  he  seems  to  have  been  posscs.«- 
eil  of  the  very  best  heart  at  present  existing. 
Every  line,  every  sentiment,  that  issues  from  his 
pen,  tends  to  the  great  centre  of  alt  his  views, 
the  promotion  of  virtue,  religion,  and  humani- 
ty ;  npr.are  his  actions  less  pointed  toward  the 
saiiu  eiieat  end.  Benevolence,  charity,  and 
piely,  are  the  most  striking  features  of  liib  cha 
racter  ;  and  while  his  writings  point  out  !•  us 
what  a  good  man  ought  to  be,  Ins  own  conduct 
■ets  us  an  eiainple  of  what  he  is."  A  statue  to 
Dr.  Johson's  memory  has  been  erected  in  t>; 
Paul's  cathedral.  In  an  East  India  newspajier 
wemcet  with  the  following  poetical  picture  of 
this  celebrated  chariictcr: 

"  Herculean  strength  and  a  stentorian  voice, 
Of  wit  a  fund,  of  words  a  countless  choice ; 
In  learning,  rather  various  than  profound, 
In  truth  intrepid,  in  religion  sound  : 
A  trembling  frame  and  a  distorted  sight, 
But  firm  in  judgment  and  in  genius  bright; 
In  controversy  rarely  known  to  spare. 
But  humble  as  the  publican  in  pray'r ; 
To  more  than  merited  his  kindness,  kind, 
And,  llio'  in  manners  harsh,  of  tViendly  mind  ; 
Deep  tinged  with  melancholy's  bl.ickest  shade 
And,  I'*)'  prepared  to  die,  of  death  afraid.—  - 
P\icli  Johnson  was — of  him  will)  justice  vain. 
When  will  this  nation  see  his  like  again. 

JOHNSON.  Thomas,  a  London  apothecary, 
and  the  best  herbalist  of  his  time,  died  in  1644. 
JOHN'SOX,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
Wtiuress,  and  senator  from  North  Carolina,  af- 
terwai  lis  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  go- 
-.-ernoio'  I  hat  state;  he  died  in  18Ui. 

JOH.\SO\,  Sir  Nathaniel,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  South  Carolina,  in  170G.  He  display- 
ed great  ability  and  judgment  in  defendina  the 
coliiiiv  from  the  French  and  Indiaiu ;  he  died 
in  1713. 

JOHNSON,  Edward,  an  inhabitant  of  Mas- 
»acliu«etts.  author  of  a  work,  entitled  "  The 
WiiMiierWorkiiia  Providence  of  Sion"3  Saviour, 
In  New  England,  from  lti28  to  ICiil." 

JOHNSO.V,  Robert,  the  last  proprieiary  go- 
vernor of  South  Carolina,  in  1719,  afterwards 
nppniiited  to  the  same  office  bv  the  crown  ;  he 
died  in  1735,,. 

JOn.NSON.  Sir  William,  9a,-.crintendent  of 


JO 

Indian  affairs,  in  the  colony  of  .New-Yorl' 
known  for  the  great  intlueuce  and  autluirity  he 
aci)uired  over  thaf  people  ;  he  died  in  1774 

JOHNSON.  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Con- 
necticut, distinguished  as  the  first  convert  to 
epi.^copacy  in  the  colony,  and  afterwards  a» 
president  of  King's  college,  New-Vork;  he  died 
in  1772. 

JOHNSON,  William  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  for  several  years,  agent  of  the  colony  of 
New-York,  in  England.  He  was  afterwards  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut,  a 
delegate  to  congress,  and  to  the  convention 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
ISlatcs,  and  first  senator  of  the  U.  S.,  from  Con- 
necticut. He  was  also  president  of  Columbia 
Icollege,  New- York,  for  several  years.  He  died 
at  Siratfoni,  in  1?!9.  aged  93. 

JOH  NSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
a  firm  patriot,  of  Maryland,  governor  of  that 
state  after  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  an  as- 
sociate judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  Uni- 
ted S'taies:  he  difyl  in  1819. 

JOHNSTON,  Ur.  .\rthur.  a  physician,  Init 
more  eelebiated  as  a  Laiin  poet,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  in  1587,  of  which  university  he  af- 
terwards became  principal ;  he  died  at  Ox- 
ford, in  1041.  His  "  Epipiams,"  and  version 
of  the  "  Psa'niR,"  arc  excellent. 

JOHN.'^TON,  Charles,  born  in  Ireland,  was 
nred  to  the  bar ;  but,  bring  exceedingly  deaf,  he 
reliniiuislied  tint  profession.  In  1TG(),  he  pub- 
lished "  Clirysal,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Gui- 
nea;" a  political  Romance,  in  which  all  the 
scenes  and  characters  were  sketched  from  real 
life.  This  was  followed  by  "  The  P.everie  ;  or, 
a  Flight  to  the  Paiadiseof  Fools;"  the  "  Histo- 
ry of  John  Ju-iiiier,  Esq.,  alias  Jiinipf-r  Jack," 
fee.  &c.  In  178-2,  Mr.  Johnston  went  to  India, 
where  he  died  about  1800. 

JOHNSTO.N,  Oabriel,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  North  Carolina,  died  in  17G2.  His  adminis- 
tration contributed  to  the  increase  and  prosperi- 
ty of  the  colony,  and  to  (he  advancement  of 
learning  there. 

JOHNSTONE,  James,  a  Scotch  physician, 
distinguished  for  his  treatment  of  a  malignant 
fever,  at  Kidderniinster,  died  in  18(hJ. 

JOHNSTONE,  George,  one  of  llie  commis- 
sioners scut  to  treat  with  America,  during  the 
war  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

JOINVILLE,  John  Sieiir  dc.,  an  eminent 
French  statesman,  and  author  of  "The  History 
of  St  Louis,"  a  very  curious  and  interesting 
piece,  died  in  1318,  aged  90. 

JOLOGOEH,  a  Welch  bard,  who,  from  1370 
to  1420,  was  in  the  court  of  Owen  Glendowr. 

JOLY,  Guy,  known  by  his  lonjj  and  faithful 
attachment  to  the  famous  cardinal  de  Rhetr, 
whom  he  at'endod  both  in  his  prosperity  and 
adversity.  He  wrote"  Memoirs  of  his  Times," 
from  1C48  toltH),');  which,  as  Voltaire  expresses 
it,  "  are  lo  those  of  the  cardinal,  what  thcscv- 
van;  is  to  the  master." 

JOLY,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  who 
died  in  1700. 

JONAH,  the  fifth  of  the  minor  phophets,  wai 
sent  to  denounce  judgments  on  Nineveh.  He 
died  about  761  B.  C. 

JONAS,  Aiiagrimus,  a  learned  Icelander, 
who  acquired  a  great  reputation  for  astronomy 
and  the  sciences,  died  in  IfiiO,  at  the  age  of  9.V 

JONAS,  Justus,  a  famo\ia  protestavt  .livine 
and  polemical  writer,  in  Germany,  born  in  Tlm- 
rlngi.i,  in  149;t,  diedin  1555. 

2fil 


JO 

JONATHAN,  son  of  Saul,  and  the  faithful 
(Viend  of  David,  was  elain  in  battle  by  the  Phi- 
listines, 1055  B.  C. 

JONATHAN,  a  general  of  the  Jews,  and  bro- 
ther of  Judas  Maccabeus,  was  a  valiant  man, 
and  cruelly  put  to  death,  144  B.  C. 

JONES,  William,  an  English  divine,  of  learn- 
ing and  piety,  whj»e  works  are  highly  esteem- 
ed ;  h(>  died  in  18d|. 

JONES,  Jereraiah,  a  dissenting  divine,  and 
autiinr,  died  in  1724. 

JONES,  Joha,  a  Benedictine  monk,  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  made  vicar-geiieral  of  his  or- 
der, aiid  died  in  16.'t6. 

JO.VES,  Uavid,  a  native  of  Wales,  wrote 
some  poetical  pieces,  and  died  in  1780. 

JONES,  .Tohii,  a  Welch  antiquary,  who  was 
emploved  40  yars,  from  1590  to  1G30  in  collect 
ing  W'elch  MSS. 

JONES,  Rice,  a  Welch  poet,  died  in  1801. 

JONE.S,  John,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the  reign 
«f  Charles  I. 

JONES,  Inigo,  a  celebrated  English  architect, 
born  in  London,  in  1572,  died  in  16.52.  His  abi- 
lities in  all  human  sciences  surpassed  most  of 
his  sge.  His  designs  and  buildings  were  inany 
and  imporlaiit ;  but  for  an  account  of  these  we 
must  refer  the  reader  to  Campbell's"  Vitruvius 
Britannicus." 

JO.NES,  John,  a  medical  writer,  born  in 
Wales,  died  in  1580 

JONES,  Sir  William,  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  Charles  I, 

JONES,  Sir  Thomas,  a  judge  of  the  king 
bench,  under  Charles  II.  and  James  II, 

JOiVES,  W^iiliam,  one  of  the  last  of  those 
genuine  mathematicians,  admirers,  and  cotem- 
poraries  of  Newton,  who  cultivated  and  im- 
proved the  sciences  in  the  present  century,  fa- 
ther to  Sir  William  Jones, was  born  in  Anglesey, 
in  the  year  1680,  and  died  in  1749. 

JONES,  Henry,  a  native  of  Drogheda,  in  Ire- 
land, and  no  mean  dramatic  poet,  though  ori 
ginally  a  journeyman  bricklayer,  died  very  poor, 
in  1770.  His  principal  performance,  "  The 
Earl  of  Essex,"  a  tragedy,  appeared  in  1753. 

JONES,  Griffith,  born  in  London,  in  1721,  died 
in  1786.  This  gentleman  was  many  years  edi- 
tor of  the  London  Chronicle,  of  the  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser, and,  we  believe,  of  the  Public  Ledger, 
In  the  "  Literary  Magazine,"  with  Johnson, 
and  in  the  "  British  Magazine,"  with  Smollet 
and  Goldsmith,  his  anonymous  labours  wereof 
ten  associated.  His  modest  mind  shrunk  from 
public  attention;  and  his  labours  were  most 
frequently  directed  to  the  improvement  of  the 
vounger  and  more  untutored  classes  of  man^ 
kind.  His  translations  from  the  French  are 
vcrv  numerous,  but  cannot  now  be  traced 

JONES,  Sir  William,  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  supreme  court  of  judicature,  in  Bengal,  and 
an  excellent  poet,  to  whose  translations  we  are 
irrdebted  for  many  beautiful  effusions  of  the 
Persian  muse,  was  born  in  London,  in  1740,  and 
died  in  1734,  at  the  premature  age  of  48.  En 
dowed  by  nature  with  a  mind  of  extraordinary 
vigour.  Sir  William,  by  unwearied  industry,! 
aided  by  superior  genius,  successfully  explored 
the  hidden  sources  of  Oriental  science  and  lite- 
rature ;  and  his  attainments  in  this  interesting! 
bran('h  of  learning  were  such  as  to  make  hlnij 
far  beyond  all  competition,  the  most  eminent 
Oriental  scliolur,  in  this,  or  perhaps  any  otiier 
age.  Unlike  many  other  emiiionl  literary  cha- 
racters of  the  age',  Sir  William  was  a  sincere 


JO 

writings,  to  propagate  the  doctrines  of  intidelity 
as  has  been  a  favourite  practice  with  some  mo- 
dern philosophers  of  reputation,  he  was  desir- 
ous to  lend  the  Scriptures  his  utmost  support ; 
and,  in  one  of  his  latest  annual  discourses  to 
the  Asiatic  Society,  he  has  done  more  to  give 
validity  to  tile  Mosaic  history  of  the  creation 
than  has  been  done  by  the  researches  of  any  co- 
temporary  writer.  The  following  epitaph,  writ 
ten  by  and  for  himself,  iseiiually  admired  fe 
its  truth  and  its  elegance. 

"  Here  was  deposited 

the  mortal  part  of  a  man 

who  feared  GOD,  but  not  death  ; 

and  maintained  independence, 

but  sought  not  riches ; 

who  thought  iion»  below  him, 

but  the  base  and  unjust ; 

none  above  him  but  the  wise  and  virtuous ; 

who  loved  his  parents,  kindred,  friends, 

and  country  : 

and  having  devoted  his  life  to  their  service, 

and  the  improvement  of  his  mind, 

resigned  it  calmly, 

giving  glory  to  his  Creator, 

wishing  peace  on  earth, 

and  good  will  to  all  his  creatures, 

on  the day  of 

in  the  year  of  our  blessed  Redeemer. ..." 

JONES,  Richard,  a  Welcliman,  and  an  in 
geninus  author,  died  in  the  17th  century. 

JONES,  David,  speaker  of  the  colonial  a* 
sonibly  of  New- York,  and  a  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  that  state,  died  in  1775. 

JONES,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  eminent 
as  an  instructer  of  mathematics,  at  Cambridge, 
died  in  1807. 

JONES,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Scotland, who, 
after  bring  engaged  in  the  merchant  service  oif 
<;reat  Britain,  came  to  America,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  and  leceived  a 
lieutenants  commission  in  tite  navy  of  the  Uni- 
ted Stales.  He  was  soon  after  promoted,  and, 
as  captain  of  the  Rauiier,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Bonne  Hom^ie  Richard,  fought  battles  and  gain- 
ed victories,which  gave  him  reiiutation  throngli- 
out  Europe,  and  which,  for  their  desperation, 
have  seldom  been  equalled.  He  also  annoyed 
the  enemy's  merchant  vessels  in  every  sea. 
After  the  peace,  he  was,  for  a  lime,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Russia.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1792. 

JONES,  John,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  New  York,  afterwards  professor  of  surgery 
in  King's  college;  he  died  in  1791. 

JONES,  William,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
assembly,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Rhode- 
Island,  died  in  1822. 

JONG,  Ludolph  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1697. 

JONGHE,  Baldwin,  or  Junius,  a  Franciscan 
monk,  and  the  author  of  several  works,  died  in 
1634. 

JONIN,  Gilbert,  a  Jesuit,  known  as  an  emi- 
nent poet,  died  at  Tournon,  in  1638. 

JONSIUS,  John,  a  native  of  Holstein,  and  aa 
elegant  writer,  died  in  1659. 

JONSON,  Brnjainia,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  born  in  Westminster,  in  1,'>T4.  He  was 
bred  a  bricklayer,  but  went  aftf-rwards  to  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge ;  where,  however, 
his  continuance  was  short  in  proportion  to  his 
finances,  which  w'uld  not  supply  the  decent 
conveniences  of  a  learned  ease.     In  this  cxi- 


and  pious  Christian;  insteadof  labouring  by  his[Jgence  he  turned  his  thoughts  upon  the  play 
262 


JO 

bouses :  his  inciinatiun  and  genius  lay  to  com 
poiilion?  lor  the  stage  ;  and  be  had  the  example 
of  Khakspeare,  who  had  takenttiesame  course 
In  the  Hke  diflicultieE,  with  success.  The  first 
play  Jonson  printed  was  the  comedy  entitled 
"  Every  man  in  his  humour  ;"  after  which  he 
produced  a  play  regularly  every  year,  Xor  some 
years  successively.  In  1619,  on  the  death  of 
Daniel,  he  succeeded  to  the  vacant  laurel ;  and 
this  office  obliged  l)ini  to  provide  the  Christmas 
diversion  of  a  masque :  accurdingly,  in  his 
works,  we  have  a  series  of  these  and  other  en- 
tertainments of  a  like  kind,  most  of  which  were 
presented  at  court  from  1615  to  1625.  He  died 
in  1637,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Over  hi.s  grave  is  a  common  pavement  slune, 
and  on  it  are  engraven  these  words, 

"  O  RARE  BEN  JONSON." 

JOHNSTON,  John,  a  polish  naturalist,  tra 
Tolled  over  Europe,  and  died  in  1675. 

JORAM,  king  of  Israel,  896  B.  C;  he  was 
elain  884  B.  C. 

JOK  AM,  king  of  Judah  889  B.  C.  ;  he  died  in 
885  n.  c. 

JORDAENS,  James,  an  eminent  painter  of 
the  Flemish  school,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1593, 
died  in  lfi78.  He  improved  under  Rubens,  for 
whom  he  worked,  and  from  whom  he  drew  his 
best  principles. 

JORD.'VN,  Sir  Joseph,  an  English  admiral,  by 
whose  extraordinary  v.ilour,  the  Dutch  were 
defeated  at  ilie  battle  of  Solebay,  in  1672. 

JORU.\N,Charlcs  Stephen,  a  Prussian  writer, 
highly  esteemed  by  Frederick  the  Great,  who 
erected  a  monument  to  him,  with  this  inscrip- 
tion, "  Here  lies  Jordan,  the  friend  of  the  mu- 
ses and  of  the  king."    He  died  in  1746. 

JORD.\N.  John  Christopher,  privy  coun- 
sellor to  the  king  of  Bohemia,  was  an  eminent 
antiquary,  and  died  in  1740. 

JORU.VN,  Dorothea,  an  eminent  F.tiglisli  ac 
tress,  was  the  dauchter  of  Capt.  Bland,  of  a 
■lost  respectable  family  in  Ireland.  Her  mother 
eloped  with  her  father ;  they  both  took  to  the 
stage ;  and  our  heroine  was  born  among  the 
Thespian  corps.  As  an  actress,  she  commeiired 
her  career  in  Dublin  ;  but  soon  quitted  that  for 
Tate  Wilkensnn's  York  company  ;  where  she 
soon  dislinguished  herself  so  much  as  speedily 
to  .ittract  the  notice  of  the  Ijondon  managers. 
She  died  at  St.  Cloud,  in  France,  in  1816;  and 
WSL-'  indebted,  we  believe,  to  the  kindness  of  a 
casual  English  traveller  for  a  decent  interment. 
The  obscurity  of  her  retreat,  and  the  penury  in 
which  she  ended  a  life  that  had  led  to  much 
higher  expectations,  very  much  interested  and 
astonished  the  public. 

JORDAN,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  Langbaine  speaks  of  him  as 
having  been  an  actor  also. 

JORDANO,Luca,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
was  born  at  Naples,  in  1632,  died  in  1705, 

JORDEN,  Ed  ward. an  English  physician,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1632. 

JORNANDES,  a  Goth,  author  in  tlie  time  of 
Justinian. 

JORTIN,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  English  divine 
and  ecclesiastical  historian,  born  in  London,  in 
1698,  died  in  1770.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Dis- 
courses concerning  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Relisrion  ;"  ''  Miscellaneous  Observations  upon 
Authors,  ancient  and  modem  ;"  "  Remarks 
upon  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "  Life  of  Eras- 
mus;" ami  "  Reuarks  upon  the  works  ef  Eras- 
mus " 


JO 

JOSEPH,  son  of  Jacob  and  Rachel,  was  the 
lavourite  of  his  father.  In  Egypt  he  nise  to  be 
the  governor  ol  the  country,  and  died  163<")  B.  C. 

JOSEPH,  husband  of  Alary,  the  raothei  of 
Jeeus  Christ,  was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  of 
the  lineage  of  David. 

JOSEPH,  of  Ai'imathea,  a  counsellor,  and 
disciple  of  our  Saviour. 

JOSEPH  I.,  I5th  emperor  of  the  house  of 
Austria,  was  crowned  king  of  Hungary,  in  1687, 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  in  1690,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  empire  of  Germany,  in  1705  ;  be 
died  in  1711. 

JOSEPH  H.,erhperor  of  Germany,  was  elected 
king  of  the  Romans,  in  1764,  and  crowned  em- 
peror the  following  year ;  he  was  a  benevolent 
monarch,  but  too  fond  of  innovation  ;  he  died 
in  1790. 

JOSEPH,  king  of  Portugal,  of  the  Braganza  fa- 
niily,asccnded  the  thionein  1750, and  died  in  1777. 
His  reign  was  turbulent  and  unfortiinute. 

JOSI'.PH  MEIR,  a  learned  rabbi,  was  botu 
in  France,  in  1496,  and  died  in  1554. 

JOSEPH,  Ben  Gorion,  a  Jewish  historian, 
who  flourished  in  the  lOlli  century. 

JOSEPH,  of  Paris,  acapuchin,  and  confidant 
of  Richelieu,  died  in  1638. 

JOSFl'H,  Father,  an  apostate  monk,  who 
raised  6000  banditti  in  1678,  to  extirpate  the  ca- 
tholic religion  in  Hungary. 

JOSEPHUS,  Flavius,  the  ancient  historian 
of  the  Jews,  born  at  Jerusalem,  A.  D.  37,  died 
11  93.  His  "  History  of  the  Jewish  War  and 
the  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  hi  7  books,  was 
composed  at  the  command  of  Vespasian,  and 
is  singularly  interesting  and  affecting,  as  the 
historian  was  an  eye-witness  of  all  that  he  re- 
lates. St.  Jerome  calls  him  "  the  Livy  of  the 
Greeks."  His  "Jewish  Antiquities,"  in  20 
books,  written  in  Greek,  are  a  very  noble  work  : 
we  have  also  a  discourse  "  upon  the  Martyrdom 
of  the  Maccabees  ;"  which  is  a  master-piece  of 
eloquence,  for  lie  was  certainly  a  great  orator,  as 
well  as  a  great  historian. 

JOSHUA,  the  son  of  Nun,  and  successor  of 
Moses,  in  conducting  the  Israelites  to  Canaan, 
he  died  1404  B.  C. 

JOSIAH,  king  of  Judah,  641  B.  C,  died  Old 
B.C. 

JOSSELYN,  John,  a  native  of  GreatBritain, 
who  came  lo  America  in  1663,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  New-England,  tec.  As  a  historian 
he  is  not  esteemed  worthy  of  great  credit. 

JOUBERT,  Francis,  a  priest  of  Montpclier, 
confined  in  the  Basliie,  for  his  attachment  to  the 
Jansenists  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

JOL'HERT,  Laurence,  a  French  physician 
and  medical  writer,  born  at  Valence,  in  1520, 
died  ill  1582. 

JOUBERT, Bartholomew  Catharine, a  French 
general  of  great  celebrity,  second  in  command 
under  Buonaparte  in  the  conquest  of  Italy,  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Novi,  in  1799. 

JOIJRDAIN,  Amable  Brechillet,  an  oriental 
scholar,  distinguished  for  his  attainments  in  the 
study  of  the  eastern  languages,  died  in  1818. 

JOUSSE,  Daniel,  a  French  lawyer,  who  wrote 
some  valuable  works,  died  in  1781. 

JOUVENCY,  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  belles- letters  at  Caen,  and  a  writer, 
died  in  1719. 

JOUVENET,  John,  a  French  painter,  whose 
pieces  are  esteemed,  died  in  1717. 

JOVUNUS,  Flavius  Claud,  aRoman  empe- 
ror, elected  by  the  army  after  the  death  of  Julian 
the  Apostate,  in 363.  He  at  first  refused,  savrng, 
263 


JU 


JU 


that  lie  would  not  comm^ind  idolatrous  soldicrsj'Tiberius.  She  was  banished  by  Ihe  latter  for 
b.it,  up<iii  ail  assurance  that  they  would  emlirare  her  dcbaucheriex. 

Christianity  he  acci'pied  the  throne,  immediate- ij  JULIA,  the  (iaugbtcr  of  Titus  •  her  cb«rac- 
ly  shut  up  all  :h'j  pagan  toxnples,  and  forbailothiir  ter  was  iiifaniou''. 

Bacrificeg ;  but  he  did  not  long  enjoy  the  dignity  lo  JULIA  DOMNA.  the  wife  of  tlie  emperor 
which  his  merit  had  raised  him  ;  being  sulfotatcd  Severus,  was  well  skilled  in  philosophy  and  the 
in  his  bed  by  the  fumes  of  a  fire  which  hid  b*-fn  ,tcif  nces. 

made  to  dry  the  chamber,  in  ;»'>•!,  in  the  33d  year  j     JULIAN,   the  Roman    emperor,  commonly 

of  his  age.  and  dtli  month  of  liia  reign.  /styled  the  Apostate,  because  he  professed  Chrit- 

JOV'IVIAN,  a  monk  of  Milan,  who  became l|itanity  before   he  asci  r.ded  the  throne;    after 

the  head  of  a  sect,  and  died  in  consequence  of  |  which  he  openly  cmbraci-d  paganism  and  perse- 


his  dcb.-.uchery,  A.  i).  40G. 

JOVlU:5,Benedictu9,  brother  of  the  historian, 
known  ns  a  poet  and  historical  writer. 

JOVIUS,  Paul,  an  Italian  Giovio,  well  known 


cuied  the  Christians.     He  was  killed  in  battle 
363. 

JULI.\N,  St.  archhishopof  Toledo,  author  of 
a  work  against  the  Jews,  difd  in  690. 


by  his  histories,  wa<=  horn  at  Como,  in  Italy,  inii     JULIANA,  a  sin^'ular  charaater  of  Norwich, 
1483,  and  died  in  1552.  jj  who  in  her  znal  for  mortification,  confined  her- 

JOYEU.se,  Anne  de,  a  duke  and  admiral  of  I  self  between  four  walls  ;  she  lived  in  the  time  of 
France,  and  a  favourite  of  Henry  III. ;  he  died i| Edward  III. 

in  158T.  jl    JULIEN,  Peter,  one  of  the  best  statuaries 

J)YEIJSE,  Francis  de,  brother  to  the  pre-llthiit  Fra.ice  ever  possessed.     His  last  work  was 

ceding,  was  an  able  minister  of  Henry  lU.  audi  a  marble  statue  of  Poussin.  His  bathinznviuDh. 

IV.,  and  Lewis  XI ri.;  he  died  in  1615.  ^        ■  ■■  •  ..     ?.    '    f  > 

JOYNER,VVilliam,orLyde,anEni!li;5h  writer, 
who  embraced  popery,  and  died  in  1706. 

JUAN,  Georae,  a  Spaniard,  knight  of  Malta, 
known  as  an  able  mathematician ;  he  died  at] 
Madrid,  in  1773. 

JUBA,  king  of  Mauritania,  was  driven  from 
1)|-  khigdom  by  Caesar,  and  destroyed  himself 
40  B.  C' 

JUB.\,  son  of  the  preceding,  wa.s  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome  by  Cssar,  but  under  Augustus, 
be  .  "covered  his  dominions. 

J  JD.\,  Hakkadish,or  the  Saint,  a  rabbi,  cele- 
brated for  his  learning  and  riches,  who  livcii  in 
the  time  of  the  emperor  Antoninus,  and  was 
the  friend  and  preceptor  of  that  prince.  He 
collected,  about  20  years  after  the  destruction  o(] 
tlie  Temple,  in  a  book  which  he  called  the 
"  Misna,"  the  constitutions  and  traditions  of 
the  Jewish  magistrates  and  doctors  who  pre 
ceded  him. 

Jl  DA,  Leo,  son  of  a  priest  of  Alsace,  was 
well  skilled  in  Hebrew,  and  died  minister  of 
'Zurich,  in  \5i-2. 

JUDA-CHING,  a  rabbi,  of  Fez,  of  the  11th 
century,  author  of  an  Arabic  dictionary  and 
other  works. 

JUDAFI,  the  fourth  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah, 
was  the  head  of  a  tribe,  and  died  in  l(\?A  B.  C. 
JUD.\S  TSCARIOT,  so  called,  from  the  place 
of  his  birth,  betrayed  his  Lord  and  Master  Je- 
sus Christ  for  .30  pieces  of  silver,  and  immedi- 
ately hanged  himself 

JUDE,  St.,  an  apostle,  and  the  author  of  an 
epistle,  was  brother  of  James  the  Less,  and  suf- 
fered martyrdom,  A.  D.  80.  i 
JUDEX,  Matthew,  a  learned  German,  divini- 
ty professor  at  Jena,  died  in  1564. 

JUGLARIS,  Aloysius,  an  Italian  Jesuit.     He 

wrote  100  panegyrics  on  Jesus  Christ  and  40  oni 

Lewis  Xril.,  and  died  in  1653.  ; 

J(TGURTH.\,  a  brave  Numidian  prince,  who 

sustained  a  war  of  five  years  against  the  power! 

of  Rome:  he  was  at  last  betrayed,  thrown  into' 

a  dunsenn,  and  died  of  hnniirr.  I 

JUIGNE  BROISSINIERE,  D.  Seigneur  de' 

Moliere,  wrote  a  Theological  and  Historical  Dic-I 

tionary,  published  in  1044.  i 

J U LI. \,  a  virgin  and  martyrof  Carthage,  440.1 

JULIA,  daughter  of  Ciesar  and  Cornelia,  a 

Roman  lady  of  great  virtue,  and  the  wife  of 

Pomoey ;  she  died  53  B.  C.  j 

JULIA,  daughter  of  .'\ugustus,  was  the  wife' 

of  .Metellii.'t.  afterwards  of  Agrippa,  bod  then  of 

201 


in  white  marble,  and  the  statue  of  La  Fontaine, 
are  considered  as  his  che.fs  d'ceuvres.  He  ^itt 
at  Paris,  in  1805,  at  an  advanced  age. 

JULIO,  Romano,  an  Italian  painter,  the 
disciple  of  Raphael,  with  whom  he  was  a  par- 
ticular favourite,  died  in  1546,  leaving  immortal 
proofs  of  his  great  abilities. 

JULIUS  I.,  pope  and  saint,  was  elected 
pope  in  337,  and  died  in  352  ;  he  was  a  man  of 
learning  and  piety. 

JULIU.S  II.,  pop  called  before  J  -In  de  la 
Roycre,  equally  dls.,..guished  for  his  warlike  ex- 
ploits and  political  negotiations,  was  born  at 
Arbizala,  in  1440.  and  died  in  1513.  He  built  the 
famous  church  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  and  was  a 
generous  patron  of  the  polite  arts. 

JULIUS  III.,  John  Marie  du  Mont,  a  native 
of  .\rezzo,  was  elected  pope  in  1550.  He  dis- 
solved the  council  of  Trent,  where  he  presided 
in  the  name  of  Paul  III.,  and  died  in  1556- 

JUNCKER,  Christian,  an  able  medalist,  was 
born  at  Dresden,  and  died  iiri714. 
JUNCTIN,or  GUINTIiVO,  Francis,an  Italian, 
and  a  Carmelite,  who  quitted  the  catholic  for 
the  protestant  religion,  and  settled  iu  France, 
where  he  died  in  1580. 

JUNGERMAN,  Godfrey,  professor  of  law  at 
Leipsic,  died  in  1010. 

JUNGERM.\N,  Lewis,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  for  works  on  botaay  and 
natural  history,  died  in  1653. 

JUNGIUS,  Joachiui,  professor  of  mathema- 
tics at  Glossen,  died  in  1657. 

JUNILIUS,  a  bishop  of  Austria  in  the  6tb 
century. 

JUNIUS,  Adrian,  a  learned  Dutchman,  an4 
author  of  numerous  works  ;  he  died  iu  1575. 
JUNIUS.  See  BOYD,  Hugh. 
JUNIUS,  or  DU  JOHN,  Francis,  professor 
of  divinity  at  Leyden.  His  best  known  work 
is  a  Latin  version  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  he  died 
in  1002. 

JUNIUS,  Francis,  or  Francois  du  John,  born 
at  Heidelberg,  in  1589,  died  in  1677.  He  was 
highly  distinguished  for  his  skill  and  researches 
in  the  Anglo  Saion  and  Gothic  languages. 

JUNTA,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  Venice,  and 
an  author,  died  in  the  16fli  century. 

JUNTAS.  There  were  two  of  the  name,  prin- 
ters of  celebrity,  who  had  establishments  at  Ve- 
nice, Florence,  and  Geneva.  One  of  them  died 
in  1519 ;  the  time  of  the  death  of  the  other  is 
not  known. 
JURET,  Francis  a  native  of  Dijon,  wLosa 


JU 


poetical  pieces  are  iii  high  esleein ;  lii:  Jied  in 
1626. 

jnarEU,  Pnter,  a  French  protestant  diviin-, 
liometimes  called  the  Goliah  of  llio  prolestanls, 
born  in  1037,  died  in  1713.  His  ihenlngical  and 
polemical  writings  are  held  in  much  osiecm  ; 
parilcniarly  his  "  Treatise  ol"  Devotion,'  and 
his  "  Preservative  against  Popcty." 

JUlvtN,  Dr.  James,  a  distin|;nished  person, 
who  cultivated  medicine  and  matlieniaticc  with 
equal  success.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Koyal 
Society  in  London,  as  well  as  president  of  the 
College  Ol  Pliysicians  there,  and  dird  in  1750. 

JUt-SlEU,  Anthony  de,  a  ceiebrated  French 
physician,  hotanist.and  traveller,  born  at  Lyons, 
in  Hi*',  died  in  1758. 

JUSaiEU,  Uernard  de,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist  and  pliysician^  he  died  in 
1779. 

JUSTEL,  Christopher,  counsellor  and  secre-| 
tary  to  the  French  king,  was  the  author  of  se- 
veral works,  and  died  in  1640. 

JUSTEL,  Henry,  son  and  successor  of  Chris- 
toplie-.  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nanton,  he  went  to  London,  and  was  made 
keeper  of  the  king's  library  ;  he  dud  in  169:1. 

JL'STI,  N.  de,  a  celebrated  German  mineral- 
ogi.ii,  and  professor  of  natural  history  at  Got- 
tingen,  was  born  in  17'J0. 

JUSTIN,  an  ancient  Latin  historian,  who 
abridci'd  the  large  work  of  Trogus  Pompeius,  in 
44  books  iii[irising  a  history  ot  the  world 
froniNinusto  Augustus Cips-"."  which  is  wriiieu 
with  groat  purity  and  elegance.  He  floitrislicd 
about  A.  D.  250.  I 

JU.STIN,  Rurnamed  the  Martyr,  one  of  tlie'' actor,  died  at  Paris,  in  1(;8. 
earliest  writers  of  the  Christian  church,  wasjj     KALB,  baron  de,  a  native  of  Germany,  and 
born  at  Neapolis,  the  ancient  Sichem  of  Pal«!- 'a  brigadicr-grneral  of  the  French  army.     At 
tine,  in  the  province  of  Samaria,  and  bcheadcdji  the  commencement  of  the  American  revolution, 


KA 

JUSTINI.\NI,  Bertiard,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, went  ambae.iador  from  Venice  to  Lew- 
is XI.  of  France  ,  he  wrote  several  hisloric&l 
works,  and  died  in  14S9. 

JCSTIMANI,  .'Vugustin,  bishop  of  Nebo,  io 
t-'orsica,  was  a  learned  man,  and  profts.sor  of 
Heb.-ew  at  Pari.s      He  was  lost  at  sea  in  133ti. 

JUSTLM.ANI.  Fabio,  bishop  of  Ajaccio,  was 
an  author,  and  died  in  16^27. 

JUVARA,  Philip,  a  Sicilian  architect,  who 
erected  beautiful  edifices  at  Turia  ;  lie  died  iu 
17:)5. 

JlfVEN.\L,Dccius  Junius,  a  Roman  poet  and 
satirist,  was  bonvaboiit  the  beyinning  of  the 
c^peior  Claudiifs'  reigo,  and  died  in  his  80'. h 
year.  Juvenal,  as  a  poet,  inipruved  on  Horace 
ajid  Pcrsiiis,  being  elegant  and  witty  with  the 
former,  and  great  and  sublime  with  the  latter. 

JUVENAL,  de  Carleneas  Felix,  a  French 
writer,  highly  reaptxted,  died  in  1760. 

JUVEiSCI'S,  Cassius  Vectius  Aquilinus,  a 
Spaniard,  of  noble  birth,  in  the  4th  ceiitur},  and 
author  of  a  poem. 

JUX()>i,  William,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  impri.^oned  by  the  parliament ;  he  was  re- 
instated ill  oflicc  at  the  restoration,  and  died  in 
16tj3 

K 

KABBETE,  John,  an  excellent  Dutch  pain- 
ter, died  in  IfifiO. 

KAHTER,  John,  a  professor  of  Theology,  at 
Riiiletz,  and  an  author,  died  in  1649. 

K.'MN,  Henry  Lewis  le,  a  celebrated  French 


lie  volunteered  his  services  in  the  cause  of  free- 
dom, was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-gene- 
ral, and  was  for  a  timecomniandcr  of  the  south 
ern  army.  He  v.-as  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cam 
den,  in  1781,  and  a  monument  was  ordered  iyy 
congress  to  be  erected  to  his  memory. 

K.\LE,  William,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 


for  the  Christian  religion  under  Marcus  Aure- 
lius,  A.  D.  167. 

JUSTIN  L,  from  a  soldier,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  general,  and  was  proclaimed  emperor  of  the 
east  by  his  army,  on  the  death  ol  Anastasius, 
in  518;  he  died  A.  D.  537. 

JUSTIN  FI.,  successor  of  Justinian,  in  563. 
He  was  a  weak  prince,  but  his  wife  governedjl  1693 

him  and  his  empire  with  ability;  he  died  inJ     KALGREEN,  N.,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Swe^ 
578.  j  den,  died  in  1798 

JUSTINI.AN,  the  first  Roman  emperor  of  his  KALKAAT,  Barent  Van,  a  native  of  Dnrdi, 
name,  celebrated  for  hiiviii'.:  collected  the  im-i  eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1721 
ni(;ii.=e  variety  and  number  of  the  Roman  laws]  KALUBKO,  Vincent,  a  Polish  historinn, 
into  one  body,  called  "  The  Code  ;"  to  wiilcli  I  elected  bishop  of  Cracow,  died  in  122.1. 
the  emperor  gave  his  own  name;  he  also  had  1  K.AM  HI,  emperor  of  China  in  lb61,  was  a 
the  derisions  of  judges  and  other  magistrates,  liberal  patron  ot  the  literature  and  arts  of  Eu- 
togethcr  with  the  authoritative  opinions  of  the  rope,  and  of  Christian  missions;  be  died  in 
most  eminent  lawyers,  collected  ;  and  the  name   1722. 

of '•  Digests"  or  "Paiidecls"  given  to  them.   Be-jl     KAMPEN,  Jacob    Van,  an  eminent  Dutrh 
sides  these,  for  the  use  chiefly  of  young  gtudcntsij  painter,  in  the  17th  century, 
in  I  he  law,  Justinian  ordered  4  books  of  "  In-!,     KAXDLKR,  John  J<iachim,  an  ingenious  ar- 
Btiiiues"  to  be  drawn  up,  containing  an  abstract  list,  of  Saxony,  died  in  1776. 
or  uhridginent  of  the  text  of  all  the  laws  :  and  !     KAXOLD,  John,  a  German  physician,  and 
lastly,  the  laws  of  modern  date,  posterior  toH an  author,  died  in  1729. 

that  of  the  former,  weru  thrown  into  one  vol. |      KANT,  Immaniiel.an  eminent  metaphysi- 
in  the  year  541,  and  called  the  "  Novella',"  or]!(ian,  born  alKoniugsberg,  in  1724,  and  died  in 


'  New  Code."  This  most  important  transac 
tiun  In  the  state  has  rendered  Justinian's  name 
linn^oiial. 

JUSTI.M.AN  11.,  succeeded  bo  the  throne  in 
635.  lie  was  successful  against  the  Saracens, 
but  was  of  an  Infamous  character,  and  was' 
assassinated  in  71 1. 

JUST1NI.\NI,  St.  L.iwrence,  a  noble  of  Ve- 
nice, was  \iiade  •.\\p  first  pairiarch  of  Venice,  in 
14.'>l  ;  he  died  in  1155,  aud  was  canonized  by 
pope  .\lexander  VIII 

L  1 


iao4. 


^KASTNER,  Abraham  Gothelf,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Gotiingen,  secretary  of  the  roy- 
al society,  and  keeper  of  the  observatory  at  that 
place,  died  in  ^>'0^). 

K.VTEB,  a  Persian  poet  at  the  court  of  the 
Samanides. 

KATTKRFELTO,  Dr.,  an  eccentric  sort  o' 

quack  philosopher,  who  for  several  years  grilled 

the  good  people  of  England  with  the  exhibition 

of  fiperiinents  in  electricity,  &c.,  which  he 

23  26S 


1 


KE 

called  "  Wonderful  Wonder;"  iosiauating  that 
his  practices  were  magical,  and  performed  un- 
der the  superiiaiural  agency  of  tlic  Black  Cat, 
bis  conbtaiil  companion  on  those  occasions.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  Prussian  by  birlh, 
and  died  in  Yorkshire,  in  1799. 

KAUFF.MAN,  Mary  Angelica,  an  eminent 
paintress,  and  royal  academician,  in  Loiidou, 
was  born  in  1740,  died  ai  Rome,  in  I8U7.  The 
Germans  styled  her  "  The  Paintress  of  the 
Soul ;"  and  her  mental  acquirements  and  moral 
conduct  were  no  less  distinguished  than  her  ta- 
lents as  an  artist.  She  was  at  one  time  of  her 
life  the  dupe  of  a  villainous  artilice,  by  which 
the  was  drawn  into  an  unfortunate  matrimonial 
connexioa 

KAI'MTZ,  RITBERG  prince,  a  celebrated 
f  tatesmau,  and  for  40  years  prime  minister  of 
Aus'ria  ;  he  died  in  1794 

K.A.Y,  William,  a  native  of  Breda,  distin- 
guished as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1568. 

KEACH,  Benjamin,  a  baptist  teacher,  and  au- 
thor of  works  of  great  merit,  died  in  the  bcgin- 
riini;  of  the  Wih  century. 

KEATE,  George,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
wriier,  born  at  Trowbridge,  in  17-29,  died  1797. 
What  will  cliiefly  distinguish  him  as  a  writer 
is,  "  An  .Account  of  the  Pelew  Islands  "  which 
he  compiled  from  the  papers  of  captain  Wilson. 

KE.\T1\G,  Jeffry,  an  Irish  clergyman  and 
an  author,  died  in  1650. 

KEBLE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, born  in  1632,  died  in  1710.  He  was  a  man 
of  iiicredible  industry,  having  published  several 
books  in  his  lifetime;  beside  which,  he  left 
above  100  large  folios,  and  more  than  50  thick 
quartos,  in  manuscript.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  An  Assistance  to  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
for  the  easier  Performance  of  their  Duty,"  and 
"  Reports,"  taken  at  the  king's  bench  at  West- 
minster, from  tiie  12th  to  the  30th  year  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  H. 

KECKERMAN,  Bartholomew,  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Heidelberg,  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  in- 
tense application  to  study,  in  1609. 

KEEN'E,  Edmund,  an  English  bishop,  and 
vice-chancellor  of  St.  Peter's  college, Cambridge, 
died  in  1781. 

KEILL,  John,  an  eminent  mathematician 
and  philosopher,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1671, 
died  in  1721.  His  works  are  numerous,  and  in 
high  repute. 

KEILL,  James,  an  eminent  physician  and 
anatomist,  j'ounger  brother  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  1673,  died  in  1719. 

KEITH,  James,  a  brave  and  experienced 
lield-marshal,  in  the  king  of  Prussia's  service, 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1696,  distinguished  liimself 
jn  the  memorable  wars  of  that  illustrious  mo- 
narch, and  was  killed  in  the  unfortunate  affair 
of  Holikerch'Mi,  in  1758. 

KEITH,  Sir  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Pennsylvania,  from  1717  to  1726,  and  author 
of  a  history  of  Virginia ;  he  died  in  1749. 

KELLER,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  Sekin- 
gen,  the  friend  of  the  emperor  Ma.timilian,  died 
at  Munich,  in  1631. 

KELLEY,  Edward,  a  famous  English  necro- 
mancer, was  born  in  1555.  Behaving  indis- 
creetly in  Germany,  he  was  imprisoned  by  the 
emperor  Rodnlphus  II.,  by  whom  he  had  been 
knighted  ;  and,  endeavouring  to  make  his  es- 
cape out  of  the  window,  so  hurt  himself  by  a 
faH,  that  Ue  died  soon  after,  in  1595.  His  chief 
works  are,  "  \  Pocmof  Chymistry ;"  "A  Poem 
of  the  Philosopher's  Slonc ;"  and  "  A  true  and] 
266 


KE 

jlfaithful  Relation  of  what  passed  for  many  years 

ijbetween  Dr.  John  Dee  and  some  Spirits,  &c., 

^iLoiidoii,  IC59." 

!|  KELLY,  Hugh,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1739,  waa 
bound  apprentice  to  a  stay-maker.  At  the  ex- 
piration of  his  indentures  he  i^el  out  for  London, 
to  procure  a  livelihood  by  his  business.  This 
happened  in  1700  ;  and  he  encountered  all  the 
ditiiculties  which  a  person  {Hior  and  without 
friends  could  be  subject  to  ou  his  first  arrival  in 
town.  He  s:  on  after,  about  1762,  commenced 
author,  and  '.  as  intrusted  with  the  management 
of  "  The  Public  Ledger,"  and  other  periodical 
publications,  in  which  he  wrote  many  original 
es>ays  and  pieces  of  poetry.  For  several  years 
after  this  period,  he  continued  writing  upon  a 
variety  of  subjects,  as  ih  accidents  of  the  times 
clianced  to  call  for  the  as ^isiance  of  his  pen.  In 
1767,  the  "  Babler"  appeared  in  2  pocket  vols., 
which  had  at  first  been  inserted  in  "  Owen'.s 
Weekly  Chronicle,"  in  single  papers;  as  did 
the"  Memoirs  of  a  Magdalen,"  under  the  title 
of  "  Louisa  Mildmay."  He  died  in  1777,  leav- 
ing six  dramatic  pieces. 

KELLY,  John,  LL.  D.  a  Scptch  divine,  who 
translated  the  Bible  into  the  M.  tongue,-and 
published  a  grammar  of  that  <»  ge ;  hedied 
in  18(»9. 

KE.MP,  John,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
came  to  America  soon  after  the  revolution.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
afterwards  of  geography,  history,  and  experi 
mental  philosophy,  in  Columbia  college,  New- 
York.     He  died  ih  1812. 

KEMPIS,  Thomas,  famous  for  his  transcend- 
ant  piety  and  devotion,  was  born  at  Kempeii,  in 
the  diocess  of  Cologne,  about  1380,  and  died  in 
1471.  His  well-known  book,  "  De  Imitatione 
Christi,"  of  the  Imitation  of  Jesus  Christ,  has 
been  translated  into  almost  all  the  languages  in 
the  world. 

KEN,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  chaplain 
to  the  king.  He  devoted  his  life  to  pious  and 
literary  pursuits,  and  died  in  1710. 

KENDAL,  George,  lost  all  his  preferments  in 
the  church  for  non-conformity,  in  1C62.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works. 

KENNEDY,  John,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  Scripture  Chronology,  1753. 

KENNEDY,  James,  regent  of  Scotland  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  James  II.  He  was  made 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  and  died  in  1472. 

KENNEDY,  John,  a  Scotch  physician  and 
antiquarv,  died  in  1760. 

KENNET,  Basil,  D.  D.,  born  at  Postling,  in 
Kent,  in  1674,  died  in  1714.  He  waa  author  of 
the  "  Antiquities  of  Rome ;  "  The  Lives  and 
Characters  of  the  ancient  (Jrecian  Poets  ;"  "Au 
Exposition  of  the  Apostles'  Creed,"  tec. 

KENNET,  White,  an  English  prelate.  He 
was  an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  and  had 
a  valuable  manuscript  collection.  He  died  iu 
1728. 

KENNETH  II.,  the  69th  king  of  Scotland, 
ascended  the  throne  in  823.  He  brought  to 
Scone  the  famous  stone  chair  in  which  the 
kings  of  Scotland  were  crowned,  and  died  in 
854. 

KENNETH  III.,  son  of  Malcolm,  defeated 
the  Danes,  and  also  the  Englisli ;  he  was  assassi- 
nated in  994. 
KENNICOTT,  Dr.   Benjamin,  well  known 

jin  the  learned  world  for  his  elaborate  edition  of 

!the  Hebrew  Bible,  and  other  very  valuable  pub 
lications,  was  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 

[keeper  cif  the  RaJcliffe  Library,  and  virar  c/i" 


KB 

Culhatn  in  Oxfordshire.     He  was  born  in  1718, 
and  died  in  1783. 

KKNRICK,  Dr.  Willi;im.  was  the  son  of  a 
•tay-iuaker,  at  or  near  VVatl<ird,  Herts,  and 
brought  up  to  the  business  ol  a  rule  maker. 
However,  lio  seems  early  to  liave  abandoned 
it,  and  to  li*ve  devoted  bis  tali-nts  to  the  eulti- 
vation  of  lelterg.  His  first  production  as  a  poei 
was  a  vohtme  of  "Epistles  Phikwophical  and 
Moral,"  in  HM,  addrc?sed  to  Lo;eiizo:  an 
avowed  defence  of  Infidelity.  -He  was  for  a 
considerable  lime  a  writer  in  ''"The  Monthly 
Review."  In  the  year  1761"'  he  prodiiced  his 
pleasant  comedy  of  "  Falstaff's  Wedding."  It 
was  at  first  intended  to  have  been  given  to  the 
public  as  an  original  play  of  Shakspeare  re- 
trieved from  obscuriiy'*;  and  it  inusl  be  acknow- 
ledged a  most  happy  imitation  of  our  great  dra- 
matic bard.  Dr.  Kenrick  also  translated  the 
Emilius"  and  "  Eloisa"  of  Rousseau,  and  the 
"  Elements  of  the  History  of  Enpland,"  by 
Milot ;  produced  several  dramatic  performances; 
a  volume  of  "  Poems,  ludicrous,  satirical,  and 
moi  al,"  awl  an  infinite  variety  of  other  publica 
lioiis  both  or'  at  and  translated,  and  died  in 
J7 

KENT.  iam,   an  English   painter,  but 

much  mon    eminent  as  an    architect, born  in 
ll)S.5,  died  in  1748.     Mr.  Walpole  considers  him 
.  as  the  inventor  of  modern  gardening. 

KENTIGERN,  or  St.  Muugo,  a  Scotchman 
and  bishop  of  Glasgow,  in  the  (ith  century. 

KENYON,  Lloyd,  lord,  an  English  judge, 
born  in  1733.  In  178-2,  he  was  made  attorney 
general ;  in  1684,  master  of  the  roll,< ;  and  in 
1788,  lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's  beuci 
which  office  lie  tilled  with  distinguished  integri- 
ty. His  lordship  possessed  an  uncommon  strength 
of  mind,  and  an  inluitiveness  of  perception, 
which  enabled  him  at  once  to  discern  the  direct 
path  of  jik^tice,  however  attempted  to  be  con- 
cealed by  legal  chicanery,  and  subtleties  ol 
practice.  To  his  c.Tertions,  England  is  indebted 
for  much  of  thnl  reform  which  has  been  intro 
iluceil  into  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  particu 
larly  with  regard  to  attorneys,  whose  misconduct 
never  tailed  to  meet  his  just  resentment  and  in- 
dipnalion.  His  endeavours  on  the  Bench,  were 
unilormly  directed  to  the  promotion  of  every 
moral  and  religious  duty,  to  the  discouragement 
of  vice,  and  to  the  expiisnrc  of  thiwc  false  prin- 
ciples of  honour,  the  baneful  ellects  of  which 
We  have  too  often  reason  to  contemplate.  He 
died  at  Hath,  in  IStW. 

KI'^,PLER,  John,  a  celebrated  German  astro- 
nomer, and  author  of  many  valuable  discoveries 
in  that  science,  born  in  1571,  died  in  1630. 

KKPPEL,  Rt.  Hon.  Augustus  viscount,  son  of 
William,  earl  of  Albemarle,  greatly  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  naval  service  of  his  country. 
He  was  created  a  peeroi  Great  Britain,  by  the 
title  of  viscount  Kepple,  and  was,  at  two  difler- 
int  periods,  lirst  lord  of  the  admirally.  Re- 
specting his  services  during  the  American  war, 
while  he  commanded  the  channel  flfet,weniust 
refer  to  liistorv  for  the  detail.  He  died  in  178fi. 
KERCKC'HOEE,  .lo.seph  Van  der,  a  painter 
of  Brussels,  of  some  note,  died  in  17C4. 

KEUCK KING, Thomas,  a  physician,  obtain- 
ed rdcbriiv  in  his  prolegsion,  and  died  at  H.tm- 
biirgli  in  lf.93. 
KER<:UELIN  DETREMARA,  Yves  .Joseph, 


Kt 

KERKHERDERE,  John  Gerard,  historio- 
grapher to  the  emperor  Joseph  I.  died  in  1738. 

KEUS.MNT,  Arniand  <iuy  Simon,  count  of, 
a  French  naval  nfiicer  of  merit.  He  belonged 
to  the  party  of  Girondists  in  the  convention,  and 
WHS  condemned  to  die  in  1793. 

KKR'EY,  John,  a  mathematiciiin,  born  in 
lOlii,  died  about  1700.  He  published  "  Elenienta 
of  .Algebra,"  and  "  Dictionarium  Anglo  Bri- 
tauniciim  ;  or  a  General  English  Dictionary." 

KERVIi>L.\RS.John  Marin  de,  a  jesnii,  who 
translated  Ovid  into  French  ;  he  died  in  17f)5. 

KESS?EL,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  em- 
inence in  the  17th  century. 

KETEL,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  who  resided  sometime  m  Eng 
land,  and  being  introduced  to  queen  Elizabeth, 
painted  her  a  picinre.  After  his  return  to  Hol- 
land, he  laid  aside  his  pencil,  and  painted  with 
his  fingers.    Hedied  ItiOS. 

KETT,  William,  a  tanner,  of  Norfolk,  who 
headed  an  insurrection  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
Ul.  ;  he  was  defeated  and  executed  in  1549. 

KETTLEWELL,  John,  an  eminently  learn- 
ed and  pious  English  divine,  born  in  1653,  and 
died  in  1695.  IIis  most  celebrated  work,  entitled 
"  Measures  of  Gliristian  Obedience,"  has  g^'"" 
ed  him  a  lasting  reputation. 

KF.rLEN,  Janssen  Van,  a  Dutch  portrait 
painter,  and  favourite  of  Charles  I.,  died  in  1665. 
KEYSLER,  John  George, a  learned  antiquary, 
of  Germany,  born  in  IfiSO,  died  in  1743.  He  was 
author  of  several  learned  works  ;  but  is  most 
generally  known  by  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  con- 
secrated Mistletoe  of  the  Druids;  and  by  "Tra- 
vels through  Germany,  Bohi.mia,  Hungary, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  and  Lorraine,"  illustrated 
with  copper-plates  engraven  from  drawings  ta- 
ken on  the  spot. 

KHERASKOF,Michael,  a  Russian  poet  of  the 
18ih  century,  and  counsellor  of  state. 

KHILHOF,  Prince,  a  Russian  nobleman,  am- 
bassador to  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden  ;  he  wag 
imprisoned  by  that  monarch,  and  died  in  1798. 

KICK,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam,  of 
great  merit,  died  in  1695. 

KIDDER,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  author  of  "  A  Commentary  on  the  five 
books  of  Moses  ;  with  a  dissertation  concerning 
the  writer  of  the  said  books  ;  and  a  general  ar- 
gument to  each  of  ihini."  Hewasavery  clear, 
elegant,  learned  writer,  and  one  of  the  best  di- 
vines of  his  time ;  and  was  unfortunately  killed 
in  his  bed,  together  with  his  wife,  by  the  fall  of 
a  stack  of  chimneys,  in  1703. 

KIEN-LONG,  emperor  of  Cliina,  died  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  18th  century,  after  reigning  60 
years.  lie  was  a  popular  and  benevolent  mon- 
arch. 

KIERINCS,  Alexander,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
eminence,  dird  in  1646. 

KILBIJRN,  Richard,  an  English  author  of 
ilie  17th  century. 

KILBYE,  Richard,  Hebrew  prof<»ssorat  Ox- 
ford, and  one  of  the  translators  of  the  bible,  died 
in  1620. 

KILBYE,  Richard,  a  minister  of  England, 
who  wrote  "  Binder  of  a  loaded  Conscience," 
died  in  1617. 

KILIAN,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Brabant,  for 
50  years  corrector  of  the  press:  he  died  in  1607 
KILLEN,  William,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 


a  distinguished  French  naval  commander,  died,  Delaware,  chief  Justice  of  the  supreme  courtj 
'n  1797.  J  and  chancellor  of  that  state;  he  died  in  lfi05. 

KERl,  Francis  Roraia,  a  le.irned  Jesuit,  on|     KILLIGKI'AV,  Cniherine,   an  English  lady 
Ifungarv,  and  ail  author,  died  iu  176P.  |  had   a  great  knowledge  of  the  learned    Iwi 

267 


^ KI 

gtiages,  and  wrote  clc'ganl  Latin   pocn.s;  she 
died  in  1600. 

KILLIGREW,  Sir  William,  anEngtisli  drama- 
tic pool,  born  at  Hanworth,  in  1605,  died  in  Uf'Xi 

KILLIGREW,  Thomas,  brother  of  t!iP  fornR-r, 
born  in  1611,  and  distinguished  by  uncommon 
natural  parts,  was  page  of  honour  to  Charles  I., 
and  groom  of  the  bedchamber  to  Charles  II., 
with  whom  he  had  suti'ered  many  years'  e.xiU;. 
During  his  absence  from  his  country,  he  applied 
his  leisure  hours  to  poetry,  and  wrote  11  plays. 
He  died  in  168-2,  and  was  buried  in  Weslmii.sicr 
Abbey.  Killlgrew  was  a  man  of  very  droll  Im- 
moiir,  with  which  he  used  to  divert  the  merry 
monarch,  Charles  II.,  who  on  that  account, was 
fonder  of  him  than  of  his  best  ministers,  aii<i 
would  give  him  access  to  his  presence  when  he 
denied  it  lotlirm. 

KILLIGREVV,  Dr.  Henry,  brother  of  the 
former,  born  in  1612  His  writings  were  on  op 
posite  themes  of  theology  and  the  drama;  tliai 
IS,  s'-Tiiions  and  plays. 

KILLIGKEW,  Anne,  "  a  grace  for  beauty, 
and  a  mu.se  for  wit,"  was  the  daughter  of  Hen- 
ry Killlgrew.  and  born  in  London,  a  little  before 
tile  Restoiation.  She  became  eminent  in  the 
arts  of  poetry  and  painting,  and  died  in  1685. 

KILLIGREW,  Margaret,  wife  of  the  duke 
of  Newcastle,  and  author  of  13  folio  volumes  ; 
she  died  in  1P73. 

KILWAHDEN,  Arthur  Wolfe,  lord,  an  Irish 
judge,  of  great  virtue  and  impartiality  in  public 
life,  w  as  killed  by  amob  in  the  streetsof  Dublin, 
in  1803. 

KIMBER,  Isaac,  a  learned  protestant  dissent 
ing  minister,  bnrn  in  1692,  died  in  London,  in 
1755.  Tills  gentleman  was  the  autlior  of  many 
literary  productions,  highly  esteemed  (or  purity 
of  style  and  impartiality ;  among  which  were 
"The  Life  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  "The  Life 
of  Bishop  Bcveridge;"  a  "  History  of  England," 
in  wliifh  he  was  concerned  with  Messrs.  Bai 
ly,  Hodges,  and  Kidpath  "The  Reign  of  George 
II."  "  History  of  England,"  esteemed  one  of 
the  best  abridgments  of  the  English  history 
extant.  In  1731,  he  was  engaged  as  editor  ot 
"Tlie  London  Magazine,"  which  lie  conducted 
with  credit  to  himself,  and  advantage  to  the 
prop'ie'ors,  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  was 
occasiioned  by  a  lit  of  apoplesy. 

KIMRER,  Edward,  son  of  the  preceding,  born 
in  1719,  died  in  1769.  He  served  an  apprentice- 
ship to  Mr.  John  Noon,  bookseller,  in  Chea))side ; 
but  his  active  genius  led  him  early  in  life  to 
prefer  a  military  occupation  under  the  late  gen- 
eral Oglethorpe,  from  whom  he  received  an 
ensigncy,  was  with  him  at  settling  the  then 
infant  colony  of  Georgia,  and  signalizet'  Iiiin- 
self  in  an  expedition  to  the  gatesof  St.  Augustine, 
in  Florida;  "  A  Relation  or  Journal,"  of  which, 
printed  in  1744,  was  the  tirst  production  of  his 
pen.  Upon  quitting  the  army  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  editor  of  "The  London  Magazine," 
which  flourished  to  the  time  of  his  death,  and 
then  gradually  declined  till  it  was  entirely 
dropped,  in  1785.  In  17.50,  he  published  "  A 
Letter  from  a  Citizen  of  London  to  his  Fellow- 
citi/.ens,  &c.,  occasioned  by  the  late  Earth- 
quakes;"  and  soon  after,  "  The  Life  and  Ad- 
ventures of  Joe  Thompson,"  2  vols.,  and  several 
other  novels,  of  considerable  merit.  He  also 
compiled,  "  The  Peerages  of  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland."  contrived  for  the  pocket,  and  a 
"  History  of  England,"  in  10  vols,  with  |)laies. 
KIMCni,  David,  a  Jewish  rabbi  and  com- 
tneuiaior  in  the  13tb  century.  In  123'2.  he  was 
■268 


KI ^^ 

appointed  to  arbiiiaie  the  dillerences  between 
the  French  and  Spanish  synagogues  concerning 
the  books  of  Maimonides.  His  ••  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar" was  printed  at  Venice,  in  1545;  and  liit 
"  Talmndical  Dictionary"  in  LOOC.  His  "  Couj- 
memnrit-s  on  the  Psalms,  Prophets,  and  other 
books  ot  Scripture,"  are  very  \aluable. 

KlNASTOiV,  Francis,  an  Englishman,  edu- 
cated at  0\ford,  and  an  author,  "died  in  1642. 

KING,  John,  bishop  ot  London,  bom  in  15.5!), 
died  in  1621.  James  I.  iisid  to  siyle  him  "  the 
king  of  preachers  ;"  and  lord  chief  ji.si ire  (  oke 
often  declared  ihat  "he  was  the  best  speaker 
of  the  slar-ciian.lier  in  his  time." 

KLNG,  Henry,  bishop  of  Chichester,  son  of 
l);e  pieteding,  and  an  elegant  pint.  He  turned 
the  Psalms  into  verse,  ai.d  pi.biished  "Poems, 
Elegies,  Paradoxes,  and  Sonnets."  He  was 
born  in  1501,  and  died  in  1660. 

LING,  John,  second  son  ofthe  bishcpof  Lon- 
riixi,  and  an  author,  died  in  1639. 

KING,  Edward,  fellow  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1633.  He  was  uiitbrtunately 
diowned  in  I6:!7,  in  his  passage  from  ( .'hester, 
in  the  Irish  sea;  a  riiciimstance  which  gave 
birth  to  the  admirable  "Lycidas"  of  Miltonj 
who  says  of  him,  that 

" He  knew 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme." 

KING,  Dr.  William,  an  ingenious  and  hu 
mourous  English  writer,  born  in  London,  in 
1Ij6,3,  died  in  1712.  His  poetical  and  political 
works  are  numerous  ;  but  his  most  useful  book 
is  "  A  Historical  Account  of  the  Heaihi-ii  Gods 
and  Heroes,  necessary  for  the  uudcisianding  of 
the  ancient  Poets." 

KING,  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
born  in  1650,  wrote  a  celebrated  treatise,  "  Dfl 
Origine  Mali,"  on  the  Ovigin  of  Evil ;  wherein 
he  undertook  to  show  how  all  the  several  kinds 
of  evil  with  which  the  world  abounds  are  con- 
sistent with  the  goodness  of  God,  and  may  b» 
accounted  for  without  the  supposition  of  an  evil 
jiiincipal.    He  died  in  1729. 

KING,  Peter,  chancellor  of  England,  and  fa- 
mous for  his  ecclesiastical  learning,  as  well  aS 
his  knowledge  in  the  law,  was  born  in  1669,  and 
died  in  1734. 

KING,  Dr.  Witliam,  principal  of  St.  Mary 
Hall,  Oxford,  and  an  ingenious  theological  and 
political  writer,  horn  in  1685,  died  in  1763. 

KING,  Sir  Edmund,  a  surgeon  and  chymist, 
esteemed  by  Charles  II.,  whom  he  attended  in 
his  last  illness. 

KING,  John  G"<»n,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  S., 
author  of  "The  Rites  and  Ceremonies  of  tlic 
Greek  Church  in  Russia,"  &c.,died  in  1767. 

KING,  Edward,  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  S.,  an  emi- 
nent English  antiquary,  poet,  and  biblical  critic, 
author  of  "  Morsels  of  Criticism,"  and  other 
work.s,  born  tn  173.'>,  died  in  London,  in  1807. 

KING,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  comedian, 
who  conlinued  42  years  an  ornament  of  the 
English  stage,  was  born  in  London,  in  1730,  and 
first  appeared  at  Druiy-lane  Theatre,  in  1748. 
His  fi'st  essays  being  passed  over  withournotice, 
he  repaired  to  Rath,  and  afterwards  to  Ireland, 
where  he  rapidly  accomplished  himself  in  his 
profession.  He  was  recalled  to  Drury-Iane  stage 
iin  the  year  1740,  when  he  was  received  as  one 
|of  the  first  comic  performers  of  the  day.  Fo? 
Iforty  years,  lie  was  constantly  before  the  pnblir  ; 
land  those  who  recollect  his  Lord  Oglehy,  Sir 
I  Peter  Teazle,  Tom,  Prass,  and  Lissarrio,  nnist 
'be  jrathe.r  fastidious  ni  tliuir  reception  of  ho.' 


Kt  KL 

successor  in  lliosc-  p.ircs,  finally  qiiitled  tlie  sta^e  I'jlord  But"',  lio  bt  cuiiict  clerk  of  the  works  at  Klw  ; 
in  1801.     In  private  life,  he  was  luU  of  whim,  Ijatid  iu  ITOI  publislied,   at  the   kiiifj's  expouM 


anecdote,  and  pleasantry  ;  and  his  general  con 
duct  bore,  even  on  the  most  trying  occasions, 
the  stamp  of  the  strictest  inteprity.  His  acting 
was  characterised  by  a  union  of  cliasieness  with 
vifjoiir,  wliich  always  produced  the  most  ad- 
mirable etlect.     Mr.  Kins  died  in  1805. 

KI.NG,  Kdward,  an  eminent  and  learned  En:;- 
lish  aiuiquarian,  and  fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety, &c.  :  he  died  in  1807. 

klNSEY,  James,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of  Con- 
gres.<<  iVdui  New-Jersey,  in  1774,  and  afterwards 
chii»f  justice  of  that  stuie  ;  he  died  in  18i)2. 

KIPI'lNGinS,  Henry,  a  sub- rector  of  Bremen 
University,  and  an  author,  died  in  I(i78. 

KIPPIS,  Dr.  y\ndrew,  a  very  celebrated  Kng- 
li^h  biographer,  b<<iii<!  the  principal  author  and 
conductor  of  tlie  sfcond  edition  of  the  "  Itio- 
grapiiia  Brilannira,"  wa.s  born  in  170j.  Mis 
lathor,  a  respectable  tradesman,  dyinc  in  tin 
yitar  ITIiO,  he  went  to  reside  vviih  his  grand- 
father, .\udrew  Kippis.  of  Seatb^d,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, and  received  his  classical  education  at 
the  praminar  school  in  thai  town  In  1741,  he 
remioved  to  Northampton,  and  commenced  his 
academical  studies  under  Dr.  Doddridge.  After 
a  residrjice  of  five  years  at  the  academy,  he  was 
invited  by  several  con2re;;aiions  lo  become  their 
minister,  hu'  gave  the  preference  to  an  invita- 
tion from  Boston  and  Lincolnshire,  where  he 
went  l)  reside  in  September,  174(5.  Here  he 
continued  four  years;  and  in  November,  17.50, 
accepted  the  pastoral  charee  of  a  congregation 
at  Dorking,  in  Surrey.  The  cmigregation  meet- 
ing in  Prince.^-street,  Westminster,  having  been 
without  a  minister  about  two  years,  he  was 
chosen,  in  June,  1753,  to  succeed  the  llev.  Dr. 
Obniliali  Hughes.  In  September  following,  he 
married,  at  Itoston,  Miss  Eli/.abcth  Bott ;  and 
in  the  month  of  October  lixed  his  residence  in 
VVeslmint.ler.  In  June,  17(57,  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  univerriity  of  I'din- 
burgh,  on  the  unsolicited  rccommenilalion  of  the 
late  learned  prolessor  Robertson.  The  interests 
of  literature,  science,  and  religion,  have  re- 
ceived iVoin  the  exertion  of  his  talents  as  a 
writer  the  most  essential  advantages.  His  lirst 
efforts  In  literature  were  made  in  the  '■  Gentle- 
man's Magazine ;"  a  periodical  publication  cal- 
led the  "  Library;"'  and  the  "  Monthly  Revii^w;" 
to  each  of  whicii  he  coutribuied  many  impor- 
tant articles,  especially  in  the  historical  and 
philoloiical  depa'  iments  of  the  last.  His  im- 
proved edition  of  Dr  Doddridce's  Lectures  i.s  a 
work  of  gre.at  value;  and  "The  History  of 
Knowledge,  Learning,  and  Taste,  in  Great  Bri- 
tain," prefixed  to  the  New  Annual  Ri'gister, 
merits,  and  has  received,  the  approbation  of  the 
public,  fle  published,  at  diHer.nt  tiine-i,  several 
Bliiglc  sermons  entitled  to  very  high  praise.  The 
greater  part  of  the.^e  bo  repnlilislieil,  with  otiier 
pr.iriical  discourses,  in  the  year  1704;  but  the 
work  whicli,  next  to  the  studies  immediately 
connected  with  his  olfice  as  a  Christian  minister, 
engaged  his  principal  attention,  and  by  which 
he  will  ever  be  distiiigiiished,  is  the  "  lliogra- 
pliia  Britannica."  This  great  national  piibli 
cation  has  given  him  a  hiali  rank  ainiuig  the 
literati  of  his  country,  and  will  carry  down  his 
name  with  distinguished  reputation  to  posterity. 
This  great  and  good  man  d'ed  in  17i)j. 

KIRHY,  John  Joshua,  an  artist,  horn  in  17I»), 
was  originally  a  house  painier  at  Ip-iwich.  In 
1754  hi-  published  Dr.  Krook  Tavlor'.^  "  Method 
of  P»r>iieci.ivp  wiiif  o;*v."    Hv  th?  fa'-our  of 


"  The  Perspective  of  Arcliiteciuro."  Mr.  Kirby 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian 
Societies,  and  died  in  1774. 

KIRBY,  Ephiaim.  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
wasthe  tirst  reporter  of  law  cases  and  decisions, 
in  the  United  States.  He  was  afterwards  a 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  U.  S.  at  New- 
Orleans,  and  died  in  1804. 

KIRCH,  Mary  Margaret,  a  native  of  Leipsic. 
She  was  much  attached  to  astronomical  studies, 
and  in  170i.  discovered  a  comet,  on  winch  slie 
published  observations  ;  she  died  in  17:20. 

KlRCHI-ll,  Aliianasius,  a  lainons  Uennaii 
philosopher,  and  mathematician,  born  in  ItiOl, 
died  in  IGriO,  after  having  published  2-2  vols,  in 
folio,  11  in  4to.,  ttnd  3  in  8vo.  His  works  are 
rather  curious  than  useful,  savouring  much  of 
vision  and  fancy. 

KIRCH  ER,  Conrad,  of  Augsburg,  known  for 
liis  Greek  concordance  of  the  Old  Testament, 
in  l(".0t2. 

KHiCHMAN,  a  learned  German,  died  at  Lu- 
beck, in  1643. 

KIRCH  MAN,  N.,  an  eminent  profe.«sor  of 
philosopliy  at  Ptilershiirg.  was  niilorinnately 
killed  while  making  experiments  on  electricity, 
in  1758 

KIRCHMWER,  John  Ga- per,  professor  cf 
logic,  al  Wiltemberg.  He  was  .i  learned  man, 
pilillshed  valuable  commentaries,  and  died  Im 
1700. 

KIRK,  Colonel,  an  English  oflicer  in  tIir 
"crvice  of  James  II.,  who  distinguished  liimselt 
by  his  cruelty. 

KIUKI.VND,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy 
sician  and  writer  on  surgery,  born  in  17^1,  died 
in  I7H8. 

KIRKLAND,  Samuel,  a  missionary  among 
the  Seneca  Indians  for  40  veais ;  he  died  at 
Paris.  New-York,  in-180^. 

KIR.^TRNIUS,  Peter,  a  Gennan  physician, 
author  of  an  "Arabic  Grammar,,"  .and  of  se 
veral  other  works  in  .Arabic,  born  in  l.'i;7.  died 
in  KUO.  It  is  observed  in  his  epitaph,  that  he 
understood  215  lansnages. 

KliJSTENIUS,  tieorge,  a  native  of  Stettin, 
eminent  as  a  botanist,  died  in  KiOO. 

KIRWA.N,  William,  dean  of  Killnla,  a  di« 
r.iiignished  ornament  of  the  church,  was  origi- 
nally a  Romish  priest;  but  became  a  zealous 
adlier<nt  and  powerful  s'jppnrter  of  the  pro 
teslaiit  faith.  He  was  certainly  one  of  the  iiiosi 
popular  orators  that  ever  appeared  in  the  pulpit, 
and  no  man  ever  made  a  more  powerful  inipres- 
ion  ou  his  audience.  He  was  at  all  time.-!  reit.!\ 
to  evert  his  great  powers  in  forwarding  the  ob 
ject«  of  benevolence ;  many  of  them  ow(^  ex- 
istence and  prosperity  to  his  imparalloled  e\er 
tions.  He  was  born  about  1754,  and  died  near 
Dublin,  in  1805. 

KLAPROTH,  Martin  Henry  Von,  professor 
of  chymistry  at  Berlin,  and  an  eminent  writer 
on  that  science,  died  in  1817. 

KLRRKK,  I.  B.,  a  famous  tjeneral  in  the 
French  revolutionary  army,  was  born  at  Stras 
burg,  in  1750.  He  accompanied  Buonaparte 
to  Egypt,  and  was  by  him  left  to  coiiimaiid 
there  on  his  departure.  Kleber  afterwards 
captured  (^airo,  and  formed  an  alliance  with 
Mnrat  Bey.  In  1800  iie  was  assassinated  by  an 
Arab. 

KLKIST,  Rwald  Christian  dc,  riis»in?nish''(t 
as  an  otlicer  in  the  Prussian  .service,  and  as  a 
Dop.t.     He  wa.*;  killpdin  bailli!,  in  17."):t. 


KN KO 

KLINGSTAUT,    a  [jairiter,    born    at  Riga,  like  Luther,  one  of  those  extraorfiinary  persoiw, 

of  wlioni  few,  if  any,  are  observed  to.spcak  with 


whost  pieces  were  exquisitt-lv  tinikhed  ;  he  died 
in  17:i4. 

K LOCKER,  David,  a  painter,  hbcially  patro 
iiised  hy  ilio  king  of  Sweden,  died  in  lii'JS. 


f<ulIiciont  temper ;  all  is  cither  extravagant  cn- 
(Comiuni  or  senseless  invective.   After  his  death, 
came  out  a  "  History  of  the  Keforniation  with- 
KLOPSTOCK,  FrederirkThi.'ophilu?".  a  very  'in  the  realm  of  Scotland,"  &c.,  to  which  are  sub- 
felebratfdt-Ieruian  puet,bornin  17i4,ilii(lin  1803.  joined  all  his  oiiier  works. 


His  "  Mesoiah,"  by  which  his  name  is  clileHy 
tnimort:Uizcd,  was  published  at  Halle,  in  1751. 
fie  was  likcwi.«e  author  of  three  tragedies, 
railed  "The  Death  of  Adam;"  "Solomon;" 
and  "Dand."  His  funeral  was  conducted  wiih 


KNOX,  John,  many  years  a  bookseller  of 
eminence  in  London,  who  di;voted  the  for- 
tune he  acquired  in  this  business  to  the  im 
provement  of  his  country,  in  the  planning  a 
herring    fishery,  and    the    seiileincnt    of  new 


c;itraordinary  pomp :  !>•  ing  aiitiidtd  hy  the  sen-lltowns  on  the  north  east  of  Scotland.  He  visit- 
ate  of  Hamburgh,  th:-  diplomatic  body,  thecler-jjed  and  e.xplored  that  kingdom  16  times  in  23 
py.  men  of  letters,  ami  mercliants^  in  a  proces-ljyeais,  beginning  in  1764  ;  and,  in  two  volume.'*, 
sioii  of  76  coaclits;  ai  Altona,  it  was  joined  by  Igave  a  systematic  view  of  Scotland  in  general ; 
50  more  carriages  to  the  village  of  Ottensen,  Lhe  died  in  17i)0. 

where  he  was  buried  with  all  the  most  honour- (I  KNOX,  Vicesimus,  D.  D.,  a  learned  divine 
ablt;  ceremonies  that  could  be  devised.  |iand  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  17.'J2.     At  the 

KN.VPTON,  George,  a  portrait  painter,  and /death  of  his  father,  he  was  elected,  in  his  room, 
kerpcr  of  the  king's  pictures,  died  in  1778.  j'master  of  Tunbridge  school,  where  he  presided 

K.N'ELLER,  SirGodfny,  an  eminent  painter,'|3.3  years;  retiring  from  it  in  1812,  and  being 
born  at  liubec, about  1648.  His  great  patron  inljhiniself  succeeded  hy  liis  son,  the  present  mas- 
Kiiijiand  was  Charles  II. :  but  after  the  dealt,  of  i|ter.  The  duties  of  a  parish  priest  he  discharg- 
rhat  monarch,  he  was  well  received  by  king 'led  for  nearly  forty  years,  with  a  zeal  and  abUi- 
Jami's  and  his  queen,  and  constantly  employed  ity  perhaps  never  surpassed;  scarcely,  during 
by  them  until  the  Revolution.  Ft  is  very  re-' that  long  period,  requiring  any  assistaiicein  the 
niarkble  of  this  painter  that  he  had  the  honour  lliienbrmance  of  the  church  service.  Hi-  lied  at 
10  draw  10  crowned  heads ;  4  kings  jf  Englaridjliis  son's,  in  1821.  His  principal  wtnks  are, 
and  three  queens ;  the  czar  of  Muscovy  ;  Charles  ij"  Essays,  Moral  and  Literary ;"  "  Liberal  Edit- 
II.,  king  of  S;iain,  afterwards  emperor,  when  hej/ation ;"  "  Winter  Evenings  ;"  "  Personal  No- 
was  in  Enu'land  ;  and  the  French  king,  Lewisl'bility  ;"  "Christian  Philosophy ;""  Sermons;" 
XIV'. ;  besides  several  electors  and  princes.  Heil"Elegant  Extracts;"  "Elegant  Epistles," 
w:is  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to  kingij"  Domestic  Divinity."  &c. 
William,  to  queen  Anne,  and  to  George  I. ;  and  KNOX,  Hugh,  D.  D^  n  eminent  congtega- 
was,  in  several  reigns,  a  deputy-lieulenant  of  itional  clersryinan  at  *.  sland  of  St.  ("roix, 
the  county  of  Middli-.sex,  and  in  the  commission  I, where  he  died  after  a  long  and  useful  life,  at 
of  the  peace  for  that  and  other  counties.  He Ka  very  advanced  age. 
died  in  172.1.  K.N'OX,  Henry,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the 

KNIGHT,  Dr.  Samuel,  archdeacon  of  Berks,  revolution,  was  commander  of  the  artillery  iin- 
and  author  of  "Lives  of  Erasmus  and  Dean  til  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  after  which  be 
Coiet,"  died  i|r  1746.  was  made  a  major  general  in  the  army.  He  was 

K.N'OLLES^ir  Ruben,  a  very  eminent  gene-  lalterwatds  secretary  at  war,  under  Washing- 
ral,  who  rose  by  dcgrt.-es  from  the  rank  of  a  pri-  liton,  and  died  in  1810. 


vale,  and  with  30,000  men  in  the  wars  of  Ed 
ward  HI.,  marched  to  the  gates  of  Paris.  Re- 
tiirning  home,  laden  with  wealth  and  honours, 
he  founded  Rochester  bridge. 

KNOLLE.S,  Richard,  author  of  "  The  Gene- 
ral History  of  the  Turks,  from  the  beginning  of 
that  .N'ulion  to  the  rising  of  the  Ottoman  fami- 
ly," &c.,  which  has  immortalized  his  name.  He 
(iicd  in  ItilO,  leaving  behind  liim  the  character  of 
a  judicious,  learned,  and  worthy  man. 

KNOLLi.=!,  Francis,  an  English  statesman, 
ciisunguisneJ  lor  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  refor- 
mr.wut.  He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at 
i.ie  trial  of  .Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  in 
l.v:ii). 

KNORR  VON  RO.SENROT,  Christian,  a 
Ica.'ned  (Jerman.  died  in  1689. 

KNOTT,  Edward,  an  English  Jesuit,  was  pro- 
fessor in  the  English  college  at  Rome;  he  died 
in  16550. 

K.NOWLER,  William,  an  Englisli  divine 
and  translator  of  Chrvsostoin's  Comment,  died 
•n  1767. 

K.VOWLES,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  an 
able  divine,  and  an  author,  died  in  16(>i. 

KNOWLTON,  Thomas,  an  English  bola- 
nisf,  died  in  1762. 

K.VOX,  John,  an  eminent  Scottish  minister 
a  chief  instruineni  and  promoter  of  the  reforma- 
tion in  that  country,  and  a  steady  and  undaunt 
•  d  jiatriot  in  the  worst  of  times,  born  in  1505, 
inn  died  in  1.572.  As  to  his  character,  he  was, 
270 


KN  UPPER,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Leipsic, 
|eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  KHX). 

KNUZEN,  Matthias,  a  celebrated  atheist, 
born  in  Holstoin,  abrnil  1650.  He  was  the  only 
person  on  record  who  openly  taught  alhcisni ; 
[and  he  undertook  long  journeys  on  purpose  to 
juiake  proselytes.  His  followers,  were  called 
conscienciaries,because  they  asserted  that  there 
was  no  other  god,  no  other  religion,  no  other 
lawful  mauistracv,  than  conscience. 

KNUZEN,  Martin,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Konina-sherc,  died  in  1751. 

KNYGIITON,  HeuF",  author  of  a  chronicle 
of  the  English  history,  and  of  the  deposition  of 
Riihard  III. 

KOEBEGER,  Winccslaus,  a  native  of  Ant 
werp,  and  eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1604. 

KOEMPFER,  Emrelbert,  an  eminent  German, 
botanical  writer,  and  author  of  a  "  History 
of  Japan,"  born  in  1651,  died  in  1716. 

KOENIG,  Daniel,  a  Swiss,  who  translated 
into  Latin,  Arbuthnot's  Tables  of  Ancient 
Coin«.  published  in  1750. 

KOENIG,  Samuel,  professor  of  philosophy 
and  natural  law  at  Franeker,  and  librarian 
to  the  stadthoUier,  and  the  princess  of  Orange. 
Ho  was  author  of  several  works :  and  died 
in  1757,  with  the  character  of  being  one  of  the 
best  mathematicians  of  the  age. 

KOENIG,  George  Maitbias,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  in  1616,  died  in  169().  He  was  well 
versed  in  the  belles  lettres,  in  divinity,  and  in 


it^ 


KO 

the  oriental  languages,  and  gavu  several  publ 
dpeciineng  of  Ins  learning;  but  is  priiicipaily 
known  by  a  work  entitled  "  Biblintlieca  vetus 
et  nova,"  4to.  This  U  a  biograpliical  diction- 
ary, which  has  been  very  usetul  to  other  biogra- 
pliers. 

KOERTON,  Joanna,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
celebrated  for  ingenuity  and  taste  in  embroidery, 
drawing,  and  water  colours  ;  she  died  in  1715. 

KU13TS,  Roelof,  a  German  painter.  It  is 
Haid  his  portraits  amounted  to  5000,  and  all  of 
them  s^npcrior.     He  died  in  17i5. 

KOLLOCK,  Henry,  I).  D.,  an  eminent  pres- 
byterian  clergyman,  professor  of  theology  in 
Priuceton  college,  New-Jersey,  afterwards  pas 
tor  of  a  church  in  Savannah,  Georgia,  died  in 
1819. 

KONIG,  George  Matthias,  a  learned  German, 
professor  of  poetry  and  of  Greek,  at  Altdorf. 
He  was  an  able  scholar,  and  died  in  lliDO. 

KONIG,  Emanuel,  a  physician,  of  Basil,  pub 
lished  various  works,  and  died  in  1731. 

KORN.MANN,  Henry,  a  German  lawyer  and 
author,  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

KORTHOLT,  Christian,  professor  o(  divini- 
IV  a(  Keil,  died  in  ltj94. 

'KORTHOLT,  Christian,  grandson  of  the 
preccd'  and  professor  of  tlieology  at  Gotlin- 
gen,  pui/uc:hed  Leibnitz's  Latin  letters,  and  died 
in  1751. 

KOSCIUSKO,  Thaddeus,  a  famous  Polish 
general,  was  bred  at  Warsaw,  and  served  in 
the  Aini-rican  war  as  aid  de-camp  to  general 
Washington.  He  afterwards  headed  the  Poles 
in  their  resistance  to  P'^sian  oppression,  but  in 
vain  ;  he  was  severt  -founded  and  made  pr\- 
■oner  by  the  Russians,  \vho,  however,  treated 
him  with  great  respect,  and  the  emperor  Paul 
gave  him  an  estate.  He  died  in  Switzerland, 
in  1817. 

KOTTER,  Christopher,  a  fanatic,  who  lived 
at  Spmttow  :  he  died  in  H>47. 

KOTTERUS,  Christopher,  a  tanner,  of  Sile 
sia,  and  one  of  the  three  fanatics  whose  visions 
were  published  at  Amsterdam  in  l(i.')7,  with  the 
following  title,  "Lux  in  Tenebris."  He  died 
in  lf>47. 

KOTZERUE,  Augustus  Von,  born  at  Wei 
mar,  in  1761.  He  was  intended  tor  the  profes 
sion  of  the  law ;  but  the  drama  had  more  at- 
traction.9  for  him,  and  he  wrote  numerous  plays, 
the  beet  of  which  have  been  translated.  His 
"Stranger,"  "Lover's  Vows,"  and  "Pizarro," 
have  had  great  success  Kotzebue  was  assas 
einatcd,  in  1819,  by  a  fanatical  student  of  Jena, 
named  Sandt,  who  then  stabbed  himself,  hut 
recovered  from  his  wo-nds,  and  sutTercd  dc 
capitation  for  the  murdci . 

KOUCK,  Peter,  a  Dutchman,  and  principal 
painter  to  Charles  V.,  died  in  1550. 

KOULI  KUAN,  Thamas,  alias  NADIR 
SCH.\H,  born  in  16B7,  in  the  province  of  Cbe- 
rusan,  in  Persia.  He  was  the  son  of  llie  gover- 
nor of  a  Persian  fortress ;  and  engaging  in  the 
service  of  the  Schah  Thamas,  whose  throne 
Eschref,  a  usurper,  possessed,  and  had  lorded 
It  over  the  Persians  for  five  years  with  the  ut- 
most barbarity,  the  sophi  gave  him  at  length 
the  command  of  his  array.  The  now  general 
entirely  defeated  Eschref,  conducted  Srliali 
Thamas  in  triumph  to  Ispahan,  and  established 
him  upon  the  throne  of  his  ancestors.  Es- 
chref, having  got  together  his  treasures  and  his 
women,  fled  toward  Candahar  with  10,00()  men. 
KouU  Khan,  at  the  bead  of  15,000  men,  went 
In  nursuit  of  him.  and  recominendcd  it  to  the 


KU 

lung  to  go  agaiiiBt  thr  I'tiiks  with  the  rest  of 
his  army;  as-uring  liira  that,  as  soon  as  he 
had  secured  L^schrcf,  he  would  fly  to  his  assist- 
ance. Kouli  Khan  nt  last  came  up  with  the 
usurper,  and  prepared  for  an  engagement  which 
was  very  soon  decisive.  The  Aghwans,  sur 
rounded,  were  either  cut  to  pieces  or  taken : 
Eschref  was  among  the  prisoners,  and  aiyii« 
treasures  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  vioior. 
Kouli  Khan  ordered  both  his  eyes  to  be  put  out, 
and  some  days  after  had  him  belieaded.  Ho 
then  hastened  back  to  succour  the  sophi,  whom 
he  supposed  to  be  engaged  with  the  Turks ;  but 
was  surprised  to  find,  when  he  came  near  Ispa- 
han, that  he  had  concluded  a  peace  with  the 
Porte,  disbanded  his  army,  and  sent  him  orders 
to  do  the  i^aine.  These  orders  he  received  with 
indignation,  e\claiming  against  the  ignominious 
peace  and  his  ctfeminate  prince.  Instead  of 
disbanding  his  army,  which  now  consisted  of 
70,000  men,  he  inaiched  with  it  to  Isjiahan, 
seized  the  Scliuh  Thamas,  imprisoned  hiin  in  a 
strong  fortress,  and  In  an  asMinbly  of  the  chief 
men  of  Persia  got  him  deposed,  and  his  .-^on,  an 
infant  six  mo'Ulis  old,  prnclainied  Schah,  by  the 
name  of  Schali  Abbas  III.  In  his  naitii-,  Kouli 
Khan  assumed  to  himself  the  sovereign  power, 
and  presently  issued  a  manifesto  disclaiming 
the  late  peace  with  the  Turks.  Af -^r  having 
recovered  all  that  had  been  taken  from  Persia, 
he  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Ottiunan  Porte  in 
17.'tG.  The  following  year,  the  young  Schah 
Abbas  died,  and  Kouli  Khan  procured  himself 
to  be  proclaimed  his  successor.  As  he  thought 
war  would  be  a  better  prop  to  his  throne  than 
peace,  he  immediately  carried  his  victorious 
arms  against  the  Mogul,  and  in  one  single  bat- 
tle coiuiuorcU  almost  all  that  empire.  In  thi? 
o.xpedition  he  killed '200,000  people;  a'ld  brought 
away  a  treasure  worth  about  145  millions,  in 
which  was  the  imperial  throne,  set  with  dia- 
monds of  an  immense  value.  Taking  from  the 
Mogul  all  the  country  that  lay  between  the  for- 
mer limits  of  Persia  and  the  Indus,  and  subdu- 
ing the  whole  country  of  the  [Isheck,  he  vast- 
ly enlarged  the  bounds  of  his  empire ;  but  he 
now  fell  into  a  state  which  seemed  to  border 
upon  distraction-  he  attempted  to  change  the 
religion  of  Persia  to  that  of  Omar ;  hanged  up 
the  chief  priests ;  put  his  own  son  to  death  ; 
and  was  guilty  of  such  cruelty,  that  he  was  as- 
sassinated in  1747,  in  his  fiOth  year;  having 
reigned  above  20  years  over  one  of  the  most 
powerful  empires  on  the  globe. 

KRACHENINNIKOW,  Stephen,  a  Russian 
naturalist,  professor  of  botany  and  natural  his- 
tory, at  Petersburg,  died  in  1'755. 

KR.VNTZ,  .-Mbert,  a  famous  historian  and 
divine,  professor  of  divinity,  at  Rostock,  and 
author  of  several  learned  works,  died  in  1574. 

KR.MrSE,  Francis,  a  German,  eminent  as  a 
historical  painter,  died  in  1754 

KRESA,  Father,  confessor  to  the  king  of  Bo- 
hemia, died  in  1715. 

KRUGKR,  John  Christian,  author  of  poems 
and  comedies,  died  at  Hamburgh,  in  1750. 

KUHL.M.AN,  Quirinus,  a  famous  tanatic, 
horn  at  Brpslaw.  He  was  at  last  burnt  at  Mos- 
cow, rn  1089,  for  some  seditious  prophecies. 

KUIINIUS,  Jachim,  a  learned  native  of 
Pomerania,  and  principal  of  the  college  of  Oc- 
lingen  ;  he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  pub- 
lications, and  died  in  1697. 

KUICK,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of  Dordt,  ac- 
cused of  heresv,  was  cruelly  burnt  by  the  Jesuits 
ia  1573 

^71 


LA 


L^ 


KUNC'KET,  John,  an  able  cliyniisi  and  in  '  Firinianus,  un/uninent  laiUcr  of  the  Christian 
geniousphilosopher,  was  born  at  Sieswic,  and  chinch.  He  is  die  most  eloquent  of  all  the  ec- 
died  in  1702.  ||clr.siabtical  Latin  authors,  and  wrote  in  t<ucli  a 

KUNZK,  John   Christopher,  D.  D.,  a  distin-i  |nir<':  smooili:  and  natural  style,  and  so  niucti 

fuished  clergyman  of  the  Lutheran  church  in;  in  (he  ta.4to  aiid  manner  ot' the  Roirian  orator, 
hiladelphi.'i,  afterwards  paFturoi  a  Lutheran  that  he  is  generally  distinguished  by  the  title  of 
church  ill  New-York,  and  professor  of  oriental,"  The  Christian  Cicero." 
languages  in  Columbia  college;  hedicd  in  l-'OT.  I     LACY,  John,  an  actor  and  dramatic  write/ 

Kl'PIKSKLJohii,  apainter,  of  Rohemia,bornjjof  some  eminence,  in  the  reign  of  Charlea  U. 
in  1607,  wa.«  pairnniFed  by  the  emperor  Charlos|      LACYDAS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  of  Cyrene, 
IIJ..  and  other  princes.  '  who  was  tenderly  attached  to  a  favourite  goose, 

KUSTER,  Liidolf,  a  learned  German  critic,  'died  i!l'2  B.  C. 
borninlli70.     He  publislied  editions  of  Suul.-is,|j     L.XDISLAUS  L  succeeded  to  tlie  Iliincarian 
Aristophanes,  and  several  works  of  a  smaller  itlirone  in  1077.     He  was  an  able  politician,  a 
kind,  and  died  in  171ti.  i  brave  general,  and  a  pious  man  ;  he  was  canon 

KUYP,  Jacob,  an  eminent  landscape  painter, 'lizcd  in  1198. 
at  Dordt,  flourished  about  11543.  li     L.VDISLAUS  III.,  king  of  Hungary,  a  licen 

KUYP,  or  CL'YP,  .Mbert,   a   very  eminent  Itious  monarch,  who  was  as-'assinatcd  in  1290. 


landscape  painter,  was  born  at  Dordt,  in  ItiO'J 
The  time  of  his  death  is  uncurtain. 

KYD,  Thomas,  an  Ens^lisli  dramatic  writer  in 
the  rci::n  of  queen  Elizabeth. 

KYDER.Ml.NPTER.  Richard,  abbot  and  his- 
torian, of  ilie  Benedictine  convent  of  Win- 
chonibe,  died  in  1531. 

KY'.VI'.STO.V,  John,  an  English  divine,  who 
gained  great  iipntaiinn  by  a  Latin  oration, 
which  he  pronounced  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

K'YNWELMARSH, Francis,  an  Englishman, 
wlio  wrote  some  poetry  in  the  16th  century. 

KYRLE.  John,  the  celebrated  Man  of  Ross, 


L.\DISLAIS  IV.,  grand  duke  iJ"  Lithuania, 
[and  kingof  Poland,  was  made  kiiigof  Hungary, 
I  in  1440.  Ho  was  del'eaied  and  slain  in  battle 
I  wilh  the  Turks,  in  1444. 

I  L.-\DISLAUS  v.,  succeeded  Ladislaus  IV. 
lit  is  said  he  was  poisoned  by  the  Hussites, 
I  whose  sect  he  persecuted. 
I  LADISLAUS  V!.,  son  of  the  king  of  Poland, 
I  raised  to  the  throne  of  Hungary,  in  1490,  had  a 
I  turbulent  reign,  and  died  in  1500. 
!  LADISLAUS,  or  LAUNCELOT,  the  Libe- 
jral  and  Victorious,  count  of  Provence,  succeed- 
|0d  his  father,  as  king  of  Naples,  in  1386.     His 


as  Pope  calls  him  in  hi;;  poem  "  On  the  I'so  ofl  right  to  the  throne  was  disputed,  and  he  died 
Riches."     He  possessed  asmall  estate  of  .')00/.  a  in  1414,  after  a  turbulent  reign, 
year  at  Ross,  and  literally  became,  as  the  poeti'     L.\DISL.\US  I.,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
sings,  a  Mej.^iiig  to  the  vihole  community.     He  to  the  throne  in  1081.     He  was  fond  of  peace, 
died  in  17-21,  at  the  age  of  90.  ''-'•  jbut brave  in  war;  he  died  in  1102. 

LADISLAUS  11.,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
his  father,  Bolislaus,  in  1139;  he  made  war 
'against  his  brothers,  and  was  at  lost  banished 
I  from  the  throne,  and  died  in  1159. 
j  LADISLAUS  III.,  king  of  Poland,  in  1296, 
i oppressed  his  people  so  that  they  revolted,  and 
I  placed  Wenceslaus  on  the  throne,  afler  whose 
I  death  Ladislaus  was  replaced  on  the  throne, 
and  governed  wilh  justice  and  moderation.  He 
jdied  in  1333. 

j  LADISLAUS  v.,  surnamed  Jagellon,  grand 
idukft  ofLithuania,obtained  the  crown  of  Poland 
lin  1380,  by  marriage.  His  reign  w;is  mild  but 
i  vigorous,  and  he  died  in  1434,  highly  respected. 
I  LADISLAUS  VI.,  king  of  Poland,  son  of 
I  Ladislaus  V.,  was  duke  of  Lithuania,  and  king 
of  Hungary. 

j  LADISLAUS,  Sigisraund,  VII.,  king  of  Po- 
jland  and  Sweden,  alter  the  death  of  his  father, 
jin  1632.  He  defeated  the  Turks  in  various  bat- 
tles, and  died  in  1048. 

I  L' A DVOCAT,  John  Baptist  I'Ahbe,  a  learned 
French  critic,  grammarian,  geographer,  and  his- 


LAB.\DIE,  John,  a  celebrated  French  entbu 
siast,  born  in  1010,  died  in  1674. 

LAB.\T,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  traveller 
and  niis?ioiiar\',  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic, 
born  at  Paris  in  1063,  died  in  1738.  His  "Voy- 
ages and  Travels"  into  different  kingdoms,  arc 
works  of  much  amusement,  and  of  good  repu- 
tation. 

LABBE,  Philip,  a  Jesuit,  of  Bonrges,  of  great 
learning,  memory,  and  indefatigable  applica- 
tion ;  he  died  in  I6C7. 

LABBE,  Louisa,  a  poetess,  called  the  fair 
rope-maker,  because  she  married  a  rich  rope- 
maker,  of  Lyons.  Her  works  were  published  at 
Lyons,  in  1555  and  1702  ;  she  died  in  1566. 

LABEO,  Quintus  Fabius,  a  Roman  consul,  of 
literary  talents. 

LABEO,  .'\ntistius,a  Roman  lawyer  who  op- 
posed the  government  of  Augustus. 

L.^BERfU,^,  an  ancient  Roman  knight  in  the 
time  of  Julius  Ca;sar,  who  excelled  in  wi  itiii^ 
mimes,  or   little  satirical   productions  for  thejjtorian,  author  of  "  Dictionnaire  Geographique 

stage._ _  IJPortatif;"  "  Dictionnaire  Historique  Portatif;" 

...  and  a  "  Hebrew  Grammar."     He  died  in  17(j5. 

L'ADVOCAT,  Louis  Francis,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  morals,  died  at  Paris,  in  1735. 
LiELIUS,  Cains,  a  Roman  consul  and  comic 


LABOUREUR,  John  le,  a  Frenchman,  who 
from  a  gentleman's  servant  rose  to  become  al-l 
wioner  to  the  king.  He  wrote  several  works,and! 
died  in  1075. 

L.\C.ARRY,  Giles,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  profes- 
sor of  theology,  wrote  some  useful  works,  and 
died  ill  lf)84.  j 

h.\  COLONIE,John  Martin  do,  served  in  tl'e' 
.Austrian  army,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  marshal ; 
he  died  in  17.j9.  , 

LACO.MBE,  James,  a  French  historian,  born 
in  1724. 

LACOMBE  DE  PREZEL,  Honore,  biotlier 
of  the  preceding,  author  of  sevsral  dictionaries.' 

LACTANTIUS,  Firmian,  or  Lucius  Oliua 
272 


poet,  died  126  B.  C. 

LAER,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  someof  whose 
pieces  are  elegant,  died  in  1675. 

LAET.  John  de,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  and 
author  of  some  useful  works,  died  in  1640. 

LyEVINUS,  Torrentinus,  commonly  called 
Vander  Bekin,  was  a  native  of  Ghent.  He 
went  as  ambassador  to  Philip  II.,  of  Spain, 
founded  the  Jesuit's  college  at  Louvaine,  and 
died  m  1595. 

LJEVIUS,  a  Roman  poet. 


LAFITAU,  Joeepli  Francis,  a  French  jean  it  I  j  served,  that  "  an  undevoutastronopicr  is  mad  ;" 
and  cnissionary  to  North  America,  died  in  1755,  'and  the  ecceniricitiin  of  Lalande  might  jiisliCy 
leaving  behind  him  a  curious  comparisori  he  |jiho  conclusion  that  Young  would   have  drawn 


twcen  (he  nuinnprs  of  the  ancienu  and  ihoac  oi 
the  American  savagcB. 

LAFITAU,  Peter  Francis,  dislinguishcd  as  a 
preacher,  was  the  favourite  of  Clement  IX., 
and  died  in  1764. 

LAGALLA,  Julius  CiEsar,  a  Neapolitan,  phy- 
sician to  the  pope  ;  he  was  a  learned  man.  and 
died  in  ir.23. 

LAGERLOOF,  Peter,  profeifsor  of  eloquence 
at  Upsal,  author  of  the  ancient  and  modern  lii.i- 
rories  of  Northern  Europe  ;  he  died  in  1.5iW. 

LAGNY,  Thomas  Fantet  sieur  dc,  a  French 


from  the  atheistical  principles  he  openly  pro- 
teased. He  went  so  far  as  n  read  public  lec- 
tures on  lliose  baneful  and  hope  blasting  doc- 
trines, in  the  Lycee  oi  rarii^,  a  society  brnied 
of  pretended  philosophers  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion ;  he  died  in  ltJ07. 

LALiLI,  John  Kaplist,  an  Italian  poet,  was 
employed  by  the  pojie  in  civil  alfaiis,  and  died 
in  lti:t7. 

L.\LLY,  Thomas  Arthur,  count,  a  gallant 
general  in  the  service  of  France,  though  .•  na- 
tive of  Ireland  ;  but  being  compelled  losurrcn- 


nian,  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at   dei  Pondicherry  to  the  Eu^'lish,  he  incurred  the 


Paris,  and  author  of  several  works  ;  lie  died  in 
17:t4. 

LAGRANGE,  .loseph  Lewis,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, of  Turin,  afterwards  professor  of 
the  Norman  and  Polytechnic  schools  at  Paris  ; 
i!o  died  in  1813. 

L.-\GUNA,  Andrew,  a  Spanish  physician,  and 
favourite  of  Charles  V, died  in  1500. 

LAHARPE  OES  UTINS,  N.,  a  native  of 
Vaux,  disiincuialicd  himself  in  the  Freneh  army 
of  Italy,  under  Buonaparte,  and  wa:;  killed  in 
]7f)6. 

LAIIAYE,  William  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
engraver  of  great  mpnit,  born  in  17'i5.  j 

LAIDLIE,  Archibald,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Pcot- 
land,  pastor  of  a  church  at  Flu.shmg,  Zealand,! 
and  al'terwards  of  a  Dutch  reformed  church  in 
the  city  of  New-York,  eminent  as  a  theologian 
and  preacher ;  he  died  in  1778. 

LAINEZ,  Alexander,  a  French  poet,  whose 
pieces  possess  great  elegance,  died  in  1700. 

L.'VINEZ,  James,  a  Spaniard. the  succe.-sor  Of 
Loyola,  asgeneral  of  the  Jesuits  ;  he  vvai  at  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  died  in  15G5. 

LAING,  Malcom,  a  Scottish  historian,  born 
in  Orkney,  in  nw.  He  published  a  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  chiefly  distinguished  by  its  partiali- 
ty, and  its  hostility  to  the  character  of  the  un- 
fortunate queen  Mary.  His  last  literary  under- 
taking was  an  edition  of  Ossian's  poems,  the  au- 
thenticity of  which,  he  demolished  by  a  pre- 
liminary dis.sertatiou.    Mr.  Laing  lied   in  li?l!). 

LAIRK,  Francis  Xavier,  a  learned  French 
author,  died  at  Sens,  in  1800. 

li.MRESSE,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Flemish 
pointer  and  engraver,  born  at  Liege,  in  lt'>40. 
The  Hollanders  esteem  him  the  best  history 
painter  of  their  country,  and  connnotdy  call  liimj 
■  heir  second  Raphael;  Hemskirk  is  their  first. 
fle  died  in  1711. 

LAIS,  a  courtezan,  of  such  renown  in  anti- 
'juily,  that,  hke  Homer,  several  cities  clanued 
the  glory  of  her  birth  ;  but  that  honour  is  most 
cenerally  given  to  Hyccara,  a  city  of  Sicily. 
Retiring  to  Tliessaly,  "she  fella  sac'ritice  to  the' 
envy  and  jealously  e.xcited  by  her  beauty;  Ibrl 
her  rivals,  seeing  themselves  eclip.sed,  became 
de.s()erate,  and,  having  conducted  her  into  the 
temple  of  Venus,  tiicre  stoned  her  to  death, 
MO  R.  r.  I 

L.\KE,  Arthur,  an  English  prelate,  respected 
as  an  amiHble  man,  died  in  WX.  { 

LALANDE,  Michael  Richard  de,  a  cele-j 
brated  French  musician  and  composer,  died  in 
17-26. 

LAL.\NnE,  Joseph  Jerome  Francis,  a  most 
celebrated  astronomer  of  France,  born  in  n.l-i. 
(lis  principal  works  arc,  "  Connoissance  du| 
Temps."  'Tour  in  Italy,"  and  a  valuable; 
"  Treatise  of  Astrououiv."  Dr.  Young  has  oh- 
rvi    lit 


suspicion  of   treachery,  and  was  executed  in 

17(i(). 

LAMB.-VLLE,  Marie  Therese  Louise,  of  Sa- 
voy <.\'irignan,  princess  of,  wife  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon  Penthievre,  ardently  attached  to  the 
French  queen,  for  which  she  was  inhuii,anly 
murdered,  in  1732,  by  the  tyrants  of  the  Frencli 
revolution. 

LAMHECIUS,  Peter,  a  learned  German,  and 
reciorofthe  university  of  Hamburgh.  He  re- 
nounced protestantism  for  pupery,  and  died  in 
lti80. 

LAMBERT,  John,  a  general  in  Cromwell's 
army,  memorable  for  having  opposed  (Oliver's 
acceptance  of  the  crown,  died  about  1C70. 

L.\.\I1JERT,  Anne  Therese,  marquise  de,  a 
most  ingenious  French  lady,  born  at  Paris,  i'l 
U'A7,  died  in  17,'!H,  having  been  Ihe  auUior  of 
some  very  pleasing  moral  productions,  which 
have  been  collected  and  printed  in  2  volumes. 

LAMIi^ilT,  Claude  Francis,  a  French  eo- 
clcdiastic.  and  an  author,  died  in  17C3. 

L.AMiiERT,  Daniel,  remarkable  for  having 
greatly  exceeded  the  ordinary  diniensions  of 
mankind. was  born  at  Leicester,  in  1770,  and  died 
at  Siamford,  in  1809.  He  had  exhibited  himself 
in  Picadilly  two  or  ih^ee  years  before  hit  death  ; 
not  long  before  which  event,  on  being  wei;:hed, 
he  was  Ibund  to  be  5'2  .'tone  11  lbs.  in  weieht 
(14  lbs.  to  the  stone,)  which  is  10  stone  II  lbs. 
more  than  the  great  Mr.  Bright,  of  Essex,  ever 
weighed.  His  coffin  was  G  teet  4  inches  long, 
4  feet  4  inches  wide,  and  2  feet  4  inchts  deep, 
and  consisted  of  112  superficial  feel  of  elra 
timber. 

LAMBERT,  George,  an  English  lands,  ape 
painter,  died  in  1765. 

LAMBERT,  George  Henry,  aii  able  mathe- 
matician, of  Alsace,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1728. 

LAMBERT,  of  Schawemburg,  a  German  Be- 
nedictine, published  a  drvcliroiiicle,  from  Adam 
to  A.  D.  1077  ;  he  died  in  HJt)9. 

LAMBIN,  Denys,  professor  of  belles-lettres, 
at  Paris.  Ho  was  esteemed  u  a  critic  and  a 
scholar,  and  died  in  1672. 

L.'XMBRUN,  Margaret,  was  a  Scf.tch  wo- 
man, and  one  of  the  retinue  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  as  was  also  licr  husband,  who  dying  of 
grief  for  the  tragical  end  of  that  princess,  his 
wife  took  up  a  re.oolution  of  revenging  the  death 
of  both  upon  queen  Elizabeth.  F(m-  that  pur- 
pose she  put  on  a  uian's  habit;  and,  ae^niing 
the  name  of  Antl!C)iiy  Sparke,  rrpaired  to  the 
court  of  the  queen  of  England,  always  carry- 
ing with  her  a  brace  of  pistols,  on<;  to  kill  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  other  to  shoot  herself,  iti  order  to 
avoid  the  hands  of  justice:  but  her  design  lia|>- 
pened  to  mi.scarry  by  an  accii'ent  which  tavecl 
the  queen's  life.  On«  day,  fa*  .  je  v.ns  posLuig 
273 


LA 


LA 


through  ilie  crowd  to  come  up  to  lier  majesty,  [{style  was  a^jreeablc,  and  imitative  of  Titian  and 

who  was  iben  walking  in  her  garden,  she  cliaa-jSalvaior  Rosa. 

ced  10  drop  one  of  the  pistols.    This  being  botii       LANUA,  Catherine,   a  learned  lady,  author 

by  the  guards,  she  was  seized,  iu  order  lo  be  jof  an  elegant  Laiiu  letter  to  Peter  Ueiubo,  died 

Bent  iounediately  to  prison,  but  the  queen  nof'in  l5-i6. 

suspecting  her  lo  be  one  of  her  own  sex,  had  ail     L,\NUEN,  Jo'in,  bom  in  Northamptonshire, 

mind  tirdi  lo  examine  her.    Accordingly.  de-|inl719,  ditd  in  I7j0,  having  written  largely  on 

manding  hcrname,  country,  and  qnalily,  :>lar-|  mathinialics,  and  advanci  d   that  science  cou- 

garel  replied  with  an  umuovedsteiiiliiicse,  "Ala-;  siderabiv  by  hisyiudies  and  experiments. 


dam,  though  I  appear  in  this  babii,  [  am  a  wo-| 
man;  my  name  is  Margaret  I.rimlirun;  j  was! 
several  years  in  the  service  of  qu.'en  Mary,  my 
mistress,  whom  you  have  so  unjuslly  put  lo] 
death  ;  and  by  her  death  you  have  alsocausedi 
that  ol'  my  husband,  who  «iied  of  g.-ief  to  see  30' 


L.ANOI.VI,  Chrisloplier,  a  learned  Venetian 
of  the  loth  century. 

L.\NDO,  Mortensio,  an  Italian  phyi^ician,  of 
the  16tli  century,  who  wrote  several  ivorka. 

L.ANDO,  Ba9.-<iano,  a  physician,  of  I'adua, au- 
thor of  50iue  medical  work^,  was  assassinated 


Innocent  a  queen  perish  so  Iniquiloubly.     Now, I  in  IjCiC 

ai  I  hid  the  gruaitMt  love  and  alfectioii  lor  both;}  LA.NDRI,  bishop  of  Paris,  and  founder  of 
those  personages,  1  resolved,  at  the  peril  of  my!: the  hospital  called  Hotel  de  Dieu,  died  about 
life,  to  revu.iL'e  their  death  by  killing  you,  who  blK). 

are  ilie  cause  of  both."  The  (lueeri  pariloned;|  LANE,  Jane,  a  female  of  extraordinnry  sa- 
iler, and  granted  her  a  safe  conduct  till  she;  j^aciiy  and  spirit,  who  assisted  in  the  escape  and 


bbou'd  he  set  upon  tiie  coast  of  Fiance. 

L.'\.M[,  Bernard,  a  philosopher  of  a  noble 
fninily  of  .Mons  ,  he  was  a  warm  admirer  of 
the  principles  of  Descartes,  and  died  in  1715. 

L,\MI,  Dom.  Francis,  a  French  writer,  who 
distinguished  himself  against  Spinusa  ;  he  died 
in  1711. 

L.^.Ml,  John,  ecclesiastical  professor  at  Flo-I 

rpnce,  was  a  facetiou.=  and  agreeable  man,  and 

died  in  1774.  | 

L.\.MIA,  a   celebrated   Grecian  courtezan,! 

some  time  mistress  lo  Ptolemy  I.,  king  of  Egypt. ' 

LAMOIGNON,  Christian  Francis  de,  advo-| 
cate  general  and  president  of  the  parUament,  of  | 
Paris,  died  in  1677. 

L.A.MPE,  Frederic  Adolphua,  rector  of  Bre- 
men university,  and  an  author,  di.-d  in  1729.      | 

L.\MPLL'GH,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  and| 
archbishop  of  York.  He  crowned  king  Wil- 
liam, after  exhorting  the  people  to  adhere  to 
James  11  ,  he  died  in  1691. 

L.\MPSIDIUS,  .^lius,  a  Latin  historian,  who' 
flourished  under  the  emperors  Dioclesian  and 
Constantine,  in  the  4th  century.  We  have  of 
his  writing  the  lives  of  four  emperO/S,  viz. 
Commodus,  Antoninus,  Diadumcnus,  and  He- 
Hogabalus. 

L.\.MPRIDIUS,  Benedict,  a  Latin  poet,  of 
Cremona,  died  in  1540. 

LAX.\,  Francis  de,  a  Jesuit,  of  Brescia,  born 


preservation  of  Charles  II.,  after  the  battle  of 
Worcester,  and  was  amply  rewarded  at  the 
re.'itoraiion  Charles  (disguised  in  her  father's 
livery)  rode  betore  her  on  horseback  from  Bent- 
ley  Hall  to  Staffordshire,  to  Mr.  Norton's  near 
Bristol. 

LANFR.^NC,  John,  an  Italian  painter;  he 
excelled  chicly  in  fresco,  and  died  lt>47. 

L.^NI'IIANC,  a  physician,  of  Milan;  h* 
resu>red  surgery  to  a  regular  and  respectable 
system,  and  died  in  1300. 

LANFK.A.NC,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reignof  William  I.,  died  in  1089.  He  le- 
buill  the  cathedral  of  Canterbury,  and  has  the 
character  of  a  great  statesman,  as  well  as  a 
learned  prelate. 

LA.XFRANCO,  Giovanni,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian painter,  disciple  of  the  Carracci,  born  iu 
1581,  died  in  1IU7. 

L.ANG,  John  Michael,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Altorf,  died  in  1731. 

LA.\GALIERE,  Philip  de  Gentils,  marquis 
de,  distinguished  himself  in  the  sf^rvice  of 
France  during  20  years.  He  was  afterwards 
in  the  service  of  the  emperor,  and  king  of  Po- 
land, and  died  in  1717. 

LANGBAINH,  Gerard,  an  English  writer, 
who  acquired  literary  celebrity  by  his  edition  of 
Longinus  ;  he  died  in  1657. 

LANGBAINE,  Gerard,  born  m  IGSfi,  was  au- 


in  16:17.     From  his  works,  it  appears  that  he  Ithor  of  "  An  account  of  the  English  Dramatic 


had  an  idea  of  aerostation  prior  to  Montsiolfior 

LANCASTER,  James,  a  celebrated  English) 
navigator,  died  in  16-20. 

LANCASTER,  Nathaniel,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine  and  an  author,  died  in  1775. 

LANCELOT,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris,  and' 
tutor  to  the  prince  of  Conti,  was  a  Benedictine 
monk,  and  the  author  of  several  works ;  he, 
died  in  1659.  I 

LANCELOTTI,  John  Paul,  an  Italian,  ern-j 
ployed  by  pope  Paul  IV.,  to  compile  the  canon 
law;  he  died  in  1591.  | 

LA.N'CJEAN,  Remi,  the  most  eminent  of 
Vandyck's  pupils,  died  in  1671. 

L.4.NCISI,  John  Maria,  an  eminent  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  at  Rome,  in  1654,1 
died  in  17-20.  I 

LANCRET,  Nicholas,  a  famous  Frenclil 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  in  1690,  died  in  174:<.l 
There  are  a  great  many  prints  after  his  paint-j 
ings. 

LA\CRI\C'K,  Prosper  Henricus,  an  e.xcel-] 
lent  lind.-.c:j|)R  painter  in  the  English  school,! 
born  at  \ntwerp.  in  1638,  died  in  I69i.  His' 
274 


Poets,"  which  has  been  of  great  use  to  later  bio- 
graphers ;  he  died  in  1692. 

LANGDALE,  Marmaduke,  an  Englishman 
of  great  courage,  who  espoused  the  royal  cause 
in  til';  rebellion  ;  he  aied  in  1681. 

L.\NGDOiV,  Samuel,  1).  D.,  mi.iister  of  a 
church  in  Portsmouth,  Now  Hampshire,  and 
afterwards  president  of  Harvard  college ;  he 
died  in  1797. 

LANGDO»\,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  active  and 
powerful  advocate  of  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  Congress  in  1775,  and  afterwards  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed  the 
federal  constitution,  a  senator  in  (/Ongress,  and 
governor  of  the  stale  of  New-Hampshire  ;  he 
died  at  Portsmouth,  in  1819. 

LANGE,  Joseph,  Greek  professor  at  Friburp, 
in  1600  ;  he  turned  catholic  in  the  latter  part  of 
his  life. 

L,\NGE,  Charies  Nicholas,  aSwiss  naturalist, 
about  1720. 

L.\.VGE,  Rodolphus,  canon  of  Mnnster,  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  poet;  he  died  in  1519. 

l.ANGF.I..\NDE,Robert,  autliorof'TUeVi 


J.  A 

sions  of  Piorcc  I'lowinan,"  !iii<l  one  ol"  the  riiost 
nncient  Eufilish  (hioIs,  tluurislictl  about  tliuinul- 
tHo  of  the  1  Uh  coniury. 

LANGHAM,  Pinion,  archbishop  of  Canter 
luiry;  he  was  made  treasurer  of  Lnglanil  by 
Edward  in.,  and  died  in  1376. 

LANGHOR.XE,  Dr.  John,  rector  of  niaadeii, 
ill  Soraprsetshirfi,  and  author  of  sevt-ral  literary 
productions  ;  aniong  which  the  best  icnown  arc, 
"  Poems,"  in  2  vols.,  "  Sermons,"  in  2  vols., 
"  TheodosiusandConstaiitia,"  "  Freilerirk  and 
Pharamond,  or  the  Consolations  of  Human 
liife  ;"  and  a  translation  of"  Plutarch's  Lives." 
He  was  born  in  1735,  and  dit-d  in  177<». 

LANGIUS,  John,  of  Lawcnbnrs,  praitiscd 
physic  at  Heidelber:; ;  he  was  physician  ki  four 
successive  electors  palatine,  and  died  in  I5i')5. 

LANGI.A.VD,  John,  principal  of  Maudalen 
Hall,  Oxford,  and  bishop  of  Lincoln,  was  a 
jiopular  (]reacher  and  a  benevolent  man ;  he 
died  in  l."i-t7. 

L.\NGLE,  John  Maximilian,  minister  of  the 
reformed  church  at  Rouen  ;  he  wrote  a  defence 
of  Charles  I.,  and  died  in  1674. 

L.ANGLK,  Samuel  de,  son  of  the  preceding  : 
on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Names,  Ik^ 
went  to  Enjiand,  was  ma<le  U.  D.  at  Oxford, 
and  died  in  16911. 

LANGLEY,  Batty,  an  English  architect,  au- 
thnrof  some  useful  books,  died  in  1751. 

LAXGTON.  John,  an  English  Carmelite 
monk,  was  at  the  council  of  Basil. 

LAXGTON,  Stephen,  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  by  the  pope,  in  the  rtign  of  king 
John,  died  in  l-liS.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  men  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived, 
for  his  learning  and  his  writings. 

LAN'tjUET,  Hubert,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
minister  of  state  to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and 
afterwards  in  the  service  of  the  prince  of  Orange ; 
iicdiiid  in  1581. 

LANtJUET,  John  Baptist  Joseph,  doctor  of 
the  SorboMue,  Uie  celebrated  vicar  of  St.  Sulpice 
at  Pans,  and  0"ae  of  those  extraordinary  men 
whom  Providence  raises  up  for  the  relief  of  the 
indigent  and  wretched,  for  the  pood  of  society, 
and  the  glory  of  nations,  was  born  at  Dijon, 
June  6,  16.S7,  and  died  in  1750. 

LANGUET,  John  Joseph,  archbishop  of  Sens, 
a  polemical  divine,  esteemed  lor  his  benevolence 
and  piety  ;  he  died  in  1753. 

LA.N'tER,  a  painter,  employed  by  Charles  I. 
L  ANNOY,  or  LAUNOY,  Charles  de,  an  able 
pencral  in  the  service  of  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
who  took  Francis  I.  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
I'avia  :  he  died  in  1527. 

LANSBERGHF,   Philip,  a  learned   mathe- 
matician, of  GheF.t,  and  the  author  of  several 
works  ;  he  died  in  163-2. 
LANSDOWNE.     See  GRANVILLE. 
L.WZ.\NO,    Andrea,   an    Italian     painter 
who  excelled  in  his  art,  died  in  1712.  ] 

L.\NZI,  Lewis,an  Italian  Jesuit,  distinguished 


of  10  vols,  folio,  of  commcniarius  on  the  Scri;* 
lures,  died  in  1637. 

L\P(J,  .Arnulphus  di,  a  native  of  Florence, 
known  as  an  able  architect,  died  in  J.tut). 

LARCIIER,  Peter  Henry,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  a  translaliiui  of  Herodotus,  of  Xeiio- 
phou,  &c.  ;  h.-  died  in  1812. 

LARD.VEU,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  a  very  eminent 
dissenting  divine,  author  of  "  The  Credibility 
of  the  Gospel  History  ;"  of  "  The  Testimonies 
of  the  Ancient  Jews  and  Pagans  in  favour  of 
Christianity  ;"  "  The  History  of  Heretics,"  ic.  ; 
he  was  born  in  16^4,  and  died  in  1768. 

LARGILLIERE,  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
painter  of  great  merit.  He  painted  portraits  of 
James  II.,  of  England,  and  his  queen,  and  died 
in  1705. 

LAROON,  Maicellus,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
H.igiie,  was  celebrated  for  his  astonishing  cor- 
rectness as  a  copyist  ;  he  died  in  1705. 

L.VRlvEY,  Isaac  de,  a  French  Calvinist, who, 
on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  fled  to 
Holland,  and  was  made  liistoriographcr  to  tlic 
isiatejs ;  he  died  in  1719. 

L.VRitOdllE,  Matthew  de,  a  French  protcs- 
lant  minister,  of  deserved  popularity  ;  he  died 
in  I(id4. 

LARROQL'E,  Daniel  de,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1731. 

LASCARIS,  Constantino,  one  of  those  learn- 
ed Greeks  who  quitted  Constantinople  upon 
it.s  beins;  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1453,  and  took 
refuge  in  Italy.  He  was  author  ol  a  "  Greek 
Grammar,"  and  other  small  works  of  a  similar 
kind. 

LASCARIS,  John,  surnamed  Rhyndacenus, 
was  of  the  imperial  family.  He  was  an  admi 
rable  scholar,  and  died  in  1535. 

LASCI  or  L,\SKO,  John  de,  a  learned  Pole, 
made  bishop  <if  Vesprim.  He  declared  in  fa- 
vour of  the  reformation,  and  was  dismissed  from 
his  bishopric  ;  he  died  in  1560. 

LASRNA.or  LASCEXA,  Peter,  a  learned 
Italian,  a-idan  author,  died  in  1636. 

LASSELS,  Richard,  an   Englishman,  who 
embrac  J  the  catholic  religion  ;    lie  published 
travels  in  llalv,"  and  died  in  17f>8. 
LATIMER,  Hugh,  bishop  of  Worcester,  one 
of  the  tiist  reformers  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, born  in  1470.     It  is  a  remarkable  circum- 
tance,  though  not  altogether  without  parallel, 
that,  trom  being  a  papist  he  became  a  zealous 
p-oteslani.  active  in  supporting  the  reformed 
doctrine,  and  assiduous  to  make  converts.     For 
his  zeal,  however,  in  the  protestant  faith,  he 
was,  with  Ridley,  bishop  of  London,  burnt  at 
Oxford,  in  1555. 

LAUD,  William,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  horn  in  1573, 
and  beheaded  in  1645  for  high  treason  ;  he  fell 
a  sacrifice  to  party  violence,  and  high  church 
seniiments. 
LAUDER,  William,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
as  an  antiquary.    On  the  suppression  of  his  or- 11  memorable  for  an  attempt  to  ruin  the  reputation 


der,  he  was  made  sub  diroctor  of  the  gallery  at 
Florence.  He  was  author  of  an  essay  on  the 
Tu.scan  language,  and  other  works,  and  died 
in  1810. 

L.\NZONI,  .Toseph,  a  native  of  Ferrara,  em- 
inent as  a  physician,  and  an  antiquary  ;  lie  died 
in  1730. 

L.'VP.ARELLI,  Francis,  an  Italian,  einiiicui 
as  an  architect,  mechanic,  and  engineer,  lie 
assisted  Michael  A  Mgelo  in  his  desimis  for  St. 
Peter's  church,  at  Rome,  and  died  in  l.">90. 

L.\PIDR,  Cornelius,  a  FrencJi  j-isiiit,  author 


of  Milton  ;  an  attempt  which  ended  in  the  de- 
struction of  his  own.  He  hcL'an  tirst  to  retail 
part  of  his  design  in  the  Gentleman's  Macazine, 
1747 ;  and  finding  that  liis  forgeries  were  not 
detected,  was  encouraged,  in  1751,  to  collect 
them,  with  additions,  into  a  volume,  entitled 
■' An  Essay  on  Milton's  Ifse  and  Imitation  of 
the  Moderns  in  his  Paradise  Lost."  The  fideli- 
ty of  his  quotations  had  been  doubted  by  seve- 
ral people  ;  and  the  falsehood  of  them  was  soon 
after  demonstrated  by  bishop  Douglas,  in  a 
pamphlet  entitle;!.  "  ^iiltotl  vindicated  from  the 
27.'« 


LA 

(."har^o  of  Plagiarism,  brought  agains^t  him  by 
viaoiiir;  and  Lauder  himselt' convicted  ol'seve- 
•al  Foryorii's  and  gross  Imposilioiiij  on  the  I'ub- 
!ic."  The  appearance  of  this  detection  over- 
whelmed Lauder  with  contusion.  Hi- subscribed 
a  confession  dictated  by  Dr.  Johnson  ;  and,  find- 


LA 

vnnced.  Success  inflamed  his  imagination,  and 
he  became  an  enthusiast  in  the  study  of  physi- 
ognomy. The  opinions  relative  to  it,  which  ha 
propagated,  were  a  medley  of  acute  observa- 
tion, ingenious  conjecture,  and  wild  reverie. 
His  books,  published  in  the  German  language, 


ing  that  his  character  was  not  to  be  retrieved.  (|  were  multiplied  by  many  editions,  and  iransla- 


quined  the  kingdom,  and  passed  the  reniainde 
of  Ills  life  in  universal  c4>ntenipt.  He  died  at 
Carbadoes.  in  1770.    See  BOWLE. 

LAI. DOHA',  or  LOLUON.  Gideon  Ernest, 
field-marslial,  and  commander  in  chief  of  the 
Austrian  forces,  born  io  171(3,  died  in  1700.  So 
high  was  his  reputation,  tliat  Frederic  the  Great, 
of  Prussia,  used  to  say,  he  feared  nobody  so 
much  as  Laudolin. 

L.-\L"G[ER.  Mark  Antony,  a  French  Jesuit, 
the  author  of  several  works,  died  in  17(19. 

LAUNAY,  Francis  de,  a  French  advocate  of 
eminence,  and  an  author  of  law  publications, 
Oied  in  109:). 

L.'VU.N'OI,  John  de,  a  learned  French  writer, 
known  for  his  defence  of  the  rights  of  the  Gal- 
hcan  cliurcli,  died  in  1678. 

LAl'.NOY,  Charles  de,  a  French  general. 
See  LANNOY. 

LAURA  DE  N0VE3,  the  mistress  of  Pe- 
tratcli,  who  wrote  in  her  praise  318  sonnets  and 
88  songs,  most  of  which  breathe  the  warmest 
spirit  of  poetry.  She  was  born  at  Avigiron, 
in  1310,  and  died  in  1348 

LAURATI,  Peter,  a  celebrated  Italian  pain- 
ler,  who  tlourished  in  the  15th  century. 

LAURENS,  or  LAURENTIUS,  Andrew, 
professor  of  medicine,  at  Montpelier,  and  pliy- 
lician  to  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1009. 

L.'^URENS,  Houorns,  brother  of  Andrew, 
an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  af- 
terwards archbishop  of  Enibrun  ;  lie  died  in  1612. 

LAURENS,  Henry,  a  member  of  Congress 
.rom  South  Carolina,  and  president  of  that 
iK)dy  in  1777.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
British,  while  on  his  way  to  Holland,  as  anibas 
eador  from  the  United  States,  and  confined  in 
the  tower,  and  treated  with  great  rieour  until 
1781.  On  his  liberation,  he  went  tn  France, 
and  afterwards,  joined  the  .'American  ministers 
in  signing  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  He 
died  in  Carolina,  in  179-2. 

LAURENS,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  distinguished  oliicer  of  the  American  aiiny, 
during  the  war  of  the  revolution,  and  rendered 
essential  services  to  his  country.  He  was  mnr- 
tally  wonnd:d  in  an  action  with  a  small  party 
of  the  encinv  in  Carolina,  and  died  in  17e2. 

LAURENT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Flan- 
ders, celebrated  for  his  astonishing  mechanical 
powers  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

LAURENTIO,  Nicholas,  a  remarkable  cha- 
racter in  the  history  of  modern  Rome,  who,  al- 
though the  son  of  a  vintner,  rose  to  the  supreme 
power,  but  was  murdered  by  the  populace. 

LAUUI,  Filippo,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Rome  in  162.t,  died  in  1694 


lions.  Tliis  amiable  clergyman  (for  such  he 
was,)  was  born  at  Zurich,  in  1741,  and  die^ 
there  in  1801,  inconsequenceof  a  wound  whick 
he  received  from  a  French  soldier  a  twelve 
month  before. 

LAVINGTON,  George,  bishop  of  Exeter 
born  in  \C)8:i,  and  died  at  Exeter,  in  17fi2.  Be 
sides  sermons,  he  published,  "  The  Enihusiasn 
of  the  Methodists  and  Pa|)isis compared." 

LAVIROTTE,  Lewis  Aime,  a  French  physi 
cian  of  eminence,  died  in  1759. 

LAVOISIER,  Antoine  Laurent,  a  celebrated 
French  medical  and  chymical  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  ill  1743, was  murdered  by  the  gnitlotine  un- 
der tlie  execrable  tyranny  of  Robespierre,  with 
27  other  farmers-geiioral,  in  1794. 

LAW,  John,  of  Edinburgh,  a  famous  prcr- 
jector;  who  raised  himself  to  the  dignity  of  comp- 
troller-general of  the  finances  of  France,  upoD 
the  strength  of  a  scheme  for  establishing  abaiik, 
an  Easlliidia,  and  a  Missis.sippi  company,  witfc 
the  profits  of  which  the  national  debt  of  France 
was  to  be  paid  ofl";  but  this  great  fabric  of  false 
credit  fell  to  the  ground,  and  almost  overthrew 
the  French  government,  ruining  some  thousands 
of  families  ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  that  the  same 
desperate  game  was  played  by  the  South  Sea 
directors  in  Etigland  in  the  same  fatal  year, 
1720.  Law,  being  e.\iled  as  soon  as  the  credit 
of  his  projects  began  to  fail,  retired  to  Venice, 
where  he  died  in  poverty,  m  1729. 

LAW,  Edmund,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  an  emi 
neiit  theological  writer,  bom  in  1702,  died  in  1787. 

LAW,  William,  an  able  English  dissenting 
divine,  and  author  of  the  "  Serious  Call  ;"  he 
died  in  1761. 

LAW,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
was  successively  a  judge  and  chief  justice  of 
the  superior  court,  lieutenant-governor,  and  af 
terwards  governor,  of  that  state  ;  he  died  in 
17.50. 

LAW,  Richard,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Connecticut,  was  for  several  years,  a  judge 
and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  that 
state,  and  afterwards  judge  of  the  United  States 
district  court.     He  died  in  1806. 

LAWES,  William,  an  eminent  English  mu- 
sician and  composer,  was  killed  at  the  siege 
of  Chester,  in  the  army  of  Charles  L 

LAWKS,  Henry,  his  brother,  and  also  a  gre.it 
musician,  in  wliiicli  art  he  is  by  some  thought  to 
have  e.xcelled  William,  was  born  at  Salisbury 
in  lOOn,  and  died  in  1662. 

LAWRENCE,  Stringer,  a  distinguished  gene- 
ral on  the  East  India  Company's  ostablishmenl, 
born  in  1697,  died  in  1775.  In  gratitude  for'his  emi- 
nent services  in  the  command  of  their  forces  on 


L.AVATER,  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic,  known  for  |!  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  during  a  period  of  20 
his  abilities  as  a  protcstant  controversialist,  died  ijyears,  the  Company  erected  a  noble  monument 


ill  xr>!<^y 

L.-\V.\TER,  John  Caspar  Christian,  a  Swiss 
divine,  of  warm  fancy,  and  natural  acute- 
»>ess,  by  which  he  was  led  to  turn  his  attention 
IO  the  expression  of  human  sentiment  and  cha- 
racter. He  perceived  that  not  only  transient 
passion,  but  evi  n  the  more  permanent  qualities 
of  rliaiacter,  are  often  very  distinctly  expressed  ; 
nut  carried  his  observations  in  this  way  much 
fanlicr  than  any  other  person  had  before  ad- lied  iu  1665 
276 


to  his  memory  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

L.-^WRENCE,  James,  a  captain  in  the  nav 
of  the  United  States,  distinguished  for  his  bra 
very  and  skill,  was  wounded  in  an  action  will 
the  British  frigate  Shannon,  in  1813,  and  died 
four  davs  afterwards. 

L.WVSON,  Sir  John,  captain  of  a  ship  in  the 
navv  of  the  parliament,  and  afterwards  rear- 
admir.-il  uiulcr  the  duke  of  York  ;  he  was  kiK- 


LAWSON,  Jolin,  surveyor  general  of  NorthflbiiMg  censured  and  suspended  for  dwobediencc 
Caiulin»,  and   author  of  a  work,  containing  a   oi  order9,  lie  retired  lo  private  life,  and  died 


liatiiral  history  of  that  country  to  ahoul  llit 
vciirKOO. 

LAY ,  Benjamin,  an  eccentric,  biu  benevolent 
qu.iker,  who  dislinguished  himsell'by  his  deci- 
ded opposition  lo  slavery,  and  to  the  use  of  arti- 
cles of  luxuiy.  ile  was  a  native  of  Knpland, 
but  reiinivedto  the  West  Indies,  and  afterwards 
to  Philadelphia,  where  he  died. 

LAVARD,  Charles  Peter,  an  English  divine, 
and  dean  of  Bristol ;  he  died  in  J8U3. 

LAZARELLI,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  Ga- 
beo,  and  a  poet,  iiied  in  ltjy4. 

I.KAKE,  Richard,  master  gunner  of  England, 
was  disliiiguislied  for  bravtry  in  several  naval 
actions;  he  was  born  at  Harwich,  in  li/."J,  and 
diAl  ill  1G96. 

LEAKE,  Sir  John,  a  brave  and  successful 
Knglisli  admiral,  born  in  Iii5*j,  was  disliiiguislied 
by  many  great  actions ;  but  chiefly  by  his  relief 
and  pr<  seivatioii  of  Gibraltar  tioiii  the  French 
and  Spaniards,  in  1705.     He  dud  in  H'JO. 

LLAhE,  Stephen  Martin,  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter on  coins,  and  on  heraldry,  born  in  17U'2,  died 
in  1773. 

LEAKE,  Dr.  John,  physician  to  the  West- 
minster Lying-in-Ilospiiai,  ot  which  he  waaihe 
(builder,  died  in  17y'2.  His  writings  on  niidwiie- 
ry,  and  on  female  dibcascs,  are  in  very  high  es- 
teem. 

IjE.M'OR,  Blary,  an  ingenious  English  lady, 
and  author  of  some  poems,  died  in  17:S5.  ; 

LEA  MING,  Jeremiah,  an  episinpal  clergy  I 
man,  of  New-En::land,  and  a  tlii;ological  wri-J 
ter ;  he  died  iu  IfctW. 


fvnm  chagrin  and  mortification,  on  account  of 
Ins  disgrace,  about  17P2. 

LEE,  Richard  Henry,  an  eminent  citizen,  and 
distinguished  patriot  of  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  congress  from  Virginia,  in  1776,  and 
lii^t  proposed  to  that  body  the  declaration  of  In- 
dependence, which  he  afterwards  signed.  He 
was  subsequently  president  of  congress,  and  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  under  the  federal 
constitution.  He  died  in  171)4,  and  his  name 
will  be  remembered  with  gratitude,  as  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  actors  of  the  revolution,  so 
long  as  Americans  enjoy  the  benefits  resulting 
from  that  event. 

LEE,  Arthur,  LL.  D.,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  an  ardent  friend  to  the  rights  of 
the  colonies,  and  rendered  tlitni  essential  servi- 
ces, while  agent  of  Virginia,  at  London.  Hn 
was  afterwards  minister  to  France,  from  the 
l.'nited  States, with  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane ; 
he  died  in  1792. 

LEE,  Francis  Lightfoot,  a  member  of  con- 
gress, from  Virginia,  in  1775.  and  one  of  the 
si>:ners  of  the  declaratiofi  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  at  Richnioiid,  in  1707. 

LEE,  Thomas  Sim,  a  member  of  congress, 
and  of  the  convention  which  formed  the  federal 
constitution,  afterwards  governor  of  Maryland  , 
he  died  in  1.^19. 

LEE,  Charles,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States,  died  in  1815. 

LEE,  Ezra,  a  revolutionary  oflicer,  who  was 
engaged  in  several  of  the  principal  contests  of 
the  war.     He  enjnyed  the  confidence  of  his  »u- 


LEBll),  an  Arabian  poet,  employed  by  JIa  ;  perior  officers,  and  was  selected  to  take  charge 
bomct  to  answer  satirical  works  against  liiiii.    |  of  the  marine  "  Turtle,"  in  an  attempt  to  blow 

)jE  BLANC,  Marcel,  one  of  the  fourteen  je-   up  the  British  ship  Asia,  in  the  harbour  of  New- 
eiiits  whom  Lewis  XIV.  sent  to  Siain,  died  in'  York.    He  died  in  1821. 
lGy3.  I      LEE,  Samuel,  a  learned  and   distinguished 

LECLAIR,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  an  enii-  Eimlisli  divine,  afterwards  fiist  minister  at  Bris- 
nent  musical  composer,  was  assassinated  iii'liol,  Rhode  Island  ;  he  died  in  1691,  on  his  return 
1764.  |]io  England. 

LECTIUS,  James,  a  native  of  Geneva,  apo-  LEECHMAN,  Pr.  William,  piincipal  of  the 
et  and  critic,  died  in  1611.  ij  college  of  Glasgow,  born  in  1706,  died  in  1785. 

LEI) ESM.^i  Alplionsus,  a  Spanish  poet,  died   His  publications  were  few,  but  they  are  gene- 


(n  W2S 

Li;UY ARD,  John,  a  distinguish.d  American 
tiamler,  a  native  of  Connecticut.  He  ac 
comiianied  caiilain  t'ook  in  his  last  voyage,  and 
witni'Bsed  liis  death.  After  suH'eniig  incredible 
hardships  in  his  dilT^rent  journeys,  he  died  at 
Cairo,  iu  1789,  while  preparing  to  penetrate  the: 
interior  of  Africa.  | 

LEE,  Samuel,  an  Englishman,  ejected  from 
his  living  for  non-conformity  in  1686,  and  em- 
barked for  Korih  America. 

LE.E,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English  drama-; 
tic  iK>et.  He  is  the  author  of  eleven  plays,  all 
acted  with  applause.  His  thoughts  are  wonuer- 
ftilly  suited  to  tragedy ;  but  frequently  lost  in 
f.ich  a  cloud  of  words',  that  it  is  dilticult  to  see 
the  licuuty  of  them.     He  died  in  1691. 

LEE,  Thomas,  president  of  the  council  of 
Virginia,  in  1749.  The  administration  of  the 
alfairs  of  the  colony  devolved  on  him  until  his, 
death,  which  occurred  in  1750. 

LEE,  Chailes,  a  native  of  Wales.  After 
sorving  in  the  English  army  under   generals] 


rally  known  and  admired,  and  will  remain  last- 
ing monuments  of  a  devout  and  hencvolert 
heart  an  well  as  of  an  enlarged  and  highly  cul 
ti\aird  iinilerstanding. 

LEEPE,  John  Anthony  Van  der,  a  Dutch 
painter,  celebrated  for  his  sea  views,  died  in 
1720. 

LEESE,  Anna,  a  native  of  England,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  and  of  doubtful  character,  was  the 
founder  of  the  society  of  shakers.  She  came 
to  America,  and  settled  near  Albany,  where  she 
died  ill  1784, 

LEETE,  WMlliam,  a  native  of  England,  c.nnie 
to  America  to  enjoy  his  stern  republican  prin- 
ciples, and  settled  at  Guilford.  He  was  chosen 
governor  of  New-Haven,  and  on  the  union  of 
the  colonies,  lieuteiiJiit-governor  and  goveinor 
of  Connecticut.    He  died  in  16a"<. 

LEEURO,  Gabriel  Van  der,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
who  excelled  in  painting  animals ;  be  died  in 
1088. 

LEGGE,  George,  lord  Dartmouth,  an  eminent 
English  admiral,  who  commanded  theforcc  sent 


Abercrombie  and  liurgoyne,  came  to  Virginia,  to  demolish  Tangier,  in  1683.  In  H'88,  he  waa 
in  1773,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the  revo-  made  admiral  of  the  fleet ;  but,  after  the  revo- 
lution.iry  war,  was  appointed  a  major-general  in  lution  was  effected,  he  was  committed  to  the 
the  army,  and  afterwards  to  the  command  of  tlu'ij  Tower,  on  suspicion  of  corresponding  with  the 
troops  in  the  southern  states,  Hereiideredgreai|  abdicated  king;  and  he  died  in  that  prison,  in 
and  important  Bervicca  to  the  United  States,  but!)  1691. 

24  277 


LK 

LKGUANO,  Stefano  Maiia,  ahbioricalpain-; 
ter,  llie  pupil  of  Carlo  Maraui  His  piecen  arc 
masterly,  particularly  in  tlie  diffusion  of  light 
and  shade  ;  he  died  in  Italy,  in  1715. 

LEIBNITZ,  Godfrey  William  de,  baron  of 
Leipsic,  an  eminent  statesman,  poet,  and  law- 
yer, but  more  eininent  as  a  writer  on  pliiloso 
pity,  born  in  l(v46,  died  in  1716.  ili.s  (ihilodo 
phical  writings  are  very  numerous,  and  have 
icndored  his  name  immortal. 

LEIGH,  Sir  Edward,  an  English  critic  and 
Hebrew  lexicographer,  died  in  1671. 

LEIGH,  Charles,  F.  U.  S.,  an  able  naturalist, 
of  England.  He  wrote  a  natural  history  of 
Lancashire,  Cheshire,  te.,  and  a  history  of 
Virginia.  He  died  in  the  beginning  of  the  IStli 
century. 

LEIGHTON,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, author  of  "  Zion's  Plea,"  and  "  Looking 
Glass  of  the  Holy  War,"  both  directed  against 
the  government.  He  was  inconsequence  punish- 
ed by  iiaving  his  nose  slit,  his  ears  cut,  and  run- 
ning tile  gauntlet.     He  died  in  1644. 

LEIGHTON,  Robert,  an  eminent  Scotcli  pre- 
late and  theological  writer,  died  in  1G81. 

LEISLER,  Jacob,  known  as  the  leader  of  a 
rebellion,  in  the  colony  of  New- York,  for  which, 
he  was  accused  of  treason,  condemned,  and  e.v- 
ecuted,  about  1G91. 

LEISMAN,  John  Anthony,  a  German  pain- 
ter, some  of  whose  pictures  are  very  much  ad- 
mired; he  died  in  1698.  * 

LELAND,  John,  the  first  and  Irfu  antiquary- 
royal  in  England,  was  born  in  l^oniion,  and  died 
in  1552.  He  has  been  styled  the  father  of  Eng 
lijii  antiquaries.  ••      ' 

LEL.\i\D,  Dr.  John,  a  celehh.iid  English 
dissenting  divine,  settled  in  Dublin,  wlio  distin- 
guished himself  liy  some  very  estimable  and  la- 
borious publications,  particularly"  A  V'~:\  of 
the  Deistical  Writers  of  England,"  and  "  The 
Advantage  and  Necessity  of  the  Christian  Re- 
velation." He  was  born  in  1691,  and  died  in 
V66. 

LELAND,  Dr.  Thomas,  author  of  a  "  Histo- 
ry of  Ireland,"  a  "  Life  of  Philip  of  Macedon," 
and  translator  of  Demosthenes,  was  born  in 
IT22,  and  died  in  1785. 

LE  LONG,  James,  author  of  "  Historical  Li- 
brary of  France."     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1731. 

LELY,  Sir  Peter,  an  excellent  portrait  and 
historical  painter,  born  in  1C17,  at  Westphalia, 
but  afterwards  settled  in  England,  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  Charles  11.,  died  in  1630. 

LEMENS,  Balthasar  Van,  a  native  of  Ant- 
v/erp,  eminent  as  a  historical  painter,  died  in 
London,  in  1704. 

LE  MERCIER,  Andrew,  a  minister  of  Bos- 
ton, for  many  years  pastor  of  n  Frelich  protcst- 
aut  church  in  that  place ;  he  died  in  1762. 

LEMEUV,  Nicolas,  a  celebrated  French 
chymical  writer,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1645,  died  in 
1715. 

LEMRRY,  Lewis,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Paris,  and  became  physician  to  the  king. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  useful  books,  and 
died  in  174:?. 

LKMNIUS,  Laevinius,  born  at  Zealand, 
where  he  became  a  physician,  and  afterwards 
took  orders.  He  wrote  on  astrology,  plants,  &c., 
and  died  in  1563. 

LE.MOINE,  Francis,  a  French  painter,  who, 
without  genius,  became,  by  application,  an  emi- 
nent artist ;  he  died  in  1737. 

LEMON,  George  William,  an  F,nglish  divine, 
who  distinguished  himself  by  the  publication 
278 


LE 

pf  a  large  volume  on  "  English  Etymology,' 
bi'ing  a  derivative  dictionary,  in  which  he  ha 
not  only  investigated  the  radical  meaning  of 
many  obscure  and  almost  unintelligible  words 
but  e.vplodeil  many  vulgar  errors,  and  illustra- 
ted many  passages  in  ancient  English  writers. 
He  was  born  in  1726,  and  died  in  1797. 

LE  MONNIER,  Peter  Charles,  a  celebrated 
French  astronomer,  and  one  of  tijose  who  made 
the  journey  to  the  north  in  1795,  for  the  admea- 
surement of  the  globe,  died  at  Paris,  in  17U9. 

LE  MONNIER,  Lewis  William,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  distinguished  pnysiciaii  and 
an  able  philosopher.  He  wrote  several  valuablo 
articles  for  the  French  Encyclopedia,and  died  in 
1799. 

L'ENCLOS,  Ninon  de,  a  very  distinguished 
French  courtezan,  who,  with  a  line  understand- 
ing and  philosophic  spirit,  would  reason  liks 
Socrates,  though  she  acted  like  Lais ;  while, 
therefore,  the  great  Conde,  the  Villarciiaux,  the 
Sevignes,  the  Rochefoucaults,  enjoyed  her  as  a 
mistress,  the  learned  consulted  her  as  a  philo- 
sopher and  a  critic.  This  bewitching  woman 
died  in  1706,  aged  90,  retaining  her  personal 
charms  to  the  last.  She  left  some  children,  and 
one  of  her  sons  died  before  her,  a  very  tragical 
death  indeed.  Not  knowing  her  to  be  his  mo- 
ther (for  all  her  operations  were  conducted  with 
secrecy  and  mystery,)  he  actually  fell  in  love 
with  her ;  and  when,  to  get  rid  of  his  passion, 
ehe  discovered  herself  to  him,  through  shaine 
and  despair  i)-  poignaided  himself  in  her  pie- 
sence. 

L'ENFANT,  James,  an  eminent  French  pro- 
testaut  minister,  born  in  1091,  died  in  172S.  He 
was  authorr  of  three  capital  works,  viz.  Hislo-- 
ries  of  'he  Council  of  Constance,  Basil,  and 
Pisa.  Besides  these,  he  published  the  New 
Testament,  translated  into  French  from  tlieori- 
inal  Greek,  with  notes,  in  conjunction  with 
Beausobre  ;  which  version  was  much  esteemed 
by  the  protestants. 

L'ENGLET,  Nicholas  du  Fresnoy,  a  very  vo- 
lumirious  French  writer,  born  in  lti74,  died  in 
1755  His  "  Methode  pnur  etudier  I'Histoire," 
&c.  seems  to  have  been  thought  his  best  profluc- 
tion.  Hi3  end  was  very  tragical :  for,  fallin.-; 
asleep  as  he  was  read'Mg  by  the  fire,  he  fell  inu> 
it,  and  his  head  was  nearly  burnt  off  before  th? 
accident  was  perceived. 

LEN.NARD,  Sampson,  a  friLMid  of  Sir  Pliilip 
Sidney,  with  whom  lie  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Zutphen.  He  was  also  an  eminent 
translator  iVom  'Latin  and  French  ;  he  died  in 
1630. 

LENNOX,  Charlotte,  a  writer  of  novels  and 
plays,  the  daughter  of  colonel  Ramsay,  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  New-York,  was  born  in  1720, 
and  died  in  1801.     He»-  best  known  novel  is 

The  Female  Quixotte."     The  latter  part  of 
er  life  was  clouded  by  sickness  and  penury, 
her  cliief  support  being  derived  from  "  The 
Literary  Fund." 

LENS,  Bernard,  painter  and  enamcllcr  to 
George  II.,  died  in  1741. 

LENTHAL,  William,  speaker  of  the  long 
parliament,  a  dubious  cliaracter  during  the  civil 
wars,  who  sought  his  own  fortunes  by  secretly 
siding  with  the  republicans;  he  died  under  con 
trition,  in  1063. 

LENTULUS,  Cneius,  a  Roman  consul,  his- 
torian, and  poet,  he  was  put  to  death  by  Tibe 
rius. 

LEO  I.,  or  Ancient,  succeeded  Marcian,  on 
the  throne  of  Constantinople,  in  457.    He  was 


r 


LE ^ 

□raised  liy  suiric  iiistorians,  but  greatly  censured 
by  othors,  and  died  in  474. 

LEO  II.,  or  Yomt'er.  He  ruined  his  consti- 
tution by  his  debaucheries,  and  died,  aged  16, 
soon  after  his  acce.?siiin. 
\,VX)  HI.  was  the  son  of  a  cobbler,  who  served 
in  the  army  willi  such  success  that  he  became 
a  general,  and  in  711  seated  himself  on  the  im 
periai  throne  of  Constantinople.  He  was  de 
tested  .i!!  a  tyrant,  and  eicommunicated  by  the 
popes  of  Rome,    lie  died  in  741. 

LEO  IV.  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  775.  He 
warred  against  the  daracens  with  success,  and 
died  in  7H0. 

LRO  v.,  the  Armenian,  bccam*  a  general 
by  his  valour  in  the  Roman  armies,  and  so  great 
was  bis  popularity,  that  he  prevailed  on  his 
soldiers  to  proclaim  him  emperor,  in  613.  He 
was  assassinated  in  820. 

LEO  V'l..  or  the  Philosopher,  also  called  the 
Wise,  succeeded  to  the  tnrone  m  836.  He  maoellEinnerors  in  13(W. 
war  against  the  Bulgarians,  Hungarians,  annii  LKO,  Peter '.Meca  de,  a  Spaniard,  who  tra- 
Saracens  ;  deposed  the  patriarchs,  Phollus  and  veiled  in  America,  and  published  an  interestmg 
Nicolas.  He  protected  men  of  letters,  and  died  |laccoui>tw)f  Peru,  in  1.550,  a  work  of  great  merit, 
in  911.  ||    l^EOXE,.\rlo.  or  Conaria,  a  historical  painter, 

LEO  I.,  pope,  surnamed  the  Great.     During  who  died  in  1564. 
his  reign,  lienseric  ferociously  entered  Roniejl    LEON'I,  Giacomo,  a  Venetian  architect,  who 
and  having  taken  possession  of  the  city,  gave  itiBPtUed  "n  England,  and  pnblished  a  line  edition 


LE 

LEO,  an  archbishop  of  Thessalonica,  in  the 
Dth  century,  distiiiiriiished  as  a  mathematician, 
one  of  tli<' great  revivers  of  (Jrecian  literature. 

LEO,  Pilaliis,  Greek  professor,  at  Florence, 
about  1360;  first  gave  lectures  on  Homer,  and 
other  Greek  authors. 

LEO,  of  Modciia,  a  celebrated  rabbi,  author 
of  an  Italian  liisiory  of  the  rites  and  customs  of 
the  Jews,  and  otiier  works.  He  lived  in  the 
I7tii  century. 

LEO,  the  !;raminarian,  compiled  in  the  12tii 
century  a  chronicle  of  Constantinople. 

LEO,  John,  a  native  of  Grenada,  eminent 
lis  a  geographer,  and  author  of  the  lives  of 
Arabian  philosophers,  and  a  description  of 
Africa,  in  Arabic.     He  died  in  15*26. 

LEO,  of  Byzantium,  a  pupil  of  Plato,  put  to 
leath  by  the  treachery  of  Philip. 

LEO.  of  Orviette,  a  Dominican,  who  wrote 
an  acount  of  the  Popes,  and  anotlier  of  the 


up  to  pillage  lor  14  days.  Leo  was  a  learnea 
and  useful  pope,  and  died  in  461. 

LEO  II.,  pope,  was  an  aole  and  resolute  pon- 
tiff. He  first  established  the  kiss  of  peace,  at 
the  mass,  and  the  use  of  holy  wat".r ;  he  died  in 
683. 

LEO  III.,  pope.  His  nephew  attempted  his 
destruction,  hut  he  escaped  to  Charlemagne, 
who  espoused  his  cause  and  seated  hini  again  In 
(he  pontilical  chair.  He  was  an  eloqucoit  and 
popular  pontiff,  and  died  in  816. 

LEO  IV.,  pope.  He  was  a  wise  and  courage- 
ous pontiff,  and  boldiv  met  the  Saracens,  wno 
came  to  pillage  his  city,  defeating,  and  taking  a 
vast  number  prisoners,  who  were  kept  to  fortify 
and  adorn  the  citv  ;  he  died  in  8X5. 

LEO  v.,  pope  after  Benedict  IV.,  in  903.  He 
was  soon  after  exiled,  and  died  of  grief. 

LEO  VI.,  pope  alter  John  X.,  in  928.  Hedied 
about  7  months  after. 

LEO  VII.,  a  Roman,  el  cted  pope  after  John 


of  Palladio  ;  he  died  in  l7-t6. 

LEOXICEN'U.S,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, of  Italy,  to  whom  we  owe  the  first  trans- 
Imjon  of  anyof  Galen's  works,  and  the  "  Apho- 
risms of  Hip"Qcralc3,"  born  iii  1438,  died  in 
1524. 

LEOiVICUS  THOM^EUS,  Nicholas,  a  learn- 
d  Veneiib  who  read  Lectures  at  Padua,  with 
reat  repuL  n.  He  translated  some  Greek 
works,  and  died  in  1524. 

LEONIDAS  I.,  king  of  Sparta,  a  celebrated 
warrior,  who  died  gloriously  in  defending  the 
pass  of  I'hermopyli  against  Xerxes,  480  years 

LEON'TIUM,an  ancient  courtezan  at  Athens; 
famous  first  for  her  lascivionsness,  and  after- 
wards for  her  application  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy under  Epicurus. 

LI:;(JPOLD.  St.,  marquis  of  Austria,  in  1096. 
Ry  his  virtues,  he  deserved  tiie  surname  of 
Pious-  he  was  canonized  by  Innocent  VIU.,  in 


XL    He  possessed  many  Virtues,  and  dlea  in  itSS.  1.1485 

LE(J  VIU.,  elected  by  aiitliorify  of  the  cm-ji  LEOPOLD  I.,  was  made  king  of  Hungary, 
peror  Otho,  on  the  dc|>08ition  of  John  Xll.,  ini  in  l(3.i5,  andof  Koheinia,  in  16.56,  and  was  elected 
96,3.  116  was  a  pontiff  of  great  merit  and  re-||empi;ror  in  l('i5S.  He  engaged  in  a  war  with  the 
spectability  ;  he  died  in  965.  iTurks,  and  also  with  Lewis  XIV,  who  pillaged 

LEO  IX.,  Briiiio,  bishop  of  Toul.  was  elected  and  desiroved  his  frontier  towns ;  he  died  in  1605 
pope  in  1018,  and  deserved  the  name  of  saint,  |l  LEOP()LD  II.,  Peter  Joseph,  for  25  years 
given  him  in  the  Roirian  calendar,  ills  sernionsfprann  auhe  of  Tuscany  elected  emperor  of 
andother  works  are  still  extant:  hedied  III  1054.  llGermanv  in  1790;  and  in  this  high  diznitv  he 


LEO  X.,  pope  of  Rome,  ever  to  be  remem 
bered  by  protestanis  as  having  been  the  cause 
of  the  Reformation  besiun  by  Luther,  was  tjorii 
at  Florence,  in  1475,  and  died  in  1521.  He  was 
a  lover  and  patroniser  of  learning  av/J  learned 
men,  and  equally  favoured  arts  and  sciences, 
being  himself  a  man  of  taste.  For  this  he  has 
been  often  celebrated,  and  by  Pope  in  particular : 

"  But  see !  each  Muse  in  Leo's  golden  days 
Starts  from  her  trance,  and  trims  her  wither'd 

bays ; 
Rome's  ancient  genius,  o'er  its  ruins  spread, 
Shaites  off  the  dust,  and  rears  his  rev'rcnd  head. 
Then  Sc\ilpture  and  her  sister  arts  revive  ; 
Stones  leap  to  form,  and  rocks  besln  to  live  ; 
With  sweeter  notes  each  rising  temple  rung ; 
A  Raphael  painted  and  a  Vida  sun"." 


evinced  great  abilities.  He  was  preparing  to 
declare  war  against  France,  when  he  died  in 
17!)2. 

LEOPOLD,  duke  of  Lorraine,  was  celebrated 
for  his  military  talents,  and  after  having  settled 
a  peace,  he  devoted  himself  te  the  prosperity 
and  happiness  of  his  domains,  with  great  suc- 
cess. He  died  at  Luneville,  in  1729,  universally 
lamented. 

LEOPOLD.William,  archduke  of  .\ustria,  bi- 
shopof  Passau,  &c.,  was  at  the  head  of  the  impe 
rial  armies  in  the  30  years  war  against  the  French 
and  Swedes,  and  was  greatly  dixtinguished,  both 
in  the  field  and  cabinet;  he  died  in  1662. 

LEOTAIJD,  Vincent,  a  French  Jesuit,  and 
mathematician,  author  of  a  work  in  which  he 
proves  the  impossibility  of  squaring  the  circle 
he  died  i;i  1672. 

279 


LE 


l,Kt  >\V  iCli,  or  LKOVITIUS,  Cyprian,  a  no 
ble  Bohcniinii,  author  of  a  coiNxtioii  of  astrn- 
t>r{:ical  produciionF,  and  incoher.'nt  reveries. 
He  pjo|iiiisiKiJ  that  the  world  would  end  in  ISt^ ; 
he  dird  III  1674. 

LRP.VUTi;,  John  Andrew,  a  French  clock 
maker,  who  made  some  valuable  improvemenia 
hi  the  art,  and  dit;d  in  1802. 

LEPICIER,  Bernard,  a  French  enpraver,  se- 
cretary and  historian  to  the  royal  academy  of 
painting,  at  Paris;  he  pubiishcd  a  raialogue  of 
the  kiii^s  pictnrns,  in  2vr.  4to.,  and  died  in  1755. 

LKPIDI'S,  Marcus  ./Uniilius,  one  of  the  Ro 
man  triumvirs  with  .Ausu>tus  and  Antony. 

LEPRINLE,  John,  a  French  musician  and 
painter  of  prcat  skill.  Being  taken  by  a  priva- 
teer and  robbed  of  every  thing  except  his  violin, 
he  seized  the  instrument  and  played  with  such 
effect,  that  the  sailors  restored  his  property  ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

LE  QUIEN,  Michael,  a  learnr.d  Dominican, 
who  wrote  against  Courayer,  on  the  validity  ot 
the  ordination  of  the  English  bishops  ;  he  died 
in  1703. 

LKRNUTIUS,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  born  at 
Bruges,  died  in  1619. 

LEriBON.AX,  a  philosopher,  of  Mitylene,  in 
the  1st  century.  Some  of  his  grammatical 
works  still  remain. 

LESCAILLE,  Calherine,  a  native  of  Hol- 
land, called,  for  the  sweetness  of  her  poetry,  the 
Dutch  Sappho,  and  the  tenth  muse  ;  she  died 
in  1711. 

LESLEY,  John,  a  celebrated  bishop  of  Ross, 
in  Scotland,  born  in  1527,  died  in  1.596.  His  ex- 
ertions to  save  the  life  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
his  mistress,  has  endeared  his  name  to  posteri- 
ty :  indeed,  all  parties  agree  in  speaking  of  him 
as  a  man  of  incomparable  learning,  an  able 
statesman,  a  zealous  churchman ;  and  of  his 
fidelity  to  his  queen  as  admirable  and  esempla 
ry.  He  is  author  of  a  history  of  Scotland  to 
15C1. 

LESLIE,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Clogher,  in  Ire 


LETHIEULLIER,  Smart,  Esq.  an  English 
gentleman,  born  of  a  French  family,  who  made 
a  most  valuable  collection  of  medals,  books, 
MSS.,  and  natural  curiosities;  he  died  in  1760. 

LETI,  Grcgurio,  an  Italian  miscellaneoua 
writer  and  historian,  born  at  Milan,  in  IGSO, 
died  in  1701.  His  "  History  of  Geneva"  is  the 
best  of  his  works. 

LETTSOM,  John  Coakley,  M.  D.,  long  distin- 
guished for  public  and  private  benevolence,  and 
for  every  species  of  useful  exertion,  both  in  Uie 
medical  profession,  and  as  a  member  of  society 
at  large,  was  born  in  1744,  and  died  in  London, 
in  ISl.'i.  His  writings  are  very  numerous,  a» 
well  moral  as  medical ;  and  all  of  tliem  discov- 
er the  philniiihiopist  and  the  physician. 

LET'CiriTS,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher 
and  mathematician,  tiourishcd  about  428  B.  C. 

LEliNCLAVIUS,  John,  a  German  histori- 
an of  the  Ottoman  empire,  bom  in  Westphalia, 
in  ^^n,  died  in  1593. 

LEUSDEN,  John,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Utrecht,  and  eminent  for  his  Icaniing  and  ta 
leiits  as  a  wrifr ;  '.odied  in  IfiOO. 

•.F-U  -VENHOnK,  .Anthony  de,  a  very  cele- 
brated Dutch  physician,  born  at  Delft,  in  i&>2, 
died  in  1723.  He  became  famous  all  over  Eu 
rope  by  his  experiments  and  discoveries  with 
microscopes. 

LEVEP,  Sir  .Ashton,  collector  of  a  valuabi'*. 
museum  6f  natural  history  ;  the  expense  of 
which  having  impaired  his  fortune,  he  was 
permitted  to  sell  it  by  lottery,  but  lost  consider- 
ably, not  a  sufficient  number  of  tickets  having 
been  sold. 

LE\'ERETT,  John,  a  native  of  England, 
was,  after  his  arrival  in  .America,  intrusted 
with  several  important  offices,  among  which 
were  these  of  major  general  and  governor  of 
Massachusetts  ;  he  died  in  1670. 

LEVERETT,  John,  F  R.  S.,  a  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  member  and  speaker  of 
the  house  of  assembly,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Massachusetts.    He  was  clioeen 


i 


land,  memorable  for  his  exertions  in  defence  of  ,  president  of  Harvard  college,  in  1708,  and  con- 

the                           .-     .      . ..    .,    .  ^  =.,_;.  J... ._ 

in  his 
rende 


royal  cause,  and  for  having  endured  a  siege  tinned  in  that  office  until  his  death,  which  hap- 

lis  castle  of  Raphoe,  before  he  would  stK-|!pened  in  1724. 

ier  it  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  being  the   Ids!      LEVESQUE  DE  PONILLI,  Lewis,  a  mem- 


which  held  out  in  that  country.  He  was  born 
in  Scotland,  and  died  in  1671,  aged  about  100 
years,  having  bfeen  above  50  years  a  bishop. 

LESLIE,  Charles,  second  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, studied  law,  which  he  afterwards  forsook 
for  divinity,  and  became  a  famous  theological 
disputant.  His  tracts  on  religion  and  politics 
amount  to  50.  He  left  also  2  folio  volumes  of 
theological  works,  and  was  a  man  of  great  ta- 
lents ;  he  died  in  1722. 

LESSING,   Gotthold    Ephraim,   a   German 


her  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  of  France, 
and  governor  of  Rheims.  He  wrote  "Theory 
of  agreeable  Sensations,"  &c.,  and  died  in 
1746. 

LEVESQUE,  Peter  Charles,  a  distinguished 
French  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1812. 

LEVI,  third  sou  of  Jacob,  by  Leah,  died  161'Cl 
B.  C. 

LEVI,  David,  a  Jew.  horn  in  London,  in 
1740,  was  first  a  shoemaker,  and  afterwards  a 
batter;    but  became,  in  the  result,  a  valuable 


poet,  in  the  time  of  Voltaire,  published  variousliacquisilion  to  the'.'    ^-ary  circle.      He  died  in 


things,  but  without  judgment. 

LESSIUS,  Leonard,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of  di-j 
vinity  at  Ix)uvaine.  He  wrote  many  learned, 
works,  and  died  in  1623.  I 

L'ESTR.\NGE,  Sir  Roger,  an  English  gen-! 
tieman,  born  in  1016,  was  concerned  in  raising; 
forces  and  in  some  unsuccessful  enterprises  in, 
favour  of  Charles  I.,  during  the  civil  wars,  fofj 
which  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom. 
Upon  the  restoration  he  returned,  and  printed 
the  first  English  newspaper,  under  the  title  of 
tlie  Public  Intelligencer,  in  1663;  which  belaid 
down  upon  the  publication  of  the  first  London 
Gazette.  He  was  author  of  many  political 
tracts,  translated  several  things  from  the  Greek, 
CTatin,  and  Spanish,  and  died  in  1705. 
?80 


17119,  leaving  behind  nim  the  following,  among 
other,  works:  "Rites  and  Ceremonies  of  the 
Jews;"  "I/ingua  Sacra,  or,  a  Hebrew  and 
English  Dictionary  ;"  "  The  Pentateuch  in  He- 
brew and  Englisli;  "  a  translation  of  the  "He- 
brew Liturgy,"  and  "  Dissertations  on  the 
Prophecies." 

LEVINGSTON,  James,  a  brave  Scotchman, 
who  served  in  the  wars  of  Bohemia,  Hol- 
land, Sweden,  and  Germany,  and  afterwards 
gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber  to  Charles  I.; 
he  died  in  1672. 

LEWIS,  John,  a  native  of  Bristol,  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  became  master  of  Eastbridge 
hospital,  Canterbury,  and  was  a  man  of  great 
industry  and  learning.    He  published  the  life 


u 

of  VVioiUiire.  tlie  life  of  Caxton,  various  liisto- 
ries,  &c.,  and  died  in  174(5. 

LEWlri,  Mcittliew  Gregory,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1773.  He  wase^matoJ  at  Westminster 
!i>:lioiil,  and  afterwards  ulitained  a  scat  in  parlia- 
ment, ile  went  to  visit  some  estates  tlial  liis 
fatiier  had  left  liim  in  Jamaica,  and  di''d  on  liis 
passa'^e  home  in  It^Id.  His  dramas  are  ennme- 
ratud  in  ttie  "  Bio?rapliia  Dramulica;"  but  the 
book  lliat  conferred  an  infamous  celebrity  upon 
liim.  was  a  most  licentious  novel  called  "  The 
Mo.ik."  It  gave  him  also  the  nick-name  of 
Monk  Lewis. 

LKWIS,  kings  of  France.     See  LOUt.^. 

LliWlS,  Mhriwether,  a  native  of  Virginia, 
was  private  secretary  to  Mr.  Jefferson,  and  was 
appointed  by  him  governor  of  the  terriioryof 
Louisiana.  By  order  of  sovernnieni,  he  with 
Capt.  Clark,  e.vplored  the  Afissouri  and  country 
west,  to  the  Pacific  ;  an  accouni  of  the  expedi- 
tion was  published  in  18(h).     He  died  in  lt<09. 

LKWIS,  Francis,  of  iNew-York,  wad  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  declaratiim  of  Independence. 

LF.V,  Sir  JamcH,  chief  justice  of  Ireland,  and 
afterwards  of  England,  was  finally  created  ba- 
ron of  Ley,  and  earl  of  Marlboroujjh,  and  lord 
hiih  tri'asninr,  by  James  I. 

LF,Y BOURN,  William,  originally  a  painter, 
and  al'terwards  an  eminent  mathematician,  died 
about  UilX). 

LEYDECKER,  Melchior,  professoi  of  the- 
olotty  at  Utrecht,  and  author  of  a  curious  trea- 
tise on  the  republic  of  the  Hebrews ;  he  died 
in  172L 

LEVUEN,  Lucas  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  andl 
engraver.  He  accpiired  great  celebrity  by  his 
paintin»  the  hislorv  of  .St.  Hubert,  which  he 
finished  before  the  aj^e  of  15 ;  he  died  in  ISS.S. 

LEYDEX,  John,  a  distinguished  physician 
and  poet,  of  Scotland,  was  .ippointed  professor 
of  the  Hindoostanee  language,  at  the  college  of] 
Calcutta,  and  a  judge  at  that  place.  He  died 
in  K-'l  I.  I 

LEYS.SE.V.'',  N^.,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  wlii)| 
studied  painii:ig.  and  was  very  successful  in  his| 
profession;  bodied  in  17.!0.  i 

L'HERITIEU,  a  mnM  indefatigable  French 
botanist,  confessedly  the  sreatest  (next  to  Buf- 
fon)  that  France  ever  prod.iced,  was  horn  near' 
Paris,  in  17.)'2,  and  assassinated  in  the  street  a'' 
Berne,  Aug.  !.">,  1800;  being  mistaken,  asit  wasj 
supposed,  for  some  other  person.  i 

LHUYD,  Edward,  keeper  of  the  .Ashmolean' 
museum  at  Oxford,  and  a  celebrated  antiquary  I 
and  liiisuist,  diiidin  1709. 

LHWYI),  or  LHUYD,  Humphrey,  an  ami  | 
qnarian,  born  at  Denbigh.  He  studied  physicj 
at  Oxford,  practi.'ied  in  his  native  town,  andl 
died  in  l.'>70,  leaving  behind  I'iin  ihe  character! 
of  an  excellent  rhetoriciai:  "d  sound  philo-l 
Bopher. 

HB.-VNHJS,  a  famous  sophist  of  antiiiuify,| 
born  at  Antioch,  in  314.  His  epistles  and  oral 
tions  arc  in  liigh  esieem. 

LIB.WIUS,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Saxony,  am 
able  physician,  ^.-ho  wrote  against  Paracelaus  ;! 
hedied'in  Ifiir..  | 

LIBEIII,  Peter,  a  native  of  Padua,  eminent, 
as  a  painter.  His  be.st  piece  is  Moses  striking! 
the  rock  ;  he  died  in  1677.  I 

LIBpniUS,  pope  after  Julius  I.,  in  r}5-2.  H-'l 
subscribed  very  relnctanllv  for  the  condemna- 
tion of  .V I  hanasius.     He  died  in  3r>fi.  | 

LICETUS.  a  celebrated  physician,  of  Italy,! 
barn  in  Genoa,  in  1.3.  i,  died  in  1653.  His  vvoi'k| 
"  De  Monstris"  has  great  merit.  <. 

->   n 


LI _ 

[  LlCllTE.\UEUG,George  Christopher,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  in  the  university  of  Gotliiigen, 
and  one  of  the  most  ingenious  writers  of  Ger- 
many, died  in  1799. 

LICINIUS,  Tegula,  a  Latin  poet, -200  B.C. 
Nothing  hut  fragments  remain  of  his  comic 
compositions. 

IjlClNIUS,  C.  Flavius  Valeriarnis,  son  of  a 
Dalmatian  peasant,  rose  to  the  rank  of  general 
in  tiie  Roman  armies,  and  married  the  si.ner  of 
Consianline.    He  was  killed  in  battle,  A.  U.  324. 

LIOI.VIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  tribune,  aulliot 
of  the  law  to  forbid  any  man  the  possession  of 
more  than  500  acres  of  land. 

LIDDEL,  Duncan,  a  native  of  Aberdeen,  a 
physician,  and  professor  of  mathematics  a\ 
llelinstadtf  He  returned  to  his  native  town 
where  Itc  cslalilished  six  scholarships  at  tba 
univi^rSity  and  died  in  lt>13. 

LIEUT AUU,  Joseph,  physician  to  Lcwii 
.XVI.,  and  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences, 
of  Paris.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Physiology 
Synopsis  o."  the  Practice  of  Medicine,  ifcc,  ami 
died  in  )7rfO. 

FjIEVENS,  John,  a  native  of  Leyden,  emi- 
nent .18  a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  invited 
by  Charles  I.  to  England,  to  paint  the  persons 
of  the  court. 

L1(J.\RIU9,  duintus,  a  proconsul  of  Africi. 
was  one  of  the  murdororsof  (-'aisar. 

LUJER,  Lewis,  author  of  the  Paris  Guide, 
and  some  useful  works  on  gardening  ,  he  diini 
in  1717. 

LIGHTFOOT,  John,  a  most  eminent  divine 
born  in  Staffinlshirc.  He  was  one  of  the  mod< 
learned  rabinical  scholars  that  England  eve* 
produced.  His  works  are  published  in  i  vols, 
folio  ;  he  died  in  1675. 

LIGX.\C,  Joseph  Adrain  de,  a  native  of  Pole- 
tiers,  a  priest  and  author  of  Letters  to  an  Ame- 
rican, on  Butfon's  Natural  History  ;  he  died  ifi 
176-i. 

LIGONI ER,  John,  earl  of,  a  very  distinguisb  • 
ed  field  marshal  in  the  Enclish  army.  He  serv- 
ed with  honcmr  in  all  the  wars  of  queen  .^nnCj 
under  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and  in  everjr 
succeeding  war,  and  died  in  1770,  aseil  '.t-i. 

'.iGORIO,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan,  distinguishco 
as  a  painter  and  architect.  His  designs  compose 
;J0  vols.;  he  died  in  1.5;-(). 

LILBUR.NE,  John,  a  famous  Fjjglish  enthu- 
s-iast,  born  in  16IS,  died  in  1657.  Ho  was  th» 
chief  rinsleailer  of  the  levellers,  a  modeller  of 
state,  and  publisher  of  several  seditious  pam 
plilets;  and  of  so  quarrelsome  a  dispnsiiion,  a» 
to  have  it  appositely  said  of  him,  that  if  ther» 
were  none  livingbiit  him,  John  would  be  agaiua< 
Lilbiirne,  and  Lilbiirne  anainst  John, 

LILIRNT.AL,  Michael,  a  Prussian,  profe-'so. 
at  Koningsherg.  He  published  various  works 
which  arc  preserved  In  tlie  memoirs  of  the  Ber- 
lin academy  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

LTLLO,  George,  an  excellent  dramatic  wri- 
ter, horn  in  London,  in  1693.  Thuiieh  strongly 
attached  to  the  muses,  he  seein'^d  to  have  laic 
it  down  as  a  maxim,  tliat  the  devotion  paid  to 
them  ought  always  to  tend  to  the  pronioii,)n  ot 
virtue,  morality  and  religion.  In  pursuance  of 
this  aim,  Lillo  was  happy  in  the  choice  of  hi» 
subjects,  and  showed  great  power  in  affectin? 
the  heart,  bv  working  up  the  passions  to  such  a 
height  as  to  render  the  disrresses  of  common 
and  domestic  life  equally  interesting  to  the  au- 
dienci'S  as  that  of  kings  and  heroes;  and  the 
ruin  brought  on  private  families  by  an  indiil 
gence  of  avarice,luat,  &c,,  as  the  havock  mad* 
^81 


u 

in  s;a;es  and  enipiros  by  ambition,  cruelly,  or 
tj'ranny.  His  "  George  Barnwell,"  "  Fatal 
diriurfity,"  and  "  Arden  of  Fevershain,"  arc 
all  planned  on  common  and  well-  known  stories ; 
yet  tliey  have  much  more  Irequenlly  drawn 
tears  from  an  audience  than  Ihe  more  pompous 
tra^jedies  of  "  Alexander  llie  Great,"  "  All  for 
Love,"  &.C.    He  died  in  1739. 

LILLY,  William,  a  famous  English  astrolo- 
ger, born  in  1602,  died  in  1681.  In  him  we  have 
an  instance  of  the  general  superstition  and  igno- 
rance that  prevailed  in  the  time  of  the  civil  war 
between  Charles  1.  and  his  parliament ;  for  the 
king  consulted  this  astrologer  to  know  in  what 
quarter  he  should  conceal  himself  if  he  could 
escape  from  Hampton  court ;  and  general  Fair- 1 
lax,  on  the  other  side,  sent  for  him  to  tiisariny,  | 
to  ask  him  if  he  could  tell  by  his  art  whether 
God  was  with  them  and  their  cause.  Lilly,  who 
made  his  fortune  by  favourable  predictions  to 
both  parties,  assured  the  general  that  God  would 
be  with  him  and  his  army.  His  almanacs  were 
in  repute  upwards  of  36  years,  and  lo  be  found 
in  almost  every  family  in  England. 

LILY,  William,  an  English  grammarian, 
born  at  Oldham,  in  Hampshire,  in  1466.  He 
was  appoijued  first  master  of  St.  Paul's  school, 
by  the  founder.  Dean  Colet.  in  1510,  and  died 
of  the  plague  at  London,  in  1522.  He  is  highly 
praised  by  Erasmus,  who  revised  the  syntax  in 
his  "  Grammar,"  for  his  uncommon  knowledge 
in  Ihe  languages,  and  admirable  skill  in  the 
instruction  of  youth. 

LILY,  George,  eldest  son  of  the  grammarian, 
patronised  at  Rome,  by  cardinal  Pole.  He  wrote 
some  historical  books,  and  was  the  tirst  who 
published  a  correct  map  of  Englaud  ;  he  died  in 
1559. 

LILY,  Peter,  second  son  of  thegrammariaa, 
was  a  dignitary  of  the  church  of  Canterbury. 
He  had  a  sou  named  Peter,  who  was  D.  D.,  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  and  archdeacon  of  Taun- 
ton ;  he  died  in  1614. 

LIiMBORCH,  Philip,  a  celebrated  professor 
of  divinity,  in  Holland,  born  in  1633,  died  in 
1712.  His  best  work  is  a  "  History  of  the  In- 
quisition." 

LIMNjEUS,  John,  a  German  lawyer,  of  Je- 
na, known  as  the  author  of  various  learned 
works  ;  he  died  in  1663. 

LIN  ACRE,  Ur.  Thomas,  a  very  learned  Eng- 
lish physician,  born  in  1460,  died  in  1524.  He 
projected  the  foundation  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians, was  the  first  president  after  its  erection, 
and  held  that  office  for  the  seven  years  that  he 
lived  afterwards. 

LINANT,  Michael,  a  French  poet,  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Voltaire,  who  three  times  obtain- 
ed the  prize  of  the  French  academy  ;  he  died 
in  1749. 

LINCOLN,  Benjamin,  a  distinguished  officer 
and  a  major-general  in  the  American  army,  dur- 
ing the  revolution.  His  services  were  conspi- 
cuous through  the  war.  He  was  second  in  com- 
mand at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  commander 
of  the  forces  in  the  southern  states,  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Charleston,  and  exchanged,  and  af- 
terwards shared  in  the  sioge  of  Yorktown,  and 
superintended  the  capitulation  of  Cornwallis. 
-After  the  war,  he  was  re^teatedly  in  public  life, 
•was  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
collector  of  the  port  of  Boston  until  1809.  He 
died  in  1810. 

LINCOLN,  Levi,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Massachusetts,  was  attorney-general  ol  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  for  a  time,  acting  secretary  of 
282 


Ll 

state,  and  lieutenant  goveriior  of  ins  native 
sluie  ;  he  was  appointed  lo,  but  did  not  accept, 
the  office  of  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  Stales.     He  died  in  1820. 

LI\D,  Dr.  James,  a  celebrated  medical  wri- 
ter, died  in  1794. 

LIND.^NUS,  William,  a  Dutchman,  made 
first  bishop  of  Ruremonde,  by  Philip  H.,  of 
Spain.  He  wrote  some  Laiin  books  m  defenca 
of  the  cailinlic  religion,  and  died  in  1588. 

LINUK.NBUUCH,  Frederic,  a  Fleming.  Ihe 
laborious  and  learned  editor  of  Virgil,  Terence, 
and  oi  her  classics.    He  died  in  1638. 

LINDSAY,  John,  a  learned  divine,  for  many 
years  minister  of  the  dissenting  congregation  in 
.Aldersgatc-streel,  London.  He  wrote  several 
books,  and  died  in  1768. 

LINUS.VV,  Sir  David,  of  the  Mount,  Lyon 
King  at  Arms,  an  ancient  Scotch  writer  and  dra- 
matic poet,  born  in  1496,  died  in  1557.  His  chief 
writings  were,  ''Satires  on  the  Vices  of  the 
(clergy."  His  poetical  works  were  published  in 
1806. 

LINDSAY,  David,  after  studying  in  foreign 
universities,  relumed  to  support  the  reformed 
religion  against  <jueea  Mary.  He  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  Sciitland,  and  died  in  1593. 

LINDSEY,  Theophilus,  born  in  1723,  took  hia 
degrees  in  arts  ai  Cambridge,  and  obtained,  al- 
ter other  preferments,  the  valuable  living  of 
Catterick,  in  Yorkshire  ;  which,  however,  he 
resigned,  in  1773,  having  embraced  the  Socinian 
system.  He  then  settled  in  London,  where  he 
opened  a  chapel,  in  Essex-street,  Strand,  in 
which  he  officiated  till  1793,  when  he  retired 
from  the  ministry.     He  died  in  1808. 

LINDWOOD,  William,  divinity  professor,  at 
Oxford,  ambassador  to  Spain,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  St.  David's.  He  wrote  the  consiitu 
tion  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury,  and 
died  in  1446. 

LINGELBACK,  John,  a  celebrated  German 
landscape-painter,  of  the  17th  century. 

LINGUET,  Simon  Nicolas  Henry,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Bheiras.  He  was  educated  a 
lawyer,  aud  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  as  an 
advocate.  He  wrote  "Theory  of  Laws,  Me- 
moirsof  theBastile,  Political  Anna;s,"  and  many 
other  works.  He  fell  under  the  guillotine,  in 
1794. 

LINIERE,  Francis,  a  French  poet  of  great 
literary  merit,  but  of  dissipated  character,  aud 
an  obstinate  atheist,  died  in  1704. 

LINING,  Johu,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  a  distinguished  physician  of  South  Caroli- 
na. He  published  an  account  of  the  yellow 
fever  in  1753,  the  lime  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

LINLEY,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  English 
composer  of  music,  and  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  Drury-lane  theatre,  died  in  1795. 

LINN,  William,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  presbyte- 
rian  clergyman,  of  New- Jersey,  afterwards  set 
tied  at  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

LINN,  John  Blair,  D.  D.,  minister  of  a  pres- 
bylerian  church  in  Philadelphia,  known  as  a 
poet:  he  died  in  1804. 

LINNiEUa,  Charles  Von,  the  father  of  mo- 
dern botany,  was  born  at  Smalaiid,  in  Sweden, 
17(17.  He  made  the  tour  of  Lapland,  in  1732, 
and  traversed  what  is  called  the  Lapland  De 
sert,  enduring  great  hardships,  merely  from  an 
ardent  love  of  science  ;  and,  after  six  months 
thus  employed,  returned  to  Upsal ;  in  the  uni- 
versity of  which,  at  the  age  of  34,  he  was  made 
professor  of  physic  and  botany.  He  died  in 
1778 ;  leaving,  among  other  works,  1.  Systema 


LI 

Nalurae,  sisUms  legiia  tria  Natura;;  ~.  Bibliii- 
tliuca  Uutuiiica  ;  3.  Critica  Botanica  ;  4.  Gc-iiera 
Piantariim  erumquc  ClKiracteres  Naturalis;  5. 
Ani<iiiitattisyEca(ieinics;6.  Materia  Med ica.cfec. 
LINT,  Peter  Van,  a  native  ol  Antwerp 
known  as  an  eminent  historical  and  portrait 
painter  of  the  17th  century. 

LINTRUSI,  Severiniis,  professor  of  divinity 
and  eloquence,  at  CopennajTcn,  and  author  of 
some  thuulogtcal  works  iu  Latin ;  he  died  in 
173-2. 

LINUS,  St ,  successor  of  St.  Peter,  at  Rome, 
he  is  ranked  among  the  martyrs  of  itiat  city. 

LIOTARD,  John  Stephen,  a  crayon  painter, 
of  jjreat  fame,  born  at  (Jeneva,  in  170^2. 

LIOTARD,  Peter,  a  French  botanist,  who  be- 
gan the  study  after  he  was  40  years  old,  and 
pursued  it  with  so  much  zeal,  th.it  he  was  made 
director  of  the  public  garden,  at  Grenoble  ;  he 
died  in  17%. 

LIPPI,  Philip,  who  from  a  Carmelite,  became 
a  painter.  He  was  a  native  of  Florence,  and 
died  in  1488. 

L[PPI,  Lawrence,  a  painter,  of  Florence  who 
••xcelled  in  historical  pieces  and  in  portraits. 
He  also  possessed  merit  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in 
lt»64. 

LIPSrtJS,  Justus,  a  most  acute  and  learned 
Flemish  critic  and  commentator  on  ancient  au 
thors,  born  near  Brussels,  in  1547,  died  in  IGOn. 

LtRO.V,  John,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur,  au- 
thor of  several  French  works  of  great  merit, 
died  in  1749. 

LfS,  John  Van  der,  a  painter,  born  at  Olden 
bureh.  His  pieces  on  Scriptural  subjects  and 
moral  sports,  possess  great  merit ;  he  died  in 
1629. 

LISLE,  Claude  de,  a  native  of  Lorraine,  ex- 
celled as  a  teacher  of  geography.  He  wrote 
"Historical  Relation  of  Siam,"  "Abridgment 
of  Universal  History,'' &c. ;  lie  died  at  Paris, 
in  17-20. 

LISLE,  William  de,  an  eminent  French  geo- 
grapher, born  at  Paris,  in  1(375,  died  in  17'2C. 

LISLE,  Joseph  Nicholas  de,  an  able  astrono- 
mer, brother  to  William.  He  had  the  friend- 
ship of  Newton  and  Halley,  and  was  invited  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
observatory  ;  he  died  in  1768. 

LISLE,  Sir  George,  learnt  the  art  of  war  in 
Flandei's,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  civil 
wars  of  Great  Britain.  He  wa'i  knighted  on 
the  field  of  battle,  at  Newbury,  by  Charles  I., 
for  his  bravery  ;  be  died  in  1643. 

LISOL.\,  Francis  de,  was  4  years  ambassa 
dor  to  England  from  the  empfvror  Ferdiiiaud  IK 
He  wrote  on  the  ambitious  view?  of  Lewis 
XIV.,  which  highly  offended  the  French;  he 
died  in  1677. 

LISTER,  Matthew,  president  of  the  college 
of  physicians,  and  physician  to  queen  Anne,  and 
Charles  I.,  wlio  knighted  him;  he  died  in  1657. 
LISTER,  Martin,  nephew  to  sir  .Matthew, 
studied  physic  abroad,  and  on  his  return,  settled 
at  York,  where  he  acquired  great  reputation. 
He  atlerwards  removed  to  London,  and  attend- 
ed the  duke  of  Portland  on  his  journey  to  Paris  ; 
be  died  in  1711. 

LITHGOW,  William,  a  Scotchman,  famous 
for  his  travels  on  foot  over  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa,  and  his  sufferings  by  imprisonment  and 
torture  at  Malaga.  He  was  born  the  latter  end i 
of  the  15th,  and  died  about  the  middle  of  the 
J6th  century. 

LITTLE,  William,  an  English  historian,! 
who  wrote  Uie  history  of  bin  country  from  the 


LI 

invasion  of  William  the  Conqueror,  to  1197,  in 
live  books. 

LITTLEBURY,  Isaac,  an  English  divine 
who  published  a  translation  of  Herodotus. 

LITTLETON,  or  LYTTLETON,  Thomas, 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  picas,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.,  and  autlior  of  a  cele- 
brated treatise  on  tenures  or  titles,  bv  which  all 
e.statcs  were  anciently  held  in  Kugland ;  he 
died  in  1481. 

LITTLETON,  Adam,  an  excellent  English 

philologist  and   gramninrian  ;  an  indefatigable 

restorer  of  the  Latin  tongue,  as  appears  from  Iris 

Latin  Dictionary,"  and  an   excellent  critic  in 

llieGreek,  born  in  16-27,  died  in  1694. 

LITTLETON,  Edward,  an  English  divine 
and  poet,  in  1734. 

LITTLETON,  Edward,  a  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  parliament,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
and  at'terwards  made  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  lord 
Littleton  ;  he  died  in  1645. 

LITTLETON,  John,  an  active  member  of 
parliament.  His  attachment  to  Essex  was  the 
cause  of  his  being  condemned  as  a  conspirator, 
though  he  was  saved  from  execution  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  ;  he  died  in  prison  in  1600. 

LIVIA,  wife  of  Tyberius Claudius  Nero,  af- 
terwards married  to  .\ugustus,  died  A.  D.  29. 

LIVINGSTO.N,  John,  a  Scotch  presbyter, 
banished  because  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance, on  account  of  his  religious  opinions. 
He  went  to  Holland,  where  he  continued  to 
preach.  He  was  anlJior  of  some  letters,  ami 
died  in  167-2. 

LIVINGSTON.  William,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  of  New- York,  and  a  zealous  advocate 
of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  removed  to  New- 
Jersey,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  at'rerwards governor  of  that  state;  he  died 
in  1790. 

LIVINGSTON,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, of  New- York,  born  in  1746.  He  was  pastor 
of  the  Dutch  reformed  church  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  and,  at  thesametiine,  professor  of  theolo- 
gy in  the  theological  seminary  of  that  church  ; 
and  on  its  removal  to  Queen's  college,  N.  J.,  be 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  institution;  he 
died  at  New-Brunswick,  in  January,  18-25. 

LlVIXG.-5TON,Brockhol3t,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  New- York,  was  engaged  in  the  army 
during  a  part  of  the  revolntion,  and  was  at  tli« 
capture  of  Buraoyne.     He   went  to  Spain,  in 

1779,  as  private  secretary  to  Mr.  Jay,  and  on  hit 
return,  soon  rose  to  professional  eminence  in 
his  native  city.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New-York,  and  alterwards  of  the 
United  Stales,  until  his  death  in  18-^. 

LIVINGSTON,  Philip,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress, in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  de- 
claration of  Independence ;  he  died  in  1778. 

LIVINGSTON,  Robert  R.,  a  distinguished 

member  of  congress  from  New- York,  was  one 

of  the  committee  which  drew  up  the  declaration 

f  Independence,  and  after  its  adoption,  was,  in 

1780,  appointed  secretary  for  foreign  aftaira. 
He  was  afterwards  chancellor  of  the  state  of 
New-York,  and  tninister  from  the  United  States 
to  France.  He  materially  assisted  l-'ulton,  by 
supplying  him  with  funds,  both  in  France  and 
at  home,  to  enable  him  to  pursue  his  experi- 
ments, and  to  carry  his  discoveries  into  effect. 
He  died  in  1813. 

LIVINIUS,  or  LrVINEUS,John,  Latin  trani- 
lator  of  some  of  the  works  of  Gregory  and 
Chrysostom,  was  a  student  at  Cologne,  where 
283 


LO 


LO 


he  wa5  distinguUhed  as  a  Grecian  etholur;  he  'monk,  ciniiicndy  known  by  liis  works^;  "The 
died  111  1599. 

LIVIL'.S,  Andronicus,  a  Roman  comic  poet. 
Whi»s(!  plays  are  lost.    He  lived  "210 15.  C. 

LiVlUiS,  Titus,  tlie  best  of  tlie  Roman  histo- 
rian':, born  at  Padua,  59  B.  C.  The  liittory  of 
Livy,  like  other  great  works  of  antiquity,  is 
transmitted  down  to  us  exceedingly  mutilated 
and  imperfect.  Its  books  were  originally  142, 
of  which  only  ."Ja  are  extant.  It  coinmencfrd 
With  the  foundation  of  Rome,  and  concluded 
about  13  B.  C.  The  encomiums  bestowed  upon 
Livy,  by  both  ancients  and  moderns,  are  great 
and  numerous;  but  probity,  candour,  and  iin- 
partialitv,  aic  what  have  most  particularly 
dbtinpuishcd  him  above  all  historians.  lie 
died  A.  n.  IT. 

LLOYD,  William,  an  English  prelate,  siic- 
tessivcly,  king's  chaplain,  prebend  of  c^alisbuiyj 
vicar  of  St.  Mary's,  dean  of  Bangor,  prebend  ol 
St.  Paul's,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  He  wa.s 
e  zealous  promoter  of  the  revolution.  Mis  puu 
licalions  were  numerous  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

LLOYD,  Nicholas,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "A  Historical,  Geographical,  and  Political 
niclionary,"  in  1670.  He  was  rector  cf  New 
ington,  and  died  in  1080. 

LLOY I  >,  Robert,  an   English  poet  and  mis 


Histor)-  of  Brildiiy,"  2  vols,  folio,  "TheCoii- 
qu'.'si of  Spain,"  ''History  of  Paris,"  5  vols, 
folio,  &.C.  ;  he  died  in  1727. 

LOBKOUITZ,  Boleslaus  de  Hassen.=tein, 
baron  de,  a  Dnhemian  nobleman,  who,  after 
\  isiling  several  countries,  and  making  himself 
famous  as  a  negotiator  and  warri->r,  cnluted 
the  clerical  profession  ;  he  died  in  1 JIO. 

LOIIO,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  of  LislH>n,  who  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Indies,  and  ponetr.iied 
into  Al)yssi:iia,  of  which  he  published  a  very 
accurate  account,  and  died  in  1678. 

LOB(J,  Rodrii^uez  Francis,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese poet,  whose  works  were  puhlisned  in 
17-21. 

LOCK,  Mai.hew, an  e.xcillent  musician,  of 
[Exeter,  published  some  niusical  pieces,  in  1C57; 
aiid  after  the  restoration,  was  employed  as  a 
composer  of  operas.  His  vocal  music  is  slii'l 
greatly  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

LOCKART,  .\leiander,  author  of  "  Memoirs 
of  Scoll.iiul,"  was  born,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
lG7:t,  and  killed  in  a  duel,  in  1732. 

LOCKE,  John,  the  m^d'  celebrated  philoso- 
pher of  the  age  he  lived  in,  and  one  of  the 
brightfist  ornaments  of  English  lilirature,  t.  «s 
l)orn  in  1632.     By  the  patronage  of  lord  Shafts- 


cellaneous  writer,  born  in  17:13,  was  a  coinpa-    bury,  he  held  a  respectable  situation  under  go- 
nion  of  Wilkes,   Churchill,  Colman,  &c.,  and  'yernment,  and  wrote  some  able  political  tracts 


died  in  the  fleet  prison,  in  17C4.  He  wrote  a 
poem  called  "The  .\ctor;"  "The  Capricious 
Lovers."  an  opera,  and  other  dramatic  pieces. 
LLOYD,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wales,  joined 
the  society  of  quakers,  and  came  to  America 
with  William  Penn.  He  was  lieutenant  go- 
vernor of  Pennsylvania,  and  president  of  the 
colonial  council.     He  died  in  1094. 

LLWELYN  AB  GRUFYDD,  a  Welch  prince 
who  heroically  rc=isteJ  the  invasion  of  Etiward 
1.  of  England ;  but  he  fell,  and  the  liberty  of 
his  count rv  perished  v.-ith  him  in  1282. 

LLYWARCH  AP  LLYWELYN,  a  Welch 
tard  of  merit ;  who  flourished  from  1170  to  12211. 
LLYWARCH  HEN,  a  Welch  poet,  distin- 
guished al.so  as  an  able  defender  of  his  country 
against  the  Saxon  invasion,  in  which  he  is  said 
to  have  lost  21  sons.  He  flourished  about  030, 
and  died  aged  150. 

LLYWELYN  AP  JORWERTH,  king  of 
North  Wales.  He  was  a  wise,  active,  and  war- 
jke  prince  ;  ho  died  in  1240. 

LLYWELYN  APSITSYLT,  a  Welch  king 
3f  South  Wales.  Ho  was  killed  in  battle,  in 
3021. 

LLYWELYN  VARDD,  a  Welch  poet, some 
of  whose  pieces  have  been  preserved.  He 
Soiirished  between  1130  and  1180. 

LLYWELYN  O  LANGEWYDD,  or 
LLYWELY'N  SIGN,  a  Welch  bard,  of  Gla- 
morgan, who  died  in  1616.  He  often  presided  at 
,bc  meetings  of  the  bards. 

LLYWELYN,  Thomas,  author  of  a  liisti 
'f  the  diflisrent  editions  of  the  Welch  Bible 
which  he  evinced  great  learning;  he  died    in 
1796. 

LOBB,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  Iiondon,  an 
eminent  physician.  He  wrote  some  theologi- 
cal, and  some  medical  tracts,  and  died  in  1763. 
LOBEL,  Klattbias,  a.native  of  Lisle,  who  de- 
Toted  himself  to  the  study  of  botany.  After 
♦ravelling  in  most  parts  of  the  continent,  he| 
Wont  to  England,  where    he  was  nominated 

Jhvsician  and  botanist  to  James  I. ;  he  died  in 
m. 

t>OniNEAtT,  GuyAlexis.  a  FrenchJBenedictine 
S84 


I  His  lordship,  however,  being  at  length  compel- 
led to  fly  to  Holland,  to  avoid  being  prosecuted 
for  high  treason,  Mr.  Locke  followed  him.  In 
1685,  the  English  demanded  him  of  the  States 
General,  on  suspicion  of  his  being  concern- 
ed in  >ionni(>uth's  rebellion.  On  this,  he  kept 
himself  private  lor  several  months,  and  cm- 
ployed  ti.o  lime  in  preparing  for  the  press  that 
work  which  has  inimortali7.cd  his  name  and 
fame,  "The  Essay  on  the  Human  Undcr.-stand- 
ing."  Itsvas  not  published,  however,  till  after 
the  revolution,  an  event  which  restored  him  to 
his  n.nlivc  country.  The  latter  years  of  his  life, 
he  devoted  chiefly  to  religious  retirement,  and  to 
the  writing  of  works  on  theology,  and  died  a 
the  seat  of  lady  Masham,  in  1704. 

LOCKE,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  native  and  distin. 
giiished  minister  of  Massachusetts,  was,  lor 
.several  years,  president  of  Harvard  college  ;  he 
died  after  1773. 

LOCKER,  John,  an  English  gentleman,  de- 
voted to  literary  pursuits,  and  an  autliorof  some 
works  ;  he  died  in  1760. 


J 


LOCKM.'VN,  John,  author  of"  Rosalinda,"  Sa 
uisical  drama,  "  David's  Lamentations,"  and 
other  works;  he  died  in  1771. 

LOCK  WOOD,  Samuel,  D.  D.,an  Ameiican 
clcrL'vtnan,  settled  in  Andover,  Connecticut, 
dirj  in  17ttl. 

LOCKYEU,  Nicholas,  Cromwell's  chaplain, 
and  author  of  some  theological  tracts  ;  he  died 
in  10S4. 

LODBROG,  Rcgner,  a  celebrated  king  of 
Denmark,  at  the  beginning  of  the  'Jth  century. 
He  was  a  warrior  and  poet,  full  of  fanaticism 
and  religious  frenzy. 

LODGE,  Dr.  Thomas,  aa  English  physici.in 
and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  102;).  We  find  him 
characterized,  by  nian^  of  his  cotcniporary 
poets,  as  a  man  of  very  considerable  eeniiis. 

LOEWKNDAL,  Ulridv-'rederic  Woldemar, 
count  de,  a  native  of  Hamburgh,  dislingniHlied 
as  an  officer  in  the  service  of  Poland,  and  after- 
wards of  Denmark,  against  Sweden.  11;^  was 
finally  a  field-marshal  of  France,  and  died  in 
n'5.>. 


"  —       Co  ■  To 

LOGAN,  Frederic,  baron  de,  r  German  poet,l|     LOMBARD,  John  .,.■«■..-.  l)■,•o^■e^s(lr  oi"  at:ii- 
of  coris-idorablH   iiiprit.   wiioso    Epiarainn.  &c.|,!ery,  :it  .Muriiz.    He  wroie  on  the  movcineiil  of 


have  been  editpJ  by  Lpssins  :  hf  died  in  I05.i. 

L0(;  AX,  Jobn,  n  Scotch divbu:  aadixict.  bom 
about  r,  t^,  died  iii  London,  in  178H.  IlispDems 
w.-re  published  in  1781:  a:id  in  IT'JU,  two  vo- 
lumes 01"  liis  sermons  wen;  piinii'd  ;  for  lie  had 
obtained  much  distinclion  as  an  eloquent  and 
aTi'cliiie  preacher. 

LOO  AX,  James,  a  native  of  Ireland,  distiii 
pu  :.iiP(i  ""or  his  talents  and  learning,  came  to 
reiinsylvania  Willi  tlio  proprietor,  in  JG!«t,  and 
held  the  oificesofchiwf  justice  of  the  colony  and 
presidnnt  of  the  council.  On  the  death  of  tin; 
governor,  in  ITM],  the  adininisiralion  devolved 
on  him  tor  two  years. 

LOG  \X,  an  .XnuMican  Indian  chief,  known 
for  hi.s  friend.-hip  to  Uie  white  people,  until  hi> 
fumilv  werf"  wantonly  murdered  by  tliem,  in 
1774,"  a  1,1  jf.-iwi'ds,  for  the  hostility  with 
whir.li   ii>  avi'M?  il  his  loss. 

LO.'m.-  *i  i.y  Briineau,a  French  lady,  much 
adii  '  ii  I'l  Her  wit  and  genius,  particularly  b> 
tip:  i-i  IT  of  Sweden,  and  the  diiiie  of  Orleans, 
anii  called  the  tpnth  .use.  She  has  left  none 
of  liot  poetrv  behind  liir. 

■^"T.OHRXStKlX,  Daniel  Oaspard  de,  a  learn- 
ed German,  who  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces, 
and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  ir.8.3. 

LOIR,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at  Paris,  the 
disciple  of  Lp  Brun.  He  died  professor  of  the 
academy  of  painting. 

LOIvMXX,  surnamed  the  Wise,  sometimes 
called  .Ahre  .Aiiam,  or  father  of  Anain,  a  pliilo- 
eoplier  and  fabulist  of  ureal  account  amonii  the 
Ea-stenis.  Being  once,  asked  how  lie  had  attain- 
ed so  exalted  a  pitch  of  wisdom  and  virtue. 
Lokinaii  repl-ed,  "It  was  by  always  sjicakine 
the  truili,  by  keeping  my  word  inviolably,  and 
by  never  intermeddling  in  alfairs  that  did  not 
concern  me." 

LOLL.VRD,  Walter,  founder  of  the  religious 
eeei  called  Lollards,  who  denied  the  power  and 
iMfluence  of  the  virgin  Mary  over  Chri.?t ;  taught 
that  th'!  mass,  baptism,  and  extreme  unction, 
were  of  no  use  or  avail ;  rejected  the  form  of 
the  penitential,  and  renounced  all  obedience 
both  to  the  ecclesiastical  and  civil  mavsisirates. 
He  wa.-' burnt  for  heresy  at  C'oloine,  in  13-?-2. 

LOLMC,  John  Lewis  de,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  in  which  country  he  practised  as  an 
advocate  till  he  went  to  England,  where  he  pub- 
lished, in  1775,  a  celebrated  tri'atise,  "  On  the 
Constitution  of  England ;"  a  work  well  known 
and  jifstly  esteemed.  Junius  recomnieiided  it 
to  the  public,  a.«  deep,  solid,  and  iiiacnions ;  and' 
in  the  British  senate  it  was  honoured  with  the' 
applause  of  a  Camden  and  a  Chatham.  He 
published,  bcside.a,  a  "  History  of  the  Flagel- 
lants, or  Memorials  of  Human  Superstition,  im 
iiat'^il  from  the  AbbeBoileau."  Dr.  Do  Lolme 
died  in  Switzerland,  in  1807. 

LO.M,  Jnssu  Van,  a  physician,  who  practised 
utTournay  and  Bruges.  His  works  on  medical 
etibjecls,  written  in  elecant  Latin,  were  publi.sli 
ed  in  3  vols.  .Am  lerdani,  17-15.       .  j 

LOMAZZO.  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Milan, 
known  as  a  landscape,  and  portrait  painter.! 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  painting,  in  Italian,  and! 
died  in  l.''>98.  I 

LO.MBARD,  Pe.  ,  well  known  by  the  title 
of  master  of  the  sciitenceS,  from  a  work  of  his,i 
which  is  looked  Oil  as  the  source  and  oriciii  ofj 
the  schol.astic  theology  in  the  Latin  church.  He 
was  born  at  Novara,  in  IiOtnbardv,  and  died  in, 
U64.  I 


piojei'iiles,  principles  of  gunnery,  &.C. ;  lie  died 
III  17'J4. 

LOMBART,  Lambert,  an  architect  and  pain- 
ter, a  native  of  Liege,  died  in  15tJ5. 

LO.M  EX  IE,  Henry  Augustus,  count  de  Brien- 
nc,  for  some  time  ambasKador  to  England,  and 
secretary  of  state  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV., 
of  France:  he  died  in  llitJC. 

LOME.XIK,  Henry  Lewis,  count  de  Brienne, 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  also  his  successor 
in  his  high  ullices.  But  the  loss  of  his  wife, 
whom  he  tenderly  loved,  alfected  his  tinder- 
sianding,  and  he  was  dismissed;  he  died  in 
1698. 

LOMENIE  T)K  BRIENNE,  Stephen  Charles 
de,  of  the  same  family,  was  made  archbishop 
of  Toulouse,  and  afU'rwards  cardinal,  and 
prime-minister  of  Lewis  XVI. ;  but  his  abilities 
were  below  his  high  station,  which  he  quilled, 
after  having  disgraced  Calonne ;  he  died  iu 
1798. 

LO.MO.XO/OF,  a  celebrated  Russian  poct.and 
gre;U  reliner  of  his  native  tongue,  born  in  171 1, 
died  in  17i>4.  The  odes  of  Loinonozof  are  great- 
ly admired  lor  originality  of  invention,  subli- 
mity of  sentiment,  and  energy  of  language. 
He  is  in  fact  the  Pindar  of  Russia.  Lomonozof 
made  also  no  inconsiderable  lignre  in  history, 
having  published  two  works  relative  to  that  of 
his  own  country. 

LO.XDE,  Francis  Richard  de  la,  a  French 
poet,  of  considerable  merit,  who  also  wrote  on 
jiistory,  morals,  and  antiquities ;  he  died  in 
17(i.i. 

LONDON,  John  Catjipbell,  earl  and  baron  of, 
was  comniander-in-ciiief  of  the  British  forces 
in  .\merica,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

LONG,  Edward,  a  judge  of  the  vice-admi 
rally  court,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  author  of  a 
Hisjorv  of  Jamaica,  &c. ;  he  died  in  England, 
in  lrti:t. 

Long,  James  le,  a  priest  of  the  oratory,  bom 
at  Paris.  He  was  protessor  at  several  univer- 
sities, and  was  well  skilled  in  ancient  and  mo- 
ilerii  languases,  and  in  raatliematics  and  philo- 
sophy: lie  died  in  1721. 

LO.XG,  Thomas,  an  able  divine,  bom  at  Eie- 
ter.  He  was  author  of  the  history  of  the  Pona- 
ti.'ts.  Examination  of  Hales'  Treatise  on  Schism, 
ice. ;  he  died  in  1700. 

LONG,  Dr.  Roger,  a  very  eminent  astrono 
mer,  and  author  of  an  cxcelient  treatise  on  that 
science.  He  erected  in  one  of  the  rooms  of 
Pembroke  college,  of  which  he  was  master,  a 
sphere  of  eighteen  feet  diameter,  elevated  to 
the  latitude  of  Cambridge,  wherein  thirty  per- 
sons mi  sht  sit  conveniently:  it  Ls  turned  with 
great  ease  by  a  small  winch,  though  the  wholi: 
iveight  is  above  1000  lbs.     He  was  bom  in  Nor- 

k,  in  l(i79,  and  died  in  1770. 

LO.VGBEARD,  William,  a  facetious  priest, 
notorious  for  raising  seditions  in  London,  in  the 
reign  of  Richard  I.  He  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
horses,  and  then  bun:  upim  a  gallows. 

LONGEPIERE,  Hilary  Bernard  de,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  boin  at  Dijon.  He  translated  into 
verse,  .^nacreon,  Theocritus,  Sappho,  &c.,  and 
was  the  author  of  some  tragedies.  He  died  in 
1727. 

LONGl.XUS,  Dionysius,  a  Grecian  philoso- 
pher and  orator,  aullicrof  a  "  Treatise  on  the 
Sublime,"  which  raise!  his  reputation  to  siirh 
a  height  as  no  critic  ciifjer  before  ersii;re,  could 
285 


-I  soi 

lip 


LO 


LO 


in 


ever  rf.icti.     His  cotein|)orarie3  had  so  greati     LOKING,  Israel,  born  in  1C82,  was  spUledM  ' 
an  opiuiDii  of  his  jiulcment  and  taste,  that  tlicy^'ministcr  of  Sudbury,  Massachusetts,  mid  died 
app  >iiiU'd  him  sovereign  judge  of  all  amhorb:i  in  1772. 

ajid  every  thing  was  received  or  rejected  by  the'j  LORIT,  Henry,  or  Glarranua,  from  GlarL",  in 
public  according  to  the  decision  of  Longinus.ilPwitzeilai'd,  where  hcwaahorn.  lie  studied 
fie  was  [rut  to  death  by  Anrelian,  in  2T:i.  |'at  Ilasil,  Cologne,  and  Paris,  was  the  friend  of 

LONGLANU,  or  LANGELANl),  Robert,  an']  Krasnins.    He  wrote  much  on  classical  sub- 
English  poet,  born  in  Shropshire.    Mis  "  Vision  |  jects,  and  died  in  15H'i. 


LOR.MK,  Philibert  de,  an  eminent  French 
architect  and  antiquary,  born  at  l^yons,  died  in 
Jaj",  leaving  behind  several  books  of  architec 
tare  greatly  crtsteemtd. 

LORMli,  John  do,  a  French  physician,  whfr 
attended  the  wife  of  Henry  HI.,  Mary  dc  Medi- 
cis,  and  other  branches  of  the  royal  family. 
He  was  universally  esteemed,  and  died  in  103-1. 

LORMK,  Charles  de,  son  of  the  preceding, 
physician  to  Lewis  XIII.  He  acquired  great 
lame  and  opulence,  and  died  in  lii78. 

LORRAIiXE,  Robert  le,  a  celebrated  French 
sculptor,  born  at  Paris,  in  IGOti,  died  in  1743. 

LORRAINE,  Charles  of,  cardinal,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Rheims,  son  of  the  duke  of  Guise. 
His  influence  at  one  time  was  nearly  unlimited 
in  France  :  he  died  in  1574. 

LORRIS,  William  de,  a  poet  of  considerable 
ini.'rit,  author  of  the  "  Romance  of  the  Rose." 
in  imitation  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  died  about 
1020. 

LORRY,  Anne  Charles,  a  French  physician 
well  known  for  his  Latin  treatises  on  melancho- 
JE,  Louis  Dafourde,  a  French!  ly  and  it-s  aftections ;  also  a  treatise  on  cuta 
logical  writer,  born  in  1652,  died;  ncous  diseases ;  he  died  in  1783. 

liOSA,  Isabella,  a  native  of  Cordova,  so  il- 
lustrious for  her  knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew,  that  she  was  honoured  with  the 
degree  of  D.  D.     She  died  in  1546. 

LOT,  son  of  Haran,  and  nephew  of  Abra- 
ham. When  Sodom  was  about  to  be  destroyed, 
OihI.  out  of  mercy  to  Abraham,  spared  Lot. 

LOTEN,  John,  a  good  landscape  painter,  of 
the  English  school,  though  a  native  of  Holland, 
died  in  1681. 

_.  ._ ..^ „,    ,     ^  LOTHAIRE 1.,  son  of  Lewis  the  Debonnaire, 

a  Greek    and  Latin  Lexicon,"  and    publishedljivas  partner  on  the  throne  of  Germany  with 


of  Pierce  Plowman,"  abounds  with  severe  re 
Hections  on  the  Romish  clergy,  and  exhibitsacu- 
rious  picture  of  the  times.  It  was  tinished  in 
IStiO. 

LONGLAND,  Jolin,  an  Englishman,  made 
dean  of  Salisbury,  in  l.>14,  and  seven  years  af- 
ter bishop  of  Lincoln  ;  his  works  appeared  in 
folio,  in  1332.     He  died  in  1547. 

LONGO.MONT.ANCS,  Christian,  an  eminent 
astronomer,  born  in  Denmark,  in  1562,  died  in 
1&47.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  which 
hhow  great  capacity  in  mathematics  and  astro- 
nomy ;  but  his  "  Astrononiia  Danica"  is  the 
most  distinsuished. 

LO.NGUEIL,  Gilbert  de,  a  learned  physician, 
of  Utrecht,  author  of  RematksoiiPlautus,  Ovid,! 
Nepos,  a  Dialogue  on  Birds,  with  their  Greek, 
Ijatin,  and  German  names,  and  a  Greek  and 
Latin  Le.'sicon  ;  he  died  in  1543. 

LON'GUEIL,  Christopher  de.  an  able  French 
scholar,  highly  favoured  by  Lew  is  XII.,  and  by 
pope  Leo  X.,  who  engaged  him  to  wriie  against 
Luther ;  he  died  in  15^, 

LONGUERU"   ' 
critic  and  tiieological 
in  1732. 

LON'GUEV.\L,  James,  a  French  Jesuit.  who| 
wrote  a  HistorViofthe  French  Church,  in  10  vols.j 
Dissertation  on  Miracles,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1735.| 

LONGUS,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  fouri 
pastorals,  and  the  Loves  of  Daphnis  and  Chloe,| 
edited  in  lOfiO,  4to.  i 

LONl,  Alexander,  of  Florence,  eminent  as  al 
painter,  died  in  1702. 

LO.MCEKUS,  John,  a  learned  German,  pro-l 
fcssor  of  languages  at  Marpurg.     He  compiled 


Dioscnridos ;  he  died  in  1569 

LOXICENUS,  Adam,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  sagacious  physician,  v/ho  died  at  Frank- 
fort, in  1536.  He  was  the  author  of  many 
w  irKs,  chiefly  on  natural  history. 

I.'>ON,  Theodore  Van,  of  Brussels,  whose 
excel'.ent  paintinzs  Jidorn  the  public  edifices  of 
Ron'p  and  Venice,  was  born  in  1630. 

LORD,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  American  di- 
^-ine, 'settled  at  Norwich,  Connecticut ;  he  died 
>n  1784,  ased  M. 

•LOREDA.VO,  John  Francis,  a  learned  and 
ingeiiioiis  sentoi,  of  Venice,  author  of  a  life 
of  Adam,  History  of  the  Kings  of  Cyprus,  &;c., 
was  born  in  1606. 

LORE.N'ZETTI,  Ambrogio.  a  painter,  of  Si- 
enna, and  the  tirst  who  painted  with  success, 
siorins,  rain,  and  the  effect  of  winds;  he  died 
in  1350. 

LORENZINI,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, eminent  as  a  mathematician.  He  was 
imprisoned  twenty  years,  during  which  time  he 
wrote  12  books  on  conical  and  cylindrical  sec- 
tions, in  Latin;  he  died  in  1721 


Ins  father,  in  817,  and  made  king  of  Loinbardy 
three  years  after.  He  revolted  against  his  la- 
ther, seized  him,  and  shut  him  in  prison.  Tliii. 
j  conduct  brought  on  a  war  in  which  an  inlnlen^e 
I  number  of  lives  were  sacrificed.  Lolhaire  died 
I  in  885. 

LOTHAIRE  II.,  duke  of  Saxony,  afterwards 
king,  and  then  emperor  of  Germany  ;  he  died 
in  11.57. 

LOTHAIRE,  king  of  France,  son  of  Lewie 
IV.  His  wife,  Emma,  gave  him  poison,  of 
j  which  he  died  in  986. 

LOTHAIRE,  king  of  Lorraine,  abandoned 
ihis  wife  to  marry  his  mistress,  but  pope  Nicho- 
!las  I.  had  the  spirit  to  interfere,  and  to  compel 
his  majesty  to  again  take  his  lawful  wife.  He 
died  in  86*1. 

LOUIS  I.,  surnamcd  the  Debonnaire.  or  the 
Feeble,  son  of  Charlemagne,  was  proclaimed 
king  of  France,  and  emperor  of  the  Wosi,  in 
814.  He  was  in  a  perpetual  quarrel  either  with 
his  brothers  or  sons,  until  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened in  840. 
LOUIS  H.,  the  Young,  eldest  son  of  Lothaire 


LORENZINI,  or  LAURENTINI,  FrancisIL,  was  made  king  of  Italy  in  841,  and  succeeded 
Maria,  an  Italian  poet,  who  wrote  "  Sucredl  to  the  imperial  throne  in  8.'i5.  He  was  a  brave 
Dramas ;"  he  was  born  at  Rome,  in  16*0,  and!  nnd  virtuous  monarch,  and  anxious  to  preserve 
diid  in  1743.  j  the  dignity  of  the  thnme  ;  he  died  iu  87.5. 

LORIMER,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physician,  LOUIS  HI.,  snrnamed  the  Blind,  succncdrd 
and  author  of  an  F.ssay  on  Magnetism,  born  in  to  the  throne  in  890,  and  was  crowned  by  Tene- 
K33,  died  .Tulv,  1795.  I  diet  IV.  He  was  soon  after,  s-urpriscd  and  taken 


LO 


LO 


By  Ins  rival,  Uereiigt-r,  wlio  put  out  his  eyes; 
lie  (lied  in  <J34. 

LOt'IS  IV.,  called  the  Child,  succeeded  hia 
father,  the  emperor  Arnold,  whea  he  was  only 
seven  years  old.  His  reign  waa  a  scene  of 
civil  »var  and  desolation  ;  he  died  in  91 1. 

LOUIS  v.,  was  elected  emperor  of  (Jermany, 
in  l:<14 ;  ami  after  much  civil  discord,  was  killed 
by  a  fall  from  his  horse  in  1347. 

LOUIS  L,  king  of  France.  See  LOUIS  1., 
the  Delkinnaire. 

LOUI.S  II.,  the  Stammerer,  was  the  son  of 
Charles  the  Bald,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
kinij  of  France,  in  377.  He  was  a  weak  prince, 
and  died  in  879. 

LOUIS  III.,  son  of  Louis  II.,  shared  the  kini;- 
dom  with  his  brother  Carloman,  with  whom  he 
lived  in  perfect  union;  Louis  died  in  882,  and 
Carloman  became  sole  king  of  France. 

LOUIri  IV.,surnamed  Transinaiinc,  because 
he  resided  1.3  years  in  England,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  France  iu  936.  He  was  killed  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse  while  huntin?  in  9J4. 

LOUIS  v.,  surnamed  the  Lazy,  succeeded  his 
father  Lothaire  in  986.  He  was  vicori>usly 
preparing  to  march  asjainst  the  Saracens,  when 
he  was  poisoned  by  his  queen  Blanche,  in  987. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Hugh  Capet. 

I,t)UIS  VI.,  called  the  Bie,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1108.  He  was  disturbed  by  external 
quarrels,  and  internal  factions;  but  Ire  was  a 
wise  and  popular  monarch,  benevolent  as  a 
man,  impartial  as  a  judge;  lie  died  in  Ii:i7. 

LOUIS  VII.,  the  Young,  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding,  was  early  engaged  in  a  quarrel 
with  the  pope,  and  was  excommunicated  by 
him.  He  made  a  crusade  with  an  army  con 
sitting  of  80,000  men,  to  Palestmc,  but  wa.s  dt;- 
feaied  by  the  Saracens ;  lie  died  at  Paris,  in  1180. 

LOUIS  VIII.,  surnamed  the  I. ion,  sncreedi.il 
his  lather,  Philip  .\ugustus,  in  1223.  He  w;igi>d 
successful  war  against  the  EnglNIi,  and  took 
Inrge  possessions  from  them  ;  he  died  in  122i>. 

LOUIS  IX.,  called  Saint,  son  of  the  preceding. 
He  inailc  two  crusades,  during  the  last  of  which 
he  died  at  Tunis,  in  1'270,  and  was  canonized 
by  Boneface  VHl. 

LOU  IS  X.,  called  Hutin,  succeeded  his  father, 
Philip  the  Fair,  in  1314,  and  died  ia  1316. 

LOUIS  XI.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1461,  an 
ungratel'ul  wretcli,  who  rebelled  against  his 
lather,  and  afterwards  poisoned  his  brother. 
During  his  reifn,  rebellion  and  carnage  were 
common  occurrences  ;  and  he  has  been  deserved- 
ly called  the  Tiberius  of  France.  He  died  in 
1483. 

LOUIS  XII.,  surnamed  the  Just,  ascended 
the  throne  in  149S.  He  engaged  in  war  with 
nearly  all  the  neighbouring  stales,  but  was  an 
amiable  monarch,  and  greatly  beloved  by  his 
subjects ;  he  died  in  1515. 

LOUIS  XIIL,  surnamed  the  Just,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1610.  He  was  guided  in  his  con- 
duct by  the  celebrated  cardinal  Richelieu,  who 
from  motives  of  ambition  kept  him  at  war  dur- 
ing most  of  his  rei.^n  ;  he  died  in  164-3. 

LOUIS  XIV.,  surnamed  the  Great,  was  born 
in  16.38.  His  reign  is  celebrated,  as  an  era  of 
magnificence,  learning  and  licentiousness,  in 
France  ;  he  died  in  1715,  leaving  behind  him 
monuments  of  unprecedented  splendour  and  ex- 
pense, in  palaces,  gardens,  ice. 

LOUIS  XV.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1715. 
During  his  reign,  Fiance  was  almost  constantly 
at  war.  The  contest  with  England,  concerning 
the  possession  of  Canada,  ended  with  great  loss 


of  territory  to  France.     Louis  died  of  a  second 
attack  of  the  small  (hix,  in  1774. 

LOUIS  XVI.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1774, 
having  married  thecelirbrated  Maria  .\ntoinette 
of  .Austria,  in  1770.  He  was  a  benevolent,  vir- 
tuous, and  amiable  man,  much  attached  to  re- 
ligion, and  anxious  to  make  his  subjects  happy. 
By  his  subjects  he  was  treated  in  the  vilest 
manner,  called  a  tyrant  and  traitor,  and  finally 
beheaded  bv  a  perjured  tribunal,  in  1793. 

LOUIS  XVIIl.,  brother  to  Louis  XVI.,  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Terror,  and  that  of  Buonaparte, 
being  obliged  to  leave  his  country,  he  wandered 
from  place  to  place,  as  his  safety  required.  He 
linally  went  to  England,  where  he  remained  till 
1814,  when  the  allied  powers  placed  him  on  the 
throne  of  France.  On  the  approach  of  .N'apoleou 
from  his  retirement,  he  was  obliged  again  to 
lly,  but  was  again  placed  on  his  throne  by  the 
allies.  He  was  a  mild  and  amiable  prince,  con- 
sulting the  wishes  and  happiness  of  his  people ; 
he  died  in  1825. 

LOUIS  I.,  called  the  Pious,  king  of  Germany, 
was  a  powerful  monarch,  and  rendered  himself 
formidable  to  his  neighbours ;  he  died  in  876. 

LOUIS  11.,  son  and  successor  of  the  preced- 
ing, deleutcd  his  uncle  Charles  the  Bald  ;  he 
died  in  c'82. 

LOUIS  HI.,  king  of  Germany.  See  LOUIS 
III.,  emperor. 

LOriS  I.,  of  Anjou,  king  of  Hungary  and 
Poland,  succeeded  Charles  II.,  in  1342,  and  died 
in  1382. 

LOUIS  II.,  wag  king  of  Hungary,  after  his 
father  Ladlslaiis,  and  was  drowned  in  a  marsh, 
as  he  fled  from  a  fii>ld  of  battle,  in  1326. 

LOUIS,  prince  of  Tarcntuin,  married  Jane, 
queen  of  Naples,  and  was  crowned  king  of 
Naples,  in  1352. 

L'  illlS  I.,  duke  of  Anjou,  second  fSbn  of  John, 
king  of  France.  The  kingdom  of  Naples  was 
left  him  by  the  will  of  queen  Jane,  but  failing 
to  obtain  it.  he  died  of  a  broken  heart,  ia  1384. 

LOUIS,  Antony,  secretary  to  the  academy  of 
surg.jons,  at  Paris,  was  one  of  the  best  anato- 
mists in  Europe.  He  wrote  many  professional 
works,  and  died  in  1792. 

LOUPTIERE,  John  Charles  de  Relongue  de 
la,  of  the  .-Vrcadian  academy,  at  Rome,  wrote  a 
collection  of  poems,  in  2  vols.  ;  he  died  in  1784. 

LOUVET,  Peter,  was  master  of  requests  to 
queen  Margaret,  he  wrote  some  learned  works, 
and  died  in  1646. 

LOUVET  DE  COUVRAY,  .lohn  Baptist, 
during  the  revolution,  he  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  French  convention,  and  although 
proscribed,  escaped  the  scaffold.  He  was  au- 
thorof  some  licentious  works,  and  died  in  1797. 

LOUVILLE,  Eugene  d'.\llonville,  chevalier 
de,  a  nobleman,  who  served  as  a  colonel  under 
Philip  v.,  king  of  Spain.  He  afterwards  devo- 
ted hinvself  to  mathematics  and  astronomy,  and 
died  in  1752. 

LOVE,  James,  an  Eneli^h  actor  and  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1774.  Tnougii  this  person  passed 
by  the  name  of  Love,  his  real  family  name  was 
Dance. 

LOVE,  Christopher,  an  English  clergyman 
and  divinity  writer  of  great  reputation,  was 
beheaded  in  Ifol  by  the  republicans,  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason  in  holding  correspondence  with 
king  Charles  1. 

LOVEL.\CE,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and 

dramatic  writer,  born  in  1618,  died  in  1658.     He 

wrote  two  plays,  neither  of  which  have   been 

printed:  "TheScholar,"  a  comedy  ;  and  "The 

287 


LO 

Suldiur,"  a  tra^icdy.  His  poems,  wiiich  are! 
extremely  scarce,  were  prinipd  under  (lie  title. 
of  Luca:>ta ;  the  tirst  part  in  lt>40,  llie  second  in 
1659. 

LOVELACE,  Francis,  povcrnor  of  the  cnio 
ny  of  Ntw-York,  from  1667,  until  lis  surrender 
to  the  Dutch,  in  1673. 

LOVELACE,  John,  lord  baron  of  Hurley, 
came  to  .■Vmerica  as  governor  of  the  colony  of 
New- York,  in  170d,  and  died  the  ensuing'  year. 
LOVEIOND,  Edward,  a  poet  of  considerable 
talents,  died  in  1775.  His  brother  collected  audi 
published  his  poems  in  1785. 

LOVVEl,  Peter,  a  f>cotch  surgeon,  who  for  2-2 
years  was  in  the  armiesof  Flanders  and  France,| 
iinally  settled  at  Glasgow.  He  left  some  books! 
on  his  proiession.  | 

LOWE,  Mauritius,  an  English  painter  of 
considerable  eminence,  died  in  extreme  poverty, 
the  effect  of  indolence,  in  1793. 

LOWELL,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Massachusftlts,  was  a  member  of  congress. 
from  that  state,  a  judge  of  the  court  of  ajipeals, 
from  the  admiralty  courts  of  the  states,  and  a 
judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  U.  iS.,  he  died 
in  1802. 

LO  WEN,  John  Frederick, wrote  some  poems, 
printed  at  Hamburgh,  and  a  romance  ;  he  died 
in  1773. 

LOWER,  Sir  William,  a  famous  cavalier 
in  the  troubles  of  Charles  I.,  and  a  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1662. 

LOWER,  Dr.  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
physician,  died  in  1691.  He  w?s  author  of  an  ex- 
cellent book,  "  De  Corde ;"  ai  I  of  another,  "  De 
Motu  et  Colore  Sanguinis  el  Chyli  in  eum  tran- 
situ ;"  and  practised  the  transfusion  of  blood 
from  one  animal  into  another ;  but  whether  he 
was  the  inventor  of  this  operation  we  know 
uot. 

LOWM.AN,  Moses,  40  years  dissenting  mi 
Ulster  at  Surrey,  was  well  skilled  in  Jewish  an 
tiquities,  and  history.  He  wrote  a  work  on  Re 
velations,  and  died  in  1752. 

LOWNDES,  William,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
congress  from  South  Carolina,  distinguished  for 
his  talents,  eloquence,  and  application  to  the 
business  of  his  office  ;  he  died  in  1822. 

LOWIH,  William,  a  distinguished  English 
theological  writer  and  commentator,  born  in 
London,  in  1661,  died  in  1732. 

LOWTH,  Dr.  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
bishop  of  London,  &c.,  born  in  1710,  died  in 
1787.  Kis  literary  character  is  well  known  by 
1ms  learned  "Preelections"  on  Hebrew  poetry, 
which  were  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  Gre 
gory,  in  1787.  But  perhaps  the  most  useful  of 
his  achievements  are  what  refer  to  his  own 
language  ;  which  owes  to  him,  what  nothing 
said  in  it  can  ever  pay,  the  "  First  Institutes 
of  Grammar ;"  and,  in  his  "Translation  of 
Isaiah,"  tire  sublimest  poetry  in  the  world. 

LOYER,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Anjou,  and  au 
thor  of  a  curious  history  of  spectres,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1634. 

LOYOLA,  Ignatius,  of,  the  founder  of  the 
Jesuits,  born  in  1491,  at  the  castle  of  Loyola,  in 
t?pain,  was  first  page  to  Ferdinand  V.  king  of 
Spain,  and  then  an  officer  in  his  army ;  in  which 
he  signalized  himself  by  his  valour,  and  wa 
wounded  in  both  legs  at  the  siftge  of  Pampeluna, 
in  irfil  To  this  circumstance  the  Jesuits  owe 
their  origin  ;  for  while  he  was  under  cure  of 
his  wounds,  a  Life  of  the  Saints  was  put  into 
his  hands,  which  determined  him  to  forsake  the; 
militarv  for  the  ecclesiastical  professiou.  Hiii 
288 


LU • 

lirsi  devout  exercise  was  to  dedicate  himself  to 
the  blessed  virgin  as  her  knight:  he  then  wen* 
a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land  ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Europe  he  continued  his  theological  stu- 
dies in  the  universities  of  Spain,  though  he  was 
then  33  years  of  age.  After  this  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  in  France  laid  the  foundation  ol  this 
new  order,  the  institutes  of  which  he  present- 
ed to  pope  Paul  IH.,  who  made  many  ohjectioiis 
to  them  ;  but  Ignatius  atlding  to  the'thiee  vows 
of  chastity,  poverty,  and  obedience,  a  fourth 
implicit  submission  to  the  holy  see,  the  institu- 
tion was  conlirmcd  in  1540.  The  pious  founder 
died  in  1555. 

Ll'BIENETSKI,  Theodore,  a  native  of  Cra- 
cow, en)inenl  as  a  painter ;  he  died  in  1716. 

LUBIENETSKI,  Stanislaus,  a  gentleman  of 
Poland,  and  celebrated  Socinian  minister,  born 
at  Cracow,  in  162.3,  died  by  poison,  in  1675.  He 
wrote  several  books ;  the  thief  of  which  is  a 

History  of  the  Reformation  of  Poland."  The 
Socinlans  look  upon  him  as  a  saint,  if  not  a 
martyr. 

LUBIN,  Eilhard,  a  learned  prolestant,  born 
in  Oldenburgh,  and  professor  of  poetry,  ai  Ros- 
tock ;  lie  died  in  1621. 

LUBIN,  .\uguslin,  geographer  of  the  French 
kina,  was  the  author  of  several  works,  and  died 
in  1695. 

LUC,  Jean  Andre  de,  born  at  Geneva,  in 
1726.  As  a  chymist  and  geologist  he  was  pre- 
eminent ;  and  his  labours  were  all  rendered 
subservient  to  tlic  best  interests  of  mankind,  in 
illustrating  the  evidences  of  natural  and  re- 
vealed religion.  His  principal  work  is,  "Geo- 
logical Travels  in  the  North  of  Europe,  Eng- 
land, France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany."  Mfv 
De  Luc,  died  at  Windsor,  in  1817. 

LUCA,  John  Baptist,  a  nati\'fe  of  Verona, 
quitted  the  law  for  the  church,  and  became  a 
cardinal.  He  wrote  a  work  on  civil  law,  and 
died  in  1683. 

LUC.'VN,  Marcus  Anneus,  a  Latin  poet,  born 
at  Cordova,  in  Spain,  A.  D.  39.  He  was  con 
denmed  by  Nero  to  be  bled  to  death  in  a  batn, 
A.  D.  65.  His  chief  work  is  his  "Pharsalia;" 
which  indeed  is  rather  a  history  of  the  civil 
wars  than  a  true  poem,  none  of  the  rules  of 
poetry  bel'ig  observed  in  it. 

LUCAS,  Tudcnsis,  a  bishop,  author  of  a 
History  of  Spain,  from  Adam  to  1236  ;  he  died 
in  the  13th  century. 

LUCAS,  Van  Leyden,  a  very  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Holland,  died  in  1533. 

LUCAS,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  vicar  of 
St.  Stephens.  He  published  5  vols,  of  sermons, 
and  other  works,  and  died  in  1715. 

LUCAS,  Dr.  Charles,  a  celebrated  Irish  pa- 
triot, and  writer  on  medicine,  born  in  1713,  died 
in  1771.  So  high  was  his  parliamentary  cha- 
racter, that  the  corporation  of  Dublin,  many  of 
the  peers,  the  speaker,  and  numerous  members 
of  the  house  of  commons,  with  the  several 
guilds,  to  the  amount  of  2000  persons,  attended 
his  funeral ;  and  the  corporation  settled  a  pen- 
sion on  his  widow. 

LUCAS,  Paul,  a  great  French  traveller,  born 
in  1604,  died  in  1737.  His  travels  consist  of 
several  volumes,  are  passably  written,  and  amu- 
sing enough ;  but  not  of  the  best  authority. 

LUC-VS,  Francis,  born  at  Brusen.    He  was 
dean  of  St.  Omer,  and  published  Notes  and 
Commentaries  on  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 
I  He  died  in  1619. 

LUCCHESINI,  John  Vincent,  a  historian, 
[  and  secretary  to  the  pope,  was  boni  at  Liiccu 


LU 

He  c'DiiiposeU  somu  works  of  great  merit,  and 
'lif-d  ill  1744. 

H.CIAN,  n  celebrated  Greek  critic  and  satir- 
ist, tiorn  at  Somosata,  A.  I).  90,  died  in  180.  He 
ivas  not  only  one  of  llie  finest  wits  of  Ins  own 
lime,  but  of  all  antiquity,  being  a  pcrlect  niaftcr 
III  llic  gre.it  art  of  mixing  tbe  useful  with  the 
tiitiMiainiii?. 

LUCIFER,  bishop  of  Cagliari,  in  Sardinia, 
author  of  a  new  schisiiv,  called  Lucifcrians;  he 
died  in  3T0. 

LUCILtUS,  an  ancient  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 
^<»  books  of  "  tj.tlires."  It  is  t^aid  ihat  he  wa^ 
llio  first  inventor  of  that  kind  of  poem.  He 
dird  103  B.  C. 

LI'CIIS  I.,  pope  and  saint,  was  elected  in 
2.">.1,  and  tlip  ncxi  year  suffered  marli'idoni. 

M'C'K't^  II., Gerard  deCacrianeniiri,  anativc 
of  liologna,  elected  pope,  in  1144,  and  died  soon 
arter. 

LrciUS  III.,  Hnmbaldo  AllineiRo!i,a  native 
of  liiicca,  elected  pope  in  1181.  The  inquisition 
originated  under  this  ponlitf. 

Ll'CRKTIA,  the  famous  Roman  matron, 
wife  of  (,'ollatinus,  and  the  cause  of  the  revolu- 
tion of  Rome  from  a  monarchy  to  a  republic. 
This  lady,  being  violated  by  Sextus,  the  eldest 
ton  of  Tarquin,  king  of  Rome,  stabbed  her.-elf. 
1<IY.\K  C.  The  bloody  poniard,  with  hi  r  dead 
body,  exposed  to  the  senate,  was  the  signal  of 
Roman  liberty.  The  expulsion  of  the  Tarqiiins, 
and  the  abolition  of  the  regal  dignity,  was  in- 
Blanily  resolved  on.  and  carried  into  execution. 

LICRETH,".-?,  Titus  Caru^,  an  ancient  Ro- 
man pliilosophcr  and  poet,  much  esteemed  for 
his  learning  and  eloquence,  wrote  fi  books  "  De 
Naliira  Rerum,"  was  born  about  06  H.  C,  and 
dird  54  B.  C.  His  poem  has  been  translated 
into  Enslish  by  Mr.  Creech,  and  his  version  isl 
generally  esteemed.  I 

Lrci'I.LrS,  a  renowned  Roman  general 
and  consul,  died  fiO  B.  C. 

I.TDLdW,  Edmund,  a  chief  of  the  republi-! 
can  party  in  the  civil  wars  of  England  in  the 
I'th  century,  born  in  in-20,  died  in  1693,  leaving] 
"  Memoirs  of  his  own  Times." 

LUOLOVV,  Roger,  a  native  of  England,  who] 
came  to  America,  in  1630.  He  was  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and,  removing  to 
Connecticut,  he  held  the  offices  of  magistrate 
and  governor  of  that  colony.  The  first  code  of 
laws  nf  Connecticut,  was  compiled  by  him. 

H'DOEPH,  Job,  a  very  learned  and  c'>od 
man,  born  ai  Erfurt,  and  author  of  a  grammar 
of  the  Kihiopic  langiiaie,  and  a  history  of  Ethi- 
opia, besides  some  other  works;  he  died  in  1704. 

LfDOI.PH,  Henry  William,  son  of  the  jire- 
ceding,  a  learned  and  pious  man,  of  great  re- 
spectability. He  was  presented  to  the  Czar  of 
Russia,  wiio  treated  him  with  great  kindness, 
for  wliicli  he  wrote  a  Russian  gramiuar ;  he 
died  in  1710. 

LTOWELL,  Philip,  governor  of  North  and 
South  Carolina,  in  1692,  was  succeeded  by  Har- 
vey soon  after  that  time. 

H'DWIG,  John  Peter,  professor  of  law,  at 
Magdebu  rg.  a  privy  counsellorlo  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia; he  died  in  1743. 

LUOO,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  born  at  Mad- 
rid, a  professor  of  theolojy,  at  Rome.  He  wns 
made  cardinal  by  pope  Urban,  introduced  je- 
euil's  bark  into  France,  wrote  7  vols,  folio,  and 
died  in  llVfiO. 

LUno.  Francis,  brother  of  John,  a  learned 
man,  le-torof  two  colleges,  went  missionary  to 
India,  wrote  2  folio  vols,  aud  died  in  1652. 

O  o  2 


_^ LU 

_Ll  ItrlNO,  or  LUISINI,  Francis,  an  eminen, 
Venetian  scholar,  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek, 
at  Rc^gio  :  he  died  in  1568. 

LUisiNU.S,  .Aloysius,  a  Venetian  phvsieiau, 
who  published  "de  Morbo  Gallico  "  ice",  1566. 

LLITPRAND,  a  king  of  Lombardv,  known 
for  his  conquests,  in  Italy  ;  he  died  in  7-14. 

LUITPRANDUS,  a  Lombard  historian,  who 
wrote  the  history  of  his  own  times  in  six  booki, 
jlie  died  in  1000. 

LUKE,  St.  the  evangelist,  was  a  physician, 
at  Antioch,  converted  to  Christianity  by  tUe 
preaching  of  St.  Paul. 

I  LULLE,  Raymond,  stjlcd  The  Enlishtened 
Doctor,  was  born  in  Majorca,  in  1236.  Medicine 
and  chymistry  were  his  chief  prol'essions  ;  but 
at  last  he  undertook  the  propagation  of  the  cos- 
pel  in  Africa,  and  was  stoned  to  death  in  Mau- 
ritania, in  1315. 

LULLI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  musical 
conyoser,  and  sutierintcndent  of  music  to  Louia 
.\IV  .,  born  ai  Florence,  in  16.34.  In  lf>8»>,  the  kiti| 
was  seized  with  an  indisposition  which  threat- 
ened his  life  ;  but  recovering  from  it,  Lulli  was 
required  to  compose  a  Tc  Deum  upon  the  occa- 
sion. He  did  comiiose  one,  not  more  remark- 
able for  its  excellence,  than  for  the  unhappy  ac- 
cident which  attended  the  performance  of  it. 
Me  had  neglected  nothing  in  the  composition  of 
the  music,  or  the  preparations  for  the  execution 
of  it ;  and,  the  better  to  demonstrate  his  zeal, 
he  himself  beat  the  time;  but,  with  the  cane 
he  used  for  this  purpose,  he  gave  himself.  In  the 

I  heat  of  action,  a  blow  upon  the  end  of  nis  foot; 

land  this,  endinein  a  gangrene  which  balHed  all 
the  skill  of  his  surgeons,  put  an  end  to  his  life, 
in  1687. 

I  LUMLEY,  Joanna  lady,  translated  into  La- 
tin, from  the  Greek,  three  of  Isocralci'  orations 
which  are  still  preserved  at  Westminster;   she 

Idied  in  1620 

1  LUNEAU  DE  BOISJERMAIN,  Peter  Joreph 
Francis,  a  voluminous  French  writer,  w  ho  )iuI>t  . 
lished  works  on  Geography,  Reading,  Onho- 
grapliy.  History,  &.c. ;  he  died  in  1802. 

I     LUSJGNAN,  Guy,  a  celebrated  French  war- 

Irior  during  the  crusades,  who  became  king  of 

j  Jerusalem  ;  he  died  in  11!)4. 

1  LUSSAN,  Margaret  de.  a  voluminous  fe- 
male writer,  in  England,  who  supported  herself 

|witli  her  pen.    She  wrote  Romances,  History, 

[Anecdotes,  &c.  :  and  died  in  1758. 

]     LUTHER.  Martin,  an  illustrious  German  di- 

ivine,  and  rtformerof  the  church,  born  at  Isle- 
ben,  in  Saxony,  in  1483.  He  studied  at  Erfurlh, 

ibeiiig  designed  for  a  civilian  ;  but  an  awful  ca- 
tastrophe made  such  an  impression  upon   hii 

jiiiind,  that  he  resolved  to  retire  from  the  world. 
As  he  was  walking  in  thi-  fields  with  a  fellow- 

'studcnt,  they  were  struck  by  lightning,  Luther 

jto  the  ground,  and  his  companion  dead  by  his" 
Side.     He  entered  into  the  order  of  Augustine 

!  hermits  at  Erfurth  ;  from  this  place  he  removed 

;to  \Vittembergh,  being  appointed  by  the  elec- 

;tor  of  Saxony,  prolessor  of  theology  and  philo- 
sophy in  the  university  just  founded   there  by 

jiliat  prince.     In  1512,  he  was  sent  to  Rome,  to 

'plead  the  cause  of  some  convents  of  his  order 

Iwhohad  quarrelled  with  their  yicar-general . 

|this  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  observing  the 
corruption  of  the  pontifical  court,  and  the  de- 
bauched lives  of  the  dignitaries  of  the  church, 
and  probably  gave  him  tbe  first  disgust  to  the 
Romish  ecclesiastical  government,  especially  as 
he  had  engaged  in  the  monastic  lite  from  rnr.- 
tives  of  genuine  pietv.  Upon  his  return  tii 
;  2C9 


► 


LY 

Willembergb,  it  was  remarked  thai  lie  gn-w 
unusually  pensive,  and  more  austere  in  his  life 
and  conversation :  he  likewise  read  and  ex- 
pounded the  sacred  writings  in  lectutesandser- 
mouS:  and  threw  new  lights  on  obscure  passa- 
ges: the  minds  of  his  auditors  being  thus  pre- 
pared, a  favourable  occasion  soon  ofTi.red  for 
carrying  into  execution  his  grand  plan  of  re- 
formation. In  1517,  pope  Leo  X.  published  his 
induigencics.  Albert,  arclibishopof  Mciitz and 
Magdcburgh,  was  commissioner  for  Germany,! 
and  was  to  have  half  the  sum  raised  in  that 
country ;  Tetelms,  a  Uurainican  iriar,  was  de 
puted  to  collect,  with  others  of  his  order,  for| 
6axoiiy  ,  and  he  carried  his  zeal  bu  far,  as  to 
declare  his  commission  to  be  so  extensive,  that 
no  crime  could  be  too  great  to  be  pardoned  ;  by 
purchasing  indulgencies,  not  only  past  sins,  but; 
those  intended,  were  to  be  forgiven.  Against 
these  vile  practices  Lutlier  openly  preached, 
with  wonderful  success,  and  thus  began  the 
Reformation  in  Germany.     Luther  died  in  154G. 

LUTTI,  Benedetto,  an  eminent  Italian  pain- 
ter, born  at  Florence,  in  160U,  died  in  17-24.         j 

LUXEMBOURG,  Francis  Henry  de  Moutmo-! 
rciicy,  duke  of,  a  famous  general,  and  uiarshalj 
of  France,  died  in  lt)94.  | 

LUYKEN,  John,  a  Dutch  engraver,  born  at 
Amsterdam  ;  he  died  in  1712. 

LUYTS,  John,  a  native  of  Holland,  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  and  philosophy,  at  Utrecht. 
He  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1712. 

LYCOPHRON,  son  of  Periander,of  Corinth, 
628  B.  C.  murdered  by  the  Corcyreans. 

LYCOPHRON,  a  Greek  tragic  poet  and 
graramacian,  flourished  about  304  years  before 
Christ,  and  wrote  a  poem  entitled  "  Alexan- 
dria," containing  a  long  course  of  predictions, 
which  he  supposes  to  be  made  by  Cassandra, 
daughter  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy.  This  poem 
has  created  a  great  deal  of  trouble  to  the  learn- 
ed, on  account  of  its  obscurity.  Suidas  has 
preserved  the  titles  of  20  tragedies  of  his  coin- 
posing. 

LYCURGUS,  a  celebrated  Spartan  legislator, 
flourished  870  B.  C. 

LYCURGUS,  an  Athenian  orator,  408  B.  C. 
He  studied  under  Plato  and  Isocrates. 

LYDE.    See  JOINER. 

LYDGATE,  John,  an  Augustine  monk  of  St. 
EJinundsbury,  and  a  poet,  flourished  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.  He  was  a  disciple  and  ad- 
mirer of  Chaucer  ;  and,  according  to  some  cri- 
tics, excelled  his  master  in  the  art  of  versifica- 
tion.    He  died  in  1440. 

LYDIAT,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English  chro- 
nologer  and  astronomer,  born  in  1572,  died  in 
1646. 

LYE,  Edward,  a  learned  divine  and  anti- 
quary, born  in  1704.  He  published,  among  other 
works,  an  edition  of  the  "  Etyinologicou  Aiigli- 
cannm,"  by  Junius,  with  many  additions,  and 
to  which  he  pretixed  an  Anglo-Saxon  Gram- 
mar ;  "  The  Gothic  Gospels,"  with  a  Grammar 
of  that  lan'^uace ;  and  after  his  death,  which 
happened,  in  1767,  came  out  his  "  Anglo  Saxon 
and  Gothic  Dictionary."  ••' 

LYLY,  or  LILLY,  John,  born  in  1553.  He 
took  his  masters'  degree  at  Magdalen-college, 
Oxford,  ill  1575  ;  and  afterwards  went  to  court, 
where  he  was  taken  much  notice  of  by  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  had  expectations  of  being  pre- 
ferred to  the  post  of  master  of  revels;  but  was, 
after  many  years'  attendance,  disappointed,  lie 
is  considered  as  the  first  who  attempted  to  re 
form  and  purify  the  Englisb  language.  For  this' 
290 


LY 

purpose  he  wrote  a  book  entitled,  '■  Euplme* 
and  his  England,"  in  1382,  which  met  with  a 
degree  of  success  unusual  with  the  tirsi  at- 
tenipters  of  reformation  ;  being  almost  inimedi- 
ateiy  and  universally  f..llowed.  He  also  wrote 
9  piayi.  and  died  in  distressed  circuinsiances 
about  I60U. 

LY.N'CH,  Thomas,  juii.,  a  native  of  South 
Carolina,  born  in  1749.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Congress  of  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
tlie  dixlaration  of  Independence.  He  was  lost 
at  sea  alter  177!). 

LYNUE,  Sir  Humphrey,  an  English  author 
wlui  wrote  against  popery  ;  he  died  in  I6■^6. 

LY.\'DE,  Benjamin,  a  judge,  and  afterward, 
chief  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  Massa 
chusetts,  died  in  1745. 

LYNDE,  Benjamin,  .«on  of  the  preceding 
also  held  the  oflice  of  chief  justice  of  Massa 
chusetts,  which  he  resigned,  in  1772. 

LYNDON,  Josias,  governor  of  the  colony  oj 
Rhode  Island,  di>'d  in  1778. 

LYONNET,  Pi  ,,r,  secretary  to  the  states  oT 
Holland,  a  man  higniy  eminent  for  his  grea'am 
various  learning;  viz.  he  knew  9  languages, 
was  skilled  in  music,  painting,  engraving,  sculp 
ture,  divinity,  law,  natural  history,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1789. 

LYONS,  Israel,  a  celebrated  English  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Cambridge,  in  1739,  died  in 
1775. 

LYSANDER,  a  famous  Spartan  general,  who 
defeated  the  .\thenian  fleet,  and  ended  tlie  27 
years  war.    He  fell  in  battle,  396  B.  C. 

LYSERUS,  Polycarp,  an  able  German  theo- 
logian, author  of  several  learned  cammenta 
rics  on  the  Scriptures ;  he  died  in  1601. 

LYSERUS,  John,  a  protestant  divine,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  above,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  famous  for  a  work  in  defence  of  poly 
gamy  ;  he  died  in  1684. 

LYSIAS,  an  ancient  Athenian  orator.  Plu- 
tarch and  Pliotius  relate,  that  425  orations  were 
formerly  exhibited  under  the  name  of  Lysias, 
of  wiiicli  34  only  are  now  extant.  He  died  378 
B.C. 

LYS1M.\CHUS,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
was  killed  in  battle,  286  B.  C. 

LYSIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  statuary, 
who  flourished  in  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  chiefly  excelled  in  the  hair  of  the 
heads,  and  the  proportion  of  his  figures. 

LYSIS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  master 
of  Epaminondas,  died  388  B.  C. 

LYSONS,  Daniel,  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  many  Essays,  particularly  on  Camphor 
and  Calomel  in  Fevers,  on  Intermittent  Fe- 
vers, Dropsies,  &c.  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

LYSONS,  Samuel,  an  antiquary,  born  in 
1763.  He  studied  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
was  there  called  to  the  bar.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Astle,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  re- 
cords in  the  Tower.  His  chief  works  are,  "  An- 
tiquities of  Gloucestershire  ;"  "Collection  of 
Roman  Remains ;"  and  "  Magna  Britannia,"  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother.     He  died  in  1819. 

LYTE,  Henry,  a  native  of  Somer.setshire, 
where  he  established  the  best  botanical  garden 
in  England  ;  lie  died  in  1607. 

LYTTELTON,  Edward,  lord  keeper  of  the 
great  seal  of  England,  h>  tlie  reign  of  Charles 
I,  and  an  eminent  law- reporter,  born  in  ISt*.', 
died  in  1645. 

LYTTELTON,  George  lord,  an  eleiiant  his' 
torian,  poet,  and  luiscellaiieous  writer,  lioni  i-i 
1709,  died  in  1773.    His  principal  writings  a.ie, 


^_ >IA 

"  Th-:  Pmcrcss  of  Love  ;"'  •'  l'nr.<iaii  l.etlfis  ;'" 
"  Observaiioiis  ontlie  Conversion  and  Aposllei 
Viip  of  St.  Paul,"  and  "  The  History  of  Henry 
the  Sciond." 

LYTTKI,TON,  Thomas  lord,  son  of  the  pre 
eeding,  a  young  nobleman  of  very  considerable 
parlianienlary  talents,  but  of  a  pay  and  diss i- 
pa.ed  mind  ;  he  was  ciilolffroniaraceof  hunry 
and  sensuality,  it  not  of  iiifulelity,  utider  cir- 
cumstaiires  peculiarly  impressi*e  ;  having  been 
warned  in  a  vision  three  days  before  his  death, 
which  happened  accordingly  without  any  pre- 
vious illness.  His  lordship  was  born  in  1744, 
and  died  in  1779. 

LYTTELTON,  Dr.  Charles,  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle, and  an  eminent  antiquary,  died  in  1768. 

M 

MA  AS,  Dirk,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose  repre- 
•entations  of  battles  and  landscapes,  were  much 
admired,  was  born  in  lt)50. 

M.\AS,  Arnold,  a  Du;  ,  painter,  eminent  for 
representing  people  in  conversation. 

M.A.\S,  Nil  holas,  an  eminent  Dutch  portrait 
painter,  died  in  1693. 

M.XBILLON,  .lohu,  a  very  learned  theological 
and  historical  writer,  of  France,  bom  in  1()3'2, 
died  in  1707. 

MABLY,  Gabriel  Bonnot  de,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  .Abbe  de  Mabiy,  bom  in  1709, 
died  in  1785.  He  wa.s  a  man  of  great  talenis, 
and  wrote  several  valuable  works ;  but  his 
"  Treatise  sur  la  Maniere  d'ecriere  I'Histoire," 
is  that  by  which  he  is  best  known  in  England. 

MABOCL,  James,  bishop  of  .Aeth,  in  France, 
admired  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher ;  he  died 
in  1723. 

M ABUSE,  John,  a  Hungarian  painter.  His 
hest  picture  is  the  decapitation  of  St.  John ;  he 
died  in  1502. 

M.\C  .VKDELL,  James,  an  English  mczzo- 
tinto  engraver,  died  in  1765. 

M.AC.VRIUS,  St.,  a  celebrated  hermit,  said  to 
have  been  a  disciple  of  St.  Anthony,  born  at 
-\lcxandria,  in  301.  Fifty  homilies  in  Greek, 
attributed  to  him,  are  extant. 

M.ACARIUS,  St.,  born  at  .Mexandria,  where 
he  presided  over  5000  monks  ;  lie  died  in  394. 

MACAUTNEY,  George,  earl,  a  celebrated 
Irish  statesman,  wlio,  after  having  been  sent  on 
several  important  embassies,  and  being  knighted 
by  the  king  of  Poland,  and  by  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, was  selected  as  ambassador  extraordinary 
from  Great  Britain  to  China.  On  his  return,  he 
was  made  an  Irish  bar')n.  He  married  lord 
Bute's  dauchter,  and  died  in  1806. 

MACAI'LAY.    See  GRAHAM. 

MACBETH,  usurper  of  the  Scottish  crown, 
slain  in  1054. 

MACBRIDE,  David,  an  Irish  physician, 
who  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  practitioner, 
in  Dtiblin.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,"  a  work  formerly  in  great 
request;  he  died  in  178?. 

MACCABEES,  seven  brothers,  Jews,  who, 
with  their  mother  wereput  to  death,  at  Anti  '>, 
durinz  the  persecution  of  Antiochus  Epiplianes, 
168  K.  C. 

MACCLINTOCH,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  settled  at  Greenland,  ZVew 
Hampshire  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

MACDIARMin,Johu,  an  English  writer,  aa 
thorof  "  An  Inquiry  in  the  System  of  llili'.ary 
Defence,"  and  other  works  :  he  died  in  18(i8. 
MACE,  Francis,  a  writer  of  the  Sorbunne, 


MA 

who  published  "  Chtonoli'jical  Abridgment  of 
the  Old  and  New  Tesianu  nt,"  ".■V  Moral  Hisio- 
y,"  &c.  ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1721. 

MACE,  Thomas,  a  practitioner  on  the  lute, 
distinguished  among  musical  men,  was  born  in 
1613,  and  died  in  1679. 

MACEDO,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Portugal,  who 
was  promoted  to  oHices  of  lri;st,  by  pope  Alex- 
ander VII.  He  publislied  10*)  dillerent  works, 
and  wrote,  or  pronounced  l.'iO.OOO  verses  e.\tcm- 
poraneonslv  :  he  died  in  1681. 

MACEDOXIIS,  Arian,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  341.  He  was  de|iosed  by  a  council, 
and  caused  great  commotion  and  trouble  in  bis 
diocess. 

MACER,  jEmelius,  a  Latin  poet,  of  Verona, 
in  the  a^e  of  Augustus. 

M.VCER,  Lucius  Claudius,  declared  himself 
f  niperor  on  Nero's  death  ;  he  was  put  to  death 
by  Gaiha,  in  68. 

MACF.ARLAN£,  Henrj',  a  Scotch  writer,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  reign  of  George  III.,  in 
4  vols. 

MACFARLANE,  Robert,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  in  Scotland,  in  17.34.  He  was  for 
some  years  a  rejKirter  of  speeches  in  parliament. 
He  afterwards  kept  a  boarding  school  of  great 
reputation.  Mr.  Macl'arlane  pubiished  "The 
Histoo'  of  George  III  ,''  and  translated  the  po- 
ems of  Ossian  into  Latin.  He  died  in  1804  of 
bruises  received  at  a  Brentford  election. 

M.ACGRI.tiORE,  James,  an  Irish  clergyman 
who  came  to  America,  to  avoid  religious  perse- 
cution, and  was  settlid  in  Londonderry,  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  died  in  17'29. 

M.\(MI .AM,  Robert,  an  Englishman,  who,  io 
the  reign  of  Edward  HI.,  eloped  with  his  inia- 
tress,  and  with  her  was  shipwrecked  on  I  he 
Island  of  Madeira,  which  was  before  unknown. 
The  crew  escaped  with  the  news,  and  a  siiip 
being  sent  to  the  newly  discovered  island,  fouiul 
the  two  lovers  buiied  under  a  tree. 

MACHAULT,  John  de,  a  French  jeauit, 
rector  of  Clermont  college  at  Paris.  He  wrots 
Latin  notes  on  the  History  of  Thuanus,  said  to 
be  seditious,  and  which  were  burned  by  (he 
hangman ;  he  died  in  1619.  Two  otiier  Jesuits 
of  the  .=ame  name  were  able  writers. 

MACHET,  Gerard,  principal  of  the  college 
of  Navarre,  conl'essor  to  Charles  VII.  of  France, 
and  bishop  of  Castre^,  died  in  1448. 

MACHIAVEL,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, born  in  1469,  was  secretary,  and  after 
wards  historiographer,  to  th^  republic  of  Flo 
lence,  and  wrote  a  history  of  that  commonwealth 
from  1215  to  ]494,of  all  his  writings,  that  by  which 
he  ha.s  been  chiefly  distinguished  is  a  treatise 
of  politics,  entitled  "The Prince;"  the  purpose 
of  which  is,  to  describe  the  arts  of  government, 
as  they  are  usually  exercised  by  wicked  princes 
and  tyrants ;  ami  which  is  considered  as  a  mas- 
terpiece in  its  kind.     He  died  in  1530. 

M'KEAN,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
actorin  the  .American  revolution,  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  Delaware,  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  Independence,  president 
of  congress,  and  governor  of  Delaware ;  be 
[died  in  1817. 

M'KEAN,  Joseph,  D.D.  LL  D.,  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  oratory  in  Harvard  college,  died  at 
Havana,  where  he  had  gone  for  his  health,  in 
1818. 

M'KEEN,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  cler 
gyman,  orNew-IIampshire,afterwards  president 
of  Bowri.iin  college,  Maine ;  he  died  in  1807. 

M.A.CKENZIE,  Sir  George,  an  ingenious  wrl 
?91 


•  « 


MA 

ter,  born  at  Uundtc,  iu  1636.  He  was  bred  to 
the  bar,  made  kin^''s  advocate,  and  knighied. 
He  wrote  numerous  and  vaiunbie  works  ujhjii 
tlie  laws  and  antiquities  of  ScoUuud,  and  died 
in  Kiigland.  in  lOHl. 

M.\('KKV,  Jolin,  an  Englishman,  who  fol- 
lowed tile  lortunes  ol  Jamesll.  in  liis  rxilc ;  but 
traitorously  betrayed  hu  master's  secret?  to 
Wiliiani  III  lie  wrote  sonir-  curious  and  in- 
terfiling wofikE,  and  died  in  I'iti. 

M.VCKLaINE,  .Archibald,  a  pious  divine, 
born  in  Ireland,  in  1T'.\\  liui  educated  at  Glas- 
gow. He  was  pa.stor  ol"  the  English  conpie- 
gatlou  at  the  Hayue  from  17-15  till  1794,  when 
the  French  invasion  induced  hini  to  leave  Hol- 
land, and  lie  settled  at  Bath,  where  liP  died  in 
1804.  His  best  known  work  is  a  translation  of 
Mosheiin's  "  Kcclesiastical  History." 

M.\CI<.\VRli\,  Colin,  an  eminent  Scotch  ma- 
theniutician  and  jihilosopher,  born  in  Scntlainl, 
In  I'i'.tS,  died  in  1746.  His  writings  are  very  nu- 
merous, and  highly  valuable  for  the  purposics 
of  ceo;jrapliv  and  navigation. 

MACLE-AN,  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, came  to  America,  in  1791,  and  was  soon 
after  appointed  professor  of  cliymistry  and  na- 
tural hisiory,  and  afterwards  of  matlieniatics 
and  natural  philosophy,  at  Princeton  college, 
New-Jersey.  He  was  subsequently  professor 
pf  natural  philosophy  and  chymistry,  in  the 
college  of  William  and  Mary,  Virginia,  which 
he  resigned  on  account  of  his  health,  and  died 
at  Princeton,  in  1814. 

MACKLIN,  Kobert,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
remarkable  for  his  longevity.  He  died  in  New- 
Ilanipsliire,  in  17s7,  at  the  age  of  one  hundred 
and  fifieen. 

MACKLIN,  Charles,  an  actor  and  dramatic 
Writer,  remarkable  for  his  longevity,  having 
been  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland  about  the 
month  of  May,  IfW),  and  lived  till  July  11, 1797. 
His  real  name  was  .M'Langhlin,  which,  to  ren 
der  more  pleasing  to  ihe  English  ear,  he  changed 
toMacklin.  He  became  an  atiorinllieI/Mio(>!n'> 
Inn  Fields  company,  in  171G.  His  last  stage 
perforniance  was  his  ever  memorable  charaelei 
of  Shylock,  at  Covent-Garden  theatre,  in  1790, 
when  his  memory  wholly  failed  him,  and  he 
took  leave  of  the  audience  for  ever. 

MACKLIN,  Thonia.s,  a  print-seller  in  Fleet- 
?tret"t,  London,  to  whose  spirited  and  enterpris 
tng  exertions  the  professors  of  historical  paint 
jtjg  and  engraving  were  indebted  for  many  bril- 
liant opportunities  of  displaying  and  improving 
their  talentJ!  in  the  exhibition  of  "The  Poets' 
Gallery."  Mr.  Macklin's  edition  of  tlic  Bible 
will  ever  remain  an  unrivalled  monument  of 
the  taste  and  energy  of  the  individual  who 
planned  and  carried  into  execution  so  very 
liiasiiiliceiit  an  nndertaldng  He  was  born  at 
Dublin,  in  H.M,  and  died  in  1800. 

M'KNIGIIT,  Charles,  an  eminent  physician 
and  surgeon,  of  the  revolutionary  army,  after- 
irards  settled  al  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1791. 
M.XCKNIGHT,  Dr.  James,  an  eminent  cler- 

f3'man  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  distinguished 
y  liis  learned  and  useful  labours  in  illusiralioii 
and  defence  of  the  JNew  Teptament,  was  born 
lu  17-21,  and  died  at  Kdinburgh,  in  IPOO.  Of 
ihi.^  various  works,  the  most  distinguished  is, 
"The  Harmony  of  the  Four  Gimpols." 

MAC.NEIL,  Hector,  a  Scotch  poet  and  no- 
velist of  nitwh  celebrity,  died  in  1818.  . 

M.ACO.N',  Anthony  le,  a  native  of  Dauphiny,! 
Who  i/an.'.lafed  Decameron,  to  please  the  queen ' 
it  Naples,  to  whom  he  was  private  fctcrctary. 


_MA 

M.ACPHERSOS',  Ha^id,  sub  conini^siunci 
fif  ihi  public  records,  died  in  Ifclb  ,  havin,;  pnli- 
lislied  "(ieographical  Illustrations  ol  Stoilv^h 
History,"  "  Annals  of  Comnierce,"  and  "Hin- 
tory  of  the  European  Connnercu  with  India," 
MACPHEltSO.N,  James,  a  Scotch  genilemaii, 
distinguished  In  the  literary  world  by  the  publi- 
cation of  what  he  called  a  Translation  of  the 
poems  01'  Osfian,  the  son  of  I'ingal,  which  ap- 
peared in  the  year  17(^3,  and  excited  a  long  and 
acrjnio>,louscontrovcrsyies|ieeliiii;  their  auihen- 
tiriiy.  Mr.  Macpherson  alw  published  a  trans- 
lation of  the  "Iliad,"  in  heroic  prose;"  "A 
History  of  Great  liritain  from  the  Restoration, 
in  liiGO  to  the  Accession  of  the  House  of  Hano- 
ver," and  "Original  Stale  Papers  from  the 
Stuart  and  Hanover  Oolleclious."  He  was 
born  in  17;*8,  and  died  ia  I70C. 

M.\<TilERSOiN,  sir  John,  governor  general 
of  India,  died  in  Englaiid,  in  1821. 

WACUlAKT,  James  "  ,  a  native  of 
Rheims,  eminent  as  an,  author  of  a 

trannhuion  u.' Ilallui's  works  5  vols.;  he  died 
in       3. 

MACQUER,  Philip,  a  French  lawyer,  but 
chiefly  celebrated  .''or  .hir,  chronological  ahridg 
ni"nt  in  the  manner  of  Henaull,  was  boru  in 
I'rM,  and  died  in  1770. 

M.\CU.L'ER,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  physi- 
cian and  cbyinist  of  great  reputation  ;  he  died 
in  1784. 

M.ACRET,  Charles  Francis  Adrian,  an  emi- 
nent engraver,  bom  at  .\bbeville,  in  1783. 

MACRIANUS,  Titus  FulviusJnliu«,  an  Egyp- 
tian, who,  from  a  private  soldier,  became  a  ge- 
neral, and  then  emperor,  A.  I).  258. 

M.ACRINL'S,  Marcus  Opilius  Severus,  an 
African,  who,  from  the  most  ob.scure  situation, 
ruse  to  ihe  dignity  of  emperor,  on  the  death  of 
Caracalla  ;  he  was  put  to  death  A.  U.  218. 

rd  ACIUMJS,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  of  France, 
called  the  French  Horace  ;  he  died  in  1557. 

M.ACROUIUS,  Anibrosius  Aurelius  Theodo- 
ius,  an  ancient  Latin  critic  and  antiquary,  who 
dourished  toward  the  latter  part  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury. 

MACWHORTER,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  an  emi- 
nent presbvterian  clergyman,  of  New-Jersey, 
died  in  1807. 

M.ADAN,  Martin,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Thdughta  on  Polygamy,"  of  a  literal  trans- 
lation of  Juvenal  and  Pcrsius,  and  of  several 
other  publications,  was  boru  in  172C,  and  died 
in  1790. 

MADDEN,  Dr.  Samuel,  an  Irish  divine,  pat 
riot,  and  dramatic  poet.  In  1731,  he  projected  a 
scheme  for  promoting  learning  in  the  college  .it 
Dublin,  by  )iremiums.  In  1740  we  find  him  set- 
ting apart  the  annual  sum  of  100/.  to  be  distribu- 
ted by  way  of  premiums,  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Ireland  only,  viz:  50^  to  the  author  of  the  best 
invention  for  improving  ."Jiiy  useful  artormanu 
facttire  ;  25/.  to  the  person  who  should  execute 
the  best  statue  or  piece  of  sculpture  :  and  25/. 
to  the  person  who  should  finish  the  best  piece 
of  painting,  either  in  history  or  landscape;  the 
premiums  to  be  decided  by  the  Dublin  Society, 
of  which  Dr.  Madden  was  the  institutor.  The 
good  eli'ects  of  these  well  applied  beiiefactions 
have  not  only  been  felt  in  the  kingdom  where 
they  were  given,  but  have  even  e.xtendcd  tlieii 
iufluence  to  its  sister  country ;  l..-iviiig  given  rise 
to  the  society  for  the  encouragement  of  arts  and 
sciences,  in  Londim.     He  died  in  17fi5. 

MADDERSTKG,  Michael,  an  eminent  pain 
ter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1709. 


^< 


MA 


MA 


MAUISOX,  James,  D.  D.,  bishop uftlie<;pis-'i laud  and  oilier  comiiries  for  his  jiilinia:e  3C- 
COpal  cliurcli  in  Virgiiiia.  and  a  professor  aiidiquaintance  with  luosl  brandies  of  natural  phi- 
presidtui  iu  tiie  coM  g'- .ii  WiUiaiu  and  Mary,j| lose iptiy,  and  no  less  ingenious  in  liis  eiperi- 
in  tlia.  stale;  liedii.diii  Jc'l^.  jinents  therein,  particularly  in  mechanics,  was 

MAD180.\,  George,  son  of  the  preceding,';  born  at  Lisbon,  in  ITU.  Among  his  sn.aller 
was  goNtrnor  of  llie  state  of  Kenlucivy.  Hejitvorks  was  a  much  esteemed  tract  on  impreg- 
diciiiri  IslO.  natiiig  common  water  wiili  fixed  air;  and  his 

WAL)0(;,  aWelch prince,  said  to  have  sailed! 


with  lUdhipaandJOU  men  about  1  no,  and  never 
to  have  returned;  some  suppose  he  came  to 
America. 

MADOX,  Isaac,  bishop  of  Worcester,  born 
in  Luiidini,  in  1097,  died  in  175U.  Ife  piiblishcdl 
"  A  v'indicaiion  of  the  Govcmment,  Dnciiiiie, 
and  VV,)rship  of  the  Cliurch  of  England  esla- 
blishid  in  the  Reign  of  Uueen  Elii^abtHb,"  wa.-, 
a  great  benernctor  to  the  London  hospitaJs,  and 
lue  first  promoter  of  the  Worcester  mririiiary, 
ill  1745.  Ms  lordship  rose  toj>referineut  from 
a  veryjow  statti-'ti  in  life. 

flfivil  aivi'i'iiry,  and 


cel.'bratcd  invention  to  imitate  the  ipiaiities  and 
ctfrclsof  all  medical  waters,  Bath,  Tunbridi'c, 
itc.     He  died  in  1790.  ° 

M.AGRLL.^.V,  Ferdinand,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese naWgator,  who,  in  1519,  discovered  and 
pa.-sed  the  straits  at  tlie  extremity  of  South 
.\nicrica,  wlucli  liave  been  since  called  by  his 
name,  lie  ^-lV)n  alter  took  possession  of  the 
l<admno  and  Phillippine  i<:land3,  where  he  was 

jkili'd  by  the  natives,  in  15-.20. 

M.AGGI,  Cliarles  Maria,  an  Italian  poet,  and 

I  one  of  the  most  active  restorers  of  elegant  taste 

"in  Italy;  h*-  died  in  1(599. 


MADOX.  Tl. 
historiographer- rt'., ,.  . 
indiistiy,  collcrtcd  am! 
times,  a  number  of  rei  < 
cient  laws  and  constitntiun  v 

17-27.     His  chief  works  are,  "  The  History  and   and  Hebrew.     Hewas  made  bishop  of  Cyrenej 
Antiquities  of  the  Exclnqner ;"  and  "  Finiia' and  left  several  works;  he  died  in  ISOS. 
Burgif  or  A   Historical  E^say  coucLrning  tl:e'|     M.XGIUS,  Jerome,  an  insenious  and  learned 
Cities,  Towns,  and  Boroughs  of  England."  Mr.j  mathematician,  pliilnsopher,  and  critic,  of  Tiis- 
Bladox'j  large  and  valuable  collection  of  trans-  Icany,  judie  of  the  admiralty  for  the  Venetians, 


M.\GIN'rj*,  John  .Anthony,  a  native  of  Pa- 
I.  and  inaiheuiulical  professor  at  Bologna; 
'.ed  in  1()17. 
MA(;i:?TRIS,  Simon  de,  an   Italian,  well 

Eg'uul,  ihc  J  iirCCn  )wn  for  his  deep  knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek, 


cripis.  in  94  volj,  folio  and  quarto,  were  pre 
sented  by  his  widow  to  Che  British  Museum, 
where  they  are  imw  preserved. 


in  the  isle  of  Cyprus,  which  city  he  bravely  de- 
fended against  the  Turks,  inventing  several  ma- 
chines to  annoy  the  besiegers  and  destroy  their 


AI.f;CEN'.\S,  t'aius  Clinius,  the  great  friend  .works  ;  but,  the  city  'oeing  taken,  those  savage* 
and  counsellor  of  .\uguslus  C.Tsar,  and  himself  bunied  his  rjrious  library,  carried  iiim  in  chains 
a  voiy  polite  scholar,  but  chiefly  memorable  tor  to  ('onstantinople,  and  suangled  him  in  prison. 


having  hei'n  the  patron  .ind  pro;ectorof  men  oi 
letters,  died  8  B.  (J.  All  the  protectors  and  pat 
rons  of  learning  since  his  death  have  usually 
been  called  \(.i^cenasos 

M.Vl'.S,  Godfrey,  of  Antwerp,  an  eminent 
historical  paintiT,  died  in  ItitW. 

M.1"STLl.\rs,  Michael,  a  German  astrono- 
mer, of  great  learning,  master  of  Kepler,  died 
in  iDiX). 

M.\PFEI,  Francis  Scipio,  of  Verona,  a  cele- 
brated dramatic  writer,  antiquary,  and  critic, 
born  in  1575,  and  died  in  1755. 

.M.\FFEI,  Raphael,  a  learned  author,  died  in 
1521. 

M.VFFEl,  Vegio,  a  Latin  p.-)et,  born  in  Lom- 
bardy,  in  1407,  was  author  of  '-Epigrams,"  and 
a  "  Supplement  to  Virgil,"  which  ho  called  tht 
13tli  bo->k  of  the  "  .-Eneid."  Julius  S-caliger 
and  Gerard  Vossius  have  declared  liini  a  great 
poet.  His  prose  Winks  are  also  esteemed 
died  in  M.VJ. 


in  I'i7-J. 

j  MAGIUS,  Rartholomew,  brother  of  Jemme, 
la  physician  of  Bologna,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
'gunshot  wounds,  died  in  15.52. 
1  .M.AGLIABErCHI,  Antony,  librarian  to  the 
'grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  editor  of  some 
Isi-arce  Lniin  authors,  born  at  Florence,  in  li33, 
|died  in  1714.  His  name  is  very  famous  among 
'the  learned  ;  but  a  prodigious  memory  was  his 
distinguishing  talent.  As  an  instance  of  this, 
.^Ir.  ."^pence  tells  the  following  story  of  him, 
I  which  indeed  seems  hardly  credible:  "  .\  gen- 
jllfinan,  to  nia'^e  trial  of  the  force  of  his  memo 
ry,  lent  him  a  manuscript  that  he  was  going  to 
I  print.  Some  time  after  it  was  returned,  the 
:  jentlemaii  came  to  him  with  a  melancholy  face, 
ai.d  pre'cod'd  that  it  was  lost.  Magliabecchi, 
being  requested  to  recollect  what  he  remember- 
ed of  it,  wrote  the  whole  without  missing  a 
Hej'word.or  varying  the  spelling."  His  attention 
was  wholly  absorbed  by  his  Kioks  and  studies. 


M.AFFEl,  Bemardin,  a  learned  cardinal,  who  j.\s  he  led  a  inosts-dentary  life,  and  yet  arrived 
distinguished  him.-'elf  by  a  "  Coniiiientary  uiionlrto  an  e.xtreme  old  age.  (for  he  died  in  his  31st 
Tnlly's  Episiles,"  and  a  "  Treatise  upon  Me  i'year.)  it  may  be  rurioiis  to  subjoin  an  account 
dais  and  Inscriptions,"  died  in  l.riO.  I'of  the  regimen  that  heobserved  ;  which  isgiven 

MAFFEI,  John  Peter,  a  learned  Jesuit,  bom  u?  by  ^larmi,  wliocoinposed  hiseulogiuin.  "  lie 
in  15;W;;  who,  after  livin;:  in  lii<jh  favour  with  i  always  kept  his  head  Warmlv  covered,  and  took, 
several  popes,  died  in  in03.     We  have  i>f  his  I  at  certain  times,  ireaclp,  which  he  estec;i.ed  an 

.\  Latin  Life  of  Ignatius  Loyola,"  "  .-V  Tiis-  excellent  preservative  against  noxious  vapours 


tory  of  the  Indies,"  and  "  A  Latin  translation 
of  some  letters  written  by  the  Missionaries  iVom 
the  Indies." 

M.AGALOTTI,  Lorenzo,  count,  a  native  of 
Florence,  was  an  elegant  and  curious  natural- 
ist ;  he  died  in  171-2. 

M.\G.\XZ.A,  John  Baptist,  a  historical  pain- 
ter, of  Vicenza,  died  in  1617. 

MAGKLHAEXS,  JohnHyacinthde,  F.R.  S., 
a  studious,  ingenious,  and  leattied  man,  paiti- 
eula.ly  (listinLTiislicd  nniongthe  literati  in  Er.g- 


He  lovfd  strong  wine,  but  drank  it  soberly,  and 
in  small  quantities.  He  lived  upon  the  plainest 
and  most  ordinary  food.  He  took  tobacco,  to 
which  he  was  a  slave  to  excess  ;  but  was  abso- 
lute masterof  himself  in  every  other  particular." 

M\r;xr\"Tl(T.^.  a  Gorman,  who,  from  a 
private  soldier,  becameemperor  of  Rome,  A.  D. 
.00. 

MAGN'f,  Valerian,  a  native  of  Milan,  gent 
missionary-  to  the  north  of  Europe,  by  pope  Vr- 
b.in  Vni.,  d;-din  KifJl. 


Ho* 


293 


MA  MA 

MAGNON,  John,  a  French  poet,  who  formed!  ans.  It  18  the  universal  doctrine  ol'  tlie  Mali" 
a  phmof  writing  an  Encyclopedia  in  verse ;  he|nietans.  that  their  religion  ii$  to  he  prop.iL'ased 
wa^  murdered  in  1662.  |,liy  the  sword,  and  that  all  true  niussulnien  are 

MAGNl'S,  John,  archbishop  of  IJpsal,  who  bound  to  tight  for  It.  To  reconcile  the  minds 
war, Illy  opposed  the  relbriiiaiioii  in  Swc.leii,  of  I'of  tlip  cowardly,  and  add  vigour  to  the  brave, 
which  country  he  wrote  a  hiatory  in  24  books  ;l  he  Invented  his  doctrine  of  fate  and  destiny, 


lie  ihcd  in  1544. 

MAGNUS,  Olans,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  his  suct^cssor  aa  archbisliop.  He  is  autlrorj 
of  a  folio  work  on  the  inaniiert  and  cuHtoms  of 
the  people  of  the  North  ;  he  died  in  1560. 

MAilMED,  Aga,  a  noble  Persian,  of  great 
renown  as  a  warrior ;  he  died  in  1788. 

M.MIO.VIET,  or  MOHAM.MED,  a  celebrated 
impostor,  and  founder  of  the  yaiiometaii  reli- 
gion, born  in  571,  at  .Mecca,  a  city  of  Arabia, 
of  the  tribe  of  the  Ko.-^ashites.  which  wab  reck- 
oned the  noblest  in  all  that  country,  and  w»s  de- 
•cended  in  a  direct  line  from  Pher  Koraish,  the 
founder  of  it.  In  his  40th  year  he  began  to 
take  upon  him  the  style  of  fl^  .^pos'le  of  God, 
and  under  that  character  to  propaitate  the  im- 
posture which  he  had  concerted.  On  his  first 
appearance,  he  was  treated  with  derision  and 
contempt,  and  called  by  the  people,  a  sorcerer, 
magician,  liar,  impostor,  and  teller  of  fablus,  of 
which  he  frequently  complains  in  the  Koran  ; 
so  that  for  the  first  year  he  made  little  or  no  pro 
gress  ;  but  persevering  in  his  design,  which  he 
managed  with  great  address,  he  afterwards  gain- 
ed many  proselytes,  among  which  were  some 
of  the  most  considerable  men  of  the  city.  The 
main  arguments  wiiich  Mahomet  used  to  delude 
men  into  a  belief  of  this  i«posture,  were  pi  o- 
mises  and  threata,  being  those  which  heknewj 
would  work  the  easiest  on  the  atfeclions  of  the] 
vulgar.  His  promises  were  chietly  of  paradise  ; 
which  with  great  art  he  framed  agreeably  to  the 
customs  and  taste  of  the  Arabians :  fir  they,  ly- 
ing within  tlie  torrid  zone,  were,  through  the 
nature  of  their  climate,  as  well  as  the  then  ex- 
cessive corruption  of  tlieirmaaucrs,  exceeding- 
ly given  to  the  love  of  women  ;  and  the  scorch- 
ing heat  and  dryness  of  the  country  making  ri- 
vers of  water,  cooling  drinks,  shaded  gardens, 
and  pleasant  fruits,  most  refreshing  and  delight- 
ful to  them,  they  were  from  hence  apt  to  place 
their  highestenjoymentin  things  of  this  nature  ; 
and  therefore,  to  answer  the  height  of  their  car- 
nal desires,  he  made  the  joys  of  heaven  to  con- 
sist totally  in  these  particulars,  which  he  promi- 
ses them  abundantly  in  many  places  of  the  Ko- 
ran. On  the  contrary,  ^e  described  the  punish- 
ments of  hfcU,  wliich  he  threatened  to  all  who 
would  not  believe  in  him,  to  consist  of  such  tor- 
ments as  would  appear  to  them  the  most  afflict- 
ing and  grievous  to  be  borne :  as  that  lUey  should 
drink  nothing  but  boiling  and  stinking  water, 
nor  breathe  any  thin?  but  exceeding  hot  winds, 
thinijs  most  terrible  in  Arabia  ;  that  ihey  should 
dwell  for  ever  in  continual  tire,  intensely  burn 
ing,  and  be  surrounded  with  a  black,  hot,  salt 
smoke,  as  with  a  coverlid,  &;c.,  and,  that  he 
might  omit  nothing  which  could  work  on  their 
fears,  he  terrified  them  with  the  throatsof  griev- 
ous punishments  in  this  life.  He  pretended  to 
receive  all  his  revelations  from  the  angel  Ga- 
briel, who,  he  said,  was  sent  from  God  on  pur- 
pose to  deliver  them  to  him.  He  was,  it  seems, 
subject  to  the  falling  sickness,  so  that,  whenever 
the  fit  wa?  upon  him,  he  pretended  it  to  be  a 
trance,  and  that  then  the  angel  Gabriel  was 
come  from  IJrxI  with  some  new  revelations  to 
him.  His  pretended  revelations  he  put  into  se- 
veral chapters,  the  collection  whereof  makes  up 
'.be  Koran,  which  is  the  bible  of  the  Mahoiuet- 
294 


telling  them,  that  those  who  were  slain  in  battle, 
though  they  had  tarried  at  home  in  their  houses, 
must,  nevertheless,  have  died  at  that  inomeni, 
the  time  of  every  man's  life  being  predetermin 
ed  by  God ;  but  that  those  who  died  fighting 
for  the  faith,  gained  the  advantage  of  dying  mar 
tyrs  for  their  religion,  and  immediately  entered 
into  Paradise,  as  the  reward  of  it.  Having  al 
length  been  established  in  the  temporal  snve 
reignty,  which  he  had  long  been  aiming  at.  Ma 
bomct  assumed  all  the  insignia  belonging  there 
to;  still  retaining  the  sacred  character  of  chief 
pontitr  of  his  religion,  as  well  as  the  royal  with 
which  he  had  been  investiji^  He  transniitteij 
them  both  together  to  all  Ih.'  successors,  who 
by  the  title  of  caliphs  reignet  »fi«ir  him.  He 
died  Sept.  12,  632,  in  consequf.iice  of  having,  3 
years  before,  eaten  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton 
which  had  been  poisoned  by  a  daughter  of  his 
host,  at  Caibar.  He  was  buried  in  the  place 
where  he  died,  which  was  in  the  chamber  of  his 
best- beloved  wife,  at  Medina,  where  he  lies  to 
this  dav. 

MAliOMET  I.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  was 
son  of  Bajazet  I.,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
Moses,  whom  he  slew  in  141.3.  He  restored  the 
power  nf  the  Ottomans  to  its  ancient  glory. 

MAHOMET  II.,  the  Ilth  su'an  of  the  Turks 
was  born  at  Adrianople,  in  14:,!0  ;  and  is  to  be 
remembered  chiefly  for  taking  Constantina,"^'  , 
in  1453,  and  thereby  driving  mar»y  lea 
Greek.<  into  the  West,  which  was  a  grea.c<i..je 
of  the  restoration  of  learning  in  Europe,  as  the 
Greek  literature  was  then  introduced  there.  He 
was  the  first  of  the  Ottoman  emperors  whom 
the  Western  nations  dignified  with  the  title  of 
Grand  Seignior,  or  Great  Turk  ;  which  posteri- 
ty has  preserved  to  bis  descendants.  He  died 
in  1481. 

MAHOMET  III.  succeeded  his  father  Amu- 
rath  III.,  in  1595.  He  began  his  reign  by  strang- 
ling 19  of  his  brothers,  and  drowning  10  of  his 
father's  wives.  He  invaded  Hungary  with 
200,000  men,  and  died  in  1603. 

MAHOMET  IV.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  re 
duced  Candia  with  the  loss  of  200,000  men  ;  he 
then  invaded  Poland  and  laid  the  kingdom  un- 
der an  annual  contribjtion,  of  20,000  crowns. 
He  was  afterwards  de|X)scd,  and  died  in  1691. 

MAHOMET  v.,  succeeded  to  the  throne,  in 
17,30.  He  was  more  respectable  for  liis  pacific 
disposition  than  for  his  military  exploits;  he 
died  in  1754. 

M.'VHUIlRIi,  Nicholas,  a  physician,  at  Paris, 
author  of  a"  Dissertation  on  the  ancient  Spa- 
isli  Money:"  He  died  in  1747. 

MAIEK,  Michael,  a  celebrated  German  al- 
chymist,  who  wrote  10  treatises  on  his  profes- 
sion.    He  lived  ill  the  17tli  century. 

M.^IGNAN,  Emanuel,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
an  able  mathematician,  and  philosopher,  and 
tor  some  time,  filled  a  professional  chair,  at 
Rome  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

MAIGROT,  Charles,  .  learned  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  bishop  of  Conon.  He  went  mis- 
sionary to  China,  and  wrote  an  Examination  of 
the  Chinese  worship,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

M.A ILL. \,  Joseph  Anne  Maria  de  Moyrice 
ile,  a  Jesuit,  born  in  Savoy,  a  most  learned  and 
amiable  man,  who  spent  45  years  as  a  missioii 


I 


MA 

ary  in  China.  He  translated  the  "  Great  Annals 
of  China,"  published  in  12  vols.  4to. ;  and  died, 
at  Pekin,  in  1748. 

MAILLARD,  Oliver,  a  French  doctor  of  di- 
vinity, eminent  as  a  preacher,  and  author  of 
S  vols,  of  Latin  Sermons  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

MAILLE  DE  BREZE,  Simon  de,  archbishop, 
of  Tours,  was  disiinguishcd  at  the  council  of 
Trent.    Heditd  in  1597. 

M.'\ILLE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Provence, 
celebrated  for  his  longevity  and  the  gallantric« 
of  his  old  age  ;  he  died  in  170'.t,  aged  119. 

MAILLE,  Urban  dc,  marquis  de  Brcze,  well| 
known  as  a  warrior,  and  al'ierwaids  as  anihas 
gador,  from  France  to  Sweden,  and  Holland ; 
he  died  in  1650.    His  son  was  distinguished  as 
a  naval  ofliccr. 

MAILLEBOIS,  N. count  de,  lieutenant  gene 
ral  in  the  French  armies,  distinguished  liiniscif 
in  the  Gf-rman  wars  ;  and  died  in  170-2. 

MAILLEI'.OU^ohn  Uaptist  nesmarets,  dis- 
tingnisheH  hKii#1^  in  the  wars  of  Spain  ami 
Italy,  and  the  ccmquest  of  Corsica,  for  which  he 
was  made  marshal  of  France ;  he  died  in  17(v2. 

MAILLET,  Benedict  de,  a  learned  French- 
man, for  IG  years  consul  general,  in  Egypt,  and 
author  of  an  account  of  that  country  ;  he  died 
in  173& 

MAIMBOURG,  Lewia,  a  French  divine,  cele- 
brated in  the  republic  of  letters,  born  in  1610, 
died  in  1686.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of  Ari- 
anism,  of  the  Croisades,  of  the  Decay  of  the 
Empire,  of  Lutheranism,  of  Calvinism,  of  the 
Pontilicate  of  t^  Leo;"  and  was  conipo.sing 
the  "  History  of  the  Schism  of  England"  when 
"      .i.d. 

\IM0NIDE9,  Moses,  or  Moses  the  son  of 
^Valmon,  a  celebrated  rabbi,  called  by  the  Jews 
The  Eagle  of  the  Doctors,  born  in  Spain,  in 
1131,  died  in  1201.  Of  the  works  of  Maimoni- 
dcs,  the  most  considerable  is  his  "  Jad,"  which 
has  always  been  esteemed  a  great  and  usilnl 
work,  being  a  complete  code  or  pandect  of  Jew- 
ish law,  difiested  into  a  clear  and  regular  form, 
and  illustrated  tliroughout  with  intelligent  com- 
ments of  his  own. 

MALNFROY,  prince  of  Tarento,  and  king  of 
Sicily  by  usurpation.  He  besieged  Rome,  but 
nas  afterwards  deieated  and  slain,  in  12<i6. 

MAINTE.NON,  Francis  d'  Aubigne,  Mad- 
ame de,  wife  of  Scarron,  the  French  poet,  and 
afterwards  of  Louis  XIV.;  she  was  born  in  the 
prison  at  Niorl,  in  16.35.  She  founded  the  cele- 
brated convent  of  St.  Cyr,  at  Versailles,  for  the 
maintenance  of  36  nuns,  ladies  of  quality,  and 
24  assistant  sisters.  Upon  this  foundation, 
which  the  king  sutficiently  endowed,  300  young 
ladies  of  riislinction  were  received  and  educa- 
ted gratis.  Her  life  of  penitential  piety  after  her 
marriage  atoned  for  her  ingratitude  to  niadaine 
de  Montespan,  who  raised  her  from  indigence, 
and  whom  she  supplanted;  her  extensive  chari- 
ty to  the  poor,  and  exemplary  life,  from  this 
period,  made  amends  to  society ;  she  died  in 
1719. 

M.MRAN,  John  James  d'Ortonsde,  a  French 
philosopher,  who  succeeded  Fontenelle,  as  se- 
cretary to  the  acade"ay  of  sciences.  He  was 
autiior  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Phosphoric  Light," 
&c.,  and  died  in  1771 ' 

M.\rRE,  John  le,  a  French  poet,  who  wrote 
lome  indecent  allegories,  and  died  about  \rAS. 

M.AIRE,  James  Ic,  a  Dutch  navigator,  who  in 
1616,  sailed  to  South  America,  New-Guinea,  and 
Bataviu  ;  he  died  in  1C17. 

M  AIRE,  N.  le,  a  surgeon  of  Lyons,  who  ac- 


MA  

quired  eminence  by  his  treatises  oi.  the  Nervous 
Fluid,  and  on  Magnetism  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

M.MRET,  John,  a  French  poet,  patronised 
by  cardinals  Richelieu  and  La  Valette  ;  he  died 
in  H)f6. 

M  AISIERES,  Philip  de,  who  was  made  coun- 
sellor of  stale  by  Charles  V.,  and  governor  of 
the  dauphin.  Discusted  with  the  world  he  re- 
tittd  t'roni  it,  and  died  in  1405. 

M.M^TRE,  .Amifony  le,  born  in  Paris,  re- 
tiring frijni  the  bar,  he  led  a  life  of  ausierity, 
and  wrote  the  life  of  St.  Bernard,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  iCTtS. 

MAISTRE,  Lewis  Isaac  le.  He  took  orders, 
but  being  susix-cled  of  Jansenism,  he  was 
thrown  into  the  bastile.  where  he  ironslated 
the  Bible,  witU  annotations,  in  32  vols.  8vo ; 
liedifl  in  1684. 

MAITLAN U,  John,  lord  of  Thyilestane.  He 
practised  law  with  great  success,  and  was  by 
James  VI.,  made  secretary  of  state,  and  the 
lord  chancellor  of  the  kingdom  ;  he  died  in  1595 

MAITLAND,  William,  a  voluminous  writer, 
who  published  histories  of  "Scotland"  and 
"  London,"  was  born  in  1693,  and  died  in  1757. 

MAITTAIRE,  Michael,  a  learned  editor  of 
the  latin  and  Greek  classics,  born  in  London, 
ill  16i;8.  died  in  1747. 

MAICS,  or  MAV,  John  Henry,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  of  Germany,  professor  of  oriental  lan- 
giiagi's  at  several  universities,  and  author  of 
several  works ;  he  died  in  1719. 

MAJOR,  John  an  eminent  English  divine, 
divinity  professor, .iiiid  provost  of  the  universi- 
ty of  St.  Andrews.  He  wrote  several  works  in 
Latin,  and  died  about  1550. 

MAJOR,  John  Daniel,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 
and  medical  ,.rolessor  at  Kiel,  where  he  found- 
ed a  hotaiiical  garden.  He  wrote  on  natural 
history,  and  died  in  1603. 

MAJOltAGlUS,  Mark  Anthony,  professor  of 
belles  lettrcs,  and  author  of  some  learned  com- 
mrnlarii  s  :  he  died  in  1555. 

MAJORIAXUS,  Julius  Valerius,  emperor  of 
the  West,  was  successful  in  his  war  against  the 
Vandals.  He  was  universally  respected  for  his 
virtues  ;  but  was  murdered  in  461. 

MAKIN.  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
Pennsylvania,  known  as  the  author  of  two  Latin 
poems,  published  in  1728. 

M.VL.M'HI,  the  last  of  the  12  minor  prophets. 
He  foretold  chiefly  the  coming  of  John  the 
Baptist. 

MALACHY,  St., a  learned  Irish  bishop,  who 
died  in  1148. 

MALAURIDA,  Gabriel,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  for 
a  long  time  regarded  as  a  saint,  and  consulted 
as  an  oracle,  lie  was  afterwards  burnt  alive, 
in  1761,  at  the  age  of  75,  as  a  false  prophet. 

MALAVAL,  Francis,  a  Fieiichman,  who 
although  he  lost  his  sight  when  only  nine  months 
old,  acquired  celebrity  as  a  mj-stical  writer  on 
quietism  ;  he  died  in  1719. 

M.\L.\V.\L,  John,  a  native  of  Peran,  who 
gained  emiucncc  at  Paris,  as  a  surgeon  ;  he  died 
in  1758. 

MALBONE,  Edward  G.,  a  distinguished  mi- 
niature painter,  burn  at  Rhode-Island  ;  he  died 
iu  1P07. 

MALCOLM  IV.,  grandson  of  David,  king  of 
Scotland.  He  was  a  liberal  and  benevolent 
prince,  and  founded  several  monasteries ;  he 
died  in  1165. 

MALCOLM,  James  Peller,  a  native  of  Ame- 
rica, who  went  to  England,  and  studied  painting 
at  the  Roval  .Vcademr  ;  but  afterwards  took  to 
•295 


MA 


MA 


engraving.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Societyjl  MALLKT,  David,  or  MALLOCH,  adramntic 
of  Aatiqiiarics;  and  among  otber  works,  pub-|  writer,  born  in  Scotland  about  17UU.  In  174U, 
lished  "  Loiidinum  Redivivum,"  "  Anecdoteui'lR'  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Lord  Bacon,"  was  associ- 
of  the  Manners  and  CiiMoms  of  London,"  and  atod  with  Thompson  the  poet,  in  the  coinposi- 
"  iMisccllaneous  Anecdotes."  Mr.  M.  died  in  Itinn  of  the  "Masque  ot  Alfred,"  and  wrotn  a 
distressed  circumstanciB,  in  IHl.*!.  j  tragedy  or  two,  and  Rcveral  poems.    The  priu- 


M.\LDO.V.-\T,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  born 
in  1534,  made  himself  I'auious  by  an  excellent 
"  Conimeniary  upon  the  Gospeli,"  in  1582,  and 
died  in  i5<\. 

MALEBRANCHE,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated 
Frejicli  divine  and  philosopher,  born  in  1G38, 
died  in  1715.  He  wrote  several  works ;  of 
which  the  first  and  principal,  as  indued  it  gave 
rise  1 1  almost  all  that  followed,  was  his''  Search 
after  Truth."  His  design  in  iliis  bonk  is,  to 
point  out  to  us  the  errors  into  which  we  are 
daily  led  by  our  senses,  imagination,  and  pas- 
sions ;  and  to  prescribe  a  method  lor  (liscovering 
the  truth,  which  lie  does  by  starting  the  notion 
of  snoing  all  thing;-  in  God. 

MALEGUZZl-VALERI,  Veronica,  a  learned 
Italian  lady,  who  supported  publicly,  two  tb  ~os 
on  the  liberal  arts ;  she  died  in  1G90. 

MALEL.VS,  John,  author  ofachronicle  from 
the  creation  to  the  age  of  Justinian,  taught  rhe- 
toric at  Anlioch,  about  900. 

MALERMI,  or  MAREKBI,  a  Venetian  monk, 
who  translated  the  Bible  into  Italian,  in  the  loth 
century. 

M  ALESlIERBES,Christian  William  Lamoig- 
non,  a  celebrated  Frenchman,  and  advocate  at 
Paris.  In  1750,  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  court  of  Aides,  and  after  serving  his  country 
25  years,  retired.  He  was  recalled  by  Lewis 
XVI..  to  become  minister  of  the  interior.  When 
Lewis  was  dragged  before  the  revolutionary 
tribunal,  Malesherbes  boldly  appeared  to  defend 
him,  hut  it  was  in  vain  ;  his  noble  and  virtuous 
defender,  was  condemned  by  the  same  tribunal, 
and  with  his  daughter,  and  a  grandchild,  as 
cended  the  scaffold,  where  they  were  executed 
in  179:{.     He  wrote  several  celebrared  works. 

M.\LEZIEU,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  author, 
tutor  to  the  dukes  of  Maine  and  Burgundy.  He 
published  "  Elements  of  Geography,"  &c.,  and 
died  in  1727. 

MALFILLASTRE,  James  Charles  Lewis, 
a  French  poet,  who  wrote  sonnets,  odes,  cScc.  ; 
he  died  in  1707. 

MALHERBE,  Francis  de,  a  noted  French 
poet,  who  has  always  hreii  considered  by  his 
countrymen  as  the  father  of  their  poetry,  born 
in  1555,  (lied  in  1628.  Boileau  observes,  that  he 
was  the  tirst  in,,  Prance  who  taught  tiie  muse 
hirnionious  n'l.nhers,  a  just  cadence,  purity  of 
langua;;p,  reij,,,.irity  of  composition,  and  order ; 
in  short,  wlio  laid  down  all  those  rules  for  fine 
writing  which  future  poets  were  to  follow  if 
they  hoped  to  succeed. 

M.VLINGRE,  Claude,  a  French  historian, 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Honorary  Dignities 
in  France  ;"  ho  died  in  1055. 

MALIPIEUR.'V,  Olyinpia,  a  Venetian  lady  of 
noble  birth,  who  wrote  poems  of  some  merit; 
she  dieil  in  'i559. 

M  A.LLEMANS,  Claude,  a  professor  of  philo- 
sophy at  Paris,  and  author  of  a  "  Philosophical 
System  Oi  the  World;"  he  died  in  1723. 

MALLEMANS,  John,  brother  of  Claude, 
took  orders,  and  wrote  a  "  History  of  Religion," 
from  the  creation  to  the  reign  of  Jovian  ;  he 
died  in  1740. 

MALLET,  Henry,  a  writer  of  Geneva,  au 

thor  of  a  "  Histoiyof  Denmark  and  of  Northern 

Antiquities. 

296 


cipal  works  of  this  author  have  been  collected 
in  3  volumes.  As  a  writer,  he  cannot  be  placed 
in  any  high  class;  there  being  no  species  of 
composition  in  which  he  was  eminent ;  be  died 
in  1705. 

MALLET,  Edmund,  a  French  divine,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  the  college  of  Navarre,  at 
Paris.  He  wa.s  one  of  the  writers  for  the  En- 
cyclopedia, of  the  articles  on  divinity  and  belles 
lettres,  and  the  auiiior  of  several  other  works  ; 
he  died  in  1807. 

MALLET,  Dupan,  an  eminent  political  wri- 
ter, who  look  refuge  in  England  from  the  revo- 
lutionary mania  of  France,  and  was  no  less  dis- 
tinguished by  the  extent  of  his  knowledge  and 
the  vigour  of  his  style,  than  by  the  probity  and 
independent  spirit  of  his  character.     He  was 

jrii  at  Geneva,  about  1750,  and  died  in  IdOO. 

MALLINKROTT,  Bernard,  a  very  learned, 
but  turbulent  man,  dean  of  the  cathedral  of 
Monster.  He  was  degraded  and  imprisoned  ; 
and  died  In  1664. 

M  \LMSBURY.    See  WILLIAM. 

M.\LONE,  Edmund,  born  in  1741,  was  the 
son  of  an  Irish  judge,  and  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Dublin.  In  1767,  he  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  London ;  but  he  continued  a  very 
short  time  in  the  profession,  and  turned  his  pur- 
suits to  literature.  In  1790  he  published  an 
edition  of  Shakspeare ;  and  in  1795  e.xposed, 
the  Shakspearcan  imposture  of  the  Ireland  fa- 
mily. He  brought  out  a  "  Life  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds ;"  a  "  Life  of  Dryden  ;"  a  "  Biogra- 
phical Sketch  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  W»nd- 
hc.;."     He  died  in  1812. 

MALOUIN,  Paul  James,  professor  of  medi- 
cine in  the  royal  college  of  Paris,  and  physician 
to  the  queen.  He  wrote  on  "  Chymistry  aud 
Medicine,"  and  died  in  1777 

MALPIGHI,  Marcello,  an  eminent  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  in  1628,  died  in 
1694.  His  discoveries  in  anatomy  were  con- 
siderable, particularly  respecting  the  liver  and 
kidneys. 

MALTON,  Thomas,  author  of  a  "Treatise 
on  Perspective,  illustrating  the  principles  of  Dr. 
Brook  Taylor,"  well  known  for  his  public  lec- 
tures on  that  art,  and  for  his  theoretical  and 
practical  geometry,  was  born  in  1726,  and  died 
in  1801. 

MALVASIA,  ChiMljg  Ca;sar,  author  of  an 
'  Italian  History  of  the  Painters  of  Bologna,"  in 
1060. 

M.A.LVEZZI,  Virgilio,  marquis  of,  an  Italian 

iident  at  law,  who  afterwards  took  to  arms, 
and  was  employedjjy  Philip  IV.  He  wrote  vari- 
ous works  in  Spanish  and  Italian ;  and  died  in 
1654. 

M.\LUS,  Stephen  Louis,  a  French  mathema 
tician,  professor  in  the  military  school  at  Metz, 
afterwards  served  as  an  engineer  in  the  army  in 
[Egypt,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  hia 
discoveries  and  writings  ;  he  died  in  1812. 

MAMBRUN,  Peter,  an  ingenious  and  learn- 
ed French  poet  and  critic,  born  in  1581.  He 
'is,  in  Latin  poetry,  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
I  accomplished  among  the  imitators  of  Virgil,  and 
has  written,  in  the  same  metre,  the  same  num- 
ber of  books,  and  in  the  three  diflerent  kinds 
1  to  which  that  illustrious  poet  applied  himself. 


MA 


MA 


t 


Thus  \vc    have    of    M:iii)biun    " Eclogues 
"  Georgics,"  and  a  heroic  poem  in  12  bnokf 
entitled  "  Cnnsiantiiie,  or  Idolatry  overthrown.' 
He  ill'  d  ill  1G61. 

MAMMEA,  Julia,  mother  of  the  empi.-ror 
Sevcrus,  known  for  her  virtues  and  judiciou 
conduct ;  she  was  a^sassinaied  in  235. 

M.\N,  Cornelius  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Delft,  died  in  1706. 

MANARA,  Projiper,  an  Italian  inarqnis,  and 
poet,  and  tutor  to  prince  Ferdinand,  of  Parma  ; 
he  died  in  l»ill. 

MANASSKH,  son  of  Hezekiah,  succeeded 
hi«  father  at  ihe  age  of  12.  His  conduct  was  ai 
first  wicked  and  dii-grac^'ful,  bui  he  became  an 
e.tcniplary  monarch, and  re  established  llie  wor- 
ship of  liie  (iod  of  h;  .alhers :  he  died  643 
B.  C. 

MAN'CINELTJ,  Antonio,  an  Italian  poet,  and 
orator,  died  in  15«6. 

MAN'CO-CAPAC,  founder  of  the  Peruvian 
empire,  declared  himself  the  descendant  of  Uic  Jin  1791 
sun,  and  was  worsliipped  as  a  deitv. 

.MANDEVILLE,  sir  John,  an  Enelishman, 
famous  lor  hi.s  traces,  born  about  V.WO,  died  in 
lins.  He  travelled  through  almost  all  coun- 
tries, made  himself  master  of  almost  all  lan- 
guages :  and  left,  at  his  death,  an  .tci:ount  of 
his  travels,  in  Eiiclish,  French,  and  Latin, 
which  abounds  in  improbabilities. 

MANDEVIM.E,  Bernard  de.  a  celebrated 
writer  in  the  18th  century,  born  in  Ilollai:d, 
where  he  studied  phvsic,  and  took  the  decree  of 
doctor  in  that  faruit}'.  He  wrote  several  books, 
all  of  them  inaeitir.us  and  witty,  bill  s<.>nie  which 
are  supposed  to  have  had  a  very  ill  i  lf(  cl  upon 
society.  Htscliief  work  is,  " 'I'iie  Fable  of  the 
Bees  ;  or.  Private  Vices  made  Public  Ueiienis." 
He  died  in  1733. 

MANDRILLON,  I.,  a  Frenchman,  who   tra- 
velled ill  America,  and  Hollniid.     On  hisrctii 
to  France,  he  became  suspected  by  Robespierre, 
who  ordered  him  to  the  guillotine,  in  1793.    He 
wrote  the  "American  Spectator." 

MANETHO,  an  ancient  Epyplian  historian. 

M.\NETT1,  Giano7.7.o,  a  native  of  Florence, 
illustrious  as  one  of  those  men,  lo  whom  the 
revival  of  literature  may  be  attributed.  He 
was  the  author  of  many  works,  and  died  in  1459. 

MANETTI,  Rutilio,  a  native  of  Siena,  emi- 
nent a   a  painter,  died  in  l(i39. 

M.ANETTI,  Xavier,  proft.'ssor  of  botany  and 
medicine,  at  Florence,  was  keejier  of  the  iinpe 
rial  garden,  and  author  of  several  learned  books ; 
he  died  in  178.i. 

M.ANFREIM,  Eustachio,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician of  Italy,  born  in'  'i7  »,  acquired  great 
reputation  by  his  "  Ephemerides,"  and  by  his 
other  works,  and  died  in  1739. 

M.\NFREI)I,  Bartholomew,  aa eminent  pain- 
ter, born  at  Mantua,  in  1.574. 

MANfJEAHT,  Thomas,  a  learned  Benedic- 
tine antiquary,  librarian,  and  counsellor  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine.  He  wrote  on  medals,  and 
died  in  1703. 

MANGENOT,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Paris,  au- 
thor of  eclogues,  fables,  tales,  &.c.,died  in  1768. 

M.ANGET,  John  JamcN,  physician  to  the 
elector  of  Brandenbiirijh,  and  liie  learned  au- 
thor of  many  works,  was  born  at  Geneva,  and 
died  in  1742. 

M.\NGEy,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  prebendary  of 
London.  He  was  the  author  of  commentaries, 
and  practical  sermons,  and  died  in  1755. 

M.'\i\ILU,>,  Marcus,  a  Doet  in  the  reign  of 
Tiberius 


MANLEY,  Mary,  an  English  f»niale, of  con 
siderable  reputation  as  a  writer,  but  of  a  wanton 
and  licentious  character.  She  wrote  plays  and 
Kimancfca,  and  died  in  1724. 

MANLR'S,  Torquatus,  a  famoiig  Roman, 
who  i)Ut  his  son  lo  death  for  lighliiii;  without 
orders,  384  B.  C. 

MANLR'S  CAPITOLLNUf  MARCUS,  a  re- 
nowned Roman  consul  and  general,  who  saved 
the  Capitol  when  it  was  attacked  by  theGauIti  in 
the  night.  He  wa.s  alarmed  by  the  cries  of 
.  ,  w  hich  were  ever  after  held  sacred,  and 
general  himself  styled  the  Capitolinus.  He 
was  thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  rock,  3fc4  B.  C. 

MANLV,  John,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of  the 
United  States,  distinguished  for  his  set  vices  in 
Uie  revolutionary  war ;  he  died  in  1793. 

M.ANNING,  James,  U.  D.,  a  distincuished 
baptibi  clerpynian,  who  was  elected  first  presi- 
dent of  the  college  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  a 
iniinbcr  of  congress  from  that  state;  he  died 
,in  1791. 

H  »rAi\xMNGHAM,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  learned 
^prelate,  who  became  bishop  of  Chichesfer,  and 
published  some  sermons :  he  died  in  1722. 

MANN'ORI,  Lewis,  an  advocate  nf  Paris, 
who  published  "  Memoirs  of  Pleadings"  iu  18 
vols.  ;  he  died  in  1778. 

MA.NNOZZl,  John,  a  painter,  who  adorned 
the  palace  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  by  the  works 
of  his  art ;  he  died  in  Hi36. 

MANSARP,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  first  ar- 
chitect lo  the  king  of  France.  He  adorned  Paris 
with  many  elegant  designs,  and  died  in  lt>6ti. 
ills  nephew  succeeded  him,  and  died  in  1708. 

MANSFIELD,  Peter  Ernest,  count  de,  an 
able  statesman  in  the  servico  of  the  emperor 
of  <iernian>  :  he  died  in  lti04. 

MANSFiKLD,  Ernest  de,  natural  son  of  the 
preceding,  distinguished  by  the  emperor  Ko- 
llolphns  II. :  he  died  in  ]f)2'i. 

MANSFIELD,  carl  of.     See  MURRAY. 
M.\.\STE1N,  Christopher  Herman  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished ot^cer  in  the  Russian  and  Prussian 
service,  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  Russia  ;"   he 
was  shot  in  battlii,  in  1757. 

MANTEGNA,  Andrea,  an  Italian  painter  of 
great  eminence,  originally  a  shepherd,  died  at 
Mantua,  in  1517. 

M.ANTICA,  Francis,  professor  of  law  at 
Padua,  was  made  a  cirdmal  at  Rome.  H.e 
wrote  several  books  in  Latin,  and  died  in  1614. 
MANTINUS,  James,  a  Spanish  physician, 
of  the  16tli  century,  who  practised  at  Venice, 
land  translated  the  works  of  Avice.  uaandAvcr- 
[roe  into  Latin. 

MANTON,Tliomas.  D.  D.,  apop  arpreacb- 
er,  in  London,  and  beiore  parliaioent.  Al  tlie 
restoration,  h.^  was  chaplain  to  the  king.  He 
wrote  sermons  and  Calvinistic  tracts,  and  died 

in  itrrr. 

MANTUAN,  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
works  [lossess  much  animation, and  were  printed 
at  Paris,  in  3  vols,  folio,  in  1513. 

MANUEL,  ConimeniiB,  emperor  of  the  east, 
made  war  against  rralmalia,  Hungary,  and 
Egypt  :  he  died  in  1180. 

M.\NUEL,  Palieologns,  king  of  Consianti- 
inople,  resigned  his  throne  to  his  son  John,  as  be- 
ing more  capable  of  repelling  tlie  invasion  of  the 
Turks;  bodied  in  1425. 

MANUTIUS,  Aldus,  the  first  of  those  cele- 
brated printers  at  Venice,  who  were  as  illus- 
trious for  their  learning  a;s  for  uncommon  skill 
in  their  profession,was  born  at  Bassano,  in  Italy, 
about  ilie  middle  of  the  15ih  ceuturv.  and  tlicnce 
297 


% 


MA 

is  Bomctiincs  called  Da.'^iaiius.  He  was  the  first 
who  printed  Greek  neatly  and  correctly  ;  anil 
he  acquired  so  much  reputation  in  bis  art,  thai 
whatever  was  finely  printed  was  proverbially 
said  to  have  come  from  the  press  of  Aldui.  In 
•hort,  he  carried  it  to  such  perfection,  that  all 
improvements  afterwards  were  greatly  indebted 
to  his  previous  advancfimenls.  He  died  in 
1516. 

MANI'TIUS,  Paul,  the  son  of  Aldus,  was 
born  al  Venice,  in  151-?,  and  brought  up  to  his 
father's  profession.  He  pubiishrd,  with  com- 
mentaries, eriilicus  of  "'J'lilly's  Epistles,"  and 
other  works,  and  died  in  1574. 

MAXUTIL'S,  .^Idiis,  the  son  of  Paul,  also  a 
learned  man  and  a  printer,  died  in  1597,  leaving 
behind  him  "Uoinjiientaries  upon  Cicero," 
three  books  of  epistles,  and  other  works  in 
Italian  as  well  a<:  in  Latin. 

MANZO,  John  Baptist,  marquis  de  Ville,  an 
Italian,  who  after  serving  with  reputation  in 
the  Spanish  arn)y ,  devoted  himself  to  literature, 
at  Naples,  and  wrote  a  Life  of  Tasso,  and  other! 
works  ;  he  died  in  1645. 

M.-VNZOULr,  Toinaso,  a  much  admired  histo- 
rical painter,  of  Italy,  died  in  1.570. 

MAPKS,  Walter,  a  po<»t,  chaplain  to  Henry 
II.  lie  wrote  in  Latin,  and  his  verses  are  still 
admired. 

M.VPLETOFT,  Dr.  John,  avcry  learned  Eng 
lish  medical  and  theological  writer,  born  in  It>31 
died  in  1721. 

MARACCI,  Lewis.     See  MARRACCI. 

MARAC'CI,  John,  a  historical  painter,  of 
Lucca,  died  in  1704. 

MAR.MS,  Marin,  a  celebrated  musician,  and 
composer,  born  in  Paris,  in  1656. 

MAR.\LDI,  James  Philip,  a  celebrated  nia- 
Ihematirian,  who  was  engaged  with  Cassiniain 
constructing  the  great  meridian  line  through 
France  ;  he  died  in  17a9. 

MARANA,  John  Paul,  born  near  Genoa,  in 
1642,  published  at  Paris,  "The  Turkish  Spy," 
which  became  very  popular.  He  died  in  Italy, 
in  1693 

M.\  RAT,  John  Paul,  one  of  the  most  cruel  of 
the  atrocious  leaders  of  the  French  revolution, 
He  had  studied  medicine,  and  was  an  empiric 
As  a  revolutionist  he  promoted  revolt,  pillage, 
and  murder,  and  himself  delighted  in  shedding 
innocent  blood.  He  declared  that  300,(100  more 
lives  must  be  sacrificed  before  France  would  bi 
safe.  This  monster  was  killed,  in  1793  by  a 
young  lady,  Charlotte  Corday,  whose  lover 
Marat  had  sacriflcf'd. 

M.VR.\TTI,  Carlo,  a  famous  Italian  painter 
and  enjraver,  was  born  in  1625,  and  died  in 
1713. 

M.VRB.\CH,  John,  a  protestant  divine,  of 
Lindau,  who  wrote  a  curious  book,  couiparin; 
the  doctrines  of  Jeeus,  with  those  of  the  Jesuits 
he  died  in  1.581. 

MAKBOnUS,  or  .MARBOD^US,  surnamed 
Gains,  a  monk,  bishop  of  Rennes,  author  of  se 
vera!  works,  died  in  1123. 

MA  RCA,  Peter  dc,  a  French  bishop,  and  as  a 
polemical  writer,  one  of  the  jjreatest  ornaments 
of  the  Galilean  church,  born  in  1594,  di<id  in 
1062. 

M.ARCEL,  N.,  a  painter  of  fruits  and  flow- 
ers at  Frankfort,  died  in  1683. 

M,\RCEL,  William,  a  French  advocate,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  the  origin  of  the  French 
Monarchy,"  4  vols,  and  other  works;  he  died 
m  1708. 

MARCF.LLI,  Benedict,  a  noble  Venetian, 
298 


MA  

who  excellt'd  in  inusic,  philosophy  and  poetry 
ne  died  in  1739. 

iM  ARC  ELLIN  ITS,  a  pope  of  Rome,  in  296. 

MARCKLLLVUS,  Auimianus,  an  ancient 
Roman  historian  of  great  merit,  flourished  in 
ihc  latter  aged  of  the  empire,  uuder  Cratian, 
Valontinian,  and  Theodonius  the  Great,  and 
composed  a  history  in  31  books,  comprising  the 
[Khnd  from  A.  D.  99  to  378.  He  died  about 
:<90,  leavint;  b>-hiiid  him  the  character  of  an  im- 
partial, laitliful,  and  accurate  historian. 

M.ARCELLUS,  a  physician,  who  llourished 
under  .\drlan,  and  the  Antonines. 

MARCELLUS,  a  physician,  of  Bordeaux, 
author  of  some  medical  works,  in  331. 

MARCELLLfS  I.,  pope  after  Marcelliuus,  died 
in  310. 

MARCELLUS  II.,  pf)pc  after  Julius  III.,  died 
a  few  weeks  after  his  elevation,  in  1555. 

M.ARCH,  Ausius,  a  poet,  of  Valentia,  in  the 
1.5th  century,  who  wrote  after  the  manner  of 
Petrarch. 

MARCHAND,  Prosper,  of  Paris,  but  settled 
in  Holland,  where  he  wa  the  principal  author 
of  a  "Journal  Literaire,"  which  was  reckoned 
excellent  in  its  kind.  He  composed  "  L'Histoire 
de  rimprimerie;"  gave  a  new  edition  of  the 
"  Dictionary  and  Letters  of  Bavie;"  and  died 
in  1756. 

M.XRCHE,  Oliver  de  la,  a  French  writer,  gen- 
tleman to  Philip  the  Good.  His  works  are  ".Me- 
moirs or  Chronicles"  4lo,  in  1610,  a  TieatiM 
on  luels      &c. ;  he  died  in  1501. 

>iHRCnETTI,  Alexander,  a  physician  and 
poet,  and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Pisa,  died 
in  1714. 

M.\RCHIN,  Ferdinand  count,  a  native  of 
Liege,  who  signalized  himself  in  the  French 
armies  on  many  occasions.  He  was  si^it  am- 
bassador to  Spain,  by  Lewis  XV.,  and  d.fed  in 
1706. 

M.'iRCIANUS,  an  obscure  Thracian,  raised 
to  imperial  dignity  on  the  death  of  Theodosius 
II.  He  was  a  man  of  many  virtues,  and  died 
in  457 

MARCILirs,  Theodore,  a  learned  German 
critic,  who  visited  Paris,  and  v.as  made  profi-s- 
sor  of  the  Latin  tongue  there;  he  died  in  1617. 
M.'\RC10i\,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  whose 
father  was  a  bishop,  and  excommunicated  him 
for  incontinence.  It  is  said,  that  before  his  death, 
he  wished  to  renounce  his  errors. 

M.iUDONIUS,  son-inlaw  to  Darius,  was  at 
the  head  of  the  army  of  Xer.ves,  in  his  invasion 
of  Greece,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Platsa, 
479  B.C. 

M.ARDUEL,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
*>eca.me  minister  of  .St.  Roch,  where  his  conduct 
as  a  pastor  waij  most  exemplary  ;  he  died  in 
1787. 

MARE,  or  MARA,  William  de  la,  a  Latin 
poet,  of  noble  birth,  who  flourished  about  1510, 

M.\RE,  Pliilibertde  la,  counsellor  in  the  par- 
liament of  Dijon,  and  an  elegant  Latin  writer ; 
he  died  in  lf»7. 

M.ARE,  Nichola.1  de  la,  a  French  magistrate, 
and  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  Police  ;  he 
died  in  1723. 

MAR  ECHAL,  George,  a  native  of  Calais,  son 
of  a  poor  officer.  He  become  a  surgeon  of  great 
fame,  and  died  in  1730. 

MARECHAL,  Peter  Sylvan,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, who  studied  law,  and  afterwards  became  a 
periodical  writer  during  the  revolution.  Some 
of  his  writings  are  profane  and  i/idecent :  he 
died  in  1803. 


MA 


MA 


MARl'/rs,  Roland  dos,  a  iiativeof  Paris,  and  Holland,  fabulously  said  to  liave  given  birth  to 
author  of  l^aiiii  philological  letters,  ul'  great  .?63r.liildreii. 
merit :  lie  di..(!  in  ir,5:<  |i     M.:  KGARET,of  York,  iiaterof  Edward  IV., 

MAKKTS,  John  dns,  a  French  writer,  very  married  Charles  the  Raeh,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
debauclied  in  his  youth.   Tfi-  aftei  ward?  becatnc  known  by  the  opposition  she  made  to  tbeeleva- 
a  gri  at  saint  and  fanatic,  and  uttered  various^  tion  of  Henry  VII.,  of  England 
prophi'ci's.     He  wrote  dramatic  pieces,  which  j      MAnOARET,  countess  of   Richmond  and 
gaiircd  liini  applause,  and  died  in  1S76.  jDerby,  married  Edward,  earl  of  Richmond,  and 

MAKHTS,  Hamiiel  dis,  .i  celebrated  Frenrhloii  his  death  she  was  married  to  Sir  Ilenry  Stat- 
divine,  of  the  Reformed  churcli,  born  in  159!l.l;foril,  who  dying,  she  took  Thomas  Stanley,  earl 
died  in  166H  A  chronological  table  of  the  works'  of  Oerliy.  She  wao  a  woman  of  virtue  aiid  in- 
of  this  celebrated  divine  may  be  found  at  thei|ttlligence,  and  died  in  1509. 


end  of  his  "  System  of  Kiviniiy."  Their  num- 
ber is  prodigious,  and  the  variety  of  their  sub- 
jects shows  an  unbounded  '^rnius. 

MARGARET,  siatpr  of  Edfiar  Athelin?.  fled 
to  Scotlanil  oil  the  invasion  of  William  the  Con- 
queror,  and  married  Malciilni,  kins;  of  the  coun- 
try. t«he  wa-i  an  ainialile  and  benevolent  prin- 
cess, and  dieil  in  1031). 

MARGARET,  dauphler  of  Waldemnr  IIT., 


MARGARET,  duchess  of  Newcastle,  famoua 
for  her  voluminous  producfionsi,  in  letters,  plays, 
poems,  philosophical  dikcoursee,  and  orations. 
Slie  died  in  I67:(. 

MARtJARITONE.  an  ItaUan  painter,  who 
invented  the  mode  of  gildingcn  Armenian  bole, 
or  rlav  :  he  died  in  107,5. 

M ARGON,  William  Plantavit  de  la  Pause  de, 
a  French  author  and  journalist,  who  was  ban- 


king of  Denmark,  born  in  1353,  was  styled  thej|ished  for  his  libelous  publications;  he  died  in 
Seiniraiiiis  of  the  North.    She  succeeded  her 
father  in  the  throne  of  Denmark,  her  hiKbaud  in 
that  of  Norway,  and  the  crown  of  Sweilen  was 
given  her  as  a  rccomiiense  for  delivering  the 


nr-o. 

MARGRA.AP,  Andrew  Sigismund,  a  cele- 
brated prariical  chymist,  of  Berlin,  who  made 
great  improvements  in  the  modes  of  analysis  • 


Swedes  from  the  tyranny  of  Albert,  their  king.':  he  died  in  1T8-2. 

Thus  possessed  of  the    three  kingdoms,  she  I     M.\ROtTNIO,  Massineo,  a  native  of  Candia, 
formed  the  grand  political  desienof  a  perpetual   who  printed  Greek  books  at  Venice,  and  al'kr- 
union,  which  she  accomplished,  pro  tenijiore   wards  became  bishop  of  Cerigo.      He  wrote 
onlv,  by  the  famous  treaty  styled  the  union  of  I' Greek  odes,  and  died  In  ICiOO. 
Colinar.    She  died  in  1412.  i      MARIA  THERESA,  queen  of  Hungary  and 

M.\K(;.\KET,  daughter  of  Raymond  Beren-  Bohemia,  married  Francis  Plephcnof  l^orraine, 
per,  count  of  f^rovence,  married  St.  Lewis,  in'jwho  was  crowned  omiK-ror,  in  1745.  Her  reign 
1254,  and  attended  him  in  his  wars  to  the  holyj^began  with  a  war,  in  which  all  the  neighbour- 
land,  where,  on  his  captivity,  she  behaved  witii  |ing  nations  were  engaged,  and  Maria  was  near 


heroic  intrepidity  ;  she  died  in  1 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Robert,  duke  of 
Burgundy,  married  Eouis  Hutin,  king  of  France 
In  1305  She  was  a  lioantiful,  but  sensual  wo- 
man, and  was^rangled  in  1315. 

MARGARITT,  daughter  of  Maximilian   I., 


Ii>«ing  her  throne.  Afii  rihe  war  had  continued 
I  eight  years,  a  peace  was  conchided  at  Aixla 
jt'hapelle,  and  Maria  immediately  devoted  her- 
,sclf  to  repairing  the  ravagen  which  hersubjects 
{had  sntTered  during  the  commotion.     She  built 

hospitals,  encourajjed    commerce  and  science, 


married  to  the  infant  of  Spain,  and  afterwa.'dsllanddid  every  thing  which  humanity  and  niniii- 
to  the  duke  of  Savoy.  She  displayed  her  reli  |j  licence  could  devise,  lo  render  her  infirm  soldiers 
fious  zeal  against  the  liUlherans.  and  died  1530   'comfortable.     The   king  of  Prussia,  a'.'ain  de- 


MARGARET,  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Ren 
d'Anjou,  king  of  Naples,  and  wife  of  Henry 
VI.,  king  of  England,  an  ambitious,  enterpris- 
ing, courageous  woman.  Iiilripid  in  the  tield, 
she  signalized  herself  by  heading  her  troops  in 
several  battles  asainst  the  house  of  York  ;  and 
if  she  had  not  been  the  instrument  of  her  hus- 
band's misfortunes  by  putting  to  death  the  duke 
of  Gloucester,  his  uncle,  her  name  would  have 
been  iniinortallzed  for  the  fortitude,  activity, 
and  policy  with  which  .she  supported  the  rights 
of  her  husband  and  son,  till  the  fatal  defeat  at 
Tewksbury,  which  jiut  an  end  to  all  her  enter- 
prises ;  the  kini;  being  taken  prisoner,  and  prince 
Edward,  their  only  son,  basely  murdered  by 
Richard,  duke  of  York,  Margaret  was  ransom- 
ed bv  her  father,  and  died  in  Anjou,  in  1480, 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Francis  I,,  of 
France,  married  F/inanuel  Philibert,  duke  of 
Savoy,  and  died  highly  respected  in  1.574. 

M.\RGARET,  of  France,  daughter  of  Henry 
IV,,  diserared  her.-!elf  by  the  levity  and  licen- 
tiousness of  her  character.  She  was  divorced 
in  150P,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  her  life  to  litera- 
ry and  religious  exercises. 

M.'\RG.\RF,T,  of  Valois.  queen  of  Navarre, 
and  sister  of  Francis  I.,  of  France,  born  in  1452, 
She  was  celebrated  as  a  writer  both  in  verse 
and  prose  Her  "  Heptamcron"  or  novels,  have 
lieen  ol'ien  republished.     She  died  in  1540. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Florent.  count  of 


dared  W'ar  against  her,  but  in  this  terrible 
strugL'le,  she  maintained  her  elevation,  and  a 
peace  was  established.  After  a  long  reign, 
during  which  she  displayed,  heroism,  virtue, 
and  charity,  to  a  degree  which  endeared  hcr^o 
her  subjects,  she  died  at  Vienna,  in  1780. 

MARIA  ANTOINETTE,  queen  of  France, 
was  the  daughter  of  the  emperor  Francis  I., 
and  Maria  Theresa ;  she  was  married  to  Lewis 
XVI.  ofFrance,  in  1770.  This  celebrated  queen, 
was  humane  and  benevolent  to  her  subjects, 
but  fond  of  magnificence  and  pleasure.  She 
was  doomed  in  the  latter  part  of  her  reign  to 
witness  the  most  horrid  scenes  of  riot  and  nnirder 
among  her  subjects,  (he  execution  of  her  hu^ 
band,  and  her  own  trial  and  condemnation. 
She  bore  all  these  calamities  with  great  forti- 
tude and  serenity,  but  such  was  their  effect  on 
her,  that  the  coloi:r  of  her  hair  changed  to  a 
silvery  while.  She  was  guillotined,  being  carried 
to  the  scaffold  in  a  cart,  on  the  16th  Oct.,  1793. 

MARI.^M.NE,  wife  of  Herod  the  Great,  and 
mother  of  Alexanderlhe  high-priest  of  the  Jews, 
slain  by  order  of  Herod,  28  B.  C. 

MARLANA,  John,  a  Spanish  historian,  bom 
in  1.593,  died  in  1624.  He  wrote  several  works, 
theological  and  historical ;  the  most  considerable, 
of  all  his  performances,  is  his"  History  of  Spain." 

MARI.ANt'S,  Scotus,  a  Scotch  monk,  related 
to  the  venerable  l!ede,  and  auUiorof  a  ChronicI* 
from  Jesus  Christ,  to  10&3. 

299 


[     IMARKLAND,  J4;rt,'riuali,  a  vi.'ry  acute  and 
I  learned  Kiip'isli  crilic,  bom  in  169H,(licil  in  HIO. 

MAULOK,  OiriHtoplnT,  an  Kiigli^li  dramnlic 
nuilior,  burn  iibniit  15ti'J,  and  br«d  a  sluileM  at 
I  he  iiuivi'rsiiy  cif  Cambridge  ;  but  afterwards, 
bctoniinf!  a  player,  trod  ihu  same  stage  vviili  ihe 
incomparable  Sliaksp<;are.  He  was  nccounted 
an  fjrccUonl  poet  in  liistlmc,  even  by  Den  Jon- 
son  biniself ;  and  Hoywood,  his  fellow-actor, 
styles  liini  the  bes-t  of  poeiu.  He  was  murdered 
in  J5!t3,  in  an  alfray. 

MARJ.ORAT,Augustin,an  An^jtistinemnnk, 
of  Lorraine,  who  embraced  the  tenets  of  thci 
protestuiits,  and  was  an  eminent  theologica) 
writer,  he  was  nuirdered  in  IGCi. 

MARMIOIV,  Sheckcrlcy,  an  Knglish dramatic 
writer,  born  in  KiOL',  died  in  ](i39. 

MARMOL,  Lewis,  a  Spaniard,  taken  prison 
er  by  the  Turks,  at  Tunis,  and  kept  in  slavery 
8  j'e;!rs.     He  wrote  a  description  of  Africa. 

MARMON'J'EL,  Jolin  Francis,  a  French 
noveli.«t,  admired  at  ouce  for  the  vigour  and 
ihe  delicacy  of  his  genius,  was  horn  at  Port,  in 
]T]9.  Seldom  has  wisdom  been  arrayed  in  a 
more  charming  dress  than  in  hio  "  Moral  Tales,' 
"  BelisariU'i,"  &c.  He  died  in  great  retirement, 
hut  in  a  stale  bordering  on  want,  in  1799.  Three 
years  before  Iiis  deatli,  being  nomi)ialed  to  tlie 
legislature,  he  went  to  the  Electoral  Assembly, 
and,  thanking  his  fcliow-citi/.ens  for  this  mark 
of  respect,  said  to  them,  "  You  behold,  my 
friends,  a  body  enfeebled  by  age;  but  the  heart 
of  an  honest  man  never  grows  old." 

MARNEZLA,  N.de  Lezia,  a  member  of  the 
French  convention,  who  reprobated  the  violence 
of  their  proceedings,  and  retired  to  America. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  good  works,  atid 

diediM  ny-. 

MARNIX,  Pliilip  de,  a  native  of  Brussels 
who  warmly  embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther. 
He  was  afterwards  consul  at  Antwerp,  and  died 
in  1598. 

MAROLLES,  Michael  de,  bom  in  France,  in 
IGOO,  died  in  1681.  He  attached  himself  to  the 
tromslatiiig  of  ancient  Latin  w Titers,  was  cer- 
tainly a  man  of  great  learning,  and  discovered 
all  his  life  a  love  for  the  arts.  He  collected 
about  100,000  prints,  and  these  made  one  of  the 
ornaments  of  the  French  king's  cabinet. 

WAROT,  .lohn,  a  French  poet  of  .some  emi- 
nence, born  in  Normandy,  in  1463,  died  in  J523. 

MAROT,  Clement,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
celebrated  French  poet,  and  valet  de  chanthre  to 
Francis  I.,  born  in  1495,  died  in  1.544. 

BIAROT,  Francis,  a  French  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  la  Fosse,  died  in  1719. 

MARQUARD-FRKHEE,a  native  of  Augs- 
uurgh,  counsellor  of  state  to  tiic  elector  palatine, 
and  professor  of  civil  law  at  Heidelberg.  He 
wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1014. 

MAKUUF.T,  Francis  IVieholas,  a  native  of 
Nancy,  eminent  as  a  physician  and  botanist 
He  wrote  an  account  of  the  plants  of  Lorraine 
in  10  vols.,  and  some  other  curious  works ;  he 
died  in  17.59. 

MARRACCI,  Luigi,  a  very  learned  Italian 
tlteological  writer  and  antiquary,  bom  in  1012, 
died  in  1700.  He  was  autiior  of  several  pieces 
in  Italian  ;  but  the  grand  work,  wliich  has  made 
him  deservedly  famous  all  over  Europe,  is,  hia 
edition  of  the  "  Koran,"  in  the  original  Arabic, 
with  a  Latin  version,  notes,  and  confutation  of 
his  own. 

MARRIER,  D.  Martin,  of  Paris,  made  a  cu- 
rious collection  of  ecclesiastical  writers,  whit* 
he  published ;  be  died  in  16f4. 


MAKIKTTE,  Peter  John,  secretary  to  the 
French  king,  and  chancellor  comptroller,  died 
in  1774.  He  wrote  on  pictures  and  engravings. 
M-\RIGi\'.A\,  John  James  Medichino,  mar- 
quis de,  a  native  of  Milan,  who  was  prevailed 
on  by  Francis  Sforza,  duke  of  Milan,  to  nnirder 
Visconli,  a  Milanese  nobleman ;  he  died  in  1355. 

MARIGNY,  James  Carpenlier  de.  an  ecclesi- 
astic, more  admired  for  his  wit  than  the  purity  of 
his  morals.  He  was  the  author  of  poems,  and 
several  histories;  he  died  in  1762. 

MARlKOWSKY.Man'  •.  aphysicianolHun- 
gary,  eniinent  for  his  wrili.i^s  and  practice  ;  he 
died  in  177'2. 

MARILLAC,  Louis  de,  a  French  officer, 
raised  by  Louis  XHI.  to  the  rank  of  marshal  of 
France,"and  afterwards  found  guilty  of  extortion 
anil  peculation,  for  which  he  was  beheaded,  in 
IfiS'i. 

MARIN,  Michael  Angelo,  a  French  novel 
writer,  whose  works  tend  to  promote  the  cause 
of  virtue  and  religion ;  he  died  in  1767. 

MARINARI,  Honorio,  an  Italian  painter,  pu- 
pil and  imitator  of  Carlo  Dolce ;  he  died  iu  1715. 

MARINELLA,Lucretia,  an  ingenious  Vene- 
tian lady,  who  lived  in  the  17th  century,  and 
wrote  a  work  called  "  A  Demonstration  that 
ihe  Women  are  more  noble,  more  political, 
more  cnr.ra?eous,  more  knowing,  more  virtuous, 
and  hotter  Managers,  than  the  Men." 

MARINl,  John  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
and  author  of  two  Romances,  which  were  very 
popular. 

M.\RINO,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  of 
eminence,  who  went  to  France,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  queen  Margaret,  and  Mary  de  Medicis. 
Iiis  works  are  numerous ;  he  died  at  Rome,  in 
16!^2. 

MARIO  KUZZI.  or  MARIO  DE  FIORI,  an 
eminent  painter  of  dowers  and  landscapes,  died 
at  Rome,  in  1673. 

MARION,  Francis,  an  active  and  successful 
panisBii  officer  of  the  revolution,  who  for  his 
activity,  bravery,  and  usefulness,  received  the 
thanks  of  congress  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general ;  he  died  in  1795. 

MAKIOTTC,Edme,  a  native  of  Dijon,  known 
as  an  ab!e  mathematician,  and  learned  ecclesi- 
astic; he  died  in  1C84. 

MARIUS  CAIUS,  a  celebrated  Roman,  seven 
fiinescoiLsuI.  By  a  scries  of  exploits,  he  be- 
came the  n)OBl  popular  commander  of  Rome, 
but  his  disputes  will)  Sylla  proved  fatal  to  the 
Roman  jieoplo  ;  he  died  86  B.  C. 

MARIUS,  .Marcus  Aurefius,  a  common  soldier, 
w  ho  rose  to  the  imperial  purple  of  Rome.  He 
■was  a  man  of  astonishing  strength  of  body  ;  but 
was  slain  by  a  soldier  soon  after  his  elevation. 

MARIVAUX,  Peter  Carlet  de  Chaniblain  de, 
a  French  author  and  writer  of  romances,  born 
In  168?!,  died  in  1763.  The  gre;it  characteristic  of 
both  his  works  was,  to  convey  a  useful  moral 
under  the  veil  of  wit  and  sentiment. 

MARK,  St.,  an  evangelist,  thy  disciple  of 
Peter,  by  whose  direction  he  is  supposed  to  have 
■Written  his  Gospel  for  the  use  of  the  Roman 
Cliri.«tians,  in  72. 

MARK,  pope,  after  Silvester  J.,  in  1335;  be 
tlied  the  same  year. 

MARK  ANTONY.  SeeANTONIUS.Marcus. 

M.ARKHAM,  Gervase,  an  English  poet  and 
/siisrellaneoiis  writer,  Who  lived  in  the  reigns 
6f  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and  Charles  I. 

M.ARKHAM,  William,  a  nephew  of  Penn, 
K  Pv  sprieiary  and  lieutenant  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania :  he-  died  in  17M. 
300 


MA 


MARS  A  IS,  C.-Esar  Clifsnuau  du,  a  French 
^raiiiiiutriaii  and  an  eauncnt  writer  and  Christ 
ian.  He  wrote  (or  the  Encyclopa-dia,  also  on 
the  Doctrines  of  the  Gallicau  Church,  "  True 
Principh's  ol"  Graiumar,"  "  Logic,"  ice,  and 
died  in  1756. 

MARSH,  Narcissus,  an  eminent  Irish  prelate, 
and  scljolai, hishopoi'  Armagh.  He  built  a  no- 
ble library  at  Dublin,  endowed  alms- houses,  &c. 
He  was  an  able  orientalist  and  philosopher,  and 
died  in  1713. 

MARSH,  F.bcnezer  Grant,  professor  of  Ian 
guagos  and  ecclesiastical  history  in  Yale  col- 
lege, died  soon  after  his  appointment  to  that 
station,  in  )803. 

MARSHAL,  Walter,  an  English  divine,  was 
eJBCted  from  his  livinp,  at  Hnrwloy,  for  non-con 
lorinity,  and  went  to  Gospoii,  where  he  preach 
ed  to  a  dissenting  c.oiigreg.ttion.  He  wrote  soine 
religious  works,  and  died  in  Iti'.lO. 

M.VRSHALL,  Tliomas,  an  English  divine 
ami  i-oli:tirated  critic,  especially  ill  t  he  Gothic  and 
AiiL'lo  S;ix(>n  toDgiicF,  born  in  l()-21,dicd  in  16^5 

MARSH.\LL,  William,  an  able  ai-.d  tniincni 
writer  on  "  Rural  Economy"  and  siatistics.  He 
died  ill  Yorkshire,  in  1818. 

MAR.^^HALL,  Nathanael,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  chaplain  to  George  [I.,  and  canon  of 
Wiiid.si.r.  He  published  sermons  in  3  vols.,  and 
other  works,  in  17:)0. 

M.\RSH  AM,  sir  John,  a  learned  author,  born 
in  London,  was  one  of  the  six  clerks  in  chance- 
ry, member  for  the  city  of  Rochcsti'r,  and  was 
knigliled  and  made  abaroiiefby  Charles  II.  He 
is  celi'braled  for  his  Chronological  Dissertation, 
and  died  in  It>p.5. 

MARSIGLI,  Lewis  Ferdinand,  an  Italian  no 
blemaii,  famous  in  letters  and  in  arms,  born  at 
Bologna,  in  Iti.W,  died  in  \T.iO.  He  was  foniidf  r 
in  17)-2,  of  the  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  at 
Bologna,  called  '■  The  Institute,"  and  author 
of  a  phy.'^ical  "  History  of  the  Sea,  and  a  De- 
scription of  the  Danube,  from  Vienna  to  Bel- 
grade." 

M  \RSlLirS.    See  MENANDniNO. 

MARSOLLIER,  James,  a  French  historian, 
who.sp  works  are  slill  read  and  valued  ;  he  died 
in  17-24. 

MARSTON,  John,  an  English  dramatic  au 
llior,  dipd  about  1034. 

M  AKSY,  Franci!'  Marie  de,  a  French  author 
who  wrote  an  Analysis  of  liaylc,  in  4  vols.,  for 
which  he  was  sent  to  the  Bastile.     He  was  au- 
.llior  of  many  other  works,  and  died  in  17(i4. 

M.\RSY,  Baltbasar,  an  eminent  sculptor,  of 
Canibray,  died  in  17t>3. 

M  ARTEL,  Francis,  a  surgeon,  in  the  service 
of  Mfiiry  IV.,  of  France,  author  of  an  Apology 
fer  Surgeons,  and  other  works,  printed  at  Paris, 
ill  HVt... 

MARTELIFRE,  Peter  de  la,  an  advocate, 
who  distiiigiiislied  liimeelf  in  the  celebrated  trial 
between  ilie  university  of  Paris,  and  the  Jesuits ; 
lie  died  in  1631. 

y^  VRTKLLl,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  died  in 

MARTEIiLI,  Peter  James,  author  of  seven 
>olumes  of  prose  and  verse;  he  was  secretary 
to  Ihi; senate  of  ilologna,  and  died  in  17vJ7. 

MARTENNE,  Edmund,  a  Berediclineof  St. 
Maiir.  author  of  a  commentary  on  the  Rules  of 
8t.  Hcnedict,  and  some  other  books;  he  died  in 
J73rt. 

M.^RTIAL,  D'Auvergne,  a  French  poet,  au- 
tliorof  a  historical  poem  on  Charles  VII.,  "  Ar- 
ivu  de  I.'amour,"  &c.,  died  iu  lOIJd. 

26 


MA 

MARTIALIS,  Marcus  Valerius,  an  ancient 
Latin  puei,  born  in  Spain,  A.  D.  •£>.  He  is  ge 
ntrally  allowed  to  have  excelled  all  those,  whc 
ther  ancient  or  modern,  who  have  altempieil 
the  pointed  epigram.    He  ditd  at  the  age  of  75 

MARTIANAY,  John,  a  lienediciine,  who 
ably  edited  the  works  of  St.  Jerome,  in  5  vols 
folio,  with  a  life  of  that  father  ;  he  died  ia  1717. 

MARTKiNAC,   Stephen  Algai,  lord  of,  W 
French  writer,  who  published  the  lives  of  the 
bishops  of  Paris,   aii'^   translated  Horace,  Te 
lencc,  Juvenal,  O"     ,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  16fi8. 

MARTIN,  St.,  was  converted  to  Christianity' 
and  became  bishop  of  Taurus.  He  is  regardec 
as  the  apostle  of  Gaul.  His  confession  of  faiiti 
is  still  extant ;  he  died  in  397. 

M.ARThN  I.,  pope,  caused  the  doctrines  of  the 
Monothelilrs  to  be  condemned  ;  he  died  in  65i. 

MARTIN  II.,  pope,  after  John  VIIl.,  in  8W . 
he  died  two  years  after. 

M.ARTIN  III.,  a  native  of  Rome,  pope  after 
Stephen  Vill.  He  was  a  benevolent  poiitill"  aiui 
founded  several  churches ;  he  died  in  9-10. 

.MARTIN  IV.,  a  Frenchman,  made  pope  after 
Nicholas  HI.  ;  he  died  at  Perouse,  in  liKi. 

MARTIN  v.,  Otho  Colonna,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  made  pope  after  the  abdication  of  Gre- 
gory XH.,  in  U17. 

MARTIN,  Benjamin,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated mathematicians  and  opticians  of  the  age, 
born  in  London,  in  1704,  and  died  in  1782. 

MARTIN,  David,alpanied  French  protestanl 
divine,  of  most  amiable  manners,  author  of  a 
"History  of  the  Bible,"  with  424  plates,  also 
of  sermons,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  l'"2l. 

MARTIN,  Dom  James,  a  Benedictine  ol 
Laiiguedoc,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  Religion 
of  I  be  ancient  Gauls,  a  History  of  the  Gauls, 
and  other  works ;  he  died  in  1751. 

MARTIN,  Tliomas,  an  English  antiquarian. 
He  wrote  the  History  of  his  native  town,  and 
was  in  possession  of  a  large  collection  of  anti- 
quities, pictures,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

MARTIN,  Claude,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
went  to  India  as  a  soldier,  but  left  the  army  and 
remained  in  thatcouutry.  He  became  immense 
ly  rich  and  built  a  magnificent  edillce  at  Luck 
know.  He  then  made  a  very  curious,  and  valu 
able  collection  of  the  natural  productions  of 
the  country,  and  died  in  1799. 

RIARTIN,  Alexander,  LL.  D.,  governor  ot 
the  state  of  North-Carolina,  a  senator  iti  cod 
gress  from  that  state,  died  in  1807. 

MARTINDALi;,  Adam,  an  English  mathe 
maticiaii  and  divine,  who  was  chaplain,  in  the 
family  of  lord  Delaware.  He  was  author  of 
'*  Land  Meter's  Vade  Mecuiu,  Almanacs,  See- 
and  died  in  1700. 

M.-\RTINEAU,  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  confessor  and 
friend  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  and  author  ot 
Psalms  of  Penitence ;  he  died  in  1720. 

MARTINI,  Raymond,  a  Dominican  friar  and 
great  orientalist,  who  tlourished  in  the  13th 
century.  He  was  selected  at  Toledo,  in  I2.'>0,  to 
.■itudy  Hebrew  and  Arabic,  in  order  to  confute 
the  Jews  and  Maltouietans.  This  he  attempteU 
ill  a  very  learned  work,  called  "  Pugio  Fidei  " 

M.\KTINI,  Martin,  a  Jesuit,  long  residmc  ib 
China,  where  he  wrote  80iu>;  valuable  books,  on 
the  inanncrs  and  habits  of  tbu  Chinese,  ice.  ; 
he  died  in  1051. 

MARTINIERE,  Anthony  Augiistin  Bruzen 
de  la,  born  in  ir)84,  was  secretary  to  the  king  of 
Naples,  and  ceograplier  to  the  king  of  Spain, 
and  di>  d  in  1749. 

MARTINIUS,  Matthias,  divinity  professor 
301 


MA 

ai  raderlxuii,  anil   l!r('im.'ii.     He  wrote  a  Piii- 
l<isii|iliical  Lexicon,  anil  died  in  1G3U. 

xMAUTlMJtiiLS,  George,  or  VTISINO- 
VISCH,  a  native  ot'Croaiia,  who  iVotn  a  lighter 
ul' stoves,  became  a  bishop,  minister  and  Irieiid 
to  the  king  of  Hunu'aiy,  and  liiialiy  a  cardinal. 
He  wn*-  a'i.wssiiialed  in  1561. 
^'  AiAtlTlAl.LLl,  a  laiid>>(a|)'>  (laintcr  of  {p-eat 
^niiiieiice,  liorn  at  Naples,  iu  1G70,  died  in  17-JO. 

MAKTVN,  John,  a  botanical  writer,  born  iu 
l.ondiin,  In  Iti99,  died  in  1708. 

M.vfCrVR,  Peter,  a  Milanese,  employed  as  a 
nej^otiaior  by  Ferdinand  of  Spain.  He  was  au- 
thor of  a  Hisioiy  of  the  Discovery  of  America, 
&c.,  and  died  in  15-25. 

MARTYR,  Peter,  a  distingiiishRd  commenta- 
tor on  the  Bible,  born  at  Florence,  in  1500,  died 
in  156-2. 

MARUCELLI,  John  Stephen,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter  died  in  1706. 

M.-\RrLLUS,  Michael  Tarclianistia,  a  very 
learned,  but  atheistical  and  blaspliemous  Greek, 
who  left  liisnativecoiintry,  and  resided  in  Italy. 
He  was  drowned  in  1500. 

MARULLIJS,  a  poet  of  Calabria  in  the  5ih 
century,  who  came  to  Padua,  to  wait  upon 
Attila.  Marullus  expected  an  ample  reward  lor 
the  flatteries  with  which  he  had  tilled  his  pane- 
gyric upon  Attila;  but  when  that  prince  was 
informed  that  the  poet  deduced  his  orifiiii  from 
Heaven,  and  styled  him  a  god,  he  ordered  both 
the  verses  and  the  versifier  to  be  burned.  Attila, 
however  forgave  him. 

M.\RVEI,L,  Andrew,  a  very  ingenious  poli- 
tical and  critical  writer  and  poet,  born  in  lt)20, 
died  ill  1678.  He  manfully  supported  the  rcli- 
{^ious  and  civil  liberties  of  his  founlry.  by  liis 
writings  and  his  parliamentary  interest,  against 
the  arbitrary  encroachments  of  the  court  on 
both;  and  repeatedly  declined  all  inducemenls 
which  the  king  offered  him,  to  go  over  to  the 
court  party. 

MARVTFXLES,  N.  de,  a  French  -rtlicer,  art- 
ihor  of  some  poetical  pieces  of  merit,  in  Latin 
and  French ;  he  died  in  1775. 

MARY,  the  mother  of  our  blessed  Saviour, 
was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  of  the  royal 
]iouseof  David. 

MARY,  wife  of  Cleophas,  called  in  Scripture, 
the  sister  of  the  Virgin,  and  mother  of  thf 
apostles  James  the  Less,  Simon,  Jude,  and 
Joseph. 

M.\RY,  queen  of  England,  eldest  daughter 
of  Henry  VIII.,  and  Catharine  of  Arragnn. 
She  was  a  learned  woman,  but  bigoted  in  the 
popish  superstition,  exceedingly  jealous,  and 
violent  and  sanguinary  in  her  resentments. 
Diirina  her  reign,  fire,  faggots,  and  the  stake, 
were  the  horrid  means  used  to  make  proselytes 
to  the  Romish  church.  The  sacrifice  of  the  in- 
nocent lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  husband,  to  a 
mean  fit  of  jealousy,  showed  a  degree  of  barba- 
rity rarely  equalled  in  civilized  life.  She  mar 
ried  Philip  of  Spain,  wJiose  coldness  toward 
lier,  together  with  the  loss  of  Calais,  is  said  to 
have  80  preyed  on  her  tViind,  ih:a  she  'cH  into  a 
fever,  of  wiiich  she  ilttd  in  I.wS. 

MARY',  f^iiemof  Kiianind,  vxiOe  of  William 
IU.,  w-»-'  .la'u'Jiuir  M'  .'aaies  TI.,  by  the  daughter 
(!•'  I'M  I .  'arendon.  She  io'eprescred  as  a  inenk, 
iiioti'crHiv.!  character,  little  inC  cd  to  meddle 
with  public  afTairs,  and  of  a  h  ane  and  bene- 
volent disposition  ;  she  died  ii       '.14. 

MARY,  dauuhlerof  Ht.  r        .,  duke  of  Bra- 
bant, married  Philip  I'  T  of  France,  in 
1274.    f^he  was  accue<.               jning  one  of  her 
302 


MA 

jhusbaiid's  sons,  of  which  crime,  she  was,  liuw 
>  vei,  piobably  innorrnt;  she  died  in  11)21. 
I  M/iRV",  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Lewis  l{.,and 
:wi!e  of  (.'harles  VII.,  of  France.  She  was  a 
.Woman  of  a  very  heroic  character,  and  died  in 
146:i. 

MARY,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.,  of  England, 
married  Lewis  XII.,  of  France,  and  wasgrand- 
nioiher  to  the  unfortunate  lady  Jane  Grey  ;  she 
dird  in  1534. 

MARY  THERESA,  of  Austria,  daughter  of 
Philip  IV.,  of  Spain,  married  Lewis  XIV.,  of 
France,  in  16C0,  and  died  in  1(183. 

MARY  DE  MEUICIS,  daughter  of  Francis 
II.,  duke  of  Tuscany,  was  married  toHeuiy  IV., 
of  France,  in  1600."  She  was  banished  by  her 
S(m  Lewis  XIII,  trcether  with  her  favourites  and 
aiteiidante,  and  died  in  poverty,  at  Cologne,  in 
1642. 

MARY  LECZINSKA,  daughter  of  Stanislaus, 
Iking  of  Poland,  married  Lewis  king  of  France, 
in  1725,  and  is  represented  as  a  very  amiable 
and  virtuous  princess  ;  she  died  in  1768. 

MARY,  of  Cleves,  married  Henry  I.,  prince 
of  Conde.  She  was  loved  with  so  much  ardour 
by  the  duke  of  Anjou,  afterwards  Henry  III., 
that  when  he  came  to  the  throne,  he  designed 
to  annul  her  marriage,  and  take  her  himself; 
but  her  sudden  death,  probably  by  poison,  at 
the  age  of  18,  in  1574,  left  him  disconsolate. 

MARY,  of  Arragon,  daughter  of  Sancho  HI., 
wife  of  Otlio,  «as  put  to  death  in  99S,  for  false- 
ly accusing,  and  destroying  the  count  of  Mo 
dena. 

BI.ARY,  daughter  of  Charles,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, married  Maximilian,  son  of  the  emperor 
I'^rederic,  and  thus  transferred  the  dominions 
of  Burgundy  to  the  houi'eof  Austria  ;  she  died 
in  1482. 

.M.-VRY,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip,  king 
of  Spain,  married,  in  1521,  Lewis,  king  of  Hun- 
gary, who  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Mohats. 
She  was  a  woman  of  courage  and  firmness,  and 
a  great  prot<?ctor  of  literature ;  she  died  in  1558. 

M.\RY  STUART,  queen  of  Scots,  lanions 
for  her  beauty,  wit,  learning,  and  misfortunes, 
daughter  of  James  V.,  king  of  Scotland,  suc- 
ceeded her  father,  in  1542,  eight  days  after  her 
birth.  In  1558,  she  married  Francis,  dauphin, 
and  afterwards  king  of  France ;  by  which 
means  she  became  (piecn  of  France.  This 
monarch  dying  in  1.560,  she  returned  into  Scot- 
land, and  married  her  cousin,  Henry  Stuart, 
(lord  Darnley,)  in  15fi5;  buiexclndinghim  fronv 
any  share  of  ti;e  government  (as  he  suspected) 
by  the  advice  of  Rizzio,  an  Italian  musician, 
her  favourite  and  secretary,  the  king,  by  the  as- 
sistance of  some  of  the  principal  nobility,  sud- 
denly surprised  them  together,  and  Rizzio  was 
slain  in  the  queen's  presence,  in  1566.  The  next 
J  sar  the  king  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder, 
"in  a  private  liouse,  to  which  he  had  retired  with 
a  few  friends.  The  ea"-'  of  Boihwell,  the  new 
favourite  of  Mary,  wa  .idoubtedly  the  contri- 
ver of  lhi^^  murdi^r ;  he  was,  however,  acquitted 
Ihy  the  nobles  of  his  and  Mary's  party  ;  and,  in 
about  two  iJiontlis  after,  the  queen,  to  the  as- 
Itonishment  of  all  Europe,  married  this  ambi- 
tious villain.  This  shameful  conduct  occasion- 
led  the  revolt  of  the  oliief  nobility,  and  her  best 
subjects,  by  whom  she  was  taken  prisoner,  com- 
ipclled  to  resign  the  crown,  and  her  son  James 
VI.,  was  crowned.  The  queen  soon  a'ler  es 
caped  from  prison  and  raised  an  army  toopposo 
the  rfgent,  Murray,  but  was  defeated,  and  fled 
to  England,  in  15t)8  wliere  she  was  detained  « 


MA 


MA 


prisoner,  cliarg;ed  by  her  own  subjects  with  the!  MASON,  John,  a  learned  and  pious  dissent- 
murder  of  her  husband,  king  Henry.  Duringing  minister,  a.itiior  ot'  Self  Knuwiedge,  Prae- 
Uic  long  imprisonuient  of  the  queen,  ehe  was  tical  Oiscourses  for  Fauulies,  and  other  work*, 
justly  considered  as  the  head  of  the  popish  par-,  He  died  in  1763. 

ty,  who  wished  to  see  a  princess  of  their  per-ji  M.ASOX,  Wiiliain,  an  excellent  English  poet 
suasion  on  the  throne  of  England.  She  counie-  and  divine,  born  in  17C5.  died  in  1797. 
nanced,  if  she  was  notdirectly  concerned  in,  ttien  MASON,  Georpe,  an  English  writer,  author 
plots  against  the  life  of  F.lizali"tli,  wlio  was  re  of  "  E.ssays  on  (Jardening;"  "  Answer  roTom 
duced  to  the  nece.'ssity  of  sacrilicmg  her  to  her  Paine,"  and  otljer  works  ;  he  died  in  IBOti. 
own  personal  safety.  She  waf  tried  for  aeon-  M.ASO.N,  Jolm,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
spiracy,  condemned,  and  beheaded,  in  l.Vf?.        ICoiinecticut,  di.-iincuished  for  his  successful  ex- 

MARY,  a  French  poetess,  who  resided  in  'pediiion  against  the  Peqiiot  Indiann,  of  which 
England,  in  the  J3th  century.  Her  (mems  on  he  wrote  an  account ;  he  was  commander  of  the 
chivalry,  &c.,  are  preserved  in  the  British  mil-,  troops  and  liiuienant  governor  ol  liie  colony, 
seum  'He  died  in  107:{. 

MAS,  Lewis  du.     See  DUMAS.  ||    MASON,  John,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 

M.ASAC'CIO  Thomas,  an  eminent  Italian  and  a  distiniiuislied  prcgbyterian  clergyman,  of 
painter,  who  ran  regarded  .as  the  chief  ariisi  .\ew-Vork,w;iseminent  for  his  learning  talents, 
of  the  secop  ige  of  modern  painting  ;  he  died  .and  eloquence.  He  died  in  New-York,  in 
In  1443.  hv.H. 

MA.SC.XRDt,  .^ugll8tine,  a  learned  Italian  je-]      M.ASON,  George,  a  disiingnished  statesman, 
■uit,  for  whose  brnelit,  p<ipe  Urban  VII.  found    of  the  slate  of  Virginia,  died  in  I7iK!. 
cd  a  professorship    He  was  the  author  of  many '|    MASUUE  DE  FER,  or  IRON  M.\PK,  aper- 
works,  but  always  poor  and  in  debt.     He  died  son  confined  in  the  bastilc,  who  always  wore  a 
in  li>40.  |ma.-*k  wiili  steel  springs,  which  concealed  his 

M.VSC.ARi)-V,  Julius,  bishop  of  .^gen,  and  'features,  without  preventing  his  eating.  Though 
a  most  eminent  French  preacher,  horn  in  1(>:M,||iio  person  could  ever  iliscnver  who  he  was,  it  is 
died  in  1703.  His  eloquence  was  a.-iioiiishing  ;  Icertain  from  the  treatment  he  received,  that  he 
and  it  is  related  rhat  his  preaching  liad  such  an,;Was  a  person  of  high  birth.  He  died  in  1708, 
effect  upon  the  Hugonois,  that,  of  30,000  ("alviii-  land  was  hurieil  priva'ely. 


ists,  which  he  found  at  his  coining  to  tliu  see  of 
Apen,  'JS.OOO  forsook  their  church. 

M\SCHERONI,  Laurent,  of  Bergamo,  an 
eminent  nia'heinatician,  tbe  well-known  auilior 
of  Compass  Geometry,  died  at  Paris,  in  It'OO. 

M.\s*CLEF,  Francis,  a  French  thcologician, 
and  canon  of  .Amiens.  He  wroie  a  Hebrew 
grammar,  and  other  books,  and  died  in  1728. 

M  VSCRIER,  John  Baptist  de,  a  French  wri- 
ter, author  of  a  description  of  Egypt,  from  Mal- 
let's .Memoirs,  Cliiistian  Reflections,  &c. ;  be 
died  in  17fiO 


M.ASS.AC,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  born  ai  Paris,  dit:d  in  17iT7. 

MASaAMELLO,or  ANELLO.  See  ANEL- 
LO. 

M.\SS.ART,  Lucio,  a  native  of  Bologna,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1633. 

MASSARI.V,  .Vle.vander,  a  physician,  born  at 
Vicenza.  He  wrote  "  Practice  of  Medicine,' ' 
and  other  works,  and  died  in  1598. 

MASPASOIT,  an  Indian  sachem,  who  resi- 
ded in  Narasanset  bay,  when  the  pil'.'rinis  land- 
ed at  PlyinoMtli,  in  )l)20.    He  was  distinguished 


M.\SE\IUS,  James,  a  Jesuit,  profes,«or  of  Lfor  his  frirndsiiip  to  the  whiles,  and  lor  liie  good 
eloquence  and  poetry,  at  Cologne,  and  author  Ifaiih  he  always  observed  toward  them.     He 


of  a  Latin  poem  on  tlie  Fall  of  Man,  from 
which,  it  is  said,  Milton  borrowed  ideas ;  he 
died  in  li'^l. 

M.\SHA.M,  l.idy  Damans,  a  very  learnfd 
lady,  who  wrote  a  discourse  concerning  tlie 
Lore  of  God.  Besides  learning,  she  possessed 
every  other  virtue,  and  died  in  1708 

M.APirS,  Andrew,  born  near  Brussels,  a  very 
learned  orientalist,  who  wrote  a  Syriac  gram- 
mar, and  translated  pieces  from  the  Syriac  ;  he 
died  in  ]'i>3. 

MASK  KLINE,  Rev.  Dr.  Nevil,  a  most  emi- 
nent mathematician,  and  many  years  asirono 


[died  about  the  year  1G55. 

M.ASSE,  John  Bapiiste,  a  Parisian,  miniature 
painter  to  the  French  king;   he  died  in  1767. 

M.VSSEI,  Raytnond,  a  physician,  of  Orleans, 
lau'hor  of  Pa;an  Aureliaiuis,  and  other  works, 
about  IfiOO. 

MASSK.\.\,  .Andrew,  prince  of  Esling,  one 
of  the  most  distincuislii-d  and  fortunate  of  Buo- 
•laparte's  field  marshals.  He  was  born  at  Nice, 
jin  IT.58,  and  comniaiided  in  chief  in  the  memo- 
Irablc  coinpaign  of  SwUzerland  ;  when,  at  the 
Ihaltle  of  Zurich,  he  had  to  contend  against  the 
arcliduke  Charles  and  marshal  SuwarofT;  yet, 


mer  royal  at  Greenwich,  was  born  in  133i,  ai\d|'tliefriiitsofthiscainpaign  were'COOOprisoners! 
cati'd  at  Cambridge.      He  deteriniiud  the.  Me  ended  his  military  career  by  the  command 

of  the  army  of  Portugal,  in  1810-11,  and  died 


educati'd  at  Camhridg 

method  of  finding  the  longitude  at  sea  by  Innar^ 
observations.      He  published   "  The   Naut  rakiJiii  1817. 

Almanac."  and  several  other  scientific  works, j]    M.\P?r.VILLE,  Lewis  le  Vavasseur  de,  a 
and  died  in  1811.  inaiive  of  Moniebourg,  an  able  topographical 

MASt>,  Thom.is,  or  .    NIGUERR  A,  a  gold-  |Writer,  and  author  of  a  History  and  Geography 


smith,  of  Florence,  said  to  have  invented  the 
art  ot  taking  impressions  from  engravings  on 
copper,  about  14H0. 

M.\SO\,  Francis,  a  native  of  Durham,  clirip- 
laln  to  James  I.,  and  author  of  some  valuable 
writings;  he  died  in  IHOl. 

MASON,  Sir  John,  a  statesman  of  eminence, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  V^Ill.,  and  his  successors. 
Henry  employed  him  on  several  embassic  s.  and 
made  him  his  privy  counsellor.  He  maintained 
bis  influence  at  court  under  Edward.  Mary,  and 
Klizabetli :  he  died  in  156C 


of  Normandy  ;  he  died  in  1733. 

M.ASSIETT,  William,  an  ingenious  and 
learned  French  writer  on  cla.ssical  antiquity, 
and  author  of  an  edition  of  Demosthenes,  born 
in  lf><'i5,  died  in  1722- 

MASSILLOiif,  John  Bapiiste,  a  very  cele- 
brated preache  of  France,  and  considered  in 
that  country  at  ■  consummate  master  of  elo- 
quence, was  h<;      -n  lOO,  diedin  1742. 

MASSINGE^,  ^JiMip,  an  e.xcellenl  Engli>h 
dramatic  poet,  \.  "  ?n,ii,iPj,  died  in  I63S.  11'' 
]was  held  in  hi;j^  .  L)v  Ihe  p'let^  uf  !l;.-i; 


8fre.     His  works  w«re  collected  by  Mr.  Masoull     MATHIAS  CORVtNUS,  king  of  Hungary 
and  Mr.  Davics,  in  1779.  ]and  Kolieniia,  in  1458.    He  bmke  the  conspiracy 

M.\SSIN1PSA,  an  African  king,  who  becamej  of  Hungarian  lords,  wJio  invited  Frederic  HI., 
a  most  faithful  ally  of  Rome,  died  in  149  B.  C.  'jto  take  possession  of  the  crown.     He  was  a 

M.A.SSOLINO,  de  Panicale,  of  Florence,  an  {[great  warrior,  but  a  good  and  benevolent  king, 
admirable  painter ;  be  died  in  1450.  and    introduced   order,  and  reformed    abuses 

M.'VSSON,    Anthony,    a   French    engraver,  among  liis  subjects ;  he  died  in  1490. 
whose  portraits  were  much  admired,  died  in       .M.ATHIAS,  Christian,  a  native  of  Holstein, 
1702.  professor  of  divinity  and  philosophy  at  various 

MASSON,  Innocent  le,  a  Carthusian,  wholluniversitirg.    He  wrote  Historia  Vatriarcharum 


rebuilt  the  fSrande  Chartreuse,  at  Pari.-;,  when 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

MAIsSON,  Anthony,  a  Minim,  author  of  a 
Hisloi  V  of  the  Deluge,  and  of  Noah  ;  he  died 
in  1700. 

MA.SSON  DES  GRANGES,  Daniel,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  auihorof  the  "  Modern  Philosopher, 
or  the  Unbeliever  condemned  at  the  tribunal  of 
Reason  ;"  he  died  in  17G0. 

M.ASSON,  Papirius,  a  French  annalist  of  good 
reputation.     He  died  in  1611. 

M.A3SON,  John,  a  reformed  minister,  origi- 
nally of  France,  but  who  fled  to  F.nglaiid  to 
enjoy  that  liberty  in  religion  which  his  own 
country  refused  him,  and  died  in  Holland,  about 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

MASSON,  Francis,  an  eminent  Scotch  gar 
dener  and  botanist.  He  visited  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  the  West-Indies,  Portugal,  Madeira, 
and  North-.Ainerica,  to  collect  plants  for  the 
roval  gardens,  and  died  at  Montreal,  in  180.5. 

MA.SSUET,  Rene,  a  learned  French  Bene- 
dietine,  known  by  his  edition  of  Iraenseus,  with 
learned  dissertations,  in  1710. 

M  ASTELLETA,  John  Andrew,  a  painter,  of 
Bologna,  born  in  1577,  died  in  a  fit  of  melan- 
choly. 

M,\T.\NT,  Anthony,  an  Italian  ]>hysieian, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Pisa,  and  author  of  se- 
veral learned  works  on  his  profession,  he  died 
in  1769. 

MATERNUS,  DE  CILANO,  George  Christ 
Ian,  author  of  a  Dissertation  on  the  Aurora 
Borealis,  arxl  other  works,died  in  Lower  Sa.xon v, 
in  1773 

MATHER,  Richard,  came  to  Massachusetts, 
in  1635,  and  settled  there.  He  was  an  eminent 
divine,  and  author  of  several  religious  works  ; 
he  died  in  1699. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  sod  of  the  preceding, 
came  with  his  father  to  New-Enirlaml,  but  re- 
turned to  Great  Britain,  where  he  became  a  dis- 
tinguished preacher;  he  died  in  1671. 

M.\THER,  Increase,  D.  D.,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  for  several  years  a  clergyman 
of  Boston,  and  afterwards,  president  of  Har- 
vard college  :  he  was  author  of  several  works, 
and  died  in  1723. 

MATHER,  Cotton,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  for  his  great  learn- 
ing and  piety,  and  may  be  considered  as  the 
most  eminent  clergyman  of  his  day  in  New- 
Encland.  He  was  settled  at  Boston,  where  he 
died  in  1727.     His  writings  were  numerous. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  son  of  Dr.  Cotton  Mather, 
was  also  a  clergyman  of  Boston.  He  died  in 
1785 

MATHER,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English 
Jiviiie.  settled  at  London,  died  in  1697. 

MA't'Hr.K,  Eleazer,  first  minister  of  North- 
ampton, Mass., was  born  in  lfi37,and  died  in  1669. 

MATHIAS  St.,  one  of  the  twelve  apostles, 
ID  the  room  of  tne  traitor  Judas. 

M.ATHI.AS,  son  of  Maiiii'ilian  11.,  was  em- 
peror of  Germany,  after  his  brother  Rodolphus 
if.,  ia  1612.    He  died  at  Vienna,  in  1616. 
304 


&c..  and  died  in  1655. 
I  MATHON  DE  LA  COUR,  James,  a  Frer.ch 
imathemaiician,  and  an  active  meuiber  of  the 
jacademy  at  Lyons.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Dyna- 
mics, and  Mechanics,  atid  other  works,  and  died 
in  1770. 

MATHON  DE  LA  COUR,  Charles  Joseph, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  distinguished  at  Paris 
for  his  literary  labours,  and  the  prizes  he  obtain 
cd  in  the  various  learned  academies  there.  A 
niong  his  works,  he  wrote  on  the  danger  of 
reading  books  hostile  to  reUgion.  He  was  exe- 
cuted in  1793. 

M.ATIGNON,  James  de,  an  able  warrior,  was 
conmiander-in-chief  in  Normandy,  in  1572,  and 
was  made  marshal  by  Henry  ill.  of  France ;  he 
died  in  1597. 

MATILDA,  or  MAUD,  daughterof  Henry  L, 
king  of  England,  married  Henry  IV.,  king  of 
Germany,  and  was  afterwards  acknowledged 
queen  of  England  ;  but  her  conduct  not  suiting 
the  nobles,  she  was  deposed,  and  Stephen  placed 
on  the  throne  ;  she  died  in  1167. 

IM.AT.SVS,  Quiutin,  sometimes  called  the 
blacksmith  of  Antwerp,  t':.-  -i>i3  for  having  been 
transformed  from  a  farrier  •■'  'painter  by  the 
force  of  love,  and  for  the  sake  of  a  mistress  ; 
became  eminent  in  his  new  profession,  and  died 
in  1520.  ••- 

MATTEI,  Paolo  da,  a  painter,  if  Naples,  ce- 
lebrated for  the  correctness  of  his  pieces,  died 
in  1728. 

MATTHEW,  or  I,EVI,  a  tax  gatherer,  be- 
came a  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  •  He  wrote  his 
gospel  about  A.  D.  6-1,  and  is'«<".^pc(»ed  to  liav» 
sull'ered  martyrdom.  ' 

MATTHEW  CANTACU4..i>fOS,  son  of 
John,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  and  partner 
on  the  throne  with  him  in  1534.  '  He  composed 
some  commentaries  on  Solomon's  Song. 
I  MATTHEW,  of  Westminster,  an  English 
liistorian,  of  the  14th  century,  very  much  es- 
teemed for  his  veracity,  acuteness,  and  dili- 
gence. 

MATTHEWS,  Tobias,  an  able  and  eloquent 
divine,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  was  made  bi- 
shop of  Durham,  and  afterwards  of  York;  he 
died  in  1628. 

MATTHEWS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Glamor- 
caiishire,  eminent  as  a  naval  commander ;  he 
died  in  1751. 

MATTHEWS,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  Virginia,  in  1656,  died  in  England,  while 
residing  there  as  tlie  agent  of  the  colony. 

MATTHEWS,  John,  an  active  friend  of  the 
revolution,  a  member  of  congress  from  South 
("arolina,  during  that  struggle,  and  afterwards 
governor  of  that  slate  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

MATTHIRU,  Peter,  a  French  historian,  who 
became  historiographer  to  Henry  IV.,  and  at- 
tended Lewis  XIII.  at  the  siege  of  Montaubat), 
He  wrote  the  history  of  France,  and  histories 
of  several  of  the  French  kings  ;  he  died  in  lti21. 
MATTHICiLUS,  Peter  Andrew,  an  able  au- 
thor, born  at  Sienna.  He  publislii'd,  in  Italian, 
some  valuable  commentaries  on   Dioacorides 


MA MA 

i I i.-i  works  were  edited  by  Banbolii) ;  hediedinll     MAURICEAU,  Francis,  a  French  surgeon, 
1577.  jwho  applied  himself  with  success  and  reputa- 

M  ATTF,  Don  Emanuel,  a  Spanish  poet  of  !:lion  to  the  disorders  of  women,  and  was  at  the 


eminence,  member  of  the  Arcadia,  at  Rome. 
Pojie  (nnoceni  XII.,  made  him  dean  of  Alicant ; 
he  died  in  1737. 
M.VI'URINO,  a  native  of  Florence,  eminent 


head  of  all  itio  operators  in  obstetrics.    One  of 
hi.s  works  upon  this  .subject  has  been  translated 
l«  se\igral  languages,     lie  died  in  1709. 
MAUlirnUS  TIBinaus,  a  Cappadocian, 
as  a  painter,  was  a  pupil  of  Raphael,  whosejlwhouistinguishcd  himself  atthe  head  of  tlieRo- 
works  lie  rivalled  ;  he  died  in  1527.  man  armies,  and  tiually  was  made  emperor,  but 

MATY,  Dr.  Matthew,  an  eminent  physician,   dethroned  and  put  to  death  by  Phociis,  in  1)02. 
critic,  and  miscellaneous  wriiei,  born  in  Hoi-       M.VUROLICO,  Francis,  abbe  of  Santa  Maria 
land,  in  1718,  but  settled  in  Kiigland  ;  he  was'ldel  Porto,  in  Sicily,  and  professor  of  niatliema- 
secreiary  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  principal:  tics  there,  was  the  author  of  several  uiathema- 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum.    lie  died  in  tical  works ;  he  died  in  1573. 
1776.  M.'VURUS,  Terentlanus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the 

M.VTY,  Paul  Henry,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  time  of  Trajan, 
the  preceding.  His  whole  life  was  taken  up  in  M.A (TRY,  Jean  Siffrein,  an  eminent  preacher 
literary  pursuits.  In  January,  17&2,  he  set  oiil  at  Paris,  distinguished  at  the  commencement  of 
foot  a'  Review  of  Publications,  principally  lo-j  the  revolution,  for  his  defence  of  the  clergy  and 
rei^'n  ;  and  no  man  was  belter  qualitiod  for  Ihejiof  royalty,  in  the  .■<lates-general.  He  was  after- 
employment.  He  was  born  in  1745,  and  died  in  I;  wards  archbishop  of  Paris,  and  a  cardinal,  and 
1787.  I  died  at  liome,  in  1817. 

MAUCHARD,  Burchard  David,  professor  of  |     MAUSSAC,  Philip  James,  president  of  the 
anatomy  and  phytic,  at  Tubingen,  and  physicianjicnurt  of  aids,  at  Montpellier,  and  an  elegant 
to  the  duke  of  Wjrlemberg.     lie  wrote  various iKiri'ck  scholar  and  writer ;  lie  died  in  lti50. 
tracts  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  1751.  ||     MAUTOIIR,  Phllihert  Bernard  Moreau  de, 

MAUCROIX,  Francis  de,  a  Frenchman,  fa-jjauditor  of  the  Paris  chamber  of  accounts,  and 
mous  lor  his  many  translations  from  Greek  and!! member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions.  He 
Latin  authors.     He  was  intimate  with  Boileauj  wrote  some  poems  and  other  works,  and  died 


and  Racine,  and  died  in  1708. 

MAUDb'IT,  Michael,  an  eminent  French  di- 
vine, who  wrote  against  atheists  and  deists,  also 
a  translation  of  the  Psalms,  &c. ;  he  died  in  I7()!i. 

MAUDUIT,  Israel,  F.  A.  S.,  a  political  and 
miscellaneous  wri'  best  known  a.s  author  of 
"  Consideratior  the  German   War,"  &c.,| 

died  in  1787.  | 

MAUGIN,  John,  of  Anjou,  translated  Ma 
chieval's  Disr.  urses  into  French,  about  1.5.50. 

MAUPER  'UIS,  Peter  Lewis  Moreau  de.  ant 
eminent  French  pliilosopher,  born  in  Iti'.lH.  luj 
17;lii  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  academi- 
cians who  w  sent  into  the  North  by  the  king! 
r  to  determine  the  figure  of  the| 
executed  with  great  success,  i 


of  France, 
earth,  wh 
He  died  ii 
MAUPEKl 


Y,  John  Baptist  Drouet  de,  a 


Parisian,  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  afterwards 
took  orders.  He  wrote  his  "  History  of  th^Wo- 
ly  Church  at  Vienne,"aud other  religious  books, 
and  died  in  1736. 

MAUPIN,  N.  Aubigny,  a  celebrated  singer  at 
the  Paris  opera.    She  died  in  1707.  i 

MAIJR,  St.,  a  disciple  of  St.  Benedict,  who 
Jied  about  584.  A  congregation  bearing  his 
name,  was  formed  in  France,  in  the  17th  cen-l 
»ury,  which  has  produced  some  learned  men. 

MAUR,  Don  Charles  de,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician and  engineer,  was  employed  in  thei 
Spanish  army,  and  also  in  the  construction  of 
canals  and  roads.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Ma- 
thematics, and  died  in  1785. 

MAURAN,  Peter,  a  leading  man  among  thej 
Albigenscs,  in  Languedoc,  was  condemned  toj 
makp  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land,  because  he 
denied  transubstantiatiou;  he  Uved  in  the  13th| 
century. 

M.\(JREPAS,  John  Frederic  Phillippeaux,||made  governor  of  the  Low  Countries  by  the 
count  of,  a  statesman,  of  France,  eminent  for  king  of  s^pain  ;  he  died  in  17-20. 
his  genius  activity,  and  profound  sagacity,  was,      M.\XIMILIAN,  Leopold,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
born  in  1701,  and  died  in  1781.  I  son  of  the  emperor  Charles  VII.,  died  in  1777. 

MAURICE,  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Orange,'  M.VXIMINUS,  Cuius  Julius  Verus,  son  of  a 
Bucccedfd  his  falher  in  the  government  of  the  peasant,  rose  by  his  valour  to  be  emperor  of 
Low  Countries,  in  1534.  He  added  to  his  do- j  Rome,  in  255.  He  was  a  tyrant,  and  fell  by  at- 
minions  bv  conquest,  and  was  considered  tlie  sassination,  in  2,56. 

atkVett  senK&l  of  bis  time  -  be  died  in  16:i5.         I     M  AXTMUS,  Magnus,  a  Spaniard,  proclaiRie 
v<  q  26*  303 


in  17:»7. 

MAXCY,  Jonathan,  T>.  D.,  professor  of  divi- 
nity, and  president  of  Brown  university,  and 
afterwards  president  of  Columbia  college.  South 
Carolina  ;  he  died  in  1820. 

MAXENTIUS,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius, 
son  of  Max'imianus  Hercules,  declared  himself 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  30ii.  He  was  deteated  by 
Con>tantinc,  and  drowned  in  the  Tiber,  in  312. 

MAXIMIANUS,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius 
Hercules,  a  Roman  emperor,  who  rose  to  tliat 
dignity  from  the  rank  of  a  common  soldier.  He 
was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Constantine,  his 
son-in  law,  in  310. 

M.-\X1MIAM'S,  Galerius  Valerius,  a  shep- 
herd,  raised  to  the  Roman  throne  by  Dioclesian, 
who  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage  ;  be 
died  in  311. 

MAXIMILIAN  I.,  archduke  of  Austria,  son 
of  Frederic  IV.  He  was  elected  king  of  the 
Romans,  ami  afterwards  emperor.  He  was  un- 
steady in  his  attachments,  and  little  to  be  de- 
pended upon  in  political  atTairs ;  he  died  in  1519. 

MAXI.MILIAN  II.,  son  of  Frederic  L,  was 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  in  1582,  and  two 
years  after,  succeeded  his  father  as  king  of  Hun- 
gary and  Bohemia,  and  emperor  of  Germany. 
He  was  a  peaceful  and  well  disposed  prince,  and 
died  in  1576. 

M.AXIMILIAN,  duke  of  Bavaria,  deserved 
by  his  courage,  the  title  of  Defender  of  Germa- 
ny, by  his  wisdom,  that  of  Solomon.  He  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  elector  of  Germany ; 
he  died  in  1651. 

MAXIMILIAN,  Emanuel,  electorof  Bavaria, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  services  in  the  cause 
of  the  emperor  Leopold.  His  merits  placed  him 
at  the  head  of  the  Hungarian  army,  and  he  was 


MA 

emperor  of  Rome  by  his  army,  but  he  was  de- 
feated and  beheaded  by  Theodosius,  in  3eS. 

MAXIMUS,  of  Tyre,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
Who  was  at  Rome  in  146.    His  discourses  still 
"  remain. 

MAXIMUS,  a  Cynic,  tutor  to  the  apostate 
Julian,  whom  he  encouraged  in  his  oppi>sition' 
to  Christianity ;  be  was  put  to  death  in  366. 

MAY,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
and  historian,  born  in  1594.  We  have  several 
translations  of  his  from  Latin  authors,  and  other 
compositions  of  his  own  also  in  verse.  Uut  he 
was  roost  famous  for  that  of  •'  Lucan's  Pharsa-| 
lia;"  and  his  own  continuation  of  that  poem 
to  the  death  of  Julius  tJxsar,  both  in  Latiti  and 
English,  has  considerable  merit.  He  died  in 
1650. 

MAY,  Lewis  du,  a  protestant  French  histo- 
rian. He  wrote  "  State  of  the  German  Em- 
pire," and  several  other  works,  and  died  in 
1681. 

MAYENNE,  Charles,  of  Lorraine,  duke  of, 
■on  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  warriors  of  his  time.  He 
was,  however,dfeleated  by  Flenry  IV.,  of  France, 
who  afterwards  became  his  friend,  and  added 
the  Isle  of  France  to  his  government ;  he  died 
in  1611. 

MAYER,  John  Frederic,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
of  Leipsic,  professor  at  Wittemberg  and  Ham- 
burg, and  author  of  dissertations  on  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  he  died  in  1712. 

MAYER,  Tobias,  one  of  the  greatest  astro- 
nomers and  mechanics  of  his  age,  was  born  in 
Wirremburg,  in  1723,  died  in  1762,  having  pub- 
lished several  excellent  works.  I 

MAYERNE,  Sir  Theodore,  an  eminent  phy-j 
cician,  born  at  Geneva.  He  became  physician 
to  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  and  afterwards  to 
James  1.,  of  England,  and  his  queen.  His 
works  were  printed  in  folio  ;  he  died  in  1635.     I 

M.-\YHE\V,  Thomas,  was  governor  of  Mar-! 
Iha's  Vineyard,  and  distinguished  for  his  regard 
to  the  spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  the  In-j 
dians  under  his  authority ;  he  died  in  lOSl.         i 

MAYHEW,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,! 
was  the  first  clergyman  of  Martha's  Vineyard, 
and  was  distinguished  for  his  ministerial  labours^ 
among  the  Indians  of  tliat  island.  He  perished 
at  sea,  aged  .37. 

M.-VYHEVV,  John,  a  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
a  clergyman  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  died  in 
1689. 

MAYHEW,  Experience,  was  also  a  minister 
among  the  Indians  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  and 
translated  a  part  of  the  Bible  into  their  lan- 
guage. 

MAYHEW,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,sonof  the  pre- 
ceding, a  distinguished  American  divine,  set- 
tled at  Boston,  author  of  several  religious  works. 
He  died  ill  1766. 

MAYNARD,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  celebrated  for  his  eloquence,  died  in 
1690. 

M.AYNARD,  Francis,  a  French  poet  of  wit 
and  gayety,  secretary  to  queen  Margaret,  and 
author  of  odes  and  songs,  died  in  1G46. 

MAYNE,  Dr.  Jasper,  an  English  poet  and 
divine,  born  in  1004.  He  wrote  "  "The  City 
Match,"  acomedy  ;  and  "The  Amorous  War," 
a  tragi-comedv,  and  died  in  1672. 

MAYNWARING,  Arthur,  an  English  po- 
litical writer  and  poet,  born  in  1668,  died  in 
J712. 

MAYO,  Richard,  an  En-jlish  divine, author 
of  several  works,  died  in  1695. 
306 


ME 

M.AYOW,  John,  a  leanied  English  physician, 
celebrated  a»  a  chymist,  and  lor  liis  experhuentu 
on  air ;  he  died  in  1679. 

M.\ZARD,  Stephen,  of  Lyons,  a  man  who 
greatly  improved  the  manufactory  of  hats  ;  he 
died  in  1736. 

.MAZ.VRTNE,  Julius,  cardinal,  and  first  mi- 
nister of  slat'!  in  France,  to  Louis  XIV.,  bom 
in  1602,  died  in  1661. 

.MA/.EA8,  John  Malhurin,  professor  in  the 
college  at  Navarre,  aiid  a  writer  in  mathema- 
tics; U-  died  in  1802. 

M.\ZELliNE,  Peter,  a  sculptor,  of  Rouen, 
whose  works  are  'Still  admired ;  lie  died  iu 
1706. 

M.'XZOCHI,  Alexius  SymmacbuB,  an  Italian 
antiquary,  died  in  1771. 

M  \ZUIER,  Claude  Lewis,  a  member  of  the 
French  convention  during  the  revolution,  ilia 
moderate,  yet  bold  and  firm  conduct  marked 
him  for  the  guillotine,  by  which  be  suffered  in 
1794. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Granimaria,  a  nobleman, 
of  Brescia,  eminent  as  a  philologist  and  histo- 
rian ;  he  died  in  1765. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Peter  Francis,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Rome,  died  in  1616. 

MAZZUOLI,  Francesco,  or  Parmesan,  an 
eminent  painter,  horn  at  Parma.  He  excelletl 
ill  etching,  of  which  he  lias  been  called  the  in- 
ventor, and  was  regarded  as  the  rival  of  Cor- 
regio;  he  died  in  1540.  There  was  another  ar- 
tist nf  the  same  name,  in  the  i6th  century,  who 
excelled  in  Int^torical  pieces. 

ME.\D,  Macthew,  an  English  dissenting  di- 
vine, and  author  of  some  meritorious  works, 
died  in  1699. 

MEAU,  Richard,  a  most  eminent  English 
physician,  born  in  1673,  died  in  1754.  His"  Me- 
dical Works"  were  collected  and  published. 
Those  for  which  he  is  most  celebrated,  are  on 
"  Pestilential  Contagion,"  and  on  "  Poisons." 
During  almost  half  a  century  he  was  at  the  head 
of  his  profession.  He  was  a  most  generoui 
patron  of  learning  and  learned  men,  in  all  sci- 
ences, and  in  everv  rountry. 

MEADOWCROFT,  Richard,  an  English  di- 
vine and  author,  died  in  17(59. 

MJJCHAIN,  M.,  of  Lyons,  an  eminent  astro- 
nomer, whose  talents  were  usefully  employed; 
he  died  in  1805. 

MEDE,  Joseph,  B.  D.,  an  English  author; 
his  works  are  chiefly  on  diVinity ;  be  died  in 
16.38. 

MEDICIS,  Cosmo  de,  born  at  Florence,  in 
1399,  was  a  merchant,  but  bestowed  vast  ei- 
pense  and  attention  in  promoting  learning  and 
the  sciences.  He  collected  a  fine  library,  and 
enriched  it  with  rare  manuscripts.  He  re- 
moved to  Venice,  where  he  was  received  as  a 
king;  but  his  countrymen  soon  recalled  him; 
and  in  effect  he  presided  over  the  common- 
wealth 34  years.  He  died  in  1646,  and  over  hia 
lonib  was  inpcribed.  Father  of  the  People,  and 
Freer  of  hi;;  Country. 

MEDICIS,  Lorenzo  de,  suniamed  the  Great; 
and  Fatherof  Letter",  was  an  illustrious  grand- 
son of  Cosmo<ie  Medicis,  and  born  in  1448.  Ho 
was  a  great  merchant,  and  as  great  a  statesman, 
equally  fit  to  entertain  an  ambassador  as  a  fao 
tor.  His  public  services  so  recommended  him 
to  the  Florentines,  that  they  declared  him  chief 
of  the  republic ;  and  he  was  so  universally  es 
teemed  by  the  princes  of  Europe,  that  they  of 
ten  made  him  the  arbiter  of  their  differeaces. 
He  died  in  1492. 


M. 


ME 

MEDinS,  John,  suriiaiiied  the  Invincible 
was  in  iiie  service  of  Francu  I.,  ol  France ;  he 
dit'l  in  I.VXi,  a(;t:d  % 

MI'UKUS,  Loieiizo  tie,  an  Italian,  related  to 
th'-  ijreat  Cosmo.  He  caiiEed  Alexander  de  Me 
dicis,  the  duke  of  Florence,  to  be  assassinated 
Jn  1537. 

MKDICIS,  Hippolyto  de,  natnral  eon  of  Jn 
lian,  was,  in  1539,  raierd  to  the  rank  of  car 
dinal,  by  his  cousin,  Clement  Vll.,  and  sent  le- 
gale, to  Germany.  He  possesHcd  preat  talent;^ 
as  a  negotiator,  and  military  man ;  he  died  in 
1535. 

MEDiriS,  Sebastian  de,  of  the  same  illustri 
eus  family,  wax  disiinguislied  by  his  learning  ; 
he  died  in  1580. 

MKUICIS,  Peter  de,  of  the  same  family,  an 
eminent  and  highly  celebrated  painter,  was  born 
at  Florence,  in  1586. 

MEDINA,  John  Baptiste,  a  highly  celebr.nted 
nainter,  born  at  Brussels,  and  created  knight 
in  Scotland  ;  he  died  in  1711. 

RIEEN,  Henry,  an  Knglisli  divine,  published 
"  Remarks  on  the  Cassandra  of  Lycofilioron," 
one  of  the  most  obscure  of  the  Creek  poets  ;  and 
died  in  1817. 

MEGASTHENES,  a  Greek  historian,  about 
292  B.C. 

MEHEGAN,  William  Alexander,  a  French 
historian,  who  wrote  "Picture  of  modern  His- 
tory," and  other  works;  he  died  in  17(">6. 

MEIBOMirS,  John  Henry,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  physic  at  Helnisiadt,  his  native  place, 
waa  afterwards  first  physician  at  Lubtc.  He 
wrote  some  prot'essional  works,  and  died  in 
1655. 

MEIBO!MirS,  Henr>',  a  German  physician, 
born  in  ItnlS,  and  known  by  ihe  publication  of 
"  Scriptores  Rerum  Germanirarum,"  a  very 
useful  collection.     He  died  in  1700. 

MEIBOMIl's?,  Maicus,  a  very  learned  person 
of  the  same  family,  born  in  Ifill,  who  published 
"  Notes  upon  Diogenes  Laertius,"  tc,  and 
died  in  1711. 

MEIBOMIUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Helmstadt, 
celebrated  lor  his  great  knowledge  in  medicines, 
bis  general  learning,  and  his  critical  powers ;  he 
died  in  16-25. 

MEIR,  George  Frederic,  a  German  philoso- 
phical writer,  born  in  Baxonv,  in  1718,  died  in 
1777. 

MEIF\KH,Baltliasar,  a  Lutheran  divine,  and 
thenlocical  professor  at  Wittenibcrg,  was  author 
of  several  books,  and  died  in  1628. 

MEIPSONIEP.,  Juslu.s  AiireUuB,  of  Turin, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  scupt.ir,  goldiinith  and  ar- 
r.hitect,  designer  and  col<ismilh  to  the  king  of 
France  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

MELA,  Pomponius,  an  ancient  Latin  eeogra 
phical  writer,  born  in  Spain,  who  flourished  in 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Claudius.  His  S  books 
of  "Cosmography,  or  De  Situ  Orbis,"  have 
been  thougiit  worthy  of  the  attention  and  la- 
bours of  the  ablest  critics. 

MELANCTHON,  Philip,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man divine,  coadjutor  with  Luther  in  the  Re- 
formation, and  one  of  the  wisest  and  greatest 
men  of  liis  age,  born  at  Bretten,  Feb.  16,  1497, 
died  in  15<K). 

MELANIPPIDES,  two  Greek  poets  of  merit. 
One  of  thrill  grandfather,  flourisheil  5"20  R.  C. 
Ihe  other  his  grandson,  460  B.  C.  Their  works 
are  lost. 

.  MEC.CHISEDECK.  high  priest  of  Gort,  and 
kinc  of  Salem,  met  Abraham  after  his  defeat 
of  tlH>  kingof  Sodom,  and  gave  tiini  his  blessing; 


ME 

MI;LCTH.\L,  Arnold dc,one  of  tliefouudex* 
of  t^wiss  liherlv,  in  1310. 

M  KI.EAGKR,  a  Greek  poet  ofSyria,18)i  B.C. 

MELETIL'S,  bishop  of  Lycopolis,  in  Egypt, 
who  founded  a  new  sect,  w«iich  supported  tie 
Arians.    He  died  about  A.  D.  346. 

MELISSL'S,  a  philosoplier  ot  Samos,  who 
maiiiiained  that  the  universe  ig  infinite,  and 
inunnxeable,  444  B.  C. 

MELITO,  St.,  bishop  of  Sardis,  in  Ania,  In 
170,  and  auihor  of  several  works  which  arc  lost. 

MELI'll  S,  a  Greek  orator  and  poet,  the  a»- 
cnser  of  Socrates.  His  iniquity  was  discovered 
after  the  death  of  Socrates,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  death,  400  B.  C. 

MELLAN,  Claude,  a  celebrated  French  en- 
graver, invited  to  England  by  Charles  II. ;  he 
died  in  1688. 

MELLON,  John,  an  American  clergyman, 

ttled  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  and  afterwards  ai 
Hanover,  N.  H. ;  he  died  in  1807. 

MELMOTH.  William,  a  learned  English 
lawyer,  born  in  1666.  He  wrote  an  admirable 
treatise  "On  the  great  importance  of  a  religi- 
ous lite."  and  died  in  1743. 

MELMOTH,  William,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1710.  He  translated  the  epistlt's 
of  "Pliny"  and  "Cicero"  and  wrote  some 
elegant  letters  under  the  assumed  name  of  sir 
Thomas  Fibrf*hone.     He  died  in  1790. 

MELON.  John  Fraii(is,serreiary  of  the  aca- 
demy at  Bnurdeaux,  died  in  1738. 

MELOT,  John  Baptist,  a  French  writer  of 
merit,  member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  librarian  to  the  king  of  France;  he  died  in 
1760. 

MELVIL,  sir  James,  author  of  some  useful 
and  entertaining  memoirs  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, was  Itoni  in  1530.  He  was  privy  coun' 
sellor,  and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Marv  queen  of  Scots,  till  her  coniincnient  at 
Locklcven.     He  died  in  1606. 

MEMMI,  Simon,  a  portrait  painter,  of  Sienna, 
died  in  i:!45. 

MEMNOX,  a  Rhndian,  general  of  Darius, 
oppo.vd  .Alexander's  invasion. 

ME.NAt^E,  Giles,  called  the  Varroof  his  time, 
was  born  in  France,  in  1613,  and  died  in  1692. 
He  composed  several  works,  the  principal  of 
which  are  "  Oripiiies  de  la  Langue  Francoise," 

Miscellanea,"  a  collection  of  pieces  in  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Ficnch,  prose  and  verse. 

MENANDER,  an  ancient  Greek  comic  poet, 
iborn  at  Athens,  in  the  3d  year  of  the  109th 
Olympiad.  The  kings  of  Epypt  and  Macedon, 
sent  an)bas.-;adiirs  to  invite  him  to  their  courts, 
and  even  fleets  to  bring  him  over ;  but  Menander 
preferred  the  free  enjoyment  of  bis  studies  to  the 
promised  favours  of  the  great.  Only  four  of 
his  numerous  comedies  are  preserved.  He  was 
accidentallv  drowned  2?)H  B.  C. 

MENANDRINO.  Marsilio,  also  called  Mar- 
silius  of  Padua,  the  place  of  his  binh,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  philosophers  and  lawyers  of 
the  Nth  century. 

MENARD,  Claude,  a  French  magistrate,  of 
Angers,  and  an  eminent  antiquarian  ;  he  died 
in  1652. 

MENAP.D,  Dom  Nicholas  Fugues,  a  Bene- 
dictine of  t^t.  Maur,  and  an  author,  died  in  1644. 

MENARD,  Leo.  a  counsellor  of  Ntsmes,  and 
author  of  a  liistorvof  that  place,  died  in  1767. 

MENASSEH-BEN-tSRAEL,  a  Portuguese 
rabbi,  of  ihc  sect  of  the  Pharisees,  author  of 
souie  Hebrew  works,  died  in  1660. 

MENCKfQtto,  a  learned  German  critic,  bom 
307 


V 


in  1644,  died  in  1707.  The  most  coiisidmable 
of  his  works,  and  which  is  alone  surtirieiit  to 
perpetuate  his  name,  is  the  "  Acta  Erudiiorum" 
of  Leipsic 

MEN'CKE,  John  Burchard,  son  of  Otto,  was 
bom  in  1674,  and  author  of  numerous  learned 
works.  He  continued  the  "  Acta  Eruditoruni" 
515  years,  and  died  in  1732. 

MEN D.AJORS,  John  Peter  dc,  a  Frenchman, 
author  of  a  history  of  Gaul,  died  in  1747. 

AfEVDEZ  PI.NTO,  Ferdinand,  a  Portupuese, 
cpli;braled  for  his  adventures,  an  account  of 
which  he  published.  He  flourished  in  the  16th 
century. 

ME.NDEZ,  Mosps,  an  English  poet,  and  dra- 
matic writer,  died  in  1758. 

ME.VDELSOriN,  Moses,  a  Jew,  of  Berlin, 
acqiiireii  a  ereat  literary  reputation. 

MH.VDOZA,  Gonzales  Peter  le,  archbishop 
of  Seville,  served  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  with 
great  ability,  and  died  in  14tt5. 

ME.VDO'Z.A,  John  Gonzales,  an  Aupistine 
friar,  sent  by  the  Spanish  king  as  ambassador  to 
China,  in  1584 ;  he  wrote  a  history  of  that 
eountrv,  in  laf^. 

ME.N'ECRATES,  a  physician,  of  Syracuse.so 
proud  of  his  success,  that  lie  assumed  the  title 
.of  Jupiter. 

ME.NEDEMUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  in  the 
age  of  .Alexander. 

ME.\EDE,MUS,  a  Cynic  philosopher,  and  a 
fanatic,  who  pretended  to  be  sent  from  hell  to 
notice  the  actions  of  niankiml. 

MENESKS,  Ale.ti3  dc,  a  Portugueee  Aueus-| 
tine  monk,  made  viceroy  of  Portugal,  by  Philip 
II. ;  he  died  in  1617. 

ME.XRSTRIER,  John  Baptist  le,  a  French 
antiquarian,  died  in  1634. 

MK.\E5TRIER,  Claude  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit,  of  astonishins;  mumory,  and  anthor  of  a 
history  of  Lewis  X(V.,  died  in  1705. 

ME.VGOU,  Peter,  a  learned  and  popular 
lecturer  on  mechanics,  at  Bolojjna.  diod  in  1690. 

MENGS,  Antony  Raphael,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, bom  in  Bohemia,  in  17-2<),  dit  d  at  Rome,  in 
1779.  He  was  also  an  author,  and  his  works  on 
teste,  on  painters,  and  the  philosophy  and  pro- 
gress of  the  arts,  were  published  at  Parma,  in 
17etO. 

MENINSKI,  Franciscus  a  Messnien,  or  ME- 
NIX,  an  eminent  German  orientalist ;  he  died 
in  lf>08. 

ME.VNO,  Simonis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Fries- 
land,  and  an  anabaptist  leader.  His  followers 
are  still  to  be  found  in  the  Low  countries,  by 
the  name  of  Mennonites.    He  died  in  15<)5. 

MENOCnrUS,  James,  a  civihan,  of  Pavia, 
of  diPiinsuished  abilities,  died  in  1(507. 

MENTEL,  John,  a  printer,  of  Stra.sburgr,  and 
the  first  printer  there.  He  published  a  Bible  in 
1466,  and  died  in  1578. 

MENTZEL,  Christian,  a  German,  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  in  medicine  and  botany,  died 
In  1791. 

.MENZIKOFF,  Alexander,  a  Russian  prince, 
<5ecply  concerned  in  the  politics  of  the  reien  of 
Peter  II.  He  died  in  exile,  in  November,  1629. 
He  has  been  compared  to  cardinal  Wolsey,  for 
fiis  rise  from  a  very  low  origin,  (that  of  a  pastry 
eook,)  and  bis  fall,  accelerated  by  his  impru- 
dence and  ostentation. 

MENZINI,  Benedict,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
writines  Were  much  admired  ;  he  diod  in  1704. 

MERCADO,  Michael  de, or  MOERiATI,  a 
Tuscan,  and  phvsician  to  pope  Clement  VIII., 
d<«d  ia  15<.)3.       '  ' 

308 


>5E 

JiERC.ATOtl,  Maiius,  an  ccclefciasii.  al  au 
tlior,  and  pupil  of  St.  Augustine,  died  uboui  451 

MEKCATOR,  Gerard, oneof  the  iMiifi  lamou.^ 
geographers  of  his  lime,  bora  in  lolii,  died  in 
1594. 

MKRCATOR,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  iiiaibe' 
inaiician  and  aetronomer,  was  born  alHiilsteiu, 
in  Ihe  beginning  of  ihe  17th  century.  He  pub- 
jlished  several  works  on  astronomy  and  niaihe- 
iiiaiicfi. 

MERCER,  Hugh,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was 
a  brigadier  general  in  the  American  army  ol  the 
revolution,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  ot  I'rince- 
|ton,  in  1777,  while  endeavouring  to  coui,t'''-act 
the  disorder  into  which  his  troops  had  been 
thrown  by  the  enemy. 

.MERCIER,  Bartholomew,  abbe  of  St.  Leger, 
and  the  learried  author  of  several  works,  died 
in  1799. 

MERCIER,  John,  a  celebrated  philologer,  of 
France,  di'  d  in  157'i. 

WERCUKl.^LIS,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, of  ercai  abilities,  and  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1606. 

MERCY,  Francis  de,  a  Frenchman,  and  ge- 
neral in  the  Bavarian  army,  distinguished  for 
his  bravery,  was  killed  in  lt)45. 

MEKUDI\,  son  of  Mervyn,  a  Welch  poet, 
one  of  the  three  great  bards  of  Wales,  flourish- 
ed about  5<50. 

MERE,  George  Brossin,  chevalier  de,  a  French 
writer,  admired  for  his  rank  and  learning  ;  he 
died  in  ir.OO. 

MERIAN,  Maria  Sibylla,  a  German  lady,  ce- 
lebrated for  her  skill  in  drawing  ;  she  died  in 
1647. 

MERLIN,  Ambrose,  a  British  writer,  in  the 
5th  century.   His  history  is  somewhat  fabulous. 

MEROV\4-:US.  king  of  France  after  Clodion, 
in  448,  and  progenitor  of  the  Merovingean  race. 

MERRET,  Christopher,  an  English  physician 
and  writer,  died  in  1695. 

MERRICK,  James,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  and  author  of  the  poetical  %'ersion  of  the 
Psalms,  born  in  1720,  died  in  1769. 

MERRY,  Robert,  an  English  poet,  born  in 
17.55,  emigrated  to  America  on  account  of  poli- 
tics, and  died  there  in  1798. 

MERSE.VNCS,  Marin,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician and  divine,  died  at  Paris,  in  1648. 

MERTON,  Walter  de,  founder  of  the  college 
at  Oxford,  which  hears  his  name.  He  was  lord- 
chancellor,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Rochester. 
He  died  in  1277. 

MERITLA,  George,  an  Italian,  a  teacher  of 
youth,  and  an  author,  died  in  1496. 

MERULA,  Paul,  a  learned  Hollander,  and 
professor  of  history  at  Levden,  died  in  1607. 

MERVILLE,  Michael' Guyot  de,  a  French 
journalist  and  bookseller,  drowned  himself  in 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  1765. 

MERY,  John,  an  eminent  French  surgeon, 
died  in  170(i. 

ME^NAGF.R,  Nicholas,  employed  by  Lewis 
XIV.  in  negotiating  commercial  affairs  ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

MESN.\RI)lERE,HippolytU9  Julius  Pilletde 
la,  a  French  Poet,  patronised  by  Richelieu  ;  he 
died  in  1663. 

MESS.\LINA,  Valeria,  wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius,  of  infamous  character,  was  put  to 
death  A.  D.  46.  Another  of  the  same  name 
was  wife  of  Nero. 

MESSENGUY.  Francis  Philip,  professor  of 
belles  lettrcs  at  f'eaiivais,  and  autlwr  of  sever;u 
works,  died  in  1769. 


_^ ME 

ilESSf.NltJS,  .lobn,  a  learned  Swede,  and 
prolVsior  ill  the  university  at  Upsal ;  he  died  In 
10.M=. 

IIE'.JS'IER,  Charles,  a  distinpnished  French 
astronomer,  and  a  member  of  llie  National  In- 
■titute,  died  in  1817. 

Mi;S!-!|!S,  Quintin.    See.  MATSYS. 

MV'.S'I'ON,  William,  a  Scotch  poet,  and  pro- 


by  tlw  lanioiis  cinal  near  Roclielle. 

METHOCMITl'S,  Theodore,   an  officer  of 
the  court  of  Androniciip.  wrote  a  Roman  histo- 
ry, and  died  at  Constantinople,  in  i:i;t-2. 
■  M  r.THODlI'S,  bishop  of  Tyre,  suflered  mar- 
tyrdom, at  Chalas,  in  311. 

MF.Tirs,  James,  of  flolland,  wasthe  inven- 
tor of  telescopes  with  glares.  He  flourished 
about  ir>00. 

METO.V,  an  Athenian,  inventor  of  the  gold- 
en numbers,  4'.^2  U.  (". 

Mr/l'ROnORUS,  a  disciple  of  Pemctrius, 
and  prrceptor  of  Anasarclms,  the  philosopher, 
and  Hippocrates,  the  piiy^^lcian.  He  taught  the 
eternity  and  iiifiniiy  of  the  univf  rse. 

METROnORl'S,  an  eminent  philosopher  and 
painter,  was  sent  by  the  Alhonians,  to  Paulus 
iEnillius,  who,  after  having  taken  Perseus,  king 
of  Macedon,  demanded  two  men  of  them,  the 
one  to  instruct  his  children,  and  the  oilier  to 
paint  his  triumph. 

MF.TTRIE,  Julian  OtTray  de  la,  a  French 
physician,  of  impious  sentimenis,  died  in  17.51. 

METZtJ,  Gabriel,  a  Dutch  painter  of  emi- 
renre,  di(  d  in  l(t58. 

MF.CHSIUS,  John,  a  learned  Dutch  rrilic, 
historian  and  antiquary,  born  in  1579,  died  in 
VXiW.  He  was  the  author  of  many  valuable 
works. 

.MEUSXIER,  Philip  a  French  painter,  patro- 
ni.<rd  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV  ,  died  in  17:u. 

MF.YER,  James,  a  Flemish  historian,  born  in 
1491,  died  in  155'2. 

MFVF-R.  F'-li.x,  an  eminent  German  land- 
ecajii'  [lainter,  born  in  lB.i3,  died  in  17)3. 

.MF.YF.R,  Jeremiah,  a  miniature  painter,  born 
al  Tiibinj^en,  in  I7H5.  He  went  to  England,  and 
was  placed  under  Zinche,  whom  he  soon  sur- 
passed. He  was  appointed  painter  in  enamel 
to  their  majesties,  was  one  of  the  first  members 
uf  ihe  royal  academy,  and  died  at  Rouen,  in 
1789. 

MEYER,  Heomanus,   a  native  of  Holland 


_MI 

|Wi:h  a  candle  in  his  hand.  He  was  secreiaiv 
|of  the  French  academy.  As  a  iM.ilorian,  he  is 
jvalued  lor  his  inlt<:rli>  and  laitliluliit^,  but  his 
'style  isiieither  polished  nor  accurate. 
I  MEZIRIAC,  Claude  Caspar  Bachet,  sieur 
jde.  a  Jesuit,  known  as  a  poet  in  several  lan- 
guages ;  he  died  in  IKit*. 

!     .MICAH,  the  sixth  of  the  minor  prophets,  pro- 
fess ir  of  philosophy  at  .'\hcrdeen,  died  in  1745. jlphesiedof  the  Messiah. 

METAST.4SIO,  Pietro  Itonaventura,  anele- I  MK^AL.  N.,  abbe,  a  celebrated  French  nae- 
gaiii  Malian  poet,  born  in  IGOS,  died  in  11t<2.         chanic,  died  in  1789. 

MF.TKLLI, -A  iigusiino,  an  Italian  painter,  c<;-  .MICHAEL  I.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
tcbrated  for  his  excellence  in  the  perspective  ;||  Constantinople,  in  8U  ;  he  was  a  mild  and  virtu- 
be  died  in  lfi60.  ous  monarch. 

SI1:TELLUS,  Q.  Cecilius,  a  celebrated  Ro-  ]  MICIL^F.L  II.,  a  Phrygian,  of  low  descent, 
man,  called  Xuniidicus,  from  the  war  he  carried  he  persecuted  the  Christians,  was  an  oppressive 
oil  aprainst  Numidia.  land  iin|)opular  monarch,  and  died  in  8-2il. 

METF;RF..\,    Emannel   Van,  of  Antwerp,!      MICHAEL  III.,  surnamedthe  Drunkard, sue- 

wrote  the  history  of  tlie  Low  Countries,  and  Iceeded  to  the  throne  in  842.     His  minority  was 

died  In  Hil'i.  Iipoverned  by  his  mother,  a  womanof  great  abili- 

."NIETEZEAU.  Clement,  a  Frenchman,  of  thellties.    But  when  he  assumed  the  reins  of  govern- 

reign  of  Lewis  XIII.,  immortalized  his  namei  iiient,liis  protligateconductpruduccdhisassassi- 

iiation.  in  Wi". 

MICHAEL  IV.,  called  ihe  Paplilaponian,  as- 
cended the  imperial  throne  in  1034,  but  stung 
by  remorse  of  conscience  for  the  murder  of  the 
last  emperor,  he  rt-tircd  to  a  monastery,  in  1041, 
and  die<!soon  after. 

MICHAEL  v.,  siirnamed  Calafatcs,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  in  1041.  He  was  a  suspi- 
cious and  cruel  monarch,  and  had  his  eyes  put 
out  in  1(M'2. 

MICHAEL  VI.,  or  Warrior,  raised  to  the 
throne  by  the  empress  Theodora,  he  was  un- 
popular, and  resicncd  his  crown  in  10.')7. 

AMCHAEL  VII.,  Palxologus,  was  deprived 
of  liis  throne  by  his  mother,  he  afterwards  re- 
ascended  it,  but  retired  to  a  monastery  in  1078. 

MICHAEL  \1I1.,  Palaologus,  was  regent  of 
the  eastern  empire,  and  taking  advantage  of  his 
situation,  assumed  the  supreme  power;  he  died 
in  12.-^2. 

MI(^HAELPAL/EOLOGUS,sonofAndroni- 
cus  the  Elder,  was  in  1214,  emperor  under  his 
fatiier,  and  died  in  1220. 

MICIIAFL  FOEDERWITZ,  was  elected 
czar  of  Russia,  in  1913.  He  was  a  brave  and 
prudent  prince,  and  died  in  1645. 

MICHAFLAN(;i'LO.  orBaltles,acclebrated 
Roman  painter,  died  in  l)>r>0. 

MICHAEL  CEKCLAKIUS,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  in  1043  ;  he  prevented  the  union 
of  Ihe  ea.siern  and  western  churches,  and  was 
banished  in  1U59. 

MICHAEL  ANCELO  BUANAROTTI,  an 
illustrious  Italian  painter,  sculptor,  and  archi- 
tect, born  in  1474,  died  at  Rome,  in  15r>4.  He 
has  the  name  of  the  greatest  designer  that  ever 
lived.  Being  asked  why  he  did  not  marry,  be 
answered,  "Painting  was  his  wife,  and  his 
works  his  childr<;n."  The  most  celebrated  of 
all  his  works,  is  his  "  I^ast  Judgment,"  primed 
for  pope  Paul  III.  In  architecture,  he  surpassed 
all  the  modems,  and  as  some  think,  the  universi- 
ty also.  St.  Peters  at  Rome,  the  Capitol,  and  his 


was  a  distinguished  minister  of  the  reformed  jown  house,  are  proofs  of  his  ability.    He  was 
Dutch  church  in  New- York,  and  professor  of  i'also  an  excellent  poet. 

oriental  literature,  and  assistant  professor  of  I      MICHAEL  ANGELO  DU  CARAVAGIO,  a 
theolopiv  in  that  church  ;  he  died  in  1791.  |celcbrated  Italian  painter,  born  in  1569,  was  at 

MEZERAI,  Francis  Eiidcs  de,  an  eminentlilirst  a  day  labourer,  but  seeing  pome  painters  al 
French  historian,  born  in  1610,  died  in  UK!.  He  'work  on  a  wall  which  he  had  helped  to  raise,  lie 
was  extremely  neclicent  in  his  person,  and  so'iwas  so  charmed  with  their  art,  that  he  immedi- 
carelessin  his  dress  that  he  might  have  passed  ately  applied  himself  to  ilie  study  of  it,  and  in  a 
for  a  Ijeagar.  He  used  to  study  and  write  by  i  few  years  was  adniind  as  the  author  of  a  new 
caiidli  light,  even  at  noonday  in  summer,  and, jstyle  of  paintina.  His  pieces  are  lobe  found  in 
alwavs  waited  ufon  his  company  to  the  door  Uuosi  uf  tlie  cabinets  ol  Europe. 

309 


\n 

MlCtfAELlS,  John  David,  a  very  learned 
German  writer  on  divinity,  and  tlie  orieiiial 
languages,  was  born  in  17i7,  and  died  in  1791. 
His  w^orks  are  numerous,  but  his  niosi  celebrated 
is  "Introduction  to  the  Kew  Testament,"  a 
translation  of  which  was  published  in  Fnglish, 
in  J761. 

MICHELl,  Peter  Anthony,  an  able  botanist, 
of  Florence,  died  in  1737. 

MICHELl,  James  Bartholomew,  aGenevcse, 
devoted  to  pliilosophical  and  mathematical  pur- 
Buits;  he  died  in  ]7ti6. 

AIICKLE,  William  Julius,  well  known  in  the 
literary  world,  as  the  translator  of  the  '•  Lusiad 
of  Canioens."  He  as  also  author  of  the 
"Concubine,"  a  poem  in  the  manner  of  Spen- 
ser, and  "  Almadn  Hill,"  a  poem.  He  was 
born  in  1734,  and  died  in  1788. 

MICRELIUS,  John,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Stettin,  and  a  distinguished  theological  dispu- 
tant, died  in  lf)58. 

MIDDLETON,  Richard,  of  the  order  of  the 
Cordeliers,  distinguished  for  his  learning,  died  in 
1304. 

IMIDDLETON,William,  a  naval  commander, 
who  made  a  version  of  the  psalms  into  Welch 
verse  ;  he  died  in  1.595. 

MIDDLETON,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  about  ItiSO. 

MIDDLETON,  sir  Hugh,  a  citizen  and  gold- 
smith, of  London,  memorable  for  his  public 
spirit  in  supplying  that  city  with  water  ;  he  died 
in  1681. 

MIDDLETON,  Dr.  Conyerp,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish divine  and  critical  author,  born  in  1683. 
In  1735,  he  published  "  A  Dissertation  concern- 
ing the  Origin  of  Printing  in  England,"  showing 
that  it  was  first  introduced  by  William  Caxton, 
at  Westminster.  In  1741,  came  out  his  great 
work  "The  History  of  the  Life  of  M.  Tullius 
Cicero."  In  1743,  he  published  "  The  Epistles 
of  "M.  T.  Cicero  to  M.  Brutus,  and  of  Brutus 
to  Cicero,  with  English  notes  to  each  epistle, 
together  with  a  prefatory  dissertation,"  &c. 
He  died  in  1750. 

MIDDLETON,  Erasmus,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  the  "  Biographla  Evangelica;"  he 
died  in  1805. 

MIDDLETON,  Arthur,  a  member  and  presi- 
dpnt  of  the  convention  of  South-Carolina,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution ;  he  died 
after  1776. 

MIDDLETON,  Arthur,  a  member  of  congress 
fiom  South-Carolina,  in  177i5,  and  a  signer  of 
thedeclarationoflndepcndence;hedied  in  1787. 

MIDDLETON,  Tiiomas  Fanshaw,  D.  D.,  a 
distinguished  English  clergvman,  and  bishop  of 
Calcutta,  wastlie  first  English  bishop  in  India. 
He  was  appointed  in  1814,  ami  died  in  1822. 

Ml  EL,  Jan,  a  celebrated  Flemish  painter, died 
in  1664. 

MIERIS,  Francis,  of  Leyden,  excelled  as  a 
painter,  and  died  in  1681. 

MIERIS,  William,  son  of  Francis,  was  also 
an  eminent  painter,  and  died  in  1747. 

MIFFLIN,  Thomas,  an  early  advocate  of  the 
rights  of  the  colonie.'?,  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  a  major-general  in  the  American 
army,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania;  he  died  in  1860. 

>TIGNARI>,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  French 
painter,  died  in  1668. 

MIGNARD,  Peter,  first  painter  to  the  king 
of  France,  and  director  and  clianceilor  of  the 
I'lviil  acaderav  of  painting,  born  in  1610,  died 
r»  1693. 

3J0 


MI  

I    MIGNON, Abraham, aGcrman painter, whose 
!pieces  are  admtred,  died  in  1679. 
I     MILBOLRNE,  Luke,  a  divine  and  poet,  au- 
thor of  "  Poetical  Translation  of  the  Psalms  ;" 
he  was  born  in  1667,  and  died  in  1720. 

MILDMAY,  sir  Walter,  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and,  in  156ti,  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer.  He  was  the  founder  of 
Emanuel  college,  and  died  in  1589. 

MILL,  John,  a  very  learned  English  divine, 
editor  of  a  Greek  New  Testament,  with  various 
readings  and  critical  notes ;  he  was  born  in  1645, 
and  died  in  1707. 

MILL,  Henry,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  was 
born  in  London,  about  11)80.  In  the  science  of 
hydraulics,  he  was  probably  unequalled.  He 
died  in  1770. 

MILLAR,  John,  a  popular  professor  of  law, 
at  Glasgow,  died  in  1801. 

MILLEDGE,  John,  a  representative  and  se- 
nator in  congress  from  Georgia,  and  afterwards 
governor  of  that  state.    He  died  in  1&18. 

MILLER,  Joseph,  better  known  as  Joe  Miller, 
a  comedian  and  compiler  of  a  celebrated  jest- 
book.    He  was  born  in  1684,  and  died  in  1738. 

MILLER,  James,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
born  in  1703,  died  in  1~44.  He  published  seve- 
ral plays,  and  many  occasional  pieces  of  poetry, 
the  most  distinguished  of  which,  is  his  "  Harle- 
quin Horace." 

MILLER,  Philip,an  eminent  English  botanist, 
and  author  of  the  "  Gardener's  Dictionary," 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1691,  died  in  1771. 

MILLER,  lady,  author  of  "Letters  'iVom 
Italy,  in  the  year's  1770-71."  "  Poetical  Amu.se 
inents  ata  Villa  near  Bath,"  &c.;  she  died  in  1781. 

MILLER,  Edward,  M.  D.,  author  of  several 
musical  productions.  He  was  father  of  the  pro- 
fession in  the  north  of  England,  and  performed 
in  the  oratorios  of  Handel. 

MILLER,  Edward,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Dela- 
ware, and  professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  the coUegeof  physicians  inNew-York;  he  was 
a  distinguished  practitioner,  and  died  in  1812. 

MILLES,  Dr.  Jeremiah,  an  eminent  Englisb 
divine  and  antiquary,  born  inl7in,  died  in  1784: 
He  was  dean  of  Exeter ;  was  ardently  engaged 
in  the  Chattertonian  controversy,  and  published 
the  supposed  Rowley's  poems. 

MILLETIER,  Theopilus  Brachet,  sieur  de 
la,  a  lawyer,  and  afterwards  i  protcstant  di 
vine,  and  then  a  catholic;  he  died  in  16C5. 

Ml LLOT,  Abbe  de,  author  of  several  usef*. 
abridgmtnts  of  history.  Histories  of  France 
and  England,  Elements  of  General  History,  &c., 
was  born  in  1726,  and  died  in  1785. 

MILLS,  Samuel  J.,  an  American  clergyman, 
distinguished  for  his  piety  and  zeal  in  pro- 
moting the  missionary  cause  in  his  country.  He 
died  on  his  return  from  Africa,  where  he  had 
gone  as  agent  of  the  American  colonization . 
society,  in  1818. 

MILNE,  Dr.  Colin,  a  divine  and  naturalist, 
author  of  "A  Botanical  Dictionary,"  "  LinnaM 
Institutiones  Botanicie  ;"  he  died  in  1815. 

MILNER,  Joseph,  a  divine,  born  in  1744.  He 
became  vicar  of  a  church  at  Hull ;  was  author 
of  "  An  Answer  to  Gibbon's  attack  of  Christ- 
ianity,"and  "A  History  of  the  Church  of  Christ." 

MILNER,  Dr.  Isaac,  brother  of  Joseph,  was  a 
mathematical  tutor  at  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge. Mr.  Wilberforce  and  Mr.  Pitt  wer« 
among  his  pupils.  He  afterwards  became  dean 
of  Carlisle,  continued  his  brother's  "  History 
of  the  Church  of  Christ,"  and  died  in  1820. 

MILO,an  athlete,  of  Crotona.  celebrated  fo» 


MI 

tils  prodigious  strength.  He  was  devoured  by 
wild  beasts,  500  B.  C. 

MILO,  Titus  Aiuiius,  a  Roman,  who  killed 
Olodius  in  the  Appian  Way. 

AlILTI/^DES,  a  famous  Athenian  general. 
He  died  489  B.  C. 

MILTON,  John,  a  moet  illustrioDS  English 
poet,  and  famous  politician,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1608.  In  1625,  he  was  admitted  of 
Christ's  college,  Cambridge.  His  failitrdesignod'son's  History  of  Maasachusttts-,  and  of  an  Ac- 


MI 

MINOS,  a  fabulous  son  of  Jupiter,  and  tune 
of  Crete ;  he  lived  H-H  «.  C. 

MINOT,  Lawrtnce,  an  English  poet  anterior 
to  Chaucer,  supposed  to  have  died  about  1352. 
His  poeina  were  first  discovered  in  manuscript, 
in  the  Cottonian  library,  and  have  since  been 
presented  to  the  pubiic. 

MI  NOT, George  Richards,  a  lawyer,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, author  of  a  continuation  of  Huichin- 


him  for  the  church,  and  he  was  himself  inclined 
to  that  profession  for  some  time,  but  afier  he 
had  taken  the  degree  of  M.  A.,  in  1032,  he  lefl 
(he  university  and  returned  to  his  father.  During 
bis  retirement  for  five  years,  lie  enriched  his 
mind  witJi  the  choicest  stores  of  Grecian  and  Ro- 
man learning,  making  poetry  his  principal  study. 
The  poems  entitled  "  Comus,"  "L'aUegro,"  "11 
Penseroso,"  and  "  Lycidas,"  all  written  during 


count  of  the  Insurrcctiun  in  that  state  ;  he  died 
in  ItHli. 

MINTO,  Walter,  a  native  of  Scotland,  wa* 
professor  of  mathematics  j'^d  natural  philoso- 
phv  in  Princeton  college,  New-Jersey ;  he  died 
in  170«. 

MINLTIUS  FELIX,  a  Roman  orator  in  the 
3d  century. 

MIKAB.M'D,  John  Baptist,  secretary  of  the 


this  time,  would  have  transmitted  his  fame  to  Frenrh  academy,  and  an  author,  died  in  1760. 
the  latest  posterity,  if  he  had  never  produced||  MIR.ABEAU,  Victor  Riquetti,  marquis  de, 
any  thing  else.  On  the  death  of  his  mother,  in!  of  Paris,  a  man  well  known  in  the  republic  of 
1638,  he  visited  foreign  countries,  and  passedj  letters,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  political 
nearly  two  years  in  France  and  Italy,  where'  seel  called  the  Economists,  ol  whose  principles 


he  distinguished  himself  by  his  talents  in  poetry. 
Milion  returned  to  England,  in  1659,  and  em- 
ployed himself  in  educa-ing  his  si-^ler's  two 
sons  :  and  being  solicited  by  several  friends  for 
the  same  favour  for  their  children,  he  look  a 
handsome  garden-house,  in  Aldersgaic-street, 
fit  for  the  purpose.  Here  he  wrote  many  |)o- 
lemic  and  controversial  tracts.  In  1643,  he 
mariied  a  daughter  of  Richard  Powell,  Esq. 
She  hao   lOt  lived  with  her  husband  much  more 


Dr.  Adam  Smith  has  made  such  good  use  He 
was  also  author  of  other  works,  and  died  in 
1790. 

MIRABEAIT,  Honore  Gabriel  Riquetti  count 
de,  a  celebrated  French  nobleman,  born  in  1749, 
died  in  1791.  A  few  hour.i  before  he  died,  he  de- 
plored the  fate  of  the  French  empire,  exposed 
as  it  was  to  factions  and  intrigues  of  every 
kind.  The  French  directory  decreed  a  public 
mourning  of  eight  days  ;  and  all  the  places  of 


than   a  month,   when,   under  a   pretence   of  |  amusement  in  Paris  were  shut  on  the  day  of  hi  j 
visiting  her  friends,  she  deserted  him.     About!  death. 

two  years  afterwards,  he  was  surprised  by  the       MIRABEAU,  Boniface  Riquetti,  viscount  de, 
entrance  of  his  wife,  who  imploring  pardon  aiuf  served  with  distinction  in  America.  He  opposed 


reconciliation  on  her  knece,  was  again  received 
to  bis  bosom 


" soon  his  heart  relented 

Towards  her,  his  life  so  late  and  sole  delight, 
Now  at  his  feet  sabmissive  in  distress." 


At  the  subversion  of  the  monarchy  by  the  death 

of    the  king,  Milton,  whose   principles   were 

strongly  republican,  was  taken  into  the  service 

of  the  commonwealth,  and  made  Latin  stcre 

tary  to  the  council  of  state.    In  1651,  he  pub 

lished  his  celebrated  piece  entitled  "  Pro  Populo 

Anglicano    Defensio   contra   Claudii  Salmasii 

Defensionem  Regiam  ;"  which  spread  his  fame 

over  all  Europe.     While  writing  this,  he'  lost 

his  eyesight,  which  liad  been  decaying  several 

years.    In  1652,  he  lost  his  wile  ;  but  he  inime-j  of  the  protestants,  and  author  of 


the  French  revolution,  emigrated,  and  died  in 
1792. 

MIRABETiLA,  Vincent,  an  Italian  author, 
died  in  lii74. 

MIRjf.rs,  Auberlus,  a  learned  German  wri- 
ter, died  in  ]f»40. 

i  MIKANDULA.  John  Picus,  earl  of,  an  Italian, 
and  a  prodigy  of  learning,  born  in  1403,  died  in 
1494. 

MIRANDULA,  John  Francis  PIcus,  prince 
of,  succeeded  to  the  principality  in  1499  He 
was  a  lover  of  leariung,  and  was  assassini^tcd 
in  l.-iSS. 

MIREVKLT,  Michael  Jansen,  a  painter,  of 
Delft,  died  in  lf>41. 

MISSON,  Francis  Maximilian,  a  distinguished 

advocate,  in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  I'avour 

Travels  in 


diately  married  a  second.  At  the  restoration,  Italy."  He  died  in  1721. 
he  was  included  in  the  general  amnesty;  and  j  AllTCHEL,  Jonathan,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
having  married  a  third  wife,  removed  to  a  house]  ricaii  clergyman,  settled  at  Cambridge,  Ma?s  ; 
in  the  Artillcry-walk.    His  circunistances  were||he  died  in  16r>8. 

much  reduced  by  losses  at  the  restoration;  butj|  MITCHELL,  Joseph,  a  dramatic  poet,  bom  in 
his  principles  not  sufi"ering  him  to  seek  or  accept  Scotland,  in  1684,  died  in  1738 
of  any  public  employment  at  court,  h(r  sat  diiwnil  MITCHELL,  John,  M  D.,  an  emineot  Eng- 
to  his  studies,  and  applied  himself  diligently  tol  llsh  botanist  and  physician.  His  botanical  re- 
finish  his  grand  poem,  "  Paradise  Lost,"  which  {searches  led  hira  to  America,  in  1741.  wl.ere  he 
was  published  in  1667,  and  in  1670,  he  published  j  resided  several  years.  He  afterwards  returned 
"Paradise  Regained,"  to  whicli  was  added  to  England,  and  died  there. 
"  Samson  Ap(;nistes,  a  dramatic  poem."  In  MITHRIDATES,  king  of  Pontus,  a  renowned 
1669,  he  published  his  "  History  of  Britain,"  |general,  and  at  first  victorious  over  the  Romans  ; 
which  had  occupied  him  many  years.     He  died  ibut  being  at  length  conquered  by  Pompey,he  took 


of  the  gout,  in  1674. 

MIMNERMCS,  an  ancient  Greek  amatory, 
poet  and  musician,  flourished  in  the  37ih  Olym- 
piad. 

MIN'ELLIUS,  John,  a  Dutch  grammarian  of 
vote,  died  in  1083. 


poison,  which  proving  ineffectual,  he  was  slain, 
at  his  own  request,  by  one  of  his  attendants,  G4 
B.  C.  aged  72 

MITTARELLI,  John  Benedict,  of  Venice, 
generalof  the  order  of  the  Calmudcnses;  he  ditrf 
in  1777 

sn 


MO 

MOCENKiO,  Lewis,  doge  ol"  Venice,  deluaied 
•lie  Tijiks  in  the  celebrated  battle  of  Lepanto,  ill 
571,  Hiid  diKd  in  1576. 

MODRKVtUS,  Andreas  Fricius,  secretary  of 
'he  king  of  Poland,  was  a  learned  author  of  the 
'Cth  century. 

MOKBIUS,  Godfrey,  medical  professor  at  Je- 
na, and  the  author  of  several  medical  works ; 
he  died  in  1664. 

MOEBIWS,  George,  professor  of  theology  at 
Leipsic,  and  an  author;  he  died  in  16'J7. 

MOI.VE,  Peter  le,  an  indilferent  French  poet, 
died  in  1672. 

!MOINE,  Abraham  le,  a  French  divine,  who 
left  Prance,  and  became  minister  of  a  prutestaiit 
coneregatioii  in  London.     He  died  in  1760. 

MOINE,  Stephen  le,  a  French  protestant  mi- 
nister, highly  skilled  ia  the  Greek,  Latin,  ami 
oriental  languaies,  and  professor  of  divinity  at 
Leyd'tn,  born  in  16i4,  died  in  1689. 

MOINE,  Francis  le,  an  e.iccl!ent  French 
painter,  born  in  1688  He  ran  himself  throuch 
witii  a  sword,  in  a  fit  of  lunacy,  and  died  in  1737. 

MOIVRE,  De.     See  DEMOIVRE. 

MOLA,  Pietro  Francesco,  a  Swiss  painter  of 
celebrity,  died  in  16(>5. 

MOLA, Giovanni  Battista,  an  eminent  painter, 
who  studied  at  Paris,  was  born  in  1620. 

MOLANUS,  or  VERMUELIN,  John,  an  cc- 
flesiastic,and  professor  of  theology  at  Louvaine  ; 
he  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  I.')85. 

MOLANUS,  Gerald  Walter,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, abbot  of  Lockum,  and  a  correspondent  of 
Bosquet ;  he  died  in  17i2. 

MOLAY,  James  de,  the  last  grand  master  of 
the  Templars.  Philip  the  Fair,  summoned  him 
to  Paris,  where  he  came  with  60  knights,  who 
were  seizeil  and  burnt  alive  in  1314. 

MOLESWORTH,  Robert,  viscount,  an  emi- 
nent statesman  and  political  writer,  under  Wil- 
liam in.,  born  in  1656,  died  in  1725.  He  wrote  a 
celebrated  "  History  of  Denmark." 

MOLEVILLE,  Bertrand  de,  a  French  states- 
man, and  minister  of  marine  under  Lewis  XVL 
He  died  in  1819. 

MOLIERE,  John  Baptist  Pocquelin  de,  a 
comedian  and  dramatic  poet,  the  restorer  of  co- 
medy in  France,  born  in  1620.  In  1653,  he  pro- 
duced his  first  play,  called  "  L'Elourdi,"  or  tlie 
Blunderer,  and  continued  the  remainder  of  his 
life 'to  write  new  plays,  which  were  very  greatly 
and  very  justly  applauded  :  and  if  we  consider 
the  number  of  works  which  he  composed  wliila 
he  was  himself  an  actor,  and  interrupted  by  per- 
petual avocations  of  one  kind  or  other,  we  must 
admire  the  quickness,  as  well  as  fertility  of  his 
geniu9.  His  last  comedy  was  "  Le  Malade  Im 
agin-aire,"  or  the  Hypochondriac,  and  it  was 
acted  for  the  fourth  time,  Feb.  17th,  1673.  On 
this  very  day  Moliere  died  in  his  53d  year. 

MOLIERES,  Joseph  Privat  de,  a  French  phi- 
losopher and  professor  in  the  royal  college  at  Pa- 
tia.     He  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1742. 

MOLINA,  Lewis,  a  Spaniard  of  noble  birth, 
and  professor  of  divinity  at  Ebora ;  he  died  in 
1600. 

MOLINiEUS,  Carolua,  or  Charles  DU  MOU- 
LIN,a  famous  la\vyer,born  at  Pari9,in  1500.  He 
wascalled  the  French  Pa[iinian,and  died  in  1566. 
MOLIN.<EUS,  or  DU  MOULIN,  Peter,  apro- 
testanl  minister,  of  France,  afterwards  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Leyden.  He  died  in  1656. 
MOLINET,  John,  canon  of  Valenciennes, 
wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1607. 

MOLINET,  Claude  du,  canon  of  St.  Gene- 
vjeve,published  several  works,  and  died  in  1687. 
312 


MO 

MOLINETTl,  .-Vnthony,  a  Vene'.ian  physician 
of  great  reputation  ;  he  died  in  Ititi'.l. 

MOLIMKR,  John  Buptisl,  a  distinguished 
preacher,  of  Toulouse,  and  author  of  sermons  ; 
h?  died  in  1745. 

MOLLINOS,  Michael  de,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, who  caused  great  controversy  in  the  church. 
He  was  founder  of  the  sect  called  quietistd,  and 
died  in  1696. 

MOLL,  Herman,  an  eminent  English  geogra- 
pher, died  in  1732. 

MOLLER,  Henry,  a  protestant,  Hebrew  pro- 
lessor  at  VVittemberg,  and  autlior  of  Latin 
poems,  died  in  1589. 

MOLLER,  Daniel  William,  a  celebrated  tra- 
veller, and  professor  in  Altorf  university ;  he 
died  in  1712. 

MOLLER,  John,  of  Sleswick,  an  able  writer, 
died  in  1734. 

MOLLOY,  Charles,  an  eminent  Irish  politi- 
cal and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1767. 

MOLO,  a  learned  rhetorician,  who  had  Cicero 
among  his  pupils. 

MOLSA,Tarquina,  a  very  accomplished  lady. 
The  senate  of  Home  passed  a  decree  in  which 
all  her  accomplishments  are  set  forth,  bestowing 
tlie  right  of  citizenship  on  her  and  her  family. 
She  was  born  in  1542,  and  died  in  1617. 

MOLS.V,  Francis  Maria,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  died  in  1544. 

MOLYNEUX,  William,  an  excellent  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  born  in  1656,  died  in 
1G98. 

MOLYNEUX,  Samuel,  an  Englishman,  bora 
in  1689.  He  devoted  his  time  to  scientilic  pur- 
suits, until  he  was  made  one  of  the  board  of  ad- 
miralty. 

MOLYNEUX,  sir  William,  a  gallant  soldier 
in  the  service  of  Henry  VIII.  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden-Field. 

MOMBRITIUS,  Monimus,  an  Italian,  and  au^ 
thor  of  the  Lives  of  the  Saints,  printed  in  1479. 

MOMPESSON,  William,  a  divine  and  recto' 
of  Cyam,  in  Derbyshire,  at  the  time  of  the  plague 
which  nearly  depopulated  that  town  in  1666. 
During  the  calamity,  heat  the  imminent  ri.sk  of 
his  life,  performed  the  duties  of  a  physician, 
legislator,  and  prie.st,  in  his  ati'icted  parish. 

M<:)NALDESCHI,  Lewis,  of  Rome,  author 
of  Roman  Annals,  in  Italian,  died  in  1380. 

MONALDESCHI,  John,  eqneiy  of  the  queen 
of  Sweden,  was  put  to  death  in  1657,  for  writing 
an  account  of  her  intrigues. 

MON.\MY,  Peter,  bom  in  Jersey,  a  painter 
of  sea-pieces,  died  in  1749. 

MONANTHEUIL,  Henry  de,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Paris,  in  1577;  he  translated 
Aristotle's  mechanics. 

MONARDES,  Nicholas,  a  Spanish  phy.sician, 
who  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  practice, 
and  works  which  he  published ;  he  died  in 
1578. 

MONBODDO,  James  Burnett,  lord,  one  of 
the  lords  of  session  in  Scotland,  and  a  philoso- 
phical and  metaphysical  writer,  born  in  1714, 
died  in  1799.  He  wrote  ''  Dissert.ition  on  the 
Origin  and  Progress  of  Language,"  and  "  An- 
cient Metaphysics."  In  the  latter  work,  he 
strenuously  maintains  that  the  ourangoufang, 
is  a  class  of  the  human  speciee  ;  he  also  endea- 
vours to  esl.iblish  the  reality  of  mermaids  and 
other  fictitious  animals. 

MONBRON,  N.  Fougeret  de,  a  Frenchman, 
known  for  his  virulence  as  an  author ;  he  died 
in  1760. 
MONCEAUX,  Francis  dc,  born  at  Arras,  w.is 


MO  MO 


amli.is.-uiioi    oi    Alexander  Faruese,   to  H^iiryji     MON'TAtilK,  Richard,  an  English  prelate 
JV.  ;  iit;  wrote  Btveral  works.  and  cli.i|>laiii  o;' James  I.    lie  was  an  cicellenl 

MO.VCKTON,  Roliert,  atiiigadier  general  un-'  scholar,  and  diod  in  1041. 
der  Wolle,  in  liis  expediuon  acainst  Uiiebc'C,|!     MONlWtJUF.,  Charles,  earl  of  Halirax,  R  die- 
arterwards  litutenant-govcrnor  ol'Ndva  i^cotla,  1  tinyuished  wit  and  etaiesman  under  William 
and  governor  of  the  colony  of  IS'ew-York;  he.  III.,  queen  Anne,  and  George  1.,  horn  in  1061, 
died  in  I7t*2.  '  died  in  1715. 

MO.NCOiWS,  Ealthasar  de,  a  Frencliman,!,  MO.NTAGUE.  Edward,  earl  of  Sandwich,  an 
who  published  his  Travels  in  the  East,  in  lOtiS.j  illustrious  Knglisn  general  admiral,  and  states- 

MO.VCRIF,  Francis  Augustin  Paradi^  de,|i'i'an,  and  a  political  and  phiiot^ophical  writer, 
member  of  the  French  academy,  wrote  several  He  was  bl<>wn  up  in  his  ship,  in  an  engagement 
works,  and  died  in  1770.  i  with  the  Dutch,  olf  Soutliwold  bay,  in  107'2. 

MONDONVILLE,  John  Joseph  Cassanca  <le,||  MONTAGUK,  lady  Mary  VVorUry,  a  woman 
a  celebrated  French  nnislrian,  died  in  1772.        I  of  great  talents,  and  an  elegant  writer.    She 

MO.NGAULT,  Nicolas  Hubert,  an  ingenious  accompanied  her  husband  in  an  embassy  to 
and  learned  French  critic,  editor  of  " 'I'ully'sj  Constantinople,  about  1710,  from  which  place 
Letters  to  Atticus,  with  a  Translation  and  Com-  'she  wrote  leiiers  to  Pope,  Addison,  and  other 
menis ;"  born  in  1674,  died  in  174(i.  I.emmctit  literary  men  oi  the  lime,  which  are 

MONIN,  John  Edward  dn,  author  of  clegantK'ery  interesting,  and  contain  many  curious  lact.s 
poem?,  was  assassinated  in  ir)86.  I  concerning  the   manners  and   politics  of  the 

MOiN'IS,  Judali,  a  converted  Jew,  teacher  of  !|Turtis.  She  inlroduecd  inoculation  for  the 
Hebr(?w  at  Harvard  College,  died  in  l(i74.  hsmallpox  into  England,  the  benetit  of  which 

Mf).\K,  Georse,  duke  of  .Albemarle,  a  bravejjhas  extended  to  millions,  and  died  in  i'ff2. 
English    general,   restored   Charles   IC.   to  his;'     MOiNTAGUE,  Edward  Wortley,  son  of  lady 
crown  and  kingdom.     He  was  author  of  somel' Mary,  equally  remarkable  for  his  talents  anil 
political  and  military  tracts.    Born  in  1608,  died;  I  eccentricities,  was  born  in  1714,  and  died  in 
in  J(J70.  il'~*''     '"  '■'=*  youth,  he  ran  away  from  West- 

MO\K,  Nicholas,  brother  of  the  preceding, I'lijnstcr  school,  and  apprenticed  himself  to  a 
and  bishop  of  Hereford,  died  in  IBfil.  ||chimney-sweeper  ;    he    afterwards    connected 

MO.N'K,  the  lion.  Mrs.,  daughter  of  lord  Moles- 
worth,  of  Ireland,  a  celebrated  poelcs-s,  died  in 
171.5. 

MONMOUTH,  James,  duke  of,  natural  son 


himself  with  a  fisherman;  he  next  became  ca 
bin  boy  in  a  ship  bound  lor  Spain,  and  while  in 
that  country,  was  menial  servant  to  a  muleteer. 
In  tills  »iiuaiion  he  wa*  discovered,  and  brough'. 
of  Charles  It.,  king  of  England,  born  in  lti4?i.|:back  to  his  friends.  After  receiving  a  suitable 
II"  distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  and  mi  j  education,  lie  visited  the  countries  of  the  East, 
litary  skill,  as  lieutenant-general  in  the  service  land  contracted  such  a  fondness  for  the  manners 
of  France.  On  his  return  to  England,  he  wa.s  jofihe  jwople,  that  he  spent  the  remainder  of  hi-« 
sent  to  quell  an  insurrection  in  Scoilaiul,  which '.life  in  strict  conformity  to  ihem.  He  was  au- 
lie  effected.  Being  a  protestanl,  he  was  deluded  thor  of'  KcHeciions  on  the  Ri.-se  and  Fall  of  the 
into  ainliilious  schemes  for  the  exclusion  of  the  |l  •'Ancient  Republics,"  and  "An  Examination  into 
dukeol  York.  He  conspired  .igainst  his  fatherjlthe  Causes  of  Earthquakes." 
and  the  duke,  and,  when  the  latter  came  to  tlie!{  MONT.\Gt.'E,  Elizabeth,  a  learned  lady,  ati 
crown  with  the  title  of  James  II.,  he  openly  ap-j  thor  ol  "  Essay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of 
peared  in  arms.  He  was  defeated,  taken, 'tritd!|Shakspeare,  compared  with  the  Greek  and 
for  high  treason,  and  beheaded  in  lt)?5.  liFrench  Dramatic  Poets  :  with  some  Remarks 

MON.MER,Peterle,profes8oroi  philosophyatilnpon  the  Misrepresentations  of  Mons.  de  Vol- 
Pans, and  aiitliorofsex'eral  works,  died  in  1790.   t^ihe."    She  was  born   in  iri9,  and  died   in 

MONNOYE,  Bernard  de  la,  a  noted  French  J  It'OO. 
poet,  born  in  1641,  died  in  17i!8.  !|      MONT.AIGNE,    Michael    de,    an    eminent 

MO.NNOYER,   John    Baptist,  an    eminent]  French  writer,  born  in  1533,  died  in  1592. 
Flemish  painter,  born  in  1('>35,  died  in  1690.        |l     MOXTALBANI,  Ovid,  professor  of  astrono- 

MONRO,  Dr.  Alexander,  an  eminent  physi  ;|my  at  Bologna.     He  published  several  work*, 
ciaii  and  anatomist,  bom  in  Scotland  in  Hi97,  land  died  in  1G72. 

died  in  1767.    Hi.9  "  Osteology"  has  been  trans- 1      MONT.^LEMBERT,  Mark  Rene,  a  dislin- 
lated  into  several  languages.  Iguished  French  general,  and  a  man  of  learning . 

MONRO,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Scotchljhe  died  in  1799. 
divine,  and  principal  of  the  university  of  Edin  ||     MO.\T.\MY,  Didicr  Francis  d'Arclais,  lort 
biirch,  died  in  1713.  [ide,  of  Normandy,  employed  in  the  service  of 

MONRO.  Dr.  John,  an  English  physician,  ce^ljilic  duke  of  Orleans,  published  a  work  on  Ce- 
lebrated for  his  skill  in  cases  of  insanity,  bornillours,  and  died  in  ]7tj5. 
ill  1715,  died  in  1791.  11     MONTANI,  Gerniano,  mathematical  profes- 

MO.XSEY,  Dr.  Mes.senger,  many  years  phy-  sor  at  Bologna     He  wrote  several  works,  and 
■ician  of  Chelsea  hospital.      In  his  character'ldied  in  the  17th  century. 


and  humour,  he  resemhled  the  celebrated  dean 
Swift.     He  died  in  1788,  aged  96. 

MONSIGNORI,  Francis,  of  Verona,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  died  in  1519. 

MONSON,  sir  William,  a  famous  English  ad- 
miral, and  author  of  "Naval  Tracts,"  born  in 
15(i9.  died  in  lf)42. 


MONTANUS,  Benedict  Arias,  a  learned 
Spaniard,  whom  Philip  II.  employed  in  the  pub- 
lication of  a  new  Polyglot  bible  ;  he  died  in 
1600. 

MONTANUS,  an  ancient  hcresiarch  amone 
the  Christians,  and  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  2d 
century  called  the  Montanists.    They  pretended 


MONSTRELET,  Enguerand  de,  a  French;|to  the  gift  of  prophecy,  and  prohibited  second 
historian,  ilieH  in  1453.  iimarriages. 

MONT.  Oeodaiede,an  eminent  French  paint-       MONTANITS,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  phy- 
er,  n  pupil  of  Rubens,  died  in  1(134.  sician,  regarded  by  his  countrymen  as  a  second 

MO.NTAGUE,  Charles  Grevilln,  governor  of  'Galen,  was  author  of  several  works;  born  .*il 
Boutb  Carolina,  in  1766.  died  in  I7t»l  ,  I4SS,  died  in  1551. 

R  r  27  313 


MO         

MO.NTARRAGO,  or  MASCARENHAS. 
Frere  dei  a  learned  Fortugucse  autlior,  died  in 
173U. 

MONTAULT,  Philip  de,  duke  of  Noailles. 
renounced  the  protestant  faith,  and  rose  to  hiyh 
rank  in  the  armv ;  he  died  in  1G84. 

MONTAUSIER,  Charles  de  Same  Maure 
duke  de,  peer  of  France.  He  was  a  man  of  in- 
tejiriiy  and  virtue,  and  died  in  1690. 

MONTUEILLARD,  Fhilibert  Gueneau  de, 
an  eminent  naturalist,  of  Namur,  who  assisted 
BufFon  in  his  great  work  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

MONTCALM,  Lewis  Jor^cph  de  St.  Veran, 
marquis  de,  a  brave  stneral.  He  fell  on  tli<' 
field  of  battle  with  Wolfe,  at  the  conquest  of 
Quebec,  in  1759. 

.MONTCHRESTIEN  DE  VATEVILLE,  An- 
thony, a  French  poet,  engaged  in  the  civil  wars, 
was  put  to  death  in  IG^I. 

MONTECUCULI,  count  Sebastian,  an  Ita 
lian.  He  poisoned  the  son  of  Francis  I.  ol 
France,  at  the  instigation  of  the  wife  of  Henry 
IF.,  brother  to  the  murdered  prince.  He  was 
put  to  dpath  in  1536. 

MOXTECUCULLI,  Raynard  de,  a  distin 
guished  general,  born  in  1608,  died  in  1680. 

MO.NTE  M.WER,  George  de.aCastilian  poet 

in  the  reign  of  Philip  H.  of  Spain,  died  in  1560. 

MOXTENAULT,  Charles  Philip,  a  French 

writer,  died  in  1749. 

MONTESPAN,  Athenais  Mortimar,  madame 
de,  a  celebrated  French  lady,  wife  of  the  marqui; 
■'tf  Moutespan,  and  one  of  the  mistresses  of  Louis 
;iV.  :  she  died  in  1717. 

•  MONTESQUIEU,  Charles  de  Secondat,  ba- 
.  n  de,  an  illustrious  Frenchman,  president  of 
tVi  parliament  of  Bourdeaui,  born  in  1089,  died 
in  1755.  His  "  Spirit  of  Laws"  has  immortal- 
ized his  name. 

MONTEZU.MA,  the  last  king  of  Me.vico,  was 
conquered  by  Cortez,  and  stoned  to  death  by  bis 
own  subjects  in  1.520. 

MONTFAUCON,  Bernard  de,  avery  learned 
French  Benedictine,  famous  for  his  knowledge 
of  ecclesiastic  and  pagan  antiquities,  born  in 
1G55,  died  in  1741. 

MONTFLEURY,  Zachary  Jacob,  of  Anjou, 
author  of  some  tragedies,  died  in  10?5. 

MONTFORT  Simon,  count  de,  a  renowned 
Frencn  general,  slain  at  the  siege  of  Touloust 
by  a  stone  thrown  at  him  bv  a  woman,  iri  1218 
MONTGAILLARD,  Bernard  de.  a  mendicant 
friar.  He  was  a  celebrated  preacher,  but  pros- 
tituted his  eloquence  to  bloody  purposes.  He 
died  in  1628. 

MONTGERON,  Lewis  Bassille  Carre  de,  of 
Paris,  was  imprisoned  for  the  fanaticism  of  his 
writings,  and  died  in  1754. 

MO.NTGOLFIER,  James  Stephen,  a  French 
paper  maker,  inventor  of  airhalloons,  was  born 
in  1747,  and  died  in  1799. 

MONTGOLFIER,  James,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  died  in  1810,  in  the  70th  year  of  his 
age. 

MONTGOMERIE,  John,  aid  to  George  II., 
and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colonies  of 
New- York  and  New  Jersey ;  he  died  in  1731. 
MONTGOMERY,  Richard,  a  major-general 
in  the  American  army,  fell  in  an  attack  upon 
Quebec,  in  1775. 

MONTGOMERY,  Gabriel  de,  count  of,  a 
French  protestant  nobleman  of  distinguished 
bravery.  He  was  beheaded  by  order  of  Cathe- 
rine de  Medicis,  in  1574. 

mvj.-vrcON,  Charles  Alexander,  a  French! 

ecclesiastic,  was  spy  to  the  duke  of  Bourbon, 

314 


MO 

and  confessor  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain ;  he  died  in 
1770. 

MONTI,  Joseph,  professor  of  botany  at  Bo- 
logna, died  in  1750. 

MONTICELLI,  Andrew,  an  admired  Italian 
painter,  died  in  1716. 

MONTIGNI,  Stephen  Mignol  de,  a  French- 
man, eminent  as  a  mechanic.  He  improved 
the  French  manufactures,  and  died  in  J782. 

MONTJDSIEU,  Lewis  de,  born  at  Rouergne, 
was  the  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the  sculp 
tore  of  the  ancients,  published  in  1649. 

MONTLUC,  Blaise  de,  a  brave  Frenchman, 
who  rose  to  be  marshal  of  France.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  various  battles,  and  died  in 
1577. 

MONTMAUR,  Peter  de,  Greek  professor  in 
tile  royal  college  at  Paris.     He  was  successively  • 
a  drugu'ist,  advocate,  and  poet,  and  died  in  1648. 

MONTMORENCY,  Matthew  de,  constable 
of  France,  of  one  of  the  most  illustrious  fami- 
lies of  Europe.  He  married  a  natural  daughter 
of  Henry  I.  of  England,  and,  for  his  second 
wife,  the  widow  of  Lewis  VI.  of  France.  He 
died  in  1160. 

MONTMORENCY,  Charles  de,  of  the  same 
family,  was  made  marshal  of  France,  and  was 
at  the  battle  of  Cresev  ;  he  died  in  1381. 

MONTMORENCY,  Annede,  a  famous  mar- 
shal of  France,  born  1495,  was  slain  iu  the  civil 
war  a^iainat  the  Huguenots,  1567. 

MONTMORENCY,  Henry  de,  second  son  o( 
Anne,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Dreu.x,  and  took  Conde  prisoner.  He  was  made 
a  marshal  of  France,  and,  under  Henry  IV., 
constable  ;  he  died  in  1614. 

MONTMORENCY,  Henry,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  was  made  admiral  of  France  at  the  age 
of  18,  and,  by  his  valour,  supported  the  honour 
of  his  house  ;  he  was  beheaded  for  rebellion  in 
1632. 

MONTPENSIER.  Anne  Marie  Louisa  d'Or 
leans,  dutchess  de,  inherited  the  boldness  and 
intrigue  of  her  father,  and,  during  the  civil 
wars,  embraced  the  party  of  Conde  ;  she  died 
in  1693. 

MONTPETIT,  Arnold  Vincent,  an  ingenious 
man,  who  left  the  law  for  painting,  and  that  for 
he  study  of  mechanics,  in  which  he  excelled  ; 
he  c  ed  in  1800. 

MONTPEZ.\T,  Anthony  de,  a  marshal  of 
Fra  'cc,  died  in  1544. 

MONTROSE,  James  Graham,  marquis  of, 
memorable  for  his  valour  and  military  abilities 
as  a  general,  and  for  his  attachment  to  Charles 
I.  and  II.  Being  defeated  by  the  parliamentary 
forces,  he  concealed  and  disguised  himself;  but 
being  betrayed  and  delivered  up,  to  the  eternal 
disgrace  of  the  t'cots  republicans,  he  was  hang- 
ed and  quartered  at  Edinburgh,  in  1650. 

aiONTUCLA,  Joseph  de,  a  member  of  the 
French  national  institute.  He  was  devoted  to 
mathejnatical  studies,  had  the  good  fortune  to 
escape  the  storms  of  the  revolution,  and,  in  his 
old  age,  to  recfive  a  pension  from  Buonaparte. 
He  died  in  1800. 

MOODY,  Joshua,  a  minister  of  Portsmouth, 
.New-Hampshire,  afterwards  settled  at  Boston  ; 
he  died  in  1697.  He  suffered  much  persecution 
from  the  governor  of  New-Hampshire,  for  at- 
tempting to  enforce  strict  church  disciphne,  and 
afterwards  at  Boston,  for  opposing  the  violent 
but  then  popular  measures  against  witchcraft 

MOORE,  Philip,  an  amiable  and  exemplary 
man  and  divine,  died  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  in 
1783. 


i 


MO 


MO 


MOOUK,  sir  J(ina»,  an  able  niatlieuiaticiaii 
and  an  author,  patroiiUed  bv  Cljarles  I.,  died  ii 
iW\. 

RIOORK,  Robnrt,  an  eminent  penman  and 
writiiic  inastiT.  died  in  Knpluiid,  in  1727. 

MOOKK,  Edward,  an  Englisli  fabulist  and 
dramatic  writer  of  eminence,  born  in  1712,  diori 
in  )757. 

MOORE,  Francis,  nn  iiif'fnious  English  me 
chanic,  wliose  inventive  taleiiis  raised  liini  into 
eminent  notice  without  the  a.'^sijtanceor  erudi 
lion  or  of  patronage.  The  machinery  whirli 
he  made,  and  which  crow  tn  such  a  niapnimdf 
in  thrir  scope  and  tendency  as  to  attract  the  no- 
tice of  the  legislature,  have  very  much  improv- 
ed the  mechanic  arts  and  asEi.<:ttd  the  manufac- 
turer.    He  died  in  1787. 

MOORE,  Dr.  John,  was  born  in  1730,  and  edu 
cated  at  Glasgow,  where  he  t^ludied  medic  in< 
and  surijory,  and  afterwards  wont  abroad,  and 
practised  in  the  Hritish  ariny.  In  the  year  I 
lie  published  "  A  VifW  of  Society  and  Manners 
in  France,  Switzerland,  and  (iormauy,"  and 
two  years  after  a  continuation  of  it,  called  "  A 
View  of  Society  and  Manners  in  Italy."  Hf 
also  published  "  Medical  Sketches  ;"  an  excel- 
lent novel  called  "' Zoluco  ;"  "A  View  of  the 
Cause  and  Progress  of  the  French  Revolution  ;" 
"  Edward,"  a  novel ;  a  series  of  letters  entitled 
"  Mordaunt ;  being  Sketches  of  Life,  f  haracter, 
and  Manners  in  various  Countries."  Di .  Moore 
pos.-:essed  great  insight  into  human  nature,  and 
that  hap|)y  union  of  acute  discernment  with  a 
lively  imagination,  by  which  he  was  enabled  to 
describe  its  intricacies  with  the  greater  pleasant 
ry.     lie  died  in  1802. 

MOORE,  air  John,  K.  B.,  a  gallant  British 
(;eneral,  and  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was; 
born  at  Glasgow,  in  176],  and  killed  by  acaimon 
ball,  in  the  moment  of  victory  achieved  by  the 
British  troops  under  his  command,  at  the  battle 
of  Coruuna,  Jan.  16,  1809.  His  whole  lite  had 
been  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  country.  He 
lia.<<  left  a  name  that  will  he  immortal  iu  the  mi- 
litary annals  of  his  country. 

MOORE,  John,  D.  D  ,  archbishop  of  Canter 
bury  in  1783,  died  in  1805. 

MOORE,  James,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
South  Carolina,  and  speaker  of  the  house  ol 
Tisscmbly  of  that  colony,  in  17^2.5.  ,, 

MOOKE,  sir  Henry,  a  popular  governor  of 
lh<  colony  of  New- York,  died  in  1769.      ,, 

MOORE,  Benjamin,  bishop  of  the  episcopal 
church  in  the  diocess  of  New- York,  profe.ssor 
of  rhetoric  and  logic  in  Columbia  college,  and 
president  of  that  institution  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1816. 

MOOlU:,  Zephaiiiah  Swift.  D.  D.,  acongre 
gational  clergyman  in  Ma.=8achusetts,  was  pro- 
tVssor  of  languages  in  Dartmouth  college,  presi- 
dent of  Williams  college,  and  afterwards  first 
president  of  the  college  at  Amherst,  Mass. ;  he 
died  in  l!<r.<. 

MOR.\i;i.\,  James,  author  of  a  lifeof  Cicero, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1762. 

MOR.MiES,  Ambrose,  historiographer  to  the 
king  of  Spain,  wrote  a  Spanish  Cluonicle,  and 
died  in  irm). 

MOR.AND,  Sauveur  Francis,  a  celebrated 
surgeon  and  medical  writer ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in 
1773. 

MOK.AiND,  an  ingenious  architect,  of  I^yons, 
was  guillotined  in  1793. 

MORANDE,  N.  Thevenot  do,  an  unprincipled 
'■'reiich  wnver ;  he  was  massacred  at  Paris,  in 
■•92. 


[    MORANDl,  John  Maria,  of  Florence,  enri- 
iieiit  as  a  painter,  died  in  1715. 

MORANT.  Philip,  M.  A.andF.S.  A.,  a  learn- 
ed and  indefatigable  English  antiquarv  and  bio- 
prajpher,  born  in  1700,  died  in  1770.  Hi's  writings 
were  veiy  numerous. 

MOR.\TA,  Olympia  Fulvia,  a  learned  Italian 
lady,  who  spoke  Latin  and  Greek  ;  she  died  in 
1355. 

MORDAUNT,  Charles,  earl  of  Peterborough, 
a  rennwiR-d  English  Etatesinan,  general,  poli 
tical  writer,  and  poet,  born  in  1058,  died  in 
I7D5. 

MORE,  sir  Thomas,  ch:  nccllor  of  England  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIll..  was  born  in  London, 
in  1480.  After  having  leen  long  In  habits  of 
uncommon  familiarilykai.d  conluience  with  the 
king,  he  was  beheaded  by  his  order,  July  5, 1435, 
on  Tower  Hill.  Sir  Thomas  More  wiis  author 
of  many  and  various  works. 

MORE,  Henry,  an  English  philosopher  and 
poet,  born  in  1614,  died  in  1687.  He  possessed 
much  natural  enthusiasm,  and  was  enraptured 
with  the  Platonic  system. 

MORE,  Alexander,  a  protestant  divine,  and 
livinity  professor  at  Geneva,  afterwards  minis- 
ter of  the  reformed  church  at  Paris.  He  was 
an  eloquent  preacher,  and  died  in  lfi7C'7' 

MORE,  sir  Francis,  an  English  lawyer  and 
author  ;  he  died  in  1621. 

MORE,  John,  a  learned  prelate  of  the  English 
church,  whose  library  was  purchased  by  George 
H.,  and  given  to  Cambridge  university';  hediel 
in  1714. 

MORE,  St.  Antonio,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  . 
I. '575. 

MORE,  or  MOORE,  James,  an  F-nglish  '  .i- 
ter,  and  a  friend  of  the  duke  of  Wharton ;  he 
died  in  1734. 

MORE,  Henry,  an  English  dissenting  minis- 
ter, whose  poems  pos-cs-s  merit,  diod  in  1802. 

MORE.AC,  James  a  French  physician  and  an 
author,  died  in  1729. 

MORE.AIT,  Victor,  an  advocate,  and  a  gene- 
ral in  the  Frrnch  army,  was  born  at  Morlaix,  in 
1761.  In  1803,  he  was  banished  by  order  of  the 
first-consul,  and  visited  the  U.  S.  He  after- 
wards joined  the  enemies  of  his  connliy,  and,  at 
tho  battle  of  Dresden,  was  shot  by  a  cannon-ball, 
which  terminated  his  life  on  the  2d  Sept..  1813. 

MORRAU,  Jacob  Nicholas,  historiographer 
of  France,  and  an  able  writer,  he  suflered  on 
the  scntTold  in  1794. 

MOREELSE,  Paul,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1638. 

MOREI,,  the   name  of  several  celebrated 
printers  to  the  kings  of  France,  who,  like  the 
tejilii-nses,  were  also  very  learnod  men. 

MOREL,  .Andrew,  an  eminent  Swiss  anti 
piarv,  died  in  1703. 

MOREI.L,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
livine,  lexicographer,  and  classical  editor,  bom 
n  1701.  died  in  1784.  His  chief  work  is  an 
abridgment  of"  .Mnsworth'sl.atin  Dictionary," 

MORFLY.  lord,  son  of  sir  Thomas  Parker, 
was  a  great  favourite  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  died 
nl."i47. 

MORERI,T.ewis,  0  D..  author  of  n  celebrated 
historical  difiinuarv.  born  iu  1643,  died  in  lf)8U 

MORF3.  Edward  Rowe,  an  eminent  English 
antiquary,  born  in  17.10,  died  in  1778. 

MORETT.  an  ingenious  artist  and  goldsmith, 
cmploved  bv  Henry  VIH. 

MORGAGNI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  emi- 
nent as  an  anatomist,  died  in  1771. 

MORGAN.  Williiun  a  native  of  Wales,  rs* 
315 


MO 


MO 


ed  to  tlie  see  of  Landaif ;  he  was  zealously  en- 
gaged in  translating  the  Bible  into  Welch,  and 
died  in  KJ04. 

MORGAN,  Mwynvawr,  or  the  Courteous,  a 
Welch  prince  aud  an  able  warrior  ;  lie  died  in 
1001. 

MORGAN,  prince  of  Powys,  went  on  a  pil- 
grimage to  the  JIuly  Land,  and  died  in  ll'^i. 

MORGAN,  George  Ca(lo!;an,  a  native  of 
Wales,  teacher  of  a  dissentinjf  congregaiion  at 
Norwich,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1798. 

MORGAN,  John,  M.  U.,  F.  R.  S.,  a  distin- 
gui^ihcd  physician,  uf  Philadelphia,  profussor 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  iu  the 
medical  school  of  that  city,  and  afterwards 
ehiel  phyfician  to  the  general  hospitals  of  the 
American  amiy.     He  died  in  1789. 

MORGAN,  JJaniel,  a  brigadier-general,  and  a 
dUtin^uiahed  officer,  of  the  American  army, 
during:  the  revolution,  died  in  1799.  His  servi- 
ces aii  an  officer  were  highly  important  and  duly 
appreciated  by  hi»  countrymen. 

MORGUES,  Matthew  de,  sieur  de  St.  Ger- 
main, a  French  preacher  of  great  eminence, 
born  in  1582,  died  in  1G70,  leaving  a  "  History 
of  Lewis  the  Just." 

MORJIOFF,  Daniel  George,  a  very  learned 
German  v-ritic,  poet,  and  Latin  historian,  born  in 
iO:ffl.  died  ill  1G91. 

.MORICK,  sir  William,  a  learned  Englishman, 
and  socrelary  of  state  under  Charles  II.  ;  he 
died  ill  1G76. 

MORILLO,  Bartholomew,  an  admired  Span- 
ish painter,  died  in  1C65 

MOUIN,  Joliii  Baptif5t,  physician,  and  regiiia 
pr'ifessor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  born  in  la."*.'), 
died  in  165*5.  His  "  Aistrologia  Gallica,"  had 
cost  hira  thirty  years'  labour,  and  was  printed 
In  I6t)l,  with  two  epistles  dedicatory  ;  the  one 
from  the  author  to  Jesu3  Christ,  the  other  ad 
dressed  to  the  queen  of  Portugal. 

MORIN,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman,  convert- 
ed frBin  the  protectant  to  the  catholic  faith.  His 
works  are  numerous;  he  died  in  1659. 

-MORLV,  Simon,  a  celebrated  French  fanatic, 
burnt  alive  at  Paris,  in  IG'j:},  for  having  assum- 
ed the  title  of  the  Son  ol  God. 

MORFN,  Stephen,  a  learned  French  theologi- 
cal and  biblical  writer,  born  in  lC25,died  in  1701). 
In  one  of  his  works  he  endeavours  to  prove 
that  the  Hebrew  laniiua'.'c  is  as  r.ld  as  the  crea- 
tion, and  that  God  himself  inspired  it  into 
Ad;im. 

M  ORI V,  Henry,  also  changed  his  reIii;ion,  and 
divd  in  1728. 

MORI.V,  Peter,  a  learned  French  critic,  em 
ployed  by  the  pope  to  superintend  the  editions 
of  the  Septuagint  and  the  V'ulgate  ;  he  died  in 
1008. 

MORIN,  Lewis,  a  French  pliyaician,  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  at  Paris  ; 
he  died  in  1713. 

MORIN,  John,  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Chartres.  died  in  1764. 

MORINIERE,  Adrian  Claude  le  Fort  de  la, 
author  of  several  work.s,  died  at  Paris,  in  li)96. 

MORISON,  Robert,  physician,  ami  professor 
o'  botany  at  O.vi'oid,  born  in  Ki-Jd,  wrote  a 
"Hisiorvof  Plaits,"  and  died  in  IGSH. 

MORISOT,  Claude  Bartholomew,  a  French 
writer,  (lied  in  Ififil. 

.MORL.\ND,  Siiiiiiiel.  an  eminent  statesman, 
«!<n|iIoi'eil  by  C'roiiiwoll  in  several  embassies. 

HiOlU.AND,  George,  an  esriuisite  painter, 
e'lieflyo"  rustic  sreues,  was  born  in  London,  in 
ltd*.     As  a  faiilitul  €op"er  of  nature,  it  is  uni 


versally  allowed  none  could  eicel  him.  For 
seven  years  of  the  prime  of  his  life,  he  confined 
himself  to  picturesque  landscape  ;  but,  taking 
to  an  irregular  course  of  drinking,  he  was  led 
,|froin  the  woodsido  to  the  alehouse  ;  bis  sheep 
||Werc  changed  for  pigs,  and  the  field  for  the 
I  stable.  He  had  always  favourites  whom  he  pre- 
ferred, and  would  paint  for  none  who  did  not 
hit  lux  peculiar  humour.  Hie  genuine  pictures 
arc  in  few  hands,  and  his  drawings  are  still 
more  scarce.      He  died  In  M)4. 

MORLEY,  Dr.  George,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
memorable  for  having  negotiaied  with  the  Hutch 
for  tlie  restoration  of  Charles  11.,  born  in  15!r7 
died  ill  1084. 

MORHKRE,  James  Autrustusde  la,  a  French 
writer  of  romances,  died  in  1785. 

MORLIN,  Joachim,  a  Lutheran  divine,  borrt 
in  1514  ;  he  was  made  bishop  of  Sambia,  by 
the  king  of  Poland. 

MORNAC,  .Anthony,  an  eminent  French  ad 
vocare  and  an  author,  died  in  1619. 

MORiN.W,  Piiilipde,  baron  du  Plr-ssis  Marly, 
an  illustrious  French  protestant,  a  political  and 
(loleinical  writer,  and  privy  councillor  of  Henry 
IV.,  born  in  1549,  died  in  I6!i8.  His  most  im- 
portant work,  and  for  which  he  has  been  most 
disiiiiguislied,  is  a  book  "  L'poii  the  Truth  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  in  which  he  employs 
the  Weapons  of  reason  and  'earning  with  great 
fdjce  and  skill  against  Atheists,  Epicureans, 
Heathens,  Jews,  Mahometans,  and  other  Inli- 
dels. 

MOROSONS,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  distin- 

uislic'i  himself  against  the  Turks,  at  the  siege 
f  Caiidia,  and  defeated  them  in  a  great  naval 
battle.     He  died  in  1699. 

I  MORRIS,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Anglesea.  About 
PH)  MS.  volumes  of  antiquities,  collected  by  him, 
arc  pre.served.    He  died  in  17H5. 

MORRIS,  Richard,  an  eminent  critic  and  poet, 
was  engaged  in  the  publication  of  two  editions 
of  the  Welch  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1764. 

MORRIS,  Robert  Hunter,  chief  justice  of 
New-Jersey,  and  lieutenant-governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1764. 

MOHRIS,  Lewis,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony  of 
New  Jersey  ,  he  died  in  1746. 

M<;iRRIS,  Robert,  an  eminent  merchant,  of 
Philadelphia,  was  a  member  of  congress  from 
Penngyiv.iiiia,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  treasurer  of  the  United  States, 
and  rendered  essential  service  to  the  country, 
during  three  years  of  the  war,  by  his  skill  as  a 
financier,  and  by  pledging  himself  individually 
for  the  public  credit ;  hediediii  1306. 

.MORRIS,  Gouverneur,  a  dlstin;;uishcd  .Ame- 
rican statesman  and  orator,  was  a  delegate 
to  cnngress  iVoni  New- York,  and  to  the  con 
vention  which  forioed  the  federal  constitmiou. 
He  Was  afterwards  ambassador  from  the  L^nited 
St.ites  to  France ;  and  on  his  return  from  Europe, 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  United  States' 
senate.     He  died  in  181G. 

MORTIMER,  John,  author  of  an  esteemed 
'Treatise  on  Husbandrv,"  died  in  1736. 

MORTI.MER,  Thomas,  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  writer,  of  some  eminence  on  commer- 
cial subjects,  was  born  in  London,  in  1730.  In 
17G1,  he  published  "  Every  Man  his  own  Bro- 
ker," and  was  the  following  year  appointed 
vice-consul  for  the  An.strian  Netherlands ;  which 
situation  he  held  till  1768.  He  then  resumed  his 
literary  pursuits,  and  published  "Elements  of 


____^_^  MO » 

Conimerco,  Politics,  and  Finances ;"  "  An  Epi 
tome  of  i;ni\ersal  History  and  Biography;"  i 
tr«nslauon  ol  M.  Ncckcr's  gri-al  work  on  the 
"  Finances  o.  France  ;"  "  History  of  England," 
to  17(53  :  the  "  British  Plutarcli ;  '  and  a  "  Gene- 
ral Dictionary  of  Commerce,  Trade,  and  Manu- 
facturis."     jSlr.  Mortimer  died  in  ISOtt. 

MDK'riMKR,  John  Hamilton,  an  eminent 
En;.'lisli  liistorical  painter,  born  in  1739,  died  in 
J77il. 

MORTON,  Thomas,  an  English  bisliop,  and 
rliaplain  to  king  James.  He  was  esteemed  for 
his  lienevolence  and  piety,  and  di(;d  in  H)59. 

MORTON,  James,  earl  of,  a  Stotclimun,  who 
promoted  the  refoniialion.  He  was  made  chan- 
reilor  and  regent  ol  :Jco<land.  His  enemies  at 
last  condemned  him  for  high  treason,  in  1681. 

MORTd.N. William,  a barrlsler.distinguished 
in  the  civil  wars,  and  in  IBGS,  made  justice  of 
the  king':;  bench. 

.MORi'O.N,  John,  rose  by  ills  abilities  to  the 
oflic.e  of  lord  chancellor  of  England,  and  died  in 
1500. 

MORTON,  Nathaniel,  oiteof  the  early  settlers 
of  Plymouth,  author  of  a  History  of  the  Church 
of  that  colony,  and  of  "New-England's  Memo- 
rial," luibli-shed  in  \iW. 

MORTO.V,  Charles,  a  native  of  England, 
came  lo  America,  and  was  settled  aa  a  minister 
in  Mas<;iclmsetts.     He  died  in  Iti'.tS. 

MOK'l'O.N",  Joseph,  proprietary  governor  of 
South-Carolina,  in  U<Sf2,  and  afterwards  in  ItiSO. 

MORTOX,  John,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  177(i,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence;  he  died  in 
1776. 

MOSCIIOPrLUS,  Emmanuel,  a  native  of 
Crete,  in  the  llili  century,  and  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise (iM  Orammar. 

MtJSL'lUT;?,  a  Grecian  pastoral  poet  of  anti 
quily,  cotemporary  of  Bion  and  Theocritus. 

MO.^F,t,r,Y,  Dr.  Benjamin,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish pliysieiaii,  whose  practice,  howiver.  chiefly' 
laid  in  Jamaica.  On  his  return  to  England,  he 
was  made  physician  to. Chelsea  hospital.  His 
writings  were  chiefly  on  Tiopical  Diseases;  and: 
h(^  was  an  inveterate  enemy  to  vaccination ;  he 
died  in  1819.  I 

MOSES,  the  great  legislator  o*"  the  Jews,  was! 
born  in  Egvpl,  1371  B.  C,  and  died  at  the  age 
of  ICO. 

MOSES,  Mendelshon.  See  MENDELSHON. 

^lOt'llS,  Miconti,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  of  the 
14lh  Cf  iiliiry. 

MOSHEIM,  John  Laurence,  an  illustrious 
German  divine,  ecclesiastical  historian,  and 
critic,  born  in  ICO.'i, died  in  175.5.  His"  Ecclesi- 
astir.ll  History,  from  the  birth  of  Christ  to  the 
beginning  of  the  18lh  century,"  is  unquestiona- 
bly the  best  that  is  extant. 

iMOS.S,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  and  a  po- 
pular preacher,  was  chaplain  to  king  William 
and  his  two  successors  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

MO.->S,  Charles,  an  English  prelate  and  con- 
troversial writer,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  and  af- 
terwards of  Rath  and  Wells;  he  died  in  1802. 

M<1SS0P,  Henry,  an  eminent  English  trage- 
dian, died  in  1774. 

MOTHE  LEV.'.  TER,  Prancisde  la,counselIor 
of  state,  and  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  .\njou, 
unly  brother  lo  Lewis  XIV.,  was  born  at  ParisI 
in  I58t?,  and  died  in  1672.  We  have  no  Frenclil 
author  that  approaches  naorer  to  Plutarch  than 
lie.  His  Treatise  concerning  the  education  of 
the  Dauphin,  and  that  oa  Pagan  Pbilosophy,  are 
bis  beet  performances. 


MO 

MOTHE  LE  VAYER,  de  BoutiLMn^.^masfcr 
of  reqiiests  lo  the  French  king,  and  a  writer  of 
several  works ;  he  died  in  1585. 

MOTIIERBY,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  Eng 
lish  physician,  and  celebrated  as  the  author  of 
"  A  New  Medical  Dictionary,"  born  in  1731, 
died  in  1793. 

MOTTE,  Anthony  Houdartde  la, an  ingenious 
French  critic  and  miscellaneous  author,  born  at 
Paris,  ill  1672,  died  in  1731.  His  "  Distouissur 
Homere"  is  a  masterpiece  of  elegance  His 
works  consist  of  epic  poetry,  tragedy,  comndy, 
lyric,  pastoi'al,  and  fables  ;  besides  a  vast  varie- 
ty of  discourses,  critical  and  academical,  in 
prose. 

MOTTEUX,  Peter  Anthony,  a  French  refu- 
gee, settled  in  England,  where  he  became  an 
eminent  dramatic  writer,  gave  a  very  good  trans- 
lation of  "  Don  Uuixotte,"  and  wrote  seveial 
"  Songs,"  "  Prologues,"  "  Epilogues,"  tc, 
died  in  1717. 

MOTTKVILLE,  Frances Bertrand,  dame  de, 
a  celebrated  French  lady,  born  in  1615,  died  in 
ICi8!),  leavinu  a  very  agreeable  work,  under  the 
title  of  "  Meinoires  pour  sorvir  a  I'Histoire  d' 
Anned'Austria." 

MOTTLEY,  John,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, born  in  1692,  died  in  17,50.  He  wrote  live 
plays,  some  of  which  met  with  tolerable  suc- 
cess, and  published  a  "  Life  of  the  great  Czar 
Peter." 

MOr^CHERON,  Isaac,  a  Dutch  painter,  cele- 
brated for  his  landscapes,  died  in  1744. 

MOUFET,  Thomas,  a  medical  writer,  who 
first  introduced  chvniical  medicines  in  England ; 
he  died  about  1600. 

MOL'H  Y,  Charles  de  Fieux,  a  native  of  Metz ; 
he  wrote  several  romances,  and  died  in  1784. 

MOULIN,  Charles  du.     See  MOLIN^L'S. 

MOI'LIN,  Peter  du,  a  French  proiestaiil  di- 
vine and  polemical  writer,  born  in  1568,  died  in 
1658. 

MOULIN,  Peter  du,  son  of  the  preceding, 
chaplain  to  Charles  II.,  of  England,  preoendary 
of  Canicrhurv,  and  a  theological  writer,  born  in 
1604,  died  inir«. 

MOULIN,  Lewis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  violent  independent ;  he  wrote  a  work 
dedicated  to  Cromwell,  and  died  in  1680. 

MOULIN,  Gabriel,  a  catholic  mini.-.ter,  of 
Maneval,  wrote  a  History  of  Normandy,  1631. 

MfXTI^TRIE,  John,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  South  Carolina,  died  in  P73. 

MOULTRIE,  John,  M.  D.,son  of  thepreccd 
inc,  was  also  a  distinguished  physician  of  South 
C^arolina,  and  afterwards  lieutenant-governor  of 
East  Florida. 

.MOULTRIE,  William,  a  major-general  in 
the  American  army,  during  the  revolution,  and 
afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of  South  Ca- 
rolina; he  died  in  1805. 

MOUNSEY.     See  MONSEY. 

MOUNTFORT,  William,  an  English  drama 
tic  writer  and  eminent  actor,  born  in  1659,  was 
assassinated  in  1692. 

MOURET,  John  Joseph,  a  celebrated  French 
musician,  died  in  1738. 

MOURGUES,  Michael,  a  French  Jesuit,  and 
.tuthor  of  a  Treatise  on  French  Poetry  ;  he  died 
in  1713. 

MOITRGTTES,  Matthew  de,  an  ex-jesiiit^  and 
author  of  controversial  works ;  he  died  at  Paris, 
in  1670. 

MOUVANS,  Paul  Richard,  snrnamed  Lc 
Brave,  a  proiestant  officer,  wa«  slain  in  the  ci 
vil  wars  of  France,  in  1508. 


317 


MU 

MOXON,  Joseph,  hydiographrr  to  Charles  II 
01°  Kiizland  he  wrote  malhcmutical  and  aslro 
iioniirai  works,  and  died  about  ITOO. 

MOYLK,Walter,averyiiigeniousand  learned 
nii^lisii  political  and  miscellaneous  writer,  born 
in  J67'2.  died  in  ITiil. 

MOYPE,  Henry,  page  to  James  I.,  a  Scotch- 
man, died  in  1630. 

MOZART  John  Chrysostom  Wolfgang  The- 
ophilus,  a  very  celebrated  German  musician  and 
composer,  born  at  Saltzburg,  in  175C,  died  in 
f?'Jl. 

MUDGE,  John,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  who,  for  his 
skill  in  the  science  of  mechanics,  was  no  Kss 
eminent  than  in  that  of  medicine  ;  of  which  his 
improvement  in  the  formation  of  reflecting  tele- 
scopes, his  excellent  medical  treatises,  and  long 
and  cvtensive  practice,  bear  ample  testimony. 
He  died  in  1793. 

MUUGE,  Zachary,  an  English  divine,  preben- 
dary of  Exeter  cathedral,  died  in  1769.  Three 
of  his  sons,  were  distinguished  for  their  genius 
and  learning. 

MUI»(),  Hernandez,  a  Spanish  painter  of 
eminence;  he  was  deaf  and  dumb,  and  was 
emploved  by  Philip  II. 

MUKHLEINBERG,  H.  M.,  D.  D.,  pastor  of 
the  tirst  Lutheran  church  in  Peimsylviinia,  was 
distinguished  for  bis  learning.  He  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, in  1787. 

MUEHLENBERG,  G.  Henry  Ernest,  D.  D., 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  als(.  a  Lutheran  divine, 
eminent  for  his  literary  and  scientific  attain- 
ments ;  be  died  in  1815. 

MI'ET,  Peter  le,  a  French  architect,  and  the 
author  of  valuable  treatises  on  architecture  ;  he 
died  inintS'J. 

MUOGLETON,  Lodovlck,  an  English  tailor 
of  notorious  fame  as  a  schismatic,  who  damned 
Ull  the  world  that  differed  from  his  strange  mode 
of  faith.  He  was  born  in  1607  ;  his  books  were 
burnt  by  the  hangman,  himself  pilloried  and 
imprisoned,  and  he  died  in  1697. 

MUIS,  Simeon  df,  an  eminent  orientalist  and 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Paris  ;  ho  died  in  16(i4. 

.MULGRAVE,  ConstantinePhippe,  lord.   See 

rnipi's. 

MULLER,  John,  a  celebrated  engraver,  who 
flourished  about  ICOtt.  He  studied  under  Golt- 
zius,  whose  manner  he  successfully  imitated. 

MULLER,  John.   See  REGIOMONTANUS. 

MUMMIUS,  Lucius,  a  Roman  consul,  known 
<or  his  triumph  over  Corinth,  Thebes,  &c. 

MUNCER,or  MUNTZER,  Thomas,  a  Saxon 
divine,  one  of  the  disciples  of  Luther,  and  chief 
of  the  German  Anabaptists.  In  conjunction  with 
Stork,  he  pulled  down  all  the  images  in  the 
rliiirches  which  Luther  had  left  standing;  and 
then,  linding  an  army  in  his  followers,  he  com- 
menced leveller,  and  openly  taught  that  all  dis- 
tinctions of  rank  were  usurpations  on  the  rights 
of  mankind.  At  the  head  of  40,000  men,  he 
ravaged  the  country.  The  landgrave  of  Hesse 
at  length  defeated  him  ;  7000  of  the  enthusiasts 
fell  in  battle,  and  the  rest,  with  their  leader  fled  ; 
he  was  taken  and  beheaded  at  Mulhauscn,  in 
l.S2r>. 

WtiNCKER,  Thomas,  a  learned  author,  died 
in  \r,?0. 

MCND.W,  Antony,  a  dramatic  author, died 
in  J(i33. 

MUNDINUS,  a  celebrated  anatomiat,  was 
burn  at  Florence,  and  died  in  1318 


MU 

ervice  of  Peter  1.  of  Russia,  who  made  him  a 
marshal :  lie  died  in  1767. 

MUNMCKS,  John,  professor  of  physic  and 
botany  at  lUrechl,  died  in  1711. 

MUNSTP:R,  Sebastian,  a  German  Lutheran 
divine,  eminent  for  his  great  knowledge  in  the 
Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages,  the  ma- 
thematics, and  natural  philosophy,  and  for  a 
great  number  of  works  which  he  published  on 
all  tluse  subjects,  bom  in  1-189,  died  in  1552. 

MCXTING,  Abraham,  a  learned  botanist, 
of  Gronenger,  died  in  1683. 

MUNL'S,  Don  Juan  ISaptista,  a  most  voln- 
minous  Spanish  writer,  who  published  130  vols, 
of  historical  and  other  wi  i}\'V,  many  original 
documents  and  letters  of  Columbus,  Zimenes, 
&c.,  and  other  productions  relating  to  America, 
and  was  employed  in  1779  by  the  king  of  Spain 
to  write  the  History  of  the  New  World.  He 
died  at  Madrid,  about  1799. 

MURALT,  Bealt  Lewis  dc,  a  Swiss,  who 
travelled  over  Europe,  author  of  letters  on  the 
French  and  English  ;  he  died  in  1700. 

MURAT,  Joachim,  a  soldier  of  fortune,  who 
merged  from  obscurity  during  the  French  re- 
volution, became  a  distinguished  general  in  the 
armies  of  France,  a  duke  and  marshal  of  the 
mpire  under  Napoleon,  and  afterwaids  king 
of  Naples.  He  married  a  sister  of  Buonaparte ; 
was  with  him  in  several  of  his  celebrated  cam- 
paigns, in  Egypt,  in  Austria,  and  in  Russia,  and 
was  shot  by  order  of  the  allied  sovereigns,  Oct., 
1815. 

aiURATORI,  Lewis  Antonyj  an  eminent 
Italian  antiipiary,  and  Latin  historian  and  cri- 
tic, born  in  IG72,  died  in  1750.  The  principal 
of  his  very  voluminous  works  are,  "  Rerura 
llalicarum  Sciiptores  ab  anno  Era;  Chrisiianse 
.500  ad  1.500,"  27  vols,  folio;  "  AntiquilateB 
Ilalica',  medii  iEvi,sive  Dissertationcs  de  Mori- 
bus  Italici  Populi,  ab  Inclinatione  Bomani  Im 
peril  ns(|iie  ad  annum  1500.""  6  vols,  folio  ;  "  An- 
uali  d'Malia  del  priiici'""  '"ell'  era  volgare  lino 
all"  anno  1500,"  12  vols. 

MTRETI'S,  Mark  Antony,  a  very  ingenious 
and  learned  French  poet  and  critic,  born  in  1526, 
died  in  15.95. 

MURILLO,  Bartholomew,  a  Spanish  painter, 
whose  pieces  weresomuch  admired  as  to  obtain 
for  him  irom  the  king,  a  patent  of  nobility  ;  he 
died  in  1082. 

MURPHY,  Arthur,  a  barrister  at  law,  and 
celebrated  dramatic  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
horn  about  the  year  1727.  At  19  years  of  age, 
he  was  sent  to  England,  and  intended  for  a 
mercantile  life  ;  but  literature  and  the  stage 
drew  Ills  attention,  and  soon  absorbed  his  mind. 
On  the  18th  of  October,  1754,  he  made  his  first 
ippcarance  at  Covcnt  Garden  theatre,  in  the 
character  of  Othello;  after  which  he  confined 
himself  to  writing  plays  for  others  to  act.  iJis 
dramas  are  22  in  number,  of  which  his  tragedy 
f  the  Grecian  Daughter  and  several  comedies 
and  farces,  still  keep  possession  of  the  stage. 
He  also  wrote  a  periodical  paper  in  the  m.inncr 
of  the  Spectator,  culled  "  The  Gray's  Inn  Jour- 
nal ;"  and  toward  the  close  of  his  life  published 
an  excellent  translation  of  "Tacitus."  He  died 
in  1P05. 

MURRAY,  James,  earl  of,  natural  son  of 
James  V.  of  f^cotland.  He  was  guilty  of  bar- 
barous conduit  towards  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
who  had  eimrbled  him,  and  was  shot  in  1571. 

MURRAY,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  portrait  paint- 


MUNICH.  Burchard  Christopher,  of  Olden  .... 

li;irgh,  learned  the  art  of  war  under  'Eugene  and  lor,  patronized  by  the  royal  family  Of  England 
%l:tiiliurouL'li.    He  diB(ingui.slied  hinrsctf  m  tltallhe  died  in  1724. 
S18 


MU 

'  MC;{R  \  ^,  U'illia'iu,  a  Scotch  dissenting  mi- 
ntsiLT,  and  an  aiiiiior;  he  died  in  1T33. 

MURRAY,  James,  a  Scmch  divine,  refused 
prei'i'i  iiieiit  at  liornu,  .settled  in  London,  and  ditd 
in  I7M.  Another  dissenting  divine  of  tlie  same 
nume  wrote  a  history  of  tlie  American  war,  and 
otiior  worlis,  and  died  in  17d2. 

iM'j'RRAY,  William,  earl  of  Mansfield,  born 
in  1705,  died  in  1793  In  1756  he  was  aiiprimtrd 
to  the  office  of  lord  ciiu-f  jusiice  of  the  Kiii(;'.< 
Bench,  which  he  held  for  upwards  of  30  years, 
Willi  a  splendour  and  reputation  unrivalli-d. 
His  judgments  in  that  court  were  pariicularly 
fortunate;  for,  du.ing  the  whole  time  of  his 
presiding  there,  thbie  were  few  or  no  instances 
of  their  being  either  arraigned  or  reversed.  He 
Ilirice  refused  the  otiice  of  lord  high  chancellor, 
and  never  took  any  grant  or  emolument  from 
the  king,  for  liimsclf  or  any  person  belonging  to 
hijn. 

MURR.\Y,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of 
New- York,  known  as  the  liberal  beiielactor  of 
King's  (now  Columbia)  college,  in  that  city. 

MURRAY,  William  Vans,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Maryland,  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  that  state,  and  afterwards  minister  from 
the  United  States  to  the  Baiavian  republic,  and 
ambassador,  witli  M(^srs.  Ellswortli  and  Davie, 
to  France ;  ho  died  in  1803. 

MURR.AY,  James,  a  native  of  Rhode- I.sland, 
was  a  distinguished  ollicer  in  the  British  army 
in  India,  and  rendered  important  services  to 
that  government;  he  died  at  Calcutta,  in  180G. 

MURRAY,  John,  jun.,  an  ejnincnt  merchant, 
of  New- York,  distinguished  for  his  philanthropy 
and  benevolence.  Many  of  the  charitable  in- 
ptitutions  of  that  city  owe  their  origin  to  him. 
He  died  in  1819. 

MURTOIi.\,Gaspard,  an  Italian  poet,  died  at 
Ponii!,  in  lti-24. 

MUSA,  Antonius,  a  Greek  physician,  in  the 
SI  rvice  of  Augustus,  w''o  first  recommended 
the  cold  bath. 

MUS/EUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  who  lived 
before  Homer,  of  whom  we  have  nothing  now 
remaining,  except  a  poem  on  "The  Loves  of 
Hero  and  Leandcr,"  and  the  titles  of  some 
poems  recorded  bv  ancient  authors. 

MCSCHE.N'BROECK,  Peter  de,  a  very  distin- 
guislied  natural  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
born  at  Utrecht,  in  HVJ2,  died  in  17til. 

MUSCULUS,  WolfgangQs,  a  famo\is  divine, 
born  in  Lorraine.  He  left  the  Benedictines 
and  embraced  Luther's  doctrines,  and  promot- 
ed the  reformation  at  Bern.  He  was'  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  eloquence.  He  died  in 
15(3. 

MUSCULUS,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
and  professor  at  Frankt'orl  on  the  Oder ;  he  died 
in  1.580. 

MUSGRAVE,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  En 
glish  physician  and  antiquary,  and  secretary  to 
Ihe  Royal  Society,  born  in  1657,  died  in  JS21. 

MUSIUS,  Coriielius,  professor  of  belles  let- 
tres  in  Flanders ;  he  was  cruelly  put  to  death, 
on  account  of  his  religion,  in  1572. 

MUSS.AS.A,  a  warlike  princess,  who  succeed 
ed  her  father  as  sovereign  of  Congo.  She  dress- 
.1  in  male  attire,  and  often  conducted  her  sol- 
diers to  battle.  She  flourished  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. 

MrSS.\TI,  Albertin,  a  historian  and  poet,  of 
Padua,  and  minister  to  the  emperor  Henry  VII. ; 
hedl-'d  in  163t;. 

MIjSSO,  Cornelius,  a  famous  preaclier,  and 
member  of  the  council  of  Treat.    His  sermons 


NA 

I'are  curious,  and  cont.iin  quotations  from  Home; 
jas  frequently  as  from  the  Scriptures.  He  dieU 
at  Rome,  in  1574. 

!  MUSrAPH.\  I.,  succeeded  to  the  Turkish 
I  throne  in  1617,  and  was  strangled  in  16-23. 

MUST.\PHA  II.,  succeeded  to  the  Turkish 
I  throne  in  1G95.  He  was  an  able  warrior,  but 
'gave  himself  up  to  luxury,  and  was  compelled 
jto  descend  from  the  throne  in  1703. 
I  MUST.\PH.\  hi.,  ascended  the  throne  in 
'1757,  and  died  in  1774. 

I  .MCSURUS,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Greek  poet, 
{and  critic,  to  whom  we  are  obliged  for  the  first 
!  editions  of  "Aristophanes"  and  "  Athcnaius," 
jdied  in  1,>17. 

I  MUT1.\N,  Jeremy,  an  admired  German  paint- 
er, ditn]  ill  lol'O. 

MUTIUS,  Cwliiis  Scasvola,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, di.stinguiKlied  for  his  attack  on  Porsenna. 
MUTIUS,  Hnlric,  historical  professor  at  Basil, 
died  in  the  16th  century. 

Mf'Y,  Louis  Nicolas  Victor,  count  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Marseilles,  his  bravery  raised  him  to  be 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  minister  of  war.  He 
died  in  1775. 

MUYS,  William,  of  Sleenvick,  was  an  able 
writer  on  philosophy  and  botany,  and  died  in 
1744. 

MUZIO,  Jerome,  an  Italian  author,  died  in 
157ti. 

.MYDORGE,  Claude,  an  able  mathematician, 
of  Paris,  died  in  16-17. 

MYLNE,  Robert,  an  architect,  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1734.  He  was  employed  in  the  erec- 
tion of  Blacktriars'  Bridge,  and  was  appointed 
siirveyorofSt.  Paul's  Cathedral, died  in  1811. 

MYN,  Herbert  Vaiider,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  1741. 

MYREPSUS,  Nicolas,  a  physician,  of  Alci 
andria,  of  the  13th  century. 

MYSOX,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher, 
ranked  hy  some  among  Ihe  seven  wise  men. 

MYTENS,  Arnold,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  ill  HiO'i. 

MYTKN^,  Martin,  a  Swedish  painter,  much 
respected  by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.,  died  in 
1755. 


N 


NABI-EFPENDI,  a  Turkish  poet  of  great 
merit,  of  the  17lh  century. 

N.-\BIS,  king  of  Lacedicmon,  noted  for  his 
cruelties,  died  194  B.  C. 

NABONASS.XR,  a  king  of  Babylon,  supposed 
to  be  the  Baladan  of  Scripture,  founded  that 
epoch  wliicli  bt'gaii  747  B.  C. 

NABOPOLASSAR,  king  of  Babylon,  inva- 
ded and  divided  the  kingdom  of  Syria  65X3  B.  C  , 
and  died  21  years  after. 

N/EVIUS,  Cneins,  of  Campania,  an  ancient 
Latin  poet,  died  203  B.  C. 

NAHUM,  one  of  the  minor  prophets,  in  the 
reign  of  Hezekiah. 

N.-\IRON,  Fanstus,  a  Maronite,  and  professor 
of  Syriac  in  the  Sapienza  college  at  Rome,  difd 
in  1707.  He  maintained  that  the  Maronites  had 
preserved  inviolate  the  Christian  faitii. 

NALSON,  Valentine,  an  English  divine,  and 
author  of  sermons,  died  in  17-24. 

N  ALTON,  James,  was  ejected  for  non-con 
formity  in  lt»2,  and  died  in  166.1. 

NANCEL,  Nicholas  de,  a  French  physician, 
and  author  of  some  eminence,  died  in  1610. 

N.\NFAN,  John,  colonial  governor  of  .\fw 
York,  about  1701. 

319 


_N  A 

NAM,  J.ihci  Baptist,  a  noble  Venetian  states- 
man, and  auiiiorol'  a"  History  of  Venice,"  of 
much  reputation,  born  in  ICIB,  died  in  1078. 

NASSWii,  Peter,  professor al  Louvaiii,  wrote 
several  works,  and  died  in  )557. 

NANCiUIER,  :Sinion,  a  French  poet  of  the 
16th  century. 

NA.NTEUIL,  Robert,  a  celebrated  French  de- 
signer and  engravcrto  Louis  XIV.,  born  in  ItiJO, 
died  in  1678. 

NANTIGNI,  Lewis  Cliazot  de,  a  French 
writer,  and  autlior  uf  "  Historical  Genealogies 
of  Ivings  and  emperors,"  &.c.  ;  lie  died  in  1755. 

NAOGEORGUS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  bava- 
ria ;  be  wrote  satires  against  the  papists,  and 
died  in  1578. 

N.'iPIER,  John,  lord,  a  Scotch  nobleman,  ce- 
lebrated as  a  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
and  as  the  inventor  of  logarithms  tor  the  use  of 
navii;a!')rs,  born  in  1550,  died  in  1617. 

N.\RES,  James,  doctor  of  miibic,  organist  of 
the  chapel-royal  at  St.  James',  master  of  the 
children  of  the  said  royal  chapel,  and  composer 
of  divers  anthems,  which  manifest  the  strength 
of  his  genius,  and,  together  with  his  other 
works,  will  perpetuate  his  name,  and  rank  him 
Willi  till!  first  in  his  profession  ;  he  was  born  in 
1715,  and  died  in  1783. 

NAR.-ES,  kinn  of  Persia,  died  A.  D.  :i03. 

NARSES,  a  Persian  eunuch,  wiio  was  in  the 
service  of  the  Roman  emperors,  and  at  the  head 
of  their  armies  defeated  the  Goths.  He  died  in 
552. 

KASH,  Thomas,  a  satirist  against  the  puri- 
tans, and  a  dramatic  writer,  born  about  1564. 
He  settled  in  London,  where  he  died  in  1601. 

N.\SH,  Richard,  commonly  called  [!eau  Nash, 
or  king  of  Bath,  born  at  South  Wales,  in  1674, 
and  died  at  Bath,  in  17()1. 

N.^SH,  Francis,  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution  ;  he  was 
Killed  at  the  battle  of  Gerniantown,  in  1777. 

N.^SINI,  Joseph  Nicholas, an  Italian  painter 
of  some  celebrity  ;  he  died  in  1736. 

NASMITH.  Jain.s,  D.  D.,an  English  divine 
and  writer,  died  in  1808. 

NATALIS,  Michael,  an  engraver,  of  Liege, 
eminent  in  his  prolessioii,  died  in  1670. 

NATH.AN,  a  prophet  in  the  age  of  David. 

NATHAN,  Isaac,  or  Mordecai,  the  first  who 
published  a  Hebrew  concordance,  which  he  com- 
pleted in  1448. 

NATTIER,  John  Mark  le,  a  French  painter, 
patronised  by  the  French  king  ;  he  died  in  176C. 

N.ATTIER,  Lawrence,  of  Swabia,  published 
a  book  on  ancient  gems,  and  died  in  1703. 

N.^ITCLERUS,  John,  professorof  law  atTu- 
bingen,  and  an  author,  died  in  the  Ifilh  century. 

NAUDE,  Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
treated  with  kindness  by  Richelieu  and  Maza- 
rin,  died  in  1653. 

N.'VUDE,  Philip,  born  at  Metz,  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Berlin,  and  died  in  1729. 

N.AUNTON,  sir  Robert,  a  statesman,  and 
secretary  of  state  to  James  I.  His  "Frasmenta 
Regalia"'  contains  some  curious  anecdotes  ol 
the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Sir  Robert  died 
in  16.33. 

N.WAGRRO,  Andrew,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  was  employed  as  ambassador  to  Francis  1. ; 
he  died  in  1529. 

NAVAfJERO.  Bernard, of  the  same  family, 
was  made  a  cardinal,  and  was  present  at  the 
•  onncil  of  Trent ;  he  died  in  1565. 

.N'AVARUK,  Peter,  a  famous  warrior  of  the 
16th  century. 
3?0 


NE 

N.WARETTA,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
iiican,  who,  for  bis  eloquence,  was  employed  as 
a  niissionarv  in  China ,  he  died  in  lt>8J. 

NANARETTA,  Ilalthasar,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican, and  an  author  of  the  16th  century. 

NAVIER,  Peter  Toussaint,  a  native  of  St. 
Dizier,  eminent  for  his  discovery  of  iiitrou* 
ether,  and  the  combination  of  mercury  with 
iron.     He  died  in  177y. 

NAVLKR,  James,  a  remarkable  enthusiast, 
born  in  1616,  he  became  a  convert  of  the  fam- 
ous George  Fo.x  to  quakerism,  and,  commencing 
preacher,  he  set  out  for  Bristol,  attended  by  a 
luiiieroiis  cavalcade  singing,  "  Holy,  holy,  holy. 
Lord  God  of  Sabaoth  ;  Hosannah  in  the  highest; 
holy,  holy,  holy,  Lord  God  of  Israel."  He  was 
Lroughi  bel'ore  parliament,  tried  and  condemned 
as  guilty  of  blasphemy,  and  sentenced  to  impri- 
onineui  for  life.  But  two  years  after,  he  was 
liberated,  and  died  in  1666. 

NE.AL,  Daniel,  a  non-conformist  divine,  borr. 
in  1678.  In  1706,  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  an 
Independent  congregation  in  London.  As  a 
writer,  his  principal  productions  are,  "  A  His- 
tory of  New-England,"  and  "  A  History  of  the 
Puritans."     He  died  in  1743. 

NE.ANDER,  Michael,  a  learned  protestant, 
born  in  Sile.sia,  and  rector  of  the  university  of 
llfeldt  40 years;  he  died  in  1595.  A  physician 
and  author  of  the  same  name,  died  at  Jena,  in 
1581. 

NE.ARCHUS,  one  of  Alexander's  captains, 
and  wlio,  under  his  command,  navigated  the 
Indian  ocean.  We  have  a  very  curious  account 
of  his  "  Voyage  from  the  Mouth  of  the  Indus  to 
Babylon."  Arrian,  however,  calls  the  veracity 
of  Nearchus  in  question. 

NEBUCHADNEZZAR  I.,  or  NABUCHA- 
DONOSOR,  king  of  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  founder  of  theisiug- 
doiii  of  Nineveh. 

NEBUCHADNEZZAR  II.,  king  cf  Babylon, 

upposed  to  liave  been  a  son  of  the  former.     He 

was  banished  from  the  society  of  men,  horded 

among  wild  beasts,  and,  after  7  years,  wasrestor 

d  to  his  throne.     He  died  about  562  B.  C. 

NECHO,or  the  PHARAOH  NECHO,  of  Scrip- 
ture, died  about  600  B.  C. 

NECK,  John  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1714. 

NECKER,  Noel  Joseph,  of  Flanders,  obtained 
celfbrity  in  medicine  and  botany,  ai.d  died  in 
1793. 

NECKER,  James,  a  native  of  Geneva,  known 
as  a  financier.  He  went  as  ambassadar  to  France, 
where,  in  1765,  he  obtained  the  office  of  Syndic 
to  the  East  India  Company,  and  in  1775,  was 
made  director  of  the  royal  treasury  ;  was  twice 
prime  minister  of  France;  but  the  revolution 
destroved  his  popularity,  and  he  retired  to 
Switzerland,  where  he  died  in  1804,  aged  72. 
He  is  author  of  a  work  on  the  Finances  of 
France,  and  a  Treatise  on  the  Influence  of  Reli- 
gious Opinions. 

NF.CKH.\M,  Alexander,  an  Englishman  and 
iihhot  of  St.  Mary's,  admired  as  a  learned  man 
and  a  poet  ;   he  died  in  1227. 

NECTARIUS,  made  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople by  the  younger  Theodosius,  in  381.  Hav- 
ing governed  the  church  with  great  piety,  and 
abolished  the  use  of  confession  in  the  East,  he 
died  in  397. 

N  EKDH  .iXM,  Marchamont,  an  English  politic;iI 
and  satirical  writer,  born  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1620, 
.lied  in  1678. 

NEEDHAM,  John  Tuberville,  an  English 


MC 


NE 


finriian  caiholic,  ediicaicd  at  llouai.  Though 
»  leantt'd  man,  he  was  supeislitiouB ;  he  died  in 
1781. 

NEEDLER,  Benjamin,  educated  at  Oxford, 

was  an  ejected  non-conformist,  and  died  in  J08-2. 

NEEDLEIl,  Thomas,  an  Engllsli  writer,  of 

the  navy  office,  died  in  1718. 

NEEFS,  Peter,  an  admired  Flemish  painter, 
educated  under  Steenwick. 

NKER,  Arnold  Van  der,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  I'O:). 

NEHE.MIAH,a  Jew.  He  was  permitted  to 
rebuild  Jerusalem,  and  governed  his  nation  wuh 
justice  30  years.     He  died  430  B.  C. 

NELIiER,  George  Christoplier,  a  learned  di- 
vine, and  counsellor  to  the  elector  of  Treves ; 
he  died  in  1784. 

NELSON,  Robert,  a  learned  and  eminently 
pious  Enslish  centleman,  born  in  IfirKi,  died  in 
1715.  He  published  several  works  of  piety,  and 
left  his  whole  estate  to  charitable  uses.  There 
Is  a  preat  deuree  of  excellence  in  all  his  writ- 
ings :  but  his  "  Couipanion  for  the  Festivals  and 
Tasts,"  &c.,  will  perpetuate  his  memory. 

NET.PON,  Horatio,  viscount,  an  illuslriou.e 
Enftlish  seaman,  fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Nelson,  was  born  in  1758.  He  entered  the  na\'j- 
at  the  a!;e  of  12,  and,  for  his  callaut  conduct  In 
several  enj;aeements,  was  at  last  created  a  vis- 
co  int,  and  his  honours  made  hereditary  in  liis 
fa'nily.  He  was  killed  iii  an  eniaecnient  with 
the  French  and  Spanish  llcetB,  oiF Trafalgar,  on 
the '21  SI  Oct.,  1805. 

NKl,SO\,  Valentino.    See  NALSON. 

NF.I,^>l)X,  William,  one  of  the  judjies  of  the 
roloMV  of  Virjinia,  president  of  the  council,  and. 
for  a  time,  at  the  head  of  the  administration 
there  :  he  died  in  1 ;  i2. 

.N'RI,S»')N,  Thomas,  a  distiniiuished  patriot 
of  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  eovcrnor  of 
tlir  slate  of  Virginia  ,  he  died  in  1780. 

\EL.''<">V.  Thomas,  jiin.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  a  member  of  congress  in  17715,  and  one 
of  I  he  sieners  of  the  declaration  of  Independence. 

NKMESIANUS,  Aureliiis  Olympius,  a  cele- 
brated Latin  poet,  was  born  at  Carthace,  and 
flourished  about  the  year  281.  We  have  still 
rem.iiiiiiii!  a  poem  of  this  author,  called  "  Cyiis- 
geticon."  and  four  eclogues. 

NEMF.STTJS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who  em- 
braced Christianity,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Einesa,  in  Phoenicia,  in  the  beginning  of  the  5th 
centurv. 

NEMOTTRS,  Mary  d'Orlcans,  a  French  lady 
of  quality,  itorn  in  if>23.  and  celebrated  as  au- 
thor of  "  Memoirs  of  the  War  of  the  Fronde  ;" 
she  died  in  1707. 

NEVNH'S,  an  Rnelish  historian,  abmit  the 
betrinning  of  the  !)lh  century.  His  "  HLstory  of 
Britain"  comes  down  to  the  8th  century. 

NEPER,  John,  lord.     See  N  \PIER. 

iVEPOS,  Cornelius,  a  Ijatin  historian,  who 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Julius  t^a'sar.  All 
that  we  have  left  of  his  at  pre.=ent  is  "  The 
Lives  of  the  illustrious  Greek  and  Roman  Cap- 
tains."    He  died  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 

NEPOS,  Flavins  Julius,  a  Dalmatian,  who, 
by  marrying  tlic  niece  of  the  emperor  Leo,  ob- 
tained the  Western  empire.  He  was  assassi- 
nated in  480. 

NERf,  Philip  de,  an  eminent  Florentine  liis- 
torian,  died  in  1556. 

NERl,  St.  Philip  de,  a  Florentine,  celebrated 
as  the  founder  of  a  charitable  order  of  priests  i 
he  died  in  1595.  I 

NERI,  Pompeio,  a  Florentine,  professor  of  I 
S   s 


[iiaw  at  Pisa.  He  was  a  learned  writer,  and  died 
in  177G. 

NERO,  Claud.  Domit.  Ctesar,  emperor  and  ty- 
rant of  Roiiie,.8lew  himself  In  despair,  A.  D.  fi8. 

Ni^RVA,  Cocceius,  a  Roman  emperor  after 
Doiiiitian,  and  ii  monarch  of  eicellent  charac- 
ter ;  he  died  A.  D.  98. 

NESmr,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman,  skilled  in 
antiquities  and  heraldry,  died  in  1725. 

M.SLE,  .\.  de,  a  native  of  Sleaux,  admired 
as  a  poet,  died  in  171)7. 

NEr?.'=!E,  Christopher,  a  dissenting  minister 
in  London,  born  in  lti21,  died  in  1705;  leavin" 
(our  volumes,  entitled  "The  History  and  Mys° 
tery  of  the  Old  and  N«w  Testament." 

NESTOR,  son  of  .Neleus  and  Clorls,  a  great 
coniinnnder  at  the  siege  of  Troy  with  .Agamem- 
non, and  hlclily  esteemed  for  his  wisdom  and 
eloquence.     Hoinersays  he  lived  :i00  years. 

NESTOR,  a  monk  of  the  convent  of  Petcher- 
sti,at  Kiof.  in  Ru.ssia,  horn  in  I05r>,died  in  1115, 
His  grf.at  work  is  liis  "  Chronicle  ;"  which  con- 
tains a  series  of  the  Russian  annals  from  858  to 
about  1113.  Mr.  Muller  informs  us,  that  "the 
labours  of  Nestor,  and  his  three  continiiators, 
liave  pr(Mlured  a  connecied  scries  of  the  Russian 
history,  so  completQ,  that  no  nation  can  boast  a 
similar  treasure  for  so  long  and  unbroken  a  pe- 
riod " 

NE3TOR1US,  a  Syrian,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople ill  431.  He  was  deposed  for  denying  the 
incaniuiion  of  the  Redeemer. 

NET.'^cnER,  Oaspard,  an  eminent  Polish 
painter,  settled  in  Holland,  born  in  1636,  died  in 

um. 

NErTB.AUER,  Ernest  Frederic,  professor  of 
theology,  atGresscn,  died  in  1748. 

NEI'BAUER,  Francis,  a  Bohemian,  a  cele- 
brated musician,  died  in  1795. 

NEUIIOFF,  Theodore  de,  a  German,  born  at 
Met/.,  bfiltr  known  by  the  style  of  Theodore  I 
king  of  Corsica.  Being  at  Leghorn  in  1736,  ha 
was  encouraged  by  the  English  minister  to  go 
to  Corsica,  and  head  the  malecontenls  against 
the  Genoese  government.  At  Tunis,  he  nego- 
tiated for  arms  and  ammunition,  and  vessels, 
wiih  which  he  embarked  for  Corsica,  where  he 
was  crowned  king  of  the  island  ;  but  the  Ge- 
noese liaving  applied  to  the  French,  he  was 
obliced  to  abandon  Corsica  in  1737.  He  retired 
to  England,  and  was  for  many  years  confined  in 
the  King's  Bench  prison  for  debt.  Being  re- 
leased by  an  act  of  insolvency  in  1756,  he  gave 
in  a  schedule  the  kingdom  of  Corsica,  as  his  es- 
tate, to  his  creditors,  and  died  in  December  of 
the  same  vear. 

NEUVILLE,  Charles  Frey  de,  a  French  Je- 
suit, and  an  eloquent  preacher,  died  in  1773. 

NEUVILLE,  Didier  Peter  Chicaneau  de,  pro- 
fessor of  history,  at  Toulouse,  died  in  1781. 

NEVE,  Timothy,  an  English  divine,  died  in 
1798. 

NEVEUS,  Philip  Julian  Mazarine  Mancini, 
duke  de,  nephew  of  cardinal  Mazarine,  wrole 
some  poetry  of  little  merit,  and  died  in  1707. 

NEVIS.'VN,  John,  an  Italian  lawyer,  author 
of  "Svlva  Nupliales  ;"  he  died  in  1540. 

NEWCOMB,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
poet,  and  translator,  of  consideraljle  merit,  who 
died  about  1764,  upwards  of  90  years  of  age. 

NEWCOME,  William,  a  learned  prelate, 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  and  author  of  varioini 
theological  publications  ;  he  died  in  1799. 

NEWCOMEN,  Matthew,  a  lion  conformist  dl- 
vin-",  ejected  in  1(562,  and  one  of  the  We.itniiri.- 
ster  wsemblv  of  divides ;  he  died  in  1666. 
tJ-2 1 


NI 

NEWELL,  Samuel,  one  of  the  first  Ameri- 
can missionaries  to  India;  be  died  at  Bombay, 
in  1821. 

NEWELL,  Harriet,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and  wa;;  born 
in  ITOT.  Slie  accompanied  her  husband  lo  In- 
dia, and  died  at  tlie  Isle  of  France,  in  IHI2. 

JS'EWLAND,  Peier,  a  learned  Dutchman, 
and  an  able  professor  of  mathematics  and  phi- 
losophy, at  Utrecht  and  Amsterdam  ;  he  died  in 
1794. 

NEWMAN,  Francis,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Ntw-Haven,  died  in  1661, 

NEWMAN,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  who 
removed  to  America  in  16:18,  and  settled  in  Mas- 
-fachusetts.  He  published  a  concordance  of  the 
Bible,  and  died  in  lGt;3. 

NEWTON,  John,  an  English  niathematirlan, 
and  chaplain  to  Cliarles  II. ;  he  died  in  1678. 

NEWTON,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  and 
principal  of  Ilarihall  -.  he  died  in  1753. 

NEWTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  Saracens,  and  other 
works ;  he  died  in  Ki07. 

NEWTON,  sir  Isaac,  a  most  celebrated  Eng- 
lish philosopher  and  niatliematician,  and  one  of 
the  greatest  geniuses  that  ever  appeared  in  the 
world,  was  bnrn  at  Woolstrope,  in  Lincolnshire, 
in  164i2,  and  died  in  1*27.  His  discoveries  in  op-1 
tics,  (particularly  his  invention  or  improve 
ment  of  the  reflecting  telescope,)  and  in  otner 
branches  of  natural  philosophy  and  the  matlie-j 
inaiiC9,are  generally  known.  Of  his  numerous 
works,  the  most  esteemed  are,  "Treatise  on 
Optics,"  and  "  Naturahs  Fhilosopliiae  Principia 
Matheraatica." 

NEWTON,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  Bristol,^ 
and  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  born  in  1703,  died  it 
1782,  having  distiiiguished  himself  by  pnblisliing 
an  edition,  with  annotations,  of  "  Milton's  Pa- 
radise Lost,"  and  "Paradise  Regained;"  but 
more  by  his  learned  and  valuable  "  Dissertations 
on  the  Prophecies." 

NEWTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  sermons  and  other  valuable  religious  works 
he  died  in  1807. 

NICAISE,  Claude,  a  learned  French  anti 
quary,  born  at  Dijon.  He  published  some  works, 
and  died  in  1701. 

NICANDER,  an  ancient  Greek  poet  and  me- 
dical writer,  of  whose  numerous  worlis  (for 
Fabricius  has  enumerated  many)  only  two  have 
reached  us;  his  "  Theriaca"  and  "  Alexiphar 
maca."  These,  however,  are  valuable  remains, 
and  place  him  in  the  foremost  rank  of  didactic 
poets,  blending  pretty  equally  amusement  vviti 
instruction.    He  lived  about  140  B.  C. 

NICAUSIS,  or  BALKIS,  was,  according  to 
the  Arabians,  the  same  person  that  is  styled  the 
queen  of  Sheba  in  the  Scriptures. 

NICCOLLS,  Richard,  an  English  poet  of  con 
siderable  merit,  born  in  1564.  The  most  mate 
rial  of  his  works  are,  his  additions  to  the  Mirror 
for  Magistrates,  under  the  title  of  "  A  Winter 
Night's  Vision,  IGIO;"  to  which  he  subjoined 
"  England's  Eli/.a,"  &c. 

NICEPHORUS,  Blemmidas,  a  monk,  of 
Mount  Alhos,  in  the  13th  century,  who  refused 
the  dienitvof  patriarch  of  Consiantinople. 

NICEPHORUS,  Gregoras,  a  Greek  historian 
born  about  the  close  of  the  13tli  century.  He 
compiled  a  hislorv,  from  1204  to  1341. 

NICEPHORUS,  Callistus,  a  Greek  historian, 

who  flonrisiied  in  the  I4th  century,  and  wrote 

an  "  Ecclesiastical  History,"  in  23  books,  18  of 

which  are  .-itill  extaut,  containing  the  transac- 

322 


m 

tions  of  the  church  from  the  birth  of  Christ  to 
the  death  of  the  emperor  Phocas,  in  610. 

NICEPHORUS,  1.,  chancellor  of  the  Eastern 
empire,  seized  the  throne  in  KI2,  and  banished 
the  empress  Irene.    He  fell  in  battle. 

NICEPHORUS  II.,  Phoras,  a  noble,  so  popu- 
lar, that  his  virtues  elevated  him  to  the  throne, 
iti  9fi3.     He  was  assassinated  in  969. 

NICEPHORUS  III,,  a  Roman  general,  raised 
lo  the  throne  of  Constantinople  by  his  army,  in 
1078.     He  was  deposed  three  years  after. 

NICERON,  John  Francis,  a  French  friar  and 
celebrated  philosopher  and  mathematician,  born 
in  1613,  died  in  lf46. 

NICERON,  John  Peter,  commonly  called  fa 
Iher  Niceron,  a  very  eminent  French  biographer, 
born  in  1685,  died  in  17.38.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs 
of  Men  illustrious  in  the  Republic  of  Letters, 
with  a  critical  Account  of  their  Works,"  &c. 

NICETAS,  David,  of  the9lh  century,  author 
of  the  Life  of  Ignatius,  of  Constantinople. 

NICETAS,  surnanied  SERRON,  of  Constan 
tinople,  an  eminent  Greek  commentator  on  sa- 
cred hij-toiy,  in  the  11th  century. 

NICETAS,  Arhominates,  a  Greek  hist  'an, 
who  wrote  a  "  History  or  Annals,  from  the 
death  of  Alexis  Comnenus,  in  1118,  to  that  of 
Botidouin,  in  1205,"  and  died  in  1206. 

NICHOL.^S,  Abraham,  an  English  penman 
of  some  noie.die.l  in '"44. 

NICHOLLS,  FranT'  physician  to  George  II, 
of  England  ;  he  wrote  some  medical  works,  and 
died  ill  1779.  j, 

NICHOIjS,  Richard,  povernorof  thee  lonies 
of  New-York  and  New  J»'r«ey,  wasdistinsnish- 
ed  for  the  wisdom  and  prudence  of  his  admi-< 
nistration.     He  returned  to  England  in  1667. 

NICHOLS,  Dr  WilMam,  an  English  divine, 
and  controversial  writer,  born  in  1664,  died  ic 
1716. 

NICHOLSON,  William,  a  writer  on  mathe- 
matics, born  in  London,  in  1753,  was  an  inde- 
fatigable and  enterprising  man.  bul'  'ied  poor, 
in  1815  ;  having  given  lo  the  world, '"  An  Intro- 
duction to  Natural  Philosophy,"  "The  Naviga- 
tor's Assistant;"  Memoirs  and  Travels  of  count 
Benyowsky;"  "  A  Dictionary  of  Chymistry ;" 
"  A  Journal  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chymistry, 
and  the  Arts." 

NICHOLSON,  sir  Francis,  lieutenant-govern- 
or of  the  cof^.iy  of  New-York,  and  afterwards, 
successively,  governor  of  Virginia,  in  1690,  m 
Maryland,  in  1694,  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  171,3,  and 
of  South  Carolina  in  1720.  He  died  in  London, 
in  1728. 

NICHOLSON,  James,  a  captain  in  the  Ame- 
rican navy,  during  the  revolutionary  war ;  bci 
was  born  in  Maryland,  in  1734. 

NICIAS,  a  renowned  Athenian  general,  pirt 
to  death  by  the  Syracusans,  413  B.  C. 

NICODEMUS,  a  learned  Jew,  who  visited 
our  Saviour  by  night. 

NICOLAI,  John,  a  French  Dominican,  and 
professor  of  theology,  at  Paris  ;  he  wrote  theolo- 
gical works,  and  died  in  1673. 

NICOL.\S,  a  proselyte,  of  .Antioch,  one  of 
the  seven  deacons  of  the  first  church  at  Jerusa- 
lem. 

NICOLAS,  St.,  bishop  of  Myra,  lived  in  the 
age  of  Constantine  the  Great,  and  assisted  at  the 
Nicene  council. 

NICOLAS  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  was  elect- 
ed pope  in  858.  He  was  the  cause  of  the  schism 
between  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches,  and  died 
in  867. 

NICOLAS  II.,  Gerard,  of  Burgundy,  was 


NI 

elected  pope  in  1038.     He  extended  the  papal 
power,  and  died  in  1001. 

NICOL.VSm  ,  JolinGaetan,vvas  elected  pope 
in  11U7.  He  sent  inissionaries  to  Tariary,  and 
died  in  1280. 

NlCOL.\S  IV.,N.de  Rubeis,  was  elected  pope 
tn  1388.  He  was  a  roan  of  learning,  and  died 
in  I2D-2. 

NICOL.\S  v.,  Thomas  d-^  Sarzanne,  an  Ita- 
Uan,  was  elected  pope  in  1447.  He  gained  uni 
versal  reaped  tor  bis  wisdom  and  moderation, 
and  died  in  1455. 

N1C(JL.'\S,  of  Damascus,  a  philosopher  and 
historian  of  ihp  age  of  .'Vugustus. 

NICOL.\S,  of  Cusa,  son  of  a  fisherman,  rose 
by  his  merit,  and  was  appointed  aniha.ssador  by 
Eugenius  IV.,  to  several  courts.  He  died  in 
1454. 

NICOL.AS,  of  Lyra,  a  Jew,  converted  to 
Christianity.  He  taught  divinity  with  reputa- 
tion, and  died  in  1340. 

NircJLAS,  of  Miinster,  founder  of  a  sect 
called  the  House  of  Love,  died  in  1540. 

NICOLAS,  of  Pisa,  an  eminent  architect  and 
sc  1   (lor,  flourished  in  the  13tli  century. 

:  .'l;OLAS  fc;V.M[';RICK,adominican,or  Gi- 
ronne,  and  author  of  the  Directory  of  the  In- 
quisitors; he  died  in  1399. 

N1C0L.\S,  .\ui»ustine,  an  advocate  of  Besan- 
con,  and  an  author,  he  died  '-i  MO.i. 

NtGOLK,  John,  a  Fi  'ch  lawyer  of  some  re- 
putation, died  ill  1()T8. 

NICOLE,  Claude,  usually  called  the  Presi 
dent  r  Icole,  born  in  France,  in  1611.  died  in  1085 
His  works  consist  of  traiislaiions  into  French 
verse  of  several  work.i  of  "  Ovid,"  "  Horace," 
"  Persiiis,"  "  Martial,"  "  Seneca  the  tragedian," 
"Claudian,"  and  oihers. 

NICOLE,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  divine. 
He  was  a  Saxsenist,  a  man  of  great  abilities,  and 
left  some  works;  he  died  in  1695. 

NICOLE,  Francis,  a  distinguished  French 
matheinat'cian,  died  in  1758. 

NICOL  ..  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  a  distinguished  physician  of  New  York. 
From  a  sincere  attachment  to  the  constitution 
ami  discipline  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  he 
engai^ed  in  establishing  a  presbylerian  church 
in  \ew-York,  to  which  he  devoted  a  great  part 
o(  his  estate.     He  died  in  1743. 

NICOLO  DEL  AllUATE,  at  "ebraled  Ital- 
ian painter,  of  the  10;h  ceniurv. 

NICOLSON,  William,  archbishop  of  Casliel, 
in  Ireland,  born  in  li>55,  died  in  1727 ;  distin- 
guished as  a  historian,  cri'ic,  and  antiquary, 
llis  three  hooks,  called  severally,  "The English, 
Irish,  and  Scottish  Historical  Libraries,"  are 
works  in  verv  cnod  esteem. 

NICOMEDES,  a  mathematician  of  the  2d 
centtirv. 

NICOX,  patriarch  of  the  Russian  empire. 
Tlis  publication  of  the  Rible  in  the  Russian 
language  created  enemies  among  the  clergy,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  abdicate  his  office  in  1679. 

NICOT,  John,  ambas.>;ador  from  France  to 
Portuiial.  lie  wrote  a  French  and  Latin  Dic- 
tionary, &c.,  and  died  in  1600. 

NIDH.'VRD,  John  Everard,  an  Austrian  Je- 
suit, was  made  inquisitor-general  of  Spain,  and 
minister,  and  died  in  Didl. 

MEUHt.lFF,  John  de,  a  Dutchman,  anj  am- 
biLssador  from  the  Dutch  East  India  Company 
to  China,  in  the  17lh  centurv. 

NIEIJVVENTYT,  Hernard,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, and  the  air.hor  of  ?«vcral  matheinatiml 
works,  he  died  In  1730. 


NO 

NIGER, C.  PesceiiniusJustus,  governor  of  Sy- 
ria, protiiiinird  emperor  of  Rome  by  his  army, 
in  193,  but  afterwards  defeated  and  slain  by  bia 
rival. 

NIGIDIUS  FIGULUS,  Publius,  was  one  of 
the  most  l(;arned  authors  of  ancient  Rome  atter 
Varro,  a  philosopher  of  the  Pyiliauorean  sect, 
and  a  greni  astrologer  :  he  al>'0  applied  himseli 
to  stale  affairs,  and  was  a  very  able  minister. 
He  died  in  exile,  45  B.  C. 

NIGRISOLI,  Jerome,  an  Italian  pbysician 
and  author,  died  in  lG/f9. 

SW.r.S,  Samuel,  an  .American  clergyman, 
settled  at  BraiiMree,  Mass. ;  he  died  in  1702. 

NINUS,  the  founder  of  the  .As.syrian  empire^ 
wa:>  son  of  Belus.  and  husband  of  Semiramis, 
to  whom  he  lel't  the  kingdom,  2164  B.  (". 

NIPHUS,  Augustin,  a  famous  phUesopbcr, 
of  Calabria,  died  in  1550. 

NISBET,  sir  John,  lord  advocate  of  Scotland, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

NlrfBET,Charles,D.  D.,  a  clergyman  of  Scot- 
laud,  was  chosen  first  president  of  the  college 
of  Carlisle,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1783,  and  held 
that  office,  with  reputaliou  and  success  until  his 
death  in  1804. 

NIVELLEDELACHAUSPEE.PeterClaude, 
an  admired  French  poet,  died  in  1754. 

NIVERNOIS,  Lewis  Julius  Mancini,  duke  of, 
minister  of  state,  and  ambassador  abroad,  ne- 
gotiated the  peace  of  1763,  at  London.  He  is 
known  as  a  poet  and  a  writer,  and  died  in  1708. 

NIZOIjIL'S,  Marius,  an  Italian  grammarian 
of  the  16th  century 

NO.\H,  son  of  Lamech,  was  saved  from  de- 
struction ill  the  ark,  built  by  the  direction  of 
God.     He  died  2029  B.  C. 

NO.MLLES,  Lewis  .\iitonyde,  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Paris.  Though  by  birth,  duke  of 
St.  Cloud,  he  preferred  the  eccleeiastical  state  to 
political  rlistihction  :  he  died  in  1729. 

NO.\ILLE.S,  .Adrian  Maurice,  duke  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  military  officer,  was  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  of  marshal,  and  died  in  1766. 

NOBLE,  Eustaclie  de,  a  Frenchman,  who 
by  his  abilities,  rose  to  be  procurer  of  the  par 
liament  of  Metz.  He  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1711. 

NOGAROLA,  Isotta,  a  learned  lady,  of  Ve 
rona,  well  acquainted  with  philosophy,  theolo- 
gy, and  the  learned  languages ;  she  died  in  1408. 

NOGAROL.V,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian,  was 
at  the  council  of  Trent ;  he  died  in  1559. 

N'OINVILLE,  James  Bernard  de,  the  author 
of  several  works,  died  in  1768. 

NOIR,  John  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Sees,  con- 
demned for  heretical  opinions.  His  works  pos- 
se.ss  great  merit.     He  died  in  1692. 

NOLDICS,  Christian,  a  Danish  divine,  and 
author,  died  in  1673. 

NOLLN,  Denys,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  qiiiired  his  profession  for  divini- 
ty, and  died  in  1710. 

NOLIN,  John  Baptist,  a  geographer,  of  Paris, 
died  in  1762. 

NOLLET,  Dominic,  a  Dutch  historical  pain- 
ter, died  in  1736. 

NOLLET,  John  Anthony,  a  learned  man  and 
philosopher,  whose  experimems  contributed 
much  to  the  advancement  of  science.  He  died 
at  Paris,  in  1770. 

NOLLIKINS,  Joseph  Francis,  a  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  diecj  in  1748. 

NONII'S,  ;tlarcellus,  a  learned  grammarian 
and  peripatetic  philowpher.  His  works  wer« 
printed  in  1471. 

323 


NO 

■.'i.NNlLt*,  Lewis,  a  learned  physician  at 
Aiiiweip,  III  tlie  17ih  ceniury,  and  autUor  of  a 
iHiihius  treatise,  entitled  "  Dietelicon,  sive  de 
Re  Cibaria."  He  alsu  printed  a  conimonlary 
upon  the  (ireelt  medals,  and  those  of  Julius 
Casar,  Augustus,  and  Tiberius. 

NONNIUS,  Peter,  or  NUNES,  a  preat  tnathe 
matician,  bom  in  Portugal,  in  HUT.     He  was> 
author  of  several  mailiemalical  works,  and  diedj 
fii  1577. 

KONNUS,  aGreek  poet,  surnamed  Panopo 
ntes,  from  tlie  place  of  his  birth,  being  a  native 
of  Panopolis,  in  Egypt,  where  iie  was  born  in 
«he  5th  century.  He  is  the  author  of  a  para- 
phrase in  Greek  verse  upon  the  pospel  of  St 
John,  the  diction  of  which  is  perspicuous,  neat, 
elepaiu.  aiKl  proper  for  the  subject. 

NOODT,  Gerard,  an  eminent  civilian,  born 
at  Niinegueii.  His  works  are  all  on  law  sub- 
jects.    He  died  in  1725. 

NORAUl.V,  son  of  Sanguin,  or  Einadeddin, 
nnltaii  of  Aleppo  and  Nineveh.  He  attacked 
and  defeated  the  crusaders,  and  died  in  1174, 
universally  respected. 

NORDBEUG,  I.  A.,  chaplain  and  companioi! 
of  Charles  XIl.,  of  Sweden,  in  all  his  military 
adverltnre^^.     He  died  in  1745. 

KCiKDEN,  Frederick  Lewis,  bom  in  Holstein, 
in  1708.  He  was  a  skilful  navigator,  a  great 
designer,  and  a  good  matheraatician.  Having  a 
strong  desire  to  examine  the  wonders  of  Egypt, 
he  went  thither  under  the  patronage  of  the  kins 
of  Denmark,  and  published  the  result  in  "  Tra- 
vels in  Egypt  and  Nubia."  Going  afterwards 
to  England,  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Eoyal  Society, and  on  this  occasion  gave  the  pub- 
lic "  Drawings  of  some  Ruins  and  Colossal  f^ta- 
tues  at  Thebes,  in  Egypt,  with  an  account  of  the 
same,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Royal  Society."  He 
died  in  France,  in  1743. 

NORDEN,  John,  an  able  topographer,  and 
surveyor  of  the  king's  lands,  in  the  reign  of 
James  I. ;  he  died  in  lP-25. 

NOIIDEN  FLEICHT,Chederig  Charlotte  de 
of  Stockholm,  celebrated  among  the  Swedes  fori 
her  elegant  poeiris  ;  she  died  in  1793. 

NOKDENi^CHOLD,  a  nativeof  Sweden,  and 
governor  of  Finland,  known  for  his  extensive 
knowleik'e  of  political  economy :  lie  died  in  17i>4. 

NORE.'^,  Jason  de,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  who 
went  to  Padua,  and  taught  philosophy.  He  diedj 
::i  I5?>0. 

NOUG  ATE,  Edward,  an  Englishman,  and  an 
ingenious  artist,  died  in  1649. 

KORMANT,  Ale.sis,  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  deservedly  celebrated  for  his  love} 
of  jusli  e  ;  died  in  17-J5. 

NOl.tUS,  John,  an  Rnylishman,  educated  at 
Caiiibiidgc;  he  was  a  benefactor  to  his  College 
and  dird  in  1777. 

NOIIRI.S  John,  a  learned  English  divine  and 
Platonic  philncopher,  moral  writer,  and  poet, 
born  in  lt)57,  died  in  1711. 

NORRIS,  Henry,  a  learned  cardinal,  born  at 
Verona,  in  1631,  disiinguished  himself  by  al 
"History  of  Pelagianisni,"  and  died  al  Rome 
In  1704. 

NOUUIS,  John,  a  merchant,  of  Salem,  Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished  as  one  of  the  founders, 
and  s  liberal  benefactor  of  the  theological  insti- 
tution at  Andover,  in  that  suite:  In-  died  in 
1208.  His  wife,  Mar>',  left  by  will,  31)  000  dol- 
lars to  the  same  institution,  and  a  like  anm  toi 
olher  religious  objects.  I 

NCaiTH    Francis,  lord  Guilford,  keeper  of  | 
lbs  great  seal,  in  the  reifrfs  of  Charlei  11.  and' 
3^4 


NO 

James  H,,  a  great  natuiul  philosopher,  and  au- 
thor of  "  A  Philosophical  Etsay  on  Music." 
He  was  born  about  1(540,  and  died  in  1685^ 

NORTH,  Dr.  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
b<irn  in  1645,  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  an 
admirer  of  Plato,  and  published  an  eiiilion  of 
some  of  his  pieces,  viz.  "  Socraiis  A|«ilf  gia," 
"  Criio,"  "  Pha  do,"  Sec.     He  died  in  lf«. 

NORTH.  George,  M.  A,,  an  eminent  English 
drvine  and  aiiti()uary,  born  in  1707,  wrote  a 
"  Table  of  English  Silver  Coins,  from  the  Con- 
quest, to  the  Commonwealth,  with  Remarks,' 
and  died  in  1772. 

NORTH,  Frederick,  earl  of  Guilford,  better 
known  as  lord  North  ;  the  minister, under  whose 
administration,  England  lost  her  American  colo- 
nies. He  was  born  in  1732,  and  died  in  1792, 
having  been  blind  several  years. 

NORTON,  lady  Frances,  an  English  lady, 
who  wrote  "  Applause  of  Virtue,"  &.c.  ;  she 
died  in  1720. 

NORTON,  John,  a  writer  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  H.,  who  published  "The  Scholar's 
Vade-mecum  ;"  in  which  he  attempted  to  alter 
the  orthography  and  structure  of  the  English 
lanjiiase. 

?,'OUTON,  Thomas,  an  English  lawyer  and 
riram.atic  writer,  assisted  Sternhold  and  Hop- 
kins, in  their  noted  version  of  the  Psalms,  27  of 
which  he  turned  into  English  metre.  He  died 
about  It'iOO. 

NORTON,  John,  one  of  tlie  early  emigrants 
from  Great  P>ritain  to  America,  and  a  distin- 
guished clergyman,  in  the  infant  colony  of  Jlas- 
sachuselts  :  he  died  in  1663. 

NOSTROnAMT'S,  Jlichael,  an  able  French 
physician  and  celebrated  astrologer,  was  born 
in  1503,  ar..i  died  in  1566. 

NOTT,  Edward,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  from  1705  until  his  death,  the  ensuing 
year.  He  was  respected  by  the  colonists,  and 
ills  short  administration  was  popular. 

NOl'E,  Francis  de  la,  of  Brittany,  a  colonist, 
ctMjaged  in  the  civil  wars  of  France;  he  was 
di.Mingiiished  as  a  brave  man,  and  was  killed  in 
bat!  le  in  1591. 

NOUE,  Stanislaus  Louis  de  la,  of  the  same 
family,  served  w-ith  great  reputation  in  the 
French  army,  and  was  killed  in  1760. 

NOUE,  Denis  de  la,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
Paris,  died  in  1650 

I  NOUE,  John  Sanvre  de  la,  of  Meaux,  a  ce- 
lebrated actor  and  dramatic  writer;  he  died  in 
1761, 

NOUK,  N.  la,  a  famous  financier,  of  France, 
in  tlie  17th  century, 

NOVA RI Ml,  Li-wis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Ve- 
rona, and  an  author,  died  in  16.70, 

NOVATIAN,  a  pagan  philosopher  of  the  3d 
century,  who  was  converted  lochiistianity,  but 
founded  a  new  heresy.  His  followers  were 
I  called  Novatians. 

NOVATUS,  a  priest  of  Carthage,  of  great  in- 
consistency of  opinion,  he  died  in  the  3d  cen- 
1 tury, 

I  NOWEL,  .Mexander,  an  English  divine.  His 
|calechisin,  published  in  1572,  was  extensively 
I  used,  and  much  admired.  He  died  in  1576, 
I  NOV,  William,  attorney-general  in  the  reiin 
I  of  Charles  I,,  celebrated  for  the  many  valuable 
I  law  books  which  he  wrote.  He  was  born  in 
i  1577,  and  died  in  1634. 

NOYES,  James,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  .America  in  1034,  and  soon  after  sct./ed  n» 
Newbury,  Massachusetts,  as  pastor  of  aehnrch 
there     £Ie  died  in  IC^e 


1 


oc 

NOYES,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
•ettlc'd,  as  a  clergyman,  at  Stoiiington,  Con- 
necticut.    He  died  in  1719. 

iXOV'F.S,  Nicholas,  minister  of  a  church  at 
Salcni,  Massachusetts,  dii'd  in  1717. 

NUCK,  .-Vtithouy,  a  Dutch  physician,  and 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Leyden. 

N(JGi:\T,  Robert,  carl  of,  an  Irish  catliolic, 
who  became  a  prolestant,  was  promoted  to 
oilier,  and  died  in  1788. 

M'GRNT,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  an  Irishman, 
author  of  a  French  dictionary.  His  daughter 
was  married  to  F.dmund  Burke. 

NUMA  POMPILIUS,  second  kinp  of  Rome, 
known  for  the  laws  which  he  established,  and 
liis  respect  for  relieion.     He  died  fiT2  B.  C. 

M'.MKMUS,  a  Greek  philosopher  of  Uie  2d 
ceniurv,  and  a  followerof  Pythagoras  and  Plato. 

NU.SlF.RIANUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,son  of  the 


or, 

ler  to  .\u).'ustus  (.\Tsar,  wife  of  .Mark  .Antony, 
and  one  of  the  most  illuslrious  ladies  of  anclciit 
Rome  for  her  wiiidiiin  and  virtues,  died  II  B.  C. 
OCTAVIA,  the  wife  of  .Nero,  who  divorced 
and  put  her  to  death. 

on.\ZRI,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1731. 

ODELL,  Thomas,  an  Eniilish  dramatic  wri- 
ter, and  deputy  master  of  the  revels,  died  in 
17-19.  lie  lirouaht  four  dramatic  pieces  on  the 
stage,  which  met  with  some  share  of  sjccp>s. 

ODF.NATU.S,  king  of  Palmyra,  was  assassin 
ated  in  267,  and  his  wife,  Zenobia,  assumed  the 
govermnent. 

ODIN,  a  famous  hero,  who  lived  about  70  B. 
C.  in  the  kingdom  of  Denmark.     He  was  a  war- 
rior, poet,  priest,  and  monarch,  and  worshipped 
by  his  countrymen,  as  a  god,  after  his  deaili. 
ODO,  Saint,  abbot  of  Clucni,  distinguished  for 
emperor  Carus,  succeeded  his  brother  in  284,'ihis  great  learning  and  sanctity;  he  died  in  94S. 
but  was  soon  after  assassinated.  j|     ODD,  of  Kent,  floutislied  in  the  12th  century, 

NUNEZ,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  critic,  and  a  very  learned  and  eloquent  Benedictine  prior 
profe.ssor  of  belles  lettres,  at  Alcala  and  Sala-  and  abbot.  He  died  in  1171,  having  composed 
maiica  :  he  died  in  1552.  ||many  valuable  works. 

NYR,  Philip,  an  ejected  non-conformist,  dicdi|  CECOL.A.MP.VDIUS,  John,  a  German  divine, 
in  1B72.  jieininent  among  rhe  reformers  of  the  church, 

NYE,  Nathaniel,  a  mathematician,  in  the  jborii  in  1482.  died,  of  the  plague,  in  15:11. 
the  reicn  of  Ciiarles  11.  )     CECUMENIUS,  a  Greek  writer  of  the  lOtli 

NV.M  XN.M'S,  Gregory,  professor  of  anato-||century. 
my  and  boiaiiy,  at  VVittembcig,  died  in  IKJS.     i|     OFFA,  king  of  Mrrcia,  was  the  first  who  es 

tabtished  the  I'eler-pence  tribute  ;  he  died  in7'.M. 

O  j     OGDEN,  Samuel,  n  learned  and  pious  r,ng 

||lish  divine,  btini  in  171l>,  died  in  1778. 

0.\Krs.  I'rian.  an  EiigUsli  clergyman,  wlioij     OGDCN,  Matthias,  an  officer  in  the  .\M)erican 

•etiled  ill   Massac liiisetts,  and  was  chosen  pre-i|army  during  the  revolution,  and  afierwards  a 

iideiit  (if  Harvad  college  ;  he  died  in  1681.  brigadier-general  in  the  service  of  the  United 

0.\TES.  Til  us.  an  infamous  character,  whose  [States  ;  he  died  la  1791. 
public  conduct  maybe  found  in  every  history''     OGDEN,  Jacob,  a  respectable  physician,  of 
of  England   under  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  and  |  New- York,  in  I7C.5. 

Jauiesll  He  wa.s  born  in  1619,  and  died  in  1705.  I  OGILBY,  John,  an  eminent  geographer,  c  ri- 
OR.\ni,\FI,  the  fourth  of  the  minor  piophets.j  tic,  and  poet,  of  Scotland,  born  in  KiOO.  Hia 
ORRECHT,  Ulric,  a  learned  German  critic;, principal  works  are  translations  of  "  Vircil," 
and  Latin  historian,  born  in  1646,  died  in  1701.1  and  "  Homer,"  and  a  versification  of  "  Esop't 
So  extensive  and  various  was  his  learning,  thai  Fables  ;"  an  "  .Atlas,"  comprised  iu  several  fo- 
.10  has  been  styled  "The  Epitome  of  Human  lio  volumes.  Hedied  in  1670. 
Science."  i     OGILVIE,  Dr.  John,  a  divine  of  the  church 

OBSEfllTF.NS,  Julius,  a  I.alin  critic,  wlioj  of  Scotland,  born  in  17.33.     He  was  greativ  di»- 


flourislied  about  the  vear  395,  and  wrote  a  book 
"DeP'odigns." 

OBSOP.'EUS,  John,  a  German  phjrsician  and 
critic,  born  at  Brettin,  in  1.556.  died  in  I5i»fi. 

O'BUR  \E,  James,  a  celebrated  ventriloquist, 
born  in  Ireland,  but  for  many  years  resident  in 
England,  died  in  1796. 

OCCAM,  or  OCCH  AM,  William,  a  famous 


tinguished  for    learning   and  piety,   published 
many  poems,  and  died  in  1814. 

OGLE,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Maryland  .  hedied  in  1751. 

OGLE,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Marvland,  died  at  .Annapolis,  in  1809. 

OGLETHORPE,  James,  an  able  British  ge- 
neral, and  a  distinguished  philanthropist.  He 
(cholaslic  divine,  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers,!  served  under  prince  Eugene,  and  in  the  senate 
who  acquired  so  great  a  reputation  as  to  be  en-|  of  his  country,  but  is  nnsi  renowned  for  his 
itied.  the  Invincible  Doctor:  he  died  in  1347.  I  successful  enterprise  iu  Georgia,  of  which  slate 
OCi'LEVE.  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  flour-;! he  was  the  founder.  He  died,  in  England,  in 
f»hed  .iboiii  1420.  I  1785,  at  the  age  of  97. 


OCCr.M.  Sampson,  a  Monegan  Indian,  con- 
iferted  to  Christianity,  became  a  missionary 
imoiiff  the  Western  Indians;  hedied  in  1792. 

OCELLtT.«,  a  Greek  Pythaeorean  pliilo.so- 
sher,  surnamed  Lucanns,  autl-or  of  a  celebrat- 
«I  tract,  called  "  The  Universe."  He  flourished 
50OB.C. 

OCHIN'US,  Bernardin,  an  Italian,  vicar-gene- 
ral of  the  capuchin  order,  lie  changed  his  re- 
ligion several  times,  and  died  in  151)4. 

OCKLEY,  Simon,  an  eminent  orientalist, 
professor  of  Arabic  in  Cambridge,  and  author 
of  "  A  History  of  the  Saracens,  from  the  death 
of  Mahomet,  in  6:i2  to  705."  He  was  born  in 
167'*,  and  died  in  1720. 

OCT.W LA, daughter  of  Caius  Octavin"  sis- 


OISEL,  James,  professor  of  civil  law,  at  Gro- 
ningen,  died  in  1680. 

OKOLSKI,  Simon,  a  Polish  author,  who  died 
in  the  17th  century. 

OKSKI,  Stanislaus,  a  Pole,  who  studied  divi- 
nity under  Luther  and  Melancthon,  and  after- 
wards turned  catholic  ;  he  died  in  ihe  16th  cen- 
tury. 

OLAP,  a  king  of  Norway  in  the  lOih  centurj', 
sent  niissionarics  to  Greenland  to  convert  the 
natives. 

OL.AHUS,  Nicolas,  a  Hungarian  bishop:  he 
wrote  a  chronicle  of  his  time,  aiid  died  in  laH-i. 

OL.AUS,  Mazniis,  archbishop  of  Upsal,  in 
Sweden,  and  historian  of  the  northern  nations, 
died  in  15,'m. 

2«  325 


OL 


"ST 


OLAVIDE?,  N.,  couiii  de.  a  native  of  Spaii-]T?eiarniiietoIreland,  he  soon  distinguished  liim- 
ish  America,  educated  at  Madrid,  pubhshed  the] silt'  by  his  writings,  both  on  religious  and  poli- 
Triuniph  of  llie  Gospel,  and  died  in  the  reign  I  lical  suhjccts,  by  wliicli  he  gained  the  esteem  of 
of  Charhs  III.  all  parties,  as  a  friend  to  freedom,  liberality  and 

OLUCASTLE,  sir  John,  called  the  good  lord  loleration  His  addresses  to  the  catholics  gained 
robhaia,  the  tirst  author,  as  well  as  the  first, ihim  the  most  tlatlerin^  notice  ol  the  Irish  po- 


veriinjeni ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1800,  aged  73. 

OLE.\8TKR,  Jeroin,  a  Portupu.rse  Domini- 
can, wasoli'ered  a  bishopric,  which  he  declined 
lor  the  office  of  grand-inquisitur ;  he  died  in 
I5fi3. 

OLEN,  an  ancient  Greek  poet.  His  age  ia 
fabulous. 

OLESNIKI,  Ibigrieus,  anoble  Pole,  was  made 
cardinal,  and  died  in  1455. 

OLIMPO,  Balthasar,  an  Italian  poet,  of  the 
16th  century. 

OLIVA,  Alexander,  general  of  the  Augustin 
monks,  a  celebrated  cardinal,  and  learned  theo- 
louical  writer,  was  born  in  1408,  and  died  in 
Ut<i. 

OLIVA,  John,  a.  learned  ecclesiastic,  of  Ro- 
vico,  and  secretary  to  the  conclave ;  he  died  in 
17.",7. 

OLIVARES,  Gasper  de  Guzman,  count  de, 
an  illustrious  Spaniard,  minister  under  Philip  V. 
He  occasioned  the  total  separation  of  Portugal 
from  Spain,  and  died  in  1G43. 

OLIVI'R,  Isaac,  a  celebrated  English  histori- 
cal and  portrait  painter,  was  born  in  ],'>36,  and 
idied  in  llil". 

0LIVI:R,  Pptpr,  an  eminent  English  minia- 
ture painter,  died  in  ]r>61. 

OLIVER,  of  Malmsbury,  a  Benedictine,  was 
an  able  mechanic,  but  attempting  to  fly  with 
wings  which  he  had  made,  he  fell  and  broke  his 
leg.     He  died  in  KJdO. 

OLIVER,  William,  an  able  physician,  of 
Bath,  died  in  1764. 

OLIVER,  Claude  Matthew,  an  advocate  in 
the  parliament  of  Aix,  of  great  eloquence.  He 
was  an  anUior  of  merit,  and  died  in  1736. 

OLIVER,  Daniel,  a  merchant,  of  Boston, 
eminent  for  piety  and  benevolence,  died  in  1732. 
OLIVER,  Andrew,  lieutenant-povernof  of 
the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  L  -4.  He 
rendered  himself  unpopular  toward  the  close 
of  his  life  by  favouring  the  claims  of  the  British 
government  upon  the  colonies. 

OLIVER,  Peter,  LL.  D.,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts,  and 
like  his  brother,  becanje  extremely  unpopular 
with  the  colonists.  He  retired  to  England,  where 
he  died,  in  1791. 

OLIVER,  Thomas,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  at  the  commencement  of  tho  re- 
volution. He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  mother 
country,  and  went  to  England,  where  he  died. 

OLIVET,  Joseph,  a  Frenchman,  chiefly  me- 
morable for  an  excellent  edition  of  "  Cicero'u 
Works,"  died  in  1768. 

OLIVETAN,  Robert,  a  relation  of  Caleric, 
who  printed,  at  Neufchatel,  in  1535,  the  first 
French  translation  of  the  Bible,  from  the  He- 
brew and  c;reek  lexis.  He  was  poisoned  the 
ensuing  year. 

OLIVEYRA,  Chevalier  Francis  de,  a  noble 
Portuguese,  employed  in  various  embassies. 
Fi'i'!  enlightened  mind  abandoned  the  popish  re- 
licion  for  the  proiestaiit.  He  afterwards  weni 
10  England  and  died  in  17P3. 

OLONNOIS,  John  David,  a  Frenchman  fa- 
mous for  his  bold  adventures  on  the  ocean,  In 
the  17th  centurv. 

OLYBRIL'S,  Flavins  .\nicius,  hueband  of  the 


martyr,  on  the  reformation  from  popery,  was 
born  in  the  reign  of  Edward  111.  He  was  one 
of  the  leaders  in  the  reforminc  party,  who 
drew  up  a  number  of  articles  against  the  cor- 
ruptions which  then  prevailed  among  church- 
men, and  denied  ihe  scriptural  dominion  of  the 
pope.  As  a  heretic,  he  was  hnng  in  chains 
alive  upon  a  gallows,  and  fire  being  put  under 
him,  he  was  burnt  to  death  in  1418. 

OLDENBURG,  Henry,  a  learned  German 
gentleman,  who,  being  settled  in  London  as 
ronsiil  for  Bremen,  became  first  secretary  to  the 
Royal  Society  ;  to  which  office,  he  applied  him- 
self with  extraordinary  diligence,  and  began 
the  publication  of  the  "  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions," with  No.  1,  in  1064.     He  died  in  1678. 

OLDENBURGEN,  Philip  Andrew,  professor 
of  hi-iory  and  law  at  Geneva,  died  in  1678. 

OLDERMA.N,  John,  a  German,  and  Greek 
pro'V'Ssor  at  Helmsiadt,  wrote  some  valuable 
dtsserla'ions,  and  died  in  1723. 

OLDFIELD,  Anne,  a  celebrated  English  ac- 
tress, and  accomplished  woman,  was  born  in 
16M,  and  died  in  1730. 

OLDFIELD,  T.  P.,  an  English  youth  of  extra- 
ordinary genius,  died  in  1804,  in  his  I6tli  year. 
At  the  age  of  five  and  a  half  years  his  body  was 
debilitated  with  sickness,  but  his  mind  presented 
the  finest  display  of  human  perfection.  He  be- 
came agreat  proficient  in  mathematics,  philoso- 
phy, a.sirononiy,  geography,  history  and  paint- 
ing. His  memory  was  extremely  retentive.  He 
never  forgot  any  thing  with  which  he  was  once 
acrfuainied,  and  he  would  frequently  take  admi- 
rable likenessesof  persons  who  strucK  him  tVoin 
memory  He  was  never  known  to  be  out  of 
temper,  and  though  he  suffered  an  illness  of 
ten  years,  never  repined  or  seemed  impatient. 

OLDHAM,  John,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
was  born  in  lS.i3.  His  genius  lay  chiefly  in 
satire.     He  died  in  1683. 

OLDIPVVORTH,  William,  a  political  and 
mi^celianenns  writer,  in  the  reiffns  of  quoen  Amn; 
and  Georce  I.  He  was  one  oi'  the  original  au- 
thors of  the  "Examiner,"  published  several 
other  works,  and  died  in  1734. 

OLDMIXON,  John,  an  English  historian  and 
poet,  a  violent  party  writer,  and  a  severe  a. id 
malevolent  critic,  died  in  1742.  He  was  a  man 
of  learning  and  abilities. 

OLDYS,  William,  Norroy  king  at  arms,  well 
versed  in  English  antiquities,  a  correct  writer, 
and  a  gnrid  historian,  born  in  1696,  died  in  1761. 

OLE.\KIL'S,  Godfrey,  a  learned  German,  and 
priifes.sor  of  divinitv  at  Leipsic,  died  in  1713. 

OLEARIUS,  Godfrey,  a  learned  Greek  pro- 
fessor and  writer,  born  in  1672,  and  died  in  171.'i. 
having  published  several  works,  and  translaied 
''  Stanley's  History  oi"  Philosophy"  into  Latin, 
with  "  Notes  and  Dissertations"  of  his  own. 

OLEARIUS,  Adain,  a  German  writer,  and 
minister  to  the  duke  of  Hoh-tein ;  who  havinc 
•ccasion  to  send  an  ambassador  to  the  great 
duke  of  Muscovy,  and  the  king  of  Prussia,  ap- 
pointed Olearius  secretary  to  the  embassy.  On 
his  return,  he  drew  up  "  A  Relation  of  his 
Journeys,"  which  was  published  in  1056.  He 
was  born  in  15519,  and  died  in  1671. 

O'l.EARY,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who 
entered  into  the  Franciscan  order  01  Capuchins. '!sister  of  Valentin ian  Hi.,  was  sent  into  Italy 
326 


OP 

-gainst  a  rebel,  whom  he  proclaimed  emperor 
of  the  West.  He  afterwards  deposed  him  and 
usurped  the  throne  himself,  and  died  in  47-2. 

OLYMPIODORUS,  a  peripatetic  philosopher 
•f  E^rvpt,  in  the  a£;e  of  the  second  Tlioodosins. 

OLZOFFSKl,  Andrew,  a  learned  Polish  di- 
vine, was  ambassador  to  Vienna.  He  died  in 
1678. 

OMAR  I.,  caliph  of  the  Saracens,  the  second 
after  Mahomel,  and  one  of  the  most  rapid  con- 
querorsin  modern  history.  He  drove  the  Greiks 
from  Syria  and  PhOBnicia;  .lerusalem  was  hor- 
rendered  to  him  ;  his  eeiierals  took  the  capital 
of  Pirsia;  and  soon  after,  Memphis  and  Alex- 
andria submitted  to  his  victorious  troops  :  and 
fn  this  conquest,  the  famous  .\le.\andrian  lihra- 
ty  was  burnt  by  these  savages,  who  heated  their 
ftovps  with  its  valuable  books.  He  was  .tssas- 
•inaied  by  a  Persian  slave,  in  tV43,  the  10th  year 
of  his  reign,  and  t>3d  of  his  ape. 

OMAR  H.,  13th  caliph  of  the  race  of  the  Om- 
miades,  succeeded  to  tlie  throne  in  717.  He  was 
■ruel  to  the  Christians,  and  was  assassinated 
n  7-JO. 

OMRI9,  Macnus  Daniel,  professor  of  belles 
ettres  at  Altorf,  and  aullior  of  several  works  ; 
'ied  in  I70H 

ONESK'RITUS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  amonc 
he  attendants  of  Alexander  the  O real. 

ONKSIMUS,  a  Phrygian  slave,  converted  to 
C'hristianity  by  St.  Paul. 

0!VKFyI.OS,surna!ned  the  Proselyte,  a  famous 
Rabbi  of  the  first  centurv,  and  author  of  lliel 
Chaldee  Tarsiim  on  the  Pentatonrh. 

O.\0MArRITl'S,  a  Greek  po.t,  about  516 
B.  C.  The  poems  entitled  Orpheus,  are  ascribed 
to  him.  I 

ONOSANDKR,  a  Greek  author  who  flonri.sli-l 
cd  about  A.  D.  .50,  and  wrote  cuTumenlaries  up- 1 
on  "  Plato's  politics,"  wliich  are  lost;  but  his 
name  is  particularly  famous  for  his  treatise  "Of 
the  duty  and  virtuesof  iln'ceneialof  anarmy," 
whii-h  lias  been  translated  into.several  lanirua'.'es. 

0\UPH1!H'S,  Panvinius,  acelebrated  An^iis- 
tine  monk,  born  at  Verona,  in  152M,  who,  apply- 
ing himself  tothestudy  of  occlesiastical  history, 
continued  the  "  r>ives  of  the  Popes"  brmin  by 
Platina.  Up  acquired  the  title  of  the  father  of 
history  ;  and  died  in  KV!8. 

OORT,  Adam  Van,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  was  born  in  l.'>^7. 

OOST,  .Tames  Van,  a  celebrated  Dutch  pain- 
ter, died  in  IfiOO. 

OPIE,  John,  an  eminent  Eiiglish  artist,  and 
professor  of  painting,  in  the  Royal  Academy. 
He  was  not  merely  an  excellent  artist,  but  was 
also  an  admirable  writer  upon  the  art.  He  was 
born  in  ]7(il,  was  the  son  of  a  humble  carpen 
ter;  he  was  drawn  from  his  obscurity  by  tin 
kind  patronage  of  Dr.  Wolcot  (usuallv  called 
Pet<,"r  Pindar)  and  died  in  London,  in  1907. 

OPITIU9,  Flenry,  a  Lutheran  divine,  and  pro 
feasor  of  oriental  languages,  at  Keil ;  he  died  in 
1712. 

OPITIIJS,  Martin,  a  famous  Silesian  poet, 
styled  the  "Virgil"  of  Germany;  he  died  in 
1639,  aged  42  years. 

OPORLVlTf!,  John,  a  famous  German  printer, 
editor,  and  commentator  on  Greek  and  Latin 
authors,  born  in  l.')07,  and  died  in  l.Wf*. 

OPPKDE,  John  Meyneir,  baron  d',  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Aix,  made  himself  odious 
by  the  atrocities  which  he  committed  against 
Ihe  Vaudois.    He  died  in  l.'i.W 

OPPI.AN,  a  Greek  poet  and  grammarian,  who 
fourtslied  about  the  year  230,  under  the  emp«ror 


OR 

Car.-icalla,  who  gave  liiu)  a  crown  of  gold  tor 
every  line  of  his  poems,  wjirnte  they  goi  the 
title  of  golden  verses.  He  dud  at  30  years  of 
age. 

OPl?OP/EUS,  John,  from  a  corrector  of  the 
press,  became  an  cniiiient  physician,  and  profes- 
sor of  inedicme,  at  l^eldellt^■V^' ;  hedied  in  ItilO. 
I  OPT.\TUS,  an  .\frican  bishop,  who  flourislieil 
]in  the  14th  century,  under  the  empire  oi  Nalenti- 
inian  and  Valens.  He  wrote  the  '•  History  of  (he 
Uonatists,'  the  "  f'acred  Geograpliy  of  Africa." 

OROORAN,  ami>iik,  at  Sens,  aiid  an  author, 
died  in  the  I4lh  century. 

ORELL.AN.A,  Francis,  a  Spaniard,  who  ac- 
companied Pizarro  to  Peru.  He  w«ii  the  first 
European  who  saw  the  great  river  Amazon,  -»nd 
perished,  in  1550,  in  attempting  to  discover  its 
month. 

<)RG.AN.\,  Andrew,an  eminent  painter,  poet, 
and  aichitpct,  born  at  Florence,  in  13-29,  and 
died  in  i:W9.  The  greatest  part  of  his  paintings 
are  at  Pisa.  In  his  picture  of  the  universal 
judgment,  he  painted  his  friends  in  heaven,  and 
liis  loe.s  in  hell. 

OK  I  B.\SI  U.S.  an  eminent  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer,  ol'  the  4fh  century.  He  settled  at 
.Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  and  died  in  'SW. 

ORIR  \.-JTlL'S,  of  Pergamos,  was  physician 
to  the  apostate  Julian. 

ORIGEN,  an  illustrious  father  of  the  Christ- 
ian church,  and  a  man  of  great  parts  and  learn- 
ing, horn  at  Alexandria,  about  the  year  185,  and 
died  in  '2.54. 

ORIGEV,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  and  the 
friend  of  Porphyry. 

ORIG.W.  Peter  Adam,  author  of  a  History 
of  ancient  Egypt,"  died  at  Rheiins,  in  1774. 

ORK  A.V,  son  of  f)tlionian,  made  himself  em- 
peror of  Turkey,  in  ]32li,  by  destroying  his  elder 
brothers,      fic'died  in  13R0. 

ORL.ANDI,  Pclogrini  .Anthony,  an  eminent 
Italian  bookseller,  and  the  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1730. 

ORL.AV,  Bernard  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  and  a  disciple  of  Raphael,  died  in  1560. 

ORLiR.ANS,  Louis,  of  France,  duke  of,  son 
of  Ciiarles  V.,  was  basely  murdered  by  his  un- 
cle John,  duke  of  Burgundv,  in  1407. 

ORLEAN?!,  Charles,  duke  of,  son  of  Louis, 
of  France,  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Agincourt,  and  after  a  captivity  of  25  years,  in 
Eiigliind,  returned  to  France,  and  died  in  1465. 

ORLEANS,  Louis,  duke  of,  prince  of  the 
blood.  s<m  of  Philip,  the  regent,  and  an  accom- 
plished scholar;  he  died  in  1752. 

ORLK.AXS,  Louis,  an  advocate, of  Pari?,who 
holdiv  defended  the  cause  of  the  league  ag.aiiist 
Henry  IV.     He  died  in  1627. 

ORLE.ANS,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit, 
and  an  author  of  several  works,  died  in  IliOfi. 

ORLEANS,  Philip  Louis  Joseph,  duke  of. 
born  in  1717.  This  prince  was  early  addicted 
to  low  pleasures.  After  a  short,  but  disgraceful 
service  in  the  navy  of  France,  he  joined  the 
factious  and  the  vile  in  their  schemes  of  revo- 
lution :  and  by  his  opulence  and  influence, 
greatly  subserved  their  interests.  He  voted  for 
the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  with  inditTerence,  and 
was  soon  after  himself  accused,  and  led  to  the 
scafTold,  in  November,  1703. 

ORLEA.NS  DE  LA  MOTTE,  Louis  Francis 
Gabriel  de,  bishop  of  Amiens,  was  a  pious  and 
charitable  prelate,  and  died  in  1774. 

ORME,  Roh.-rt,  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
military  traiis.tctions  of  the  British  nation  in 
Hindos'tan,  from  the  vear  1745,"  and  "  Hfs- 
327 


OS 

'.orical  Fragments  of  the  Moijul  Empire,"  was 
born  ill  India,  in  l'-2B,  and  died  near  London,  in 
1801.  He  was,  by  some  persons,  complimented 
with  the  title  ot'  the  British  Thiicvriides. 

OKOBIO,  Balthasar,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who 
professed  the  Koinan  calholic  faith,  and  became 
professor  ol  metaphysics  at  Salamanca  ;  lie  died 
in  1687. 

OROXO,  an  Indian,  chief  of  the  Penobscot 
tribe,  was  taithfnj  in  hisaltaihmenttothe  while 
people,  and  laboured  to  prumoie  (Muistiaiiity 
among  his  own.  Fie  died  in  1801,  aged  IKt. 
His  wife  died  in  lcSO!l,  at'ed  1 1.5. 

OKOSIUS,  Paul,  a  learned  t^panish  ecclcsias- 
tic,  who  flourished  in  the.'ilh  century,  and  wrote 
ahistory  under  the  title  of  "  Miseria  Humana," 
containing  an  account  of  the  wars,  plagues, 
earthquakes,  floods,  conflagrations,  thunder  ami 
lightning,  murder,  and  other  crimes,  wliicli  had 
happened  from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to 
the  year  of  Christ  41t). 

OKPIIEUS, of  Thrace,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
who  flourished  before  Homer,  and  before  the 
siege  of  Troy.  He  was  an  e.\cellent  ■,'(\usician, 
poet  and  physician. 

OnSATO',  Seitorio,  an   Italian  v  and 

professor  of  philosophy,  at  Padua; ';..,.  :d  in 
1678. 

ORSATO,  John  Baptist,  an  einincnt  phy.''iciaii 
and  antiquary,  of  Padua ;  he  died  in  1720. 

ORSI,  John  Joseph,  an  ingenious  poet  and 
philosopher,  of  Bolog:ia;  he  died  in  173:^. 

ORSI.  FrciiciK  Joseph  Augustin,  an  able  Tus- 
can write.'-,  rai«;d  to  the  purple,  by  Clement 
XIII.     He  died  in  1761. 

ORTE,  N.  viscount  d,'  governor  of  Bayonne, 
refused  to  put  the  protestants  to  death  at  the  St. 
Bartholomew  massacre. 

ORTELIUS,  Abraham,  a  celebrated  geogra- 
pher, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1598. 

ORTON,  Job,  a  dissenting  minister,  born  at 
Shrewsbury,  in  1717,  and  died  in  1783.  He  wrote 
"Memoirs  of  Dr.  Doddridge,"  "Letters  to  a 
Young  Clergyman,"  and  an  "  Exposition  of  the 
Old  Testament." 

OR  VILLE,  James  Philip  d',  a  Dutch  critic  and 
author,  died  in  1751. 

OSBORN,  sir  d'  Anvers,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New- York,  committed  suicide  a  few 
days  after  his  arrival  in  America,  in  1753. 

OSBORN,  John,  a  native  of  Massacliusetts, 
distinguished  as  a  poetical  writer,  died  in  1753. 

OSBORNE,  Francis,  an  English  writer  of  gr;at 
abilities,  was  born  in  1588.  Of  all  his  works, 
that  best  known  is  his  "  Advice  to  a  Son."  He 
died  in  1658. 

OSGOOD,  Samuel,  an  officer  of  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  afterwards  a  member  of  congress 
from  Massachusetts,  and  post-niaster-geiieral  of 
the  United  Slates  ;  he  died  in  1810. 

OSI.'XNDER,  Andrew,  a  Bavarian,  one  of 
Luther's  first  disciples,  was  a  professor  at  Ko- 
niesberg,  and  a  voluminous  writer.  He  died 
in  1552. 

OSmS,  bishop  of  Cordova,  presided  at  the 
council  of  Nice,  in  3i5. 

OSinS,  or  OSIO,  Felix,  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Padua,  died  in  1631. 

OSMAN  I.,  son  of  Achmet  I.,  succeeded  to 
the  Turkisti  throne  in  1618.  He  introduced  an 
Arab  militia  to  replace  the  Janissaries ;  but  the 
latter  hurled  him  from  the  throne,  and  put  him 
to  death,  in  1622. 

OSM.\N  IL,  emperor  of  Constantinople  in 
J754,  died  in  1757. 
OSMOND,  St.,  made  chancellor  of  England, 


OT 

[and  bishop  of  Salisbury,  by  William  the  Con- 
queror, died  in  lO'JO. 

OStjRKJ,  Jerome,  a  learned  Portuguese  di- 
vine, and  an  excellent  writer,  born  at  Lisbon, 
in  I5U6,  and  died  in  1560.  His  diction  is  easy 
and  elegant;  for  which  reason  he  is  called  the 
Cicero  of  Portugal. 

O.SORIO,  Jerome,  canon  of  Evora,  and  an 
author,  died  in  the  16tii  century. 

OSS.\T,  Arnaud  d',  a  most  celebrated  French 
cardinal  and  statesman  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  horn  in  l.'>30,  and  died  in  1604.  His 
'Despatches"  areas  useful  to  an  ambassador 
who  hopes  to  succeed  i.n  his  employment,  as  the 
Bible  and  the  Corpus  Juris  to  such  divines  and 
lawyers  as  would  succeed  in  their  respective 
professions. 

OSSIAN,  a  Gaelic  poet,  supposed  to  have 
flourished  in  the  3d  century,  and  to  have  been 
the  son  of  Fingal.  His  poems  were  translated 
by  Mr.  M'Pherson,  in  1762. 

OSTADS;,  Adrian  Van,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Liibec,  in  1610,  and  died  in  1685.  Na- 
iiire  guided  his  pencil  in  every  thing  he  under- 
took. 

OSTERWALD,  John  Frederick,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  proiestant  niini.ster,  born  in  1063,  and  died 
in  1747.  Ke  was  author  of  many  excellent 
works,  the  best  of  which  is  his  "Instructions 
in  the  Christian  Religicm." 

O.STERWY,  Maria  Van,  a  native  of  Delft, 
was  an  elegant  artist,  and  died  in  1093. 

OSWALD,  king  of  Northumberland,  became 
a  Clirisiian,  and  was  killed  in  battle,  in  643. 

OSWALD,  Erasmus,  professor  of  Hebrew  a« 
Fribourg,  published  a  Hebrew  translation  of  tho 
New  Testament,  and  died  in  1579. 

OSVM.^NDYAS,  an  Egyptian  king,  the  first 
who  loriiied  a  public  library. 

OTHO,  Marcus  Salvius,  emperor  of  Rome 
in  69.     He  held  his  oflice  only  three  months. 

OTHO  I.,  suriiamed  the  Great,  crowned  em- 
peror of  Germany  in  936.  He  was  a  valiant 
prince,  and  died  in  973. 

OTHO  II.,  surnanied  the  Bloody,  was  son 
and  successor  of  Otho  I. ;  he  died  in  983. 

OTHO  III.,  only  son  of  Otho  II.,  was  crown- 
ed emperor  in  983,  and  died  in  1002. 

OTHO  IV.,suniamed  the  Proud,  son  of  Henry 
the  I,ioii,  duke  of  Sa\ony,  was  elected  emperor 
in  1197,  and  died  in  1218. 

OTIIO,  Venius,  a  Dutch  painterof  great  emi- 
nence, born  at  Leyden,  in  1556.  His  genius  was 
so  active,  that  he  at  once  applied  himself  to  phi- 
losophy, poetry,  mathematics,  and  painting,  and 
acquired  an  excellence  in  all  parts  of  the  latter. 
He  died  at  Bru.ssels,  in  1634. 

OTHO,  bishop  of  Frisengen,  and  an  author, 
died  in  1J58. 

OTIS,  James,  a  lawyer,  of  Massachusetts, 
disfinguislied  as  a  zealous  defender  of  the  rights 
of  the  colonies ;  he  died  in  1798. 

OTIS,  James,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of  Mas- 
achusetts,  and  son  of  the  preceding,  was  one 
of  the  most  active  and  zealous  friends  of  colo- 
nial rights  in  America.  He  became  insane  se- 
veral years  previous  to  his  death,  and  was  killed 
by  lichtning,  in  1783. 

OTROKOTSKIFORIS,  Francis,  a  Hunga- 
rian, and  protestant  minister.  He  embraced 
the  Catholic  faith,  and  died  in  1718. 

OTT,  Henry,  a  learned  Swiss  divine,  and 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Zurich  ;  he  died  in 
1082. 

OTTER,  John,  author  of  Travels  in  Turkev, 
&.C.,  died  in  1748. 


o\v 

OTVVAY,  Tlioiiias,  uii  eminent  English  poet 
and  dramatic  writer,  born  in  1051,  hud  bis  edu- 
cation at  Oxford,  but.  leaving  the  universiiy 
without  any  degree,  he  went  to  London,  and 
applying  liiins«!lf  to  the  play-houses  boih  wrote 
and  acted  lor  a  support.  He  excelled  in  touch- 
ing the  tender  pas.>ions  iu  tragedy,  of  which 
his  'Orphan,"  and  '"  Venice  Preserved,"  con- 
tain the  strongest  specimens.  He  died  in  liiS3. 
Ol'UEXARDK,  Robert  Van,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1743. 

OUDIN,  Casiniir,  a  learned  French  monk, 
born  in  1638,  and  died  in  1717,  having  puhli.shr-d 
"  A  Supplement  ol'  the  Ecclesiastical  Writers 
omitted  by  Bellarmine ;"  a  work  which  did  hun 
much  honour. 

OUDIN,  Francis,  a  icsuit,  author,  and  pro- 
fessor of  iheolopy  at  Dijon  ;  he  died  in  1752. 

OUDINET,  Mark  Anthony,  a  French  medal 
lat,  died  in  171-2. 

OUDRI,  John  Baptist,  an  admired  French 
painter,  died  in  1755. 

OUGEITREU,  William,  an  English  divine, 
celebrated  I'or  his  uiiciimrnon  .«kill  in  the  ma- 
thematics, born  in  1573,  and  died  in  Ifi'iO.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  valuable  works. 

OUSEL,  Philip,  a  native  of  Dantzic,  was 
theological  professor  at  Frankfort,  on  the  Odor, 
:<nd  was  well  skilled  ia  Hebrew.  He  died  in 
1724. 

(JUVV.\LEU,  Albert,  m  historical  painter, 
of  Haerlem,  died  In  1515. 

OVERALL,  John,  bishop  of  Norwich,  was 
born  in  1.5.5'J,  and  died  in  1619.  He  ha.)  the  cha- 
racter of  being  the  best  scholastic  divine  in  the 
Eualish  naiion. 

OVERBEKE,  Bonaventure  Van,  of  .'Vnister- 
dain,  an  eminent  designer  and  antiquarian,  died 
in  1706. 

OVERBURY,  sir  Thomas,  a  polite  Enitlish 
writer,  born  in  15H1,  was  poisoned  in  the  Tow- 
er, in  1613,  by  order  of  Robert  (Jar,  carl  of  Ro- 
chester, and  the  countess  of  Essex.  He  was 
'.he  author  of  several  works  in  verse  and  prose. 

OVin,  Publius  Naso,  one  of  the  finest  poets 
of  the  .\u2Msiin  age,  born  at  Sulnio,  in  the  year 
of  Rome,  710.  He  was  exccedinnly  amorous  In 
Tils  youth,  and  addicted  beyond  measure  to  wo- 
men. He  wrote  several  works,  the  best  of 
which  is  his  Metamorphoses.  He  was  exiled 
by  .\u2nstns,  and  died  about  fiO  years  of  age. 

OVIEDO.  John  Oonsalvo  de.  a  learned  Span- 
iard. He  became  the  friend  of  Coluinhus,  whom 
lie  accompanied  in  his  second  voyage  to  the  new 
world. 

OWAIN,  a  prince  of  Powys,  was  slain  in 
UI4. 

OVV.\IN,  son  of  Mexcn  VVIedig.  a  brave  war- 
rior, who  became  a  saint  in  ttie  British  calen- 
liar. 

OWAIN,  or  OWEN  TUDOR,  lord  Pen- 
iiiynydd,  in  .\nglesea,  married  the  widow  of 
Menty  v.,  in  1426.  His  second  son  was  the 
(sarl  of  Richmond,  father  of  Henry  VII. 

OWAIN  CIVElLOG.a  Welch  warrior,  who 
I'.iod  in  1197. 

OWAIV  GLANDWR,  or  OWEN  GLEN- 
DOWER,  the  last  of  the  Welch  princes,  was 
in  the  service  of  Richard  JI.,  but  was  disgraced 
hy  Henry  IV. 

OVVEiV,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  Enelish  divine, 
unions  the  independents,  and  sometimes  styled 
tie  oracle  and  the  metropolitan  of  that  sect,  was 
bnrn  ill  161G,  and  died  in  Iti83.  He  was  a  very 
voluminous  writer. 

OWEN'.  John,  in  Latin  called  Andoenits.  an 


PA 

icniineni  epi-grammatist,  born  about  1550,  and 
;died  in  London,  in  1022. 

I  OWEN,  Dr.  Henry,  a  very  celebrated  Eng- 
lish divine,  whose  biblical  knowledge  was,  (ler- 
hap.-.siiperiortoihatofaiiy  of  hiscot'emporaries. 
He  was  horn  in  1715,  published  many  excellent 
works  of  divinity,  and  died  in  1795. 

OWEN,  George,  an  English  physician  and 
author,  died  in  1558. 

OWEN.  Charles,  an  English  dissenting  di- 
vine, died  ill  1712. 

OWEN,  John,  an  eminent  English  clergyman, 
one  of  the  Ibunders,  and  for  many  years  secre- 
lary,  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 
He  died  in  1822. 

OWTRAM,  William,  an  eminent  preacher 
and  scholar,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

OXENBRIDGE,  John,  an  eminent  divine, 
md  popular  preai' her,  at  Boston  ;  he  published 
some  religious  tracts  and  sermons,  and  died  in 
1674. 

OXENSTIERN,  Aiel,  prime  minister  to  Gu?- 
lavus  Adolphua,  deserved  ills  elevation  by  his 
merit  and  abilities,  and  died  iu  1654. 

OZ.A'^'  \M,  Janu'E,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tical V         ,  died  at  Paris,  in  1717,  aged  77. 

OZ  John,  an  English  dramatic  and  mis- 

ccllai  Js  Writer.  His  plays,  though  all  traiiS- 
latiou^,  are  very  uuiuerous.    Ue  died  iu  1743. 


T  t 


P.AAS,  Crispin,  of  Cologne,  an  eminent  en- 
graver in  the  17th  century. 

PAAW,  Peter,  a  physician  and  botanist,  of 
.\msterdam,  died  in  1617. 

PA  BO,  a  Briti.^h  prince  of  the  5th  century, 
and  founder  of  the  church  of  Mona. 

PACA,  William,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Maryland,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declara- 
tion of  Independence,  afterwards  governor  of 
that  state,  and  a  judge  of  the  district  court  of 
the  United  States  lor  .Maryland  ;  he  died  in  17!Hi. 

P  AC  ATI  ANUS,  Titus  Julius  Marinus,  a  Ro- 
man general,  who  revolted  against  the  emperor 
Philip  ;  he  was  defeated  and  slain  in  249. 

P.VCE,  Richard,  a  learned  Englishman,  em- 
ployed in  negotiations  by  Henry  VIII.  He  wai 
highly  esteemed,  and  died  in  1.532. 

P.\CHECO.  John  de,  marquis  de  Villena,  the 
favouri'e  of  Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  and  prime 
minister.     He  died  in  1473. 

P.\CHY.MEl.rs,  Georf^e,  an  eminent  Byzan- 
tine historian, flourished  about  I2d0,  and  died  in 
1310. 

P.ACIAUDI,  Paul  Marie,  an  able  and  learned 
antiquarian,  of  Turin  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

PACIFICUS,  Maximus,  of  a  noble  family  of 
.\scoli,  in  1400.  was  an  elegant  Latin  poet. 

P.VCIUS,  Julius,  an  Italian,  distinguished  for 
his  lectures  on  jurisprudence,  died  in  163j. 

PACORUS,  son  of  Orodes,  king  of  P.irthia, 
defeated- the  Roman  general  Crassus.  He  was 
slain  30  B.  C. 

P.\CUVIUS,  Marcus,  an  eminent  Latin  tragic 
poet,  in  hizh  reputation  at  Rome,  about  154  B.C 

PADARN,  a  British  bishop.  He  is  one  of  the 
three  blessed  visiters,  who  first  preached  the 
gospel  in  Wales. 

PADERNA,  Paul  Anthony,  of  Bologna,  aa 
eminent  painter,  died  in  1708. 

PADUAN,  Lewis  Leo,  acquired  celebrity 
as  a  painter  and  engraver  of  medals,  and  died 
in  1615. 

P.\DfT.\NlNO,  Francisco,  a  historical  pain 
ter,  of  Padua,  died  in  1017. 

'IR''^  329 


TA 

PADILI.A,  Mary  de,  a  Spanish  lady,  the 
favourite  of  Peter  the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile. 

PAEZ,  Francis  Alvarez,  a  Portuguese,  bishop 
of  Corou  ;  he  died  in  1532. 

FAG.AN,   Peter,  professor  of  poetry  and  his- 
tory, at  Marpurg,  died  in  1576. 
^FAGAN,  Blaise  Francis,  count  de,  a  valiant 
French  officer  and  eminent  mathematician,  was 
born  in  lii04,  and  died  in  IfiiiS. 

PAGANI,  Gregorio,  a  celebrated  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1560. 

PAG.WO,  Paul,  a  distinguished  painter,  of 
Milan,  died  in  1716. 

PAGE,  William,  an  English  divine  and  au- 
thor, died  in  1669. 

PAGE,  John,  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia, espoused  the  cause  of  the  colonies  at  tlie 
commencement  of  the  revolution,  and  was  dis 
tinguished  a.s  an  ardent  patriot.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress,  after  the  adoption  of  the 
fedfral  constitution,  and  governor  of  the  slate 
of  Virginia.     He  died  in  1808. 

P.AGE,  Benjamin,  a  distinguished  physician, 
of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1824. 

PAGE,  John  Odiin.  son  of  the  preceding,  an 
eminent  citizen  of  New-Hampshire  ;  he  died  in 
France,  in  181 1. 

P.\GET,  William,  lord,  ambassador  to  France, 
and  secretary  of  state,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIH. ;  he  died  in  1504. 

PAGI,  John  Bapti.st,  of  Genoa,  an  eminent 
painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1629. 

PAGI,  .Anthony,  a  famous  French  Cordelier, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  critics  of  his  time,  was 
born  in  Provence,  in  1624,  and  died  in  1699. 

PAGI,  Francis,  nephew  of  the  preceding,  and 
author  of  "  A  Chronological  History  of  the 
Popes,"   was  born  in  1654,  and  died  in  1721. 

PAGNIIS'US,  Saiirtes,  a  Dominican,  of  Lucca, 
well  skilled  iu  the  learned  languages  ;  he  died 
in  1536. 

PAINE,  Thomas,  a  political  writer,  born  at 
Thetford,  England,  in  1737,  and  bred  a  stay- 
maker  :  coming  over  to  America,  he  contributed 
much  to  the  revolution  by  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"Common  Sense;"  in  1790,  he  went  to  London, 
and  published  "  The  Rights  of  Man,"  in  an- 
swer to  Burke.  To  avoid  a  prosecution,  he 
went  to  France,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  national  assembly.  He  was  thrown  into 
prison  by  Robespierre,  and  narrowly  escaped  the 
guillotine.  He  returned  to  the  United  States, 
and  died  in  1809. 

PAINE,  Robert  Treat,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
law\'er,  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of 
the  first  congress  from  that  state,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence.  He 
was  afterwards  or>e  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts.      He  died  in  1814. 

PAINE,  Robert  Treat,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
distinguished  poet,  was  born  in  1773,  and  died 
in  1811. 

PAINTER,  Gamaliel,  an  officer  of  the  rcvo 
lution,  was  one  of  the  earliest  .settlers  of  Mid 
dlebury,  Vt.,  and  held  several  important  offices 
in  that  state ;  he  died  in  1819. 

P.^JON,  Claude,  a  Frencii  protcstant  divine 
and  author,  died  in  liiSj. 

PA  JOT,  Lewis  Leo,  co\int  of  Oiapmbray,  a 
nobleman  of  great  learning  and  abilities.  lie 
enjoyed  the  favour  of  Louis  XlV.,  and  died  in 
1753. 

PAKINGTON,  Dorothy,  an  English  lady, 
crninentiv  disiingiiiahed  for  her  learning;  she 
died  in  1679. 

PALj*;MON,  Q.  Ehemmius,  a  celebrated 
330 


PA 

grammarian,  who  taught  nt  Rome,  about  A.  U 
40.  His  arrogance,  however,  surpassed  his  me 
He  asserted  tliat  learning  was  born  when 
he  was  born,  and  would  die  when  he  died. 

PALvEOLOGCS,  Michael,  emperor  of  the 
East,  took  Constaminople  from  the  Latins,  and 
put  an  end  to  their  cmprre.     He  died  in  1383. 

PALjICPHATUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
lived  before  the  Christian  era. 

PALAFOX,  John  de,  an  illustrious  Spaniard, 
appointed  bishop  of  Lus  Angelos,  in  America, 
and  distinguished  for  his  benevolence  to  the  na- 
tives ;  he  died  in  1659. 

^  PA  LAG  E,  N.  de  la  Curne,  a  member  of  the 
Fretich  academv,  and  an  author,  died  in  1781. 

PALAPIiATJ  John,  of  Toulouse,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  poet,  died  in  1721. 

PAL.VTI,  John,  a  Venetian  historian  of  the 
I7tli  century. 

PALEARIUS,  Aonius,  an  eminent  Italian 
writer,  was  condemned  at  Rome  as  a  heretic, 
and  burnt  to  death  in  15f>6,  for  saying  that  Lu- 
ther's followers  were  to  be  commended  in  some 
degree 

I'ALEV,  Dr.  William,  a  learned  divine,  and 

elegant  writer  on  ethics,  was  born  in  1743,  and 

died  in  1805.     He  was  archdeacon  of  Carlisle, 

ub  deacon  of  Lincoln,  and  rector  of  bishop 

WMntiouth. 

P  A  LF I N,  John,  of  Ghent,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
and  medical  wi  iter,  died  in  1730. 

PALINGENIUS,  Marcellus,  or  PIERRE  AN- 
GELO  MANZOLI,  an  Italian  poet  of  the  IBlh 
century. 

PALISRY,  Bernard  de,  a  native  of  Agen,  an 
eminent  potter  and  chyniist.  He  was  patronis- 
ed by  Henry  III.,  and  died  about  15!)0. 

PALL.iUINI,  Arcangela,  an  Italian  lady,  of 
Pisa,  celebrated  as  a  portrait  painter ;  she  died 
in  1622. 

PALLADINO,Jamcs,  an  ecclesiastical  writer, 
called  also  James  of  Taranio,  his  best  work  is 
a  pious  romance,  published  in  1572. 

PALL.'VDIO,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Italian 
architect  in  the  16th  century.  He  inunortalized 
his  name  by  four  books  of  architecture.  He 
was  born  in  1.508,  and  died  in  1580. 

PALLADICS,  of  Cajipadocia,  a  Greek  bishop 
and  anchorite,  and  author  of  a  History  of  the 
Anchorites,  or  Hermits,"  died  in  the  5th  centu- 
ry. 

PALLADIUS,  Rutilius  Taurus  .Emilian,  a 
Latin  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Re  Rustica." 

PALLAJUOLO,  Anthony  and  Peter,  two 
Florentine  brothers,  eminent  as  painters.  They 
both  died  in  1498. 

PALLAS,  a  freedman  of  Claudius,  who  was 
put  to  death  by  Nero. 

VA  LLAS,  Peter  Shnon,  born  at  Berlin,  in  1741 , 
was  bred  to  surgery  and  medicine,  wrote  seve- 
ral works  on  different  subjects,  and  died  in  18U 

PALLAVICINI,  Anthony,  of  a  noble  Genoese 
family,  employed  by  the  pope  in  several  embas- 
sies, was  made  a  cardinal,  and  died  in  1507. 

PALLAVICINI,  Ferrante,  an  eccentric  Ita- 
lian, distinguished  for  his  learning  and  mental 
endowments.  These  he  prostituted  to  the  basest 
of  purposes,  and  was  at  last  condemned  to  death 
in  liM'i,  for  satirizing  the  pope. 

P.ALliAVK'lNI,  Sforsa,  an  eminent  cardi- 
nal, who  composed  a  "  History  of  the  Council 
of  Trent,"  in  opposition  to  that  by  father  Paul, 
was  born  at  Rome,  in  1607,  and  died  in  1667. 

P.ALLIOT,  Peter,  an  eminent  bookseller  and 
primer,  of  Paris,  died  in  1698. 
I    P.ILLISER,  Sir  Hugh,  an  Knglisb  admiral, 


% 


PA^ 

known  lor  liif  (lis))ute  will)  admiral  Keppel  in 
tile  baldcof  llsliant,  in  1778.  He  died  governor 
of  Greetiwicli  hospilal,  in  17t6. 

PALLUEl,,  Francis  CroUe  dfi,  of  Paris, 
stroni^lv  atiaclind  to  agricultural  pursuits,  died 
in  179!). 

PALMA,  James,  the  Elder,  an  Italian  painter, 
and  a  pupil  of  'J'itian,  dird  in  1588. 

PALMA,  Jamc.H,  the  Younger,  nephew  of  the 
precedini^,  a  celebrattid  painter,  died  in  16-2H. 

PALMKR,  Sanuitl,  au  eminent  printer,  of 
London,  in  whose  oflire  the  cclehrated  Dr. 
Franklin  was  sonietimo  employed.  Uu  died  in 
17;«. 

PALMER,  John,  an  actor  of  very  considera- 
ble talents,  beloML'ins  to  Prury-Lane  theatre, 
was  born  about  1712,  an<l  came  on  the  stage  in 
176'2.  In  his  profession  he  excelled.  He  died 
endUenly  on  the  stage,  immcdiatnly  after  utter- 
ing the  words  "  There  is  another  and  a  beller 
world,"  in  1798. 

PALMIERr,  Matthew,  a  Florentine,  and  a 
poet  of  the  l.'Sth  century,  diKtinguit-hed  in  the 
councils  of  his  country. 

PALONINI,  Amhony,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic, 
known  a.*  a  painter  and  a  writer. 

r.\LS(JRA  VE,  John,  a  learned  English  critic, 
grammarian,  and  dramatic  writer,  wlio  flourish- 
ed in  the  reisiis  of  Henry  VII.,  and  Hciiiy  VIH. 
PALUDANl'?,  John,  a  Frenchman,  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  Louvaine,  was  an  able  divine 
and  writer ;  he  died  in  16:i0. 

PALTJDANUS,  Bernard,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Lcydcn,  travelled  over  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe,  and  died  in  l(i34. 

PAMELins,  James,  a  learned  Fleming,  and 
author  of  several  works ;  he  died  in  1.587. 

PAMMAdllJS,  !?t.,  a  Roman  senator,con- 
verled  to  Christianity,  and  who,  by  his  conduct 
and  writings,  displayed  great  zeal  in  its  favour. 
He  died  in  410. 

PAiMPHYLHIS,  a  Macedonian,  under  Philip; 
he  was  an  able  painter. 

PAMPHYLUt*,  St.,  a  priest,  of  Ctesarea,  in 
Palestine,  who  sulfcred  martyrdom  under  Max- 
imin,  in  308. 

PANAGIOTI,  a  Greek,  of  Chios,  interpreter 
lO  the  grand  seicnor;  he  died  in  1073. 

PAN.\RD,  Charles  Francis,  a  French  poet, 
beloved  for  his  prot^ty  and  tiic  gravity  of  his 
manners;  he  died  in  171)5. 

PA.NClRt  iLLUt!,  Guy,  a  famous  Italian  law- 
yer, and  writer  on  legal  subjects,  he  died  in  1.599. 
PANCKOt'CKE,   Andrew  Joseph,  a  book- 
seller, of   Lisle,  and   an  indefatigable  writer; 
he  died  in  n.W. 

PANCKOUCKE,  Charles  Joseph,  son  of  the 
prece<linc,  followed  his  lallier's  profession,  ac- 
quired celebrity  in  the  typographical  art,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  17!»9. 

PANEL,  Alexander  Xavier,  a  native  of 
Franehe  Conite,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  be- 
came a  preceptor  to  the  royal  family  of  .Spain, 
and  died  in  1777. 

PANETIUS,  a  stoic,  of  Rhodes,  who  settled 
at  Rome.     He  flourished  about  150. 

P.V.MGAROLA,  Francis,  an  Italian,  and 
bishop  of  Asti,  was  sent  into  France,  to  support 
the  interests  of  the  league  against  Ilenn"  IV. 
He  died  in  1594. 

P.^.NIN,  Nakiia  Ivanowitz,  count  de,  a  Rus- 
sian statesman,  and  general  in  the  armies  of  tlie 
czar  Peter,  was  born  at  Lucca.  He  was  an 
able  statesman  and  general,  and  dii-d  in  1783. 

PANINI,  Paul,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
died  fu  n.W. 


PANNARTZ,  Arnold,  a  German,  who  es 
talili.shed  a  printing-press  in  Italy,  during  fh« 
pontihcate  of  Paul  II. 

PANNONHiS,  James,  or  John,  a  Hungarian 
bishop,  and  author  of  poems;  he  died  in  1472. 

PANOPION,  a  Roman,  saved  from  death,  by 
the  hdelity  of  his  servant. 

PANORMITA,  Anthony,  a  Sicilian,  who  had 
such  veneration  for  classical  works,  thai  he  soM 
an  estate  to  purchase  a  copy  of  LiA-y.  He  died 
in  1471. 

PANS.\,C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  consul,  killed 
in  figlitiiig  against  Antony. 

P.\.\T.^M'.S,  a  stoic,  of  Sicily,  at  the  hen<l 
of  the  Alexandrian  school,  in  "the  rcign  of 
Conimodus. 

PANTl.V,  VVilliain,  n  physician,  of  Bruges, 
and  a  inedica!  writer;  he  died  in  1583. 

PANVIMCS.    .SeeONUPHRIUS. 

P.VNZACHIA,  Maria  Helena,  an  Italian  ladi , 
of  noble  birth,  and  a  celebrated  painter,  i^lie 
was  born  in  1008. 

PAOLI,  Sebastian,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Lncrn, 
skilled  in  antiquarian  history ;   he  died  in  1751 . 

PAOLI,  Hyacinth,  a  native  of  Corsica,  who, 
in  1735,  possessed  great  influence  among  his 
countrymen  as  a  chief  magistrate. 

I'AOLI,  Pascal  de,  a  celebrated  general  of  Cor- 
sica, born  there  in  17vi5,  and  died  near  London, 
in  1807.  While  endeavouring  to  rescue  his 
native  island  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Genoese 
government,  and  defending  its  liberties  aiiainst 
Gallic  encroachments  and  invasion,  being  over 
powered  by  the  French,  lie  retired,  in  1769,  with 
a  few  followers,  to  England,  where,  in  a  few 
vears,  he  ended  his  illustrious  career. 

PAOLUCCIO,  Paul  Anafeste,  a  noble  Vene- 
tian, and  the  first  doge  of  Venice,  in  697.  He 
died  in  717. 

PAPERBROCH,Daniel,  a  Jesuit,  of  Antwerp, 
and  an  author  of  learning  and  virtue  ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

PAPHMTTIUS,  bishop  of  Thebes,  who  op 
posed  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  warmly 
sup[)orted  the  cause  of  Atlianasius,  at  the  council 
of  Tyre. 

PAPIAS,  a  bishop  of  Hierapolis,  author  of 
the  doctrine  of  the  millenium.  Some  suppose 
him  to  have  been  a  disciple  of  St.  John.  A 
grammarian  of  that  name  lived  in  1053. 

P.APILLON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  lawyer, 
of  Dijon,  died  in  1590. 

PAPIN,  Isaac,  a  French  protestant  divine, 
who  after  being  engaged  in  controversy,  joined 
the  Roman  catholics,  in  1690.     He  died  in  1709. 

PAPINIAN,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. He  was  put  to  death  by  Caracalla,  for 
refusing  to  vindicate  tiiat  tyrant's  murder  of  hit 
brother  G(fa,  in  212.  His  works  on  jurispru- 
dence are  much  esteemed. 

P.VPIRIUS.  Cursor,  a  Roman  dictator,  who 
triumphed  over  the  Samnites. 

PAPIRirS  PR.«TEXTATUS,  a  Roman 
youth,  and  a  senator,  who  refused  to  reveal  to 
his  mother  the  secrets  of  the  Roman  senate. 

PAPON,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Pujet,  was 
a  priest  of  the  oratory,  and  an  author  ;  he  died 
in  1803. 

P.VPPUS,  a  philosopher  and  author,  of  Alex- 
andria, of  the  4th  ceniurv. 

PAPYRIUbMASri'OX,John,  a  learned  French 
lawyer  and  annalist,  born  in  1544,  and  died  in 
1611.     He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

PARABOSt.'O,  Girolamo,  a  comic  writer,  of 
Placentia.  of  the  16th  century. 

PARACELSUS,   Aureolus  Philippiis  The 
3:31 


PA 

f)hrasM8  Bombast de  Hoenheire,  a  famous  Swiss 
physician,  and  medical  and  philosopuical  wri- 
ter, born  in  1493.  He  studied  aJchymy,  ami  prc-i 
tended  be  was  let  into  the  secret  ol  the  pliilo- 
Bopher's  stone.  He  wrought  many  extraordina- 
ry cures,  but  was  almost  always  intuxicnied, 
find  died  in  1541. 

P.\RADIN,  William,  a  laborious  French  his- 
torian and  writer;  he  died  in  15S2. 

P.\RAMO,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  inqtusitor, 
who,  in  1588,  published  a  curious  and  valuable 
account  of  the  inquisition. 

PARCELLCd.John,  anativeof  Leyden,  and 
an  eminent  painter,  was  born  in  1579. 

PARCIEUX.-Vnthonyde,  a  celebrated  French 
mathematician  and  author,  died  in  1768.  His 
nephew  also  professed  equal  abilities,  and  died 
in  1798. 

PARDIES,  Ignatius  Gaston,  a  French  Jesuit, 
distini^uished  in  mathematics  and  philosophy 
he  died  in  1673. 

P.\RE,  Ambrose,  an  eminent  French  surgeon 
and  writer,  died  in  1590. 

PARE,  David,  a  protestant  divine,  born  in 
Silesia.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  em- 
ployed in  controversy  ;  he  died  in  16-22. 

P.ARE,  Philip,  one  of  the  most  laboriou 
grammarians  and  critics  that  Germany  ever 
produced,  was  born  in  1576,  and  died  in  1648. 

P.\RE,  Daniel,  son  of  the  preceding,  applied 
himself,  vigorously  to  the  study  of  the  classics, 
and  published  several  laborious  pieces  ;  he  was 
unfortunately  killed  by  a  gang  of  highwaymen, 
ill  1645. 

PARE.IA,  Juan  de,  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies,  and  originally  a  slave  to  a  painter,  in 
whose  ait  he  deservedly  became  celebrated ;  he 
died  in  1670. 

PAREXNIN,  Dominic,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
Went  as  missionary  to  China,  in  1698.  He  wai 
Well  received  by  t.'ie  emperor,  and  died  there,  in 
1741. 

PARENT,  Anthony,  a  French  matliemati 
Clan,  and  au  author,  died  in  1716. 

PARFAIT,  Francis,  the  historian  of  the 
French  drama,  died  in  1698. 

r.\RtS,  son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  and  me- 
morabie  in  poetical  history  for  carrying  off 
Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Mycen3;, 
in  his  absence,  which  occasioned  the  famous 
siege  of  Troy,  wherein  he  was  slain,  1188  B.  C 

P.\RIS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Chatillon,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1718. 

PARIS,  Francis,  an  abbe  at  Paris,  of  the 
order  of  the  Jansenists.  He  renounced  the 
honours  which  he  might  have  obtained,  (or  the 
austerities  of  an  ecclesiastical  life,  and  died  in 
1727. 

PARIS,  Matthew,  an  eminent  English  histo- 
rian, was  a  Benedictine  monk,  and  flourished 
in  the  13th  century.  He  wrote  a  Universal 
Historv,  from  the  creation  of  the  world,  to  the 
year  of  his  death,  A.  D.  1259. 

PARISEAU,  N.,  a  native  of  Paris,  and  a 
distinguished  dramatic  writer,  was  guillotined 
in  1744. 

PARKER,  Matthew,  the  second  protestant 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  born  in  1504. 
He  was  deeply  versed  in  Saxon  literature,  and 
the  early  Ens'ish  history  ;  he  piibhshed  a  work 
on  the  antiquity  of  the  English  church,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1575. 

P.ARKER,  Samuel,  an  English  prelate,  who 
"was  made  bishop  of  Oxford  by  .lames  II.  Ho 
eacriftced  his  religion  to  his  interests,  and  died 
HI  1687. 

■332 


PA 

PARKER,  George,  earl  of  Maccleslield,  son 
of  r.irker,  the  first  earl  and  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  celebrated  for  his  knowledge  of  ma-' 
thematic^  ;  he  died  in  1766. 

PARKER,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  leader 
of  the  rebellion  in  the  British  fleet,  at  the  None 
In  1797,  for  which  he  was  executed. 

PARKER,  Thoman,  first  minister  of  New- 
biiry,  Mass.,  was  a  good  scholar  and  zealousdi- 
vine  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

PARKER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  abishopof  M.iss., 
di8tinguishcd  for  his  benevolence ;  he  died  ir 
1804. 

PARKHURST,  John,  a  learned  divine,  born 
in  1728.  He  died  at  Epsom,  in  1797,  leaving, 
an)ong  other  works,  "  A  Hebrew  and  Englisi' 
Lfc.iicon,"  and  "A  Greek  and  £ngli.sh  Lexicon 
to  the  i\ew  Testament." 

PARKIN;?0.\,  John,  an  eminent  English  bo- 
tanist, died  abnnt  l(i45. 

P.\RMEGl.\NO,  an  Italian  painter,  cclebra- 
icd  for  the  gracefulness  of  his  figures;  he  died 
in  1540. 

P.\RKM.4N,  Ebene7.er,  minister  of  Westbo- 
lough,  Mass.,  and  author  of  some  sermons ;  he 
died  in  1782. 

PAKMKiMDES,  of  Elis,  a  Greek  philoso- 
pher, who  flourished  436  H.  C. 

P.AKM  KNIO,  one  of  Alexander's  generals. 

PAK.MENTIER,  James,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1730. 

PARMENTIER,  Jean,  or  Jehan,  a  native  of 
Dieppe,  a  celebrated  merchant  and  navigator, 
died  in  1530. 

P.ARNELL,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine  and 
ingenious  poet,  born  in  Dublin,  in  1679,  and  died 
in  1717.     He  wrote  "  The  Hermit." 

PARODl,  Dominito,  a  painter,  of  Genoa,  and 
an  eminent  statuary,  died  in  1740. 

P.ARR,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  who  lived 
ill  the  reigns  of  ten  sovereigns ;  he  married  his 
second  wife  when  he  was  120  years  of  age,  had 
a  chilli  by  her,  and  died  in  1635,  aged  152. 

PARR,  Catherine,  the  last  queen  to  Henry 
Viri.,  whose  perfections,  thougli  a  widow,  at- 
tracted his  heart,  and  whose  prudeni;e  preserved 
er  I'loin  the  effects  of  his  cruelly  and  caprice. 
She  survived  the  king,  who  left  her  a  legacy  of 
4000i.  She  afterwards  married  sirThomasScy- 
niour.  and  died  in  childbed,  in  1548. 

PARRHASIUS,  a  celebrated  painlcr.ofEplie- 
sns,  who  flourished  about  430  B.  C. 

P.ARRHASIUS,  James,  an  Italian  gramma- 
rian, who  taught  belles  lettres  and  rhetoric  at 
Milan  ;  he  was  born  in  1740. 

P.ARRCK'EL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  died  in  1704. 

PARRY,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and  an 
tbor,  died  in  1780. 

PARRY,  Richard,  an  able  divine,  was  made 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  in  1604. 

PARSONS,  or  PERSONS,  Robert,  an  in- 
triguing English  Jesuit,  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth  ;  he  sought  the  destruction  of  that 
princess,  and  the  subversion  of  the  protestant 
religion,  and  died  in  1610. 

PARSONS,  Dr.  James,  an  excellent  English 
physician  and  medical  writer,  born  in  1705,  and 
died  in  1770.  He  wrote  well  on  physic,  anato- 
my, natural  history,  antiquities,  languages,  and 
the  fine  arts. 

PARSONS,  William,  an  English  comic  actor, 
of  the  highest  eminence,  who  trod  the  stage  45 
years,  and  died  in  1795. 

PARSONS,  Moses,  a  useful  and  beloved  mi 
nister,  of  Byfield,  Mass.,  died  in  1783. 


PA 


PARSOiN'S,  Jonathan,  an  eminent  American 
ckiijn'man,  ol"  Massaclmsoits,  died  in  1776. 

PAKSOiVS,  Samuel  Kolden,  au  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Connt'cticut,  and  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army  during  the  revolution  ;  lie  was 
drowned  near  Pittsburg,  in  1789. 

I'AK.SONS,  Thcopliilus,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of 
Mas>-aclnisetts,  was  born  in  1750.  After  leavinR 
rolloge,  he  devoted  him.«elf  to  the  practice  of 
law,  and  soon  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  in 
liis  profession.  He  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  state  of  Ma-isachiisctts.  in  ISOfi,  and  re- 
tained the  otiice  iiniil  his  death,  in  1813  :  durius 
which  lime,  he  performed  his  oflicial  duties  with 
an  ability,  tidelitv,  and  integrity,  rarely  equal- 
led 

PARTHK^f  AY,  Anne  de,  an  illustrious  lady, 
well  skilled  in  Greek  and  Roman  literature,  and 
an  ornament  to  the  court  of  the  dutchess  of  Fer- 
rara. 

PARTItENAY,  .Tohn  de,  lord  of  Soubise,  a 
heroic  leader  among  the  protestanls  of  France ; 
died  in  l.'ifiO. 

PA UTHEN' AY,  Catherine  de,  daushter  and 
heiress  of  the  precediuL'.  died  in  \CiM. 

P  ARTRI  DC,  R,  Ralph,  first  minister  at  Duxbo- 
rough.  Mass.,  died  in  ItJaS. 

P.VRTRIDtiE,  William,  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  colony  of  New-Hampshire;   he  died  in 

P.\RUT.\,  Paul,  a  noble  Venetian, called  the 
Calo  of  Venice,  died  in  1598.  He  wrote  several 
works. 

PAS,  Afan.tsses  de,  marqnis  de  Feuquierrcs, 
distinguished  for  his  valour  in  the  field,  was 
ambassador  to  Sweden  and  Germany,  and  head 
of  the  French  army,  in  1GH.">.     He  died  in  1610. 

P.\S,  .\nthony  de,  mar(|uls  of  Feuquierrcs,  a 
famous  French  olficer,  died  in  1711. 

P.\S(;AL,  Blaise,  a  Frenchman,  highly  emi- 
nent as  a  mathematical  genius,  born  in  l(i'2!i, 
and  died  in  1062.  He  wrote  the  "  Provincial 
I.eiters,"  published  in  16.>ii,  which  have  been 
translated  into  several  lancuages. 

P.\SCH.\L  I.,  St.  Pascha-iius,  a  Roman,  was 
elected  pope  in  817,  and  died  in  8'21. 

PASCHAL  [I.,  Keinier,  a  Tuscan,  was  elect- 
ed pope  in  1(199,  and  died  in  11  IS. 

P.\SCHICS,  George,  prot'essor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy at  Kiel,  and  an  author,  died  in  1707. 

PASOR,  George,  a  protestant,  Greek  profes- 
sor at  Kraucker,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  16.17. 

P.ASOR,  Matthias,  son  of  George,  went  to 
Kngland  and  delivered  lectures  on  the  Orien 
tal  languages  with  great  reputation.  He  died 
at  Groninjer,  in  16.)t< 

P.VSUC  A  LINO,  a  distinguished  Italian  paint- 
er, died  in  1700. 

P.ASUUIER  or  BAaiJIKR,  Stephen,  a  learn- 
ed French  lawyer  and  pnet ;  lie  wrote  against 
the  jesuils,  and  died  in  1615. 

P.AS.SKMAiN'T,  Claude  Simeon,  a  celebrated 
eonstrurter  of  optical  and  mathematical  instru- 
lnenU= ;  he  died  in  1769. 

P.4SSERAT,  John,  a  celebrated  professor  of 
eloquence,  in  the  royal  college  at  Paris,  and  one 
<if  the  politest  writers  and  most  e.vceUcnt  critics 
of  his  time:  he  died  in  1602. 

PASSERI,  Giovanni  Battistn.,  a  painter,  and 
an  author,  died  at  Rome,  in  1679.  His  nephew 
was  also  celebrated  as  a  portrait  painter,  and 
<!ied  in  1714. 

P.VSSF.RI,  Gio.  Battista.  an  Italian  antiquary, 
?nd  an  author,  died  in  1780. 

PASSF.ROTTI,  Bartholomew,  an  admired 
(taiion  painter,  died  in  ).S&5 


P.ASSINTiLLl,  Lorenzo,  a  celebrated  pain 
ter,  of  Bologna,  died  in  1700. 

P.ASSIONEI,  Dominico,  an  Italian  cardinal,  a 
learned  man,  and  a  distinguished  patron  of  lite- 
rature, died  in  1761. 

P.ATEL,  a  celebrated  French  painter,  who  ia 
called   by  his  countrymen,  the  French  Claude. 

PATER,  Paul,  a  Hungarian,  was  an  able 
mathematical  professor  at  Thorn  and  Dantzjc, 
and  died  in  1724. 

P.VTER,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  of  Valen- 
ciennes, died  in  17:tfi. 

PATERCCLUS,  Caius  Velleius,  an  eminent 
Roman  hi-itorian,  lived  49  years,  and  died  in  the 
year  of  Rome  7d4,  having  left  a  "  History  of 
Greece  and  Rome,  from  163  B.  C.  to  A.  D.  f." 
in  which  many  particulars  are  related  whicli 
are  not  found  elsewhere. 

PATERSON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  bibliogra- 
pher ;  he  wrote  several  works,  the  objects  of 
which,  were,  public  utility,  sound  policy,  and 
moral  admonition.     He  died  in  180-2,  aged  74. 

PATIN,  Guy,  a  French  writer  of  much  wit 
and  learning,  and  professor  of  physic  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Paris.  His  "Letters,"  pub- 
lished since  his  death,  have  made  his  name  fa- 
mous.    He  died  in  lf)72,  aged  70. 

PATIN,  Charles,  second  son  of  Guy  Patin, 
published  a  great  number  of  valuable  works, 
and  died  in  1693. 

P.ATKUL,  .lohn  Reginald  de,  a  L,ivonian  geur 
tleman,  who  resented  the  oppression  nhich  his 
country  sutlered  from  the  Swedes.  He  was  base- 
ly seized,  and  put  to  death,  by  order  of  Charles 
XII.,  in  1707. 

PATRICK,  St.,  the  apostle  and  guardian  saint 
of  Ireland,  was,  as  ia  supposed,  a  native  of 
Wales,  or  of  Cornwall,  who  was  seized  by  pi- 
rates and  carried  to  Ireland,  where  he  converted 
the  inhabitants:  to  Christianity ;  he  died  about 
460. 

P.\TRICIv,  Peter,  a  native  of  Thcssalonicn, 
in  the  age  of  Justinian,  whom  he  served  as  am 
bassador. 

P.VTRICK,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  known 
for  his  edition  of  "Hederic"s  Greek  Lexicon." 

P.XTRICK,  Simon,  a  very  learned  liishop  of 
Ely,  died  in  1707,  having  published  many  ser- 
mons, tracts  against  popery,  and  paraphra.«es 
and  commentaries  upon  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

P.ATKIX,  Peter,  a  French  poet,  favourite  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  wrote  some  liccntioin 
poems,  of  which  he  heartily  repented  before 
his  death,  which  happened  in  1672. 

PATRIZI,  Francis,  author  of  dialogues,  in 
Italian,  on  the  manner  of  studying  and  writing 
history  ;  he  died  in  1494. 

P.ARTRIZI,  Francis,  a  native  of  Istria,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  at  Ferrara,  Padiia,  an<! 
Rome.  He  wrote  some  Italian  poems,  and  dlc4 
in  1.^97. 

PATRU,  Oliver,  an  eminent  French  lawyer. 
He  introduced  correctness  and  purity  of  lan- 
guage into  pleadings,  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1681,  aired  85. 

PATTEN,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  rector 
of  Childrey,  He  published  sermons  and  other 
religious  works,  and  died  in  17.54. 

PATTERSON,  William,  a  member  of  the 
senate  of  the  United  States,  and  governor  of  the 
state  of  New-Jersey,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of 
the  Bupreme  court  of  the  United  States;  he  died 
in  1806. 

PATTISON,  William,  an  English  poet  of 
genius,  died  of  want  and  the  smallpos,  at  29 
vears  of  age,  in  17i;6. 

333 


PA 

"^PATU^  Claude  Peier,  of  Paris,  auilior  of 
some  poems  and  dramatic  pieces  of  merit;  lie 
di.d  in  17.57. 

PAO'CTO.V,  .Alexis,  a  French  mathemalirian, 
author  of  a  ireaclse  on  vveighii>  and  raeasares, 
and  of  other  works,  died  in  1790. 

PAUL.  Mark,  or  MARCO  P  M'LO,  a  Vcne- 
ti.in  traveller,  into  China,  in  127-J,  of  which  he 
published  an  account. 

PAUL,  St.,  originallycalled  S  AtJL,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Tarsus,  in  Cilitia,  and  educated  amonj; 
llie  Pharisees  of  Jerusalem,  under  the  care  of 
Gamaliel.  He  was  imprisontd  at  Rome,  and 
put  to  death  by  N'ero,  A.  D.  6ti. 

P.4UL  I.,  pope  after  his  brother  Stephfiu  II., 
in  7.')7;  he  died  10  years  after,  much  respected 
for  his  wisdom  and  learning. 

P.^UL  II.,  Peter  Barbo,  a  Venetian  noble, 
elected  pope  after  Pius  II.,  died  in  1471. 

PAUL  III.,  Alesaiider  Farnesc,  pope,  memo- 
rable for  refusing  to  divorce  Henry  VIII.  of 
England,  from  his  queen  Catherine  of  Arragoii; 
lie  died  in  1549. 

PAUL  IV.,  John  Peter  Caraffa,  succeeded 
Marcellus  II.  on  the  papal  throne,  in  1555.  He 
was  very  haughty  and  cruel  toward  the  pro- 
testants,  and  died  uriiameuied,  in  1559. 

P.\UL  v.,  Camillus  Borshesc,  pope,  after 
Leo  XI.,  in  IfiOo.  He  embellished  Rome  wiili 
sculpture,  aqueducts,  and  paintings,  and  died, 
greatly  respected,  in  1621. 

PAUL,  Petrowitz,  empnrorof  Russia,  son  of 
the  great  Catherine  and  Peter  111.  He  married 
for  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  the  king  of  Prussia.' 
Before  he  came  to  the  throne,  he  visited  nio.sii 
of  the  nations  of  Europe,  to  obtain  Tsiich  Infor-i 
wiation  as  would  be  ad  vantageous  to  his  subjects.  I 

But  he  afterwards  grew  tyrannical,  and  banished  Ij  flourished  in  Cappadocia,  about  170  A.  D.,  and 
a  great  immber  of  persons  to  Siberia.  He  was(|has  left  us  a  curious  "  Description  of  Greece."' 
assassinated  in  180).  P.\USANIUS,  a  Lacedaemonian,  governor  of 

PAUL,  a  celebrated  heresiarch,  of  Samosata,  Uho  kingdom  during  his  nephew's  minority.  He 
a  city  on  the  Euphrates.  He  was  bishop  of  .\n- I  made  a  secret  treaty  with  the  Persians,  and 
tioch,  in  2G0  ;  but  avowing  his  belief  that  Jesus']  took  refuge  in  a  temple  to  escape  punishment ; 
Christ  was  only  a  good  man,  endowed  with  ibut  his  mother  placed  the  first  srone  to  secure 
great  wisdom,  he  was  deposed  by  the  Synod  of  him  there,  so  that  he  was  starved  to  death,  474 
Antiooh,iu270.  I  B.  C. 


PA 

built  H  uhuiastery  a:  Koildehem,  and  displayed 
all  ilh>  virtues  and  mortifications  ul  an  ascetic 
life :  she  died  in  407. 

F.XULET,  William,  Marquis oi  Winchester, 
S(m  of  sir  John  Paulet.  one  of  the  courtiers  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  of  his  tliree  successors.  He 
declared  that  he  retained  liis  places  by  being  a 
willow,  and  not  an  oak  ;  lie  died  in  1.572. 

P.'VULI,  $imun,  was  prolcssor  of  medicine  at 
Copenhagen,  and  physician  to  Christian  V., 
who  rewarded  his  services  by  making  him  a 
j  bishop.  He  wrote  several  books  on  iiis  profes- 
jsioii,  and  died  in  1680. 

PAULIAN,  .Aime  Henry,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of 
.Visnies,  who  wrote  largely  on  philosophy  and 
Iphysic  ;  he  was  bom  in  1722. 

P.AULL\Ur5,St.,anativeof  Bourdeauir.  He 
I  married  a  Spanish  lady,  by  whom  he  was  per- 
suaded to  embrace  Christianity.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Italy,  where  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Xola,  and  died  in  431. 

PAULMIER  UE  GRENTEMESNIL,  Julian 
de,  a  Frenchman,  physician  to  Charles  IX., 
whom  he  restored  to  health.  He  was  a  very 
copious  author  in  the  line  of  his  profession,  and 
died  in  1670. 

PAULMY,  Mark  Anthony  Rene  de  Voyer, 
marquis  de,  distinguished  as  a  man  of  letters, 
and  for  his  va\uable  library.  He  was  raised  t« 
the  dignity  of  minister  of  state,  and  was  tlie 
author  of  several  works;  he  died  in  1787. 

P.VULZE,  N.,  a  Frenchman  of  great  intelli- 
gence and  erudition,  made  farmer-general  of 
Fiance.  He  formed  a  company  for  the  im- 
provement of  Guyenne.  He  was  imprisoned 
during  the  revolution,  and  guillotined  in  1794. 

P-VUSANL-^S.  an  ancient  Greek  writer,  who 


PAUL,  of  Tyre,  a  rhetorician,  who  went  as| 
ambassador  from  hia  countrv  to  Adrian,  A.  D.l 
120. 

PAUL;  thesilentiary,  a  Greek  writer,  so  called 
from  the  office  he  held  in  the  palace  of  the  em- 
peror Justinian. 

P.\UL,  of  Sancta  Maria,  a  Jew,  converted  to 
Christianity.  He  became  tutnr  to  John  11., 
king  of  Castile,  and  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Carthagena,  and  then  of  Burgos.  This  learned 
prelate  died- in  1445. 

PAUL,  deacon  of  .Aquileia,  was  secretary  to 
Pidier,  the  last  king  of  the  Lombards.  He  w,is 
afterwards  banished,  but  left  his  exile  for  the 
court  of  the  duke  of  Benevento.  He  wrote  some 
histories,  and  died  in  801. 

PAUL,  Father,  a  nio.'t  illustrious  person  and 
universal  scholar,  hut  particularly  skilled  in  the 
canon  and  civil  law,  and  in  physic.  He  wmte 
many  political  a-id  anatomical  works ;  but  is 
principally  celebrated  for  his  "  Hlstoi-y  of  the 
Coiinci'  of  Trent,"  the  rarest  piece  of  history 
the  world  ever  saw. 

P^UL,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Spain,  author  of 
"  .\  Hist  iry  of  the  Spanish  Fathers,"  edited  at 
A  itvverp,  in  IC^-V 

P.VI  'L,  a  physician,  of  /Egina,  in  the  7th  cen- 
.turv.  au  llior  of  several  medical  works. 

PXUL.-V,  St.,  a  Roman  K.ly  of  noble  bi'th, 
and  grtal  learning,  wiio  embraced  Christiauitv, 
334 


PAUSIAS,  a  painter,  of  Sicyon,  about  352  B. 
C.  He  lirst  applied  colours  to  wood  and  ivory, 
bv  means  of  fire. 

PAUTRE,  Anthony  le,  an  arcliitect,  of  Pans, 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  He  was  made  a 
infuiber  of  the  academy  of  sculpture  in  1671, 
and  died  a  few  years  after.  He  contributed  to 
the  embellishment  of  Paris. 

PAUTRE,  John,  a  relation  of  the  preceding, 
was  an  eminent  designer  and  engraver.  His 
works  appeared  in  three  vols.,  folio,  with  more 
than  1,000  engravings. 

PAUW,  N.  de,  a  German,  author  of  "Re- 
cherches  sur  les  Auiericains,  les  Egyptiennes, 
les  Chinoises,  et  les  Grccs  ;"  he  died  in  1799. 

PAUW,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  em; 
nent  for  his  learning. 

P.WILLON,  Stephen,  a  French  poet,  and 
advocate,  of  Paris,  who  received  a  pension  from 
Lewis  XIV. ;  he  was  born  in  1652. 

PAVILLON,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French 
ecclesiastic,  made  bishop  of  Alet,  by  cardinal 
Richelieu.  He  was  deposed,  and  died  in  e.vile, 
in  1677. 

PAYNE,  Nevil,  a  drcmatic  author,  In  the 
reign  of  CJiarles  11.  He  wrote  several  works, 
and  died  in  16T5. 

PAYNE,  Roger,  an  English  book-hinder,  of 
very  singular  habits.  His  ivovkinanship  \va?  of 
-o  superior  a  style,  that  lord  Spencer  gave  liini 


PE 


PE 


15  guiiiea8  for  hiiidiiig  a  volume.    He  always';  pontiff,  and  laboured  to  reform  the  liabils  of  liia. 
worked  alone.     He  died  in  1797.  jclcrjry.  ^ 

PAYS,  Rene  le,  a  French  poet,  well  known       PKLAGIUS  II.,  a  Roman,  who  succeeded  oti 
al  court  by  his  nii.scellaiiies;  he  died  in  1H<!0.      |thi'  papal  throne  afirr  licnedict  I.,  in  578.     Ju 

PA  YSON,  Phillip,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Chelsea,  his  time,  a  plague  rai:til  at  Rome  of  so  fatal  a 


MasH.,  and  a  distinguished  cla^iical  scholar;  he 
died  in  IfeOl. 

PAZZI,  James,  a  banker,  of  Florence,  of  an 
diustriouu  family.     He  headed  the  taclion  whiih 


nature,  that  persons  seized  with  it  died  sneezing 
and  gapin);. 

PKL.VGiUS,  an  illustrious  Spaniard,  related 
to  the  king  of  the  Visigoths,  and  afterwards 


opposed  the  Medicis,  and  conspired  to  seizel  kitig  of  Lion  and  Asturias;  he  died  in  737. 
upon  the  sovereign  power  of  Italy  ;  but  was  ta-l  Pf.LETIJ^R,  Claude  de,  a  Parisian,  counsel- 
ken  and  suffered  death,  about  H7'<.  I'lor  of  the  Chalelet,  and  of  the  parliament,  pre- 
PEACOCK,  Reginald,  an  Englishman,  niade|'sident  of  the  clianiber  ol  requests,  provo.st  of 
duke  of  Gloucester,  bishop  of  St.  Asuph,  and  llio  merchants,  and  builder  of  the  quay  at  Paris, 
afterwards  of  Chichester ;  but  denying  transnb- 1  which  bears  his  name,  and,  linally,  counsellor  of 
Jtantiation,  he  was  banished,  and  his  books  pub-  state  ;  he  died  in  1711. 
licly  burnt ;  he  died  in  1-486.  I     PELL,  Dr.  John,  an  English  divine,  and  very 

PEAPS,  William,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Eton, ['eminent  matliemaiician;  hcdied  in  11)85. 
England,  who  wrote  "  Love  in  its  Ecstary,"  in  |     PKLLLGRLN".  Simon  Jo.scph,  a  French  eccle- 
104!).  psiastic  and   poet,  who   obtained,  in  171M,  the 

PE.\RrE,  Dr.  Zachary,  bisliop  of  UocheBler,|| prize  ()f  the  French  academy  lor  his  poetical 
author  of  several  works,  one  uf  which  isaCum  :'ei)istle  lo  the  King;  he  died  in  17-15. 
nienlaiy,  with  notes,  on  the  four  Evangelists,!     Pl'.Llil''.(,'RINl,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Padua, 
and  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  ;  he  dieit  in  1774,rcel(bjattd  us  a  historical  painter;  he  died  in 
aged  84.  11711. 

PEARSOV,  John,  an  English  prelate,  chap-]|  PELLEGRINO,  or  PI'.LLEGRIN,  Tibaldi, 
lain  to  lord  keeper  Finch,  and  to  lord  Goring. I'of  Pologna,  an  eminent  painter  and  architect, 
He  was  afterwards  made  master  of  Trinity  col-j|died  in  l;V.il,  aged  70. 

Ii'ge,  and  is  particularly  known  for  his  "  E.vpu-i|     PELLEGRINO,  of  Mwlena,  a  celebrated  Ila- 
sition  of  the  Cre<-d;"  hedied  in  IGcfri.  |  Man  painter,  bred  under  Raphael,  was  born  in 

PECHANTRE,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  poet,   1511,  and  was  killed  in  an  affray, 
who  three  times  obtained  the  laurel  at  the  aca-,       Pl'.LLIilUN,  Joseph,  a  French   antiquary, 
demy  of  Floral  games,  and  acquired  great  po-'  His  cabinet  of  medals,  &c.,  was  purchased  by 
piilarity  :  he  died  in  170il.  I  the  king  of  France.     He  died  in  1782,  aged  9'J. 

PECHLIN,  John  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Ley-  ,  PELLETIER,  John  le,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
den,  and  prol'essorof  medicine,  al  Kiel,  and  phy-  learned  in  the  languages,  in  mathematics,  chy- 
sician  totlieduke  of  Holslein.  He  wrote  maiiy  mistry,  astronomy,  &c.  He  wrote  the  lives  of 
works  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  170G.  (several  peisoiis,  some  religious  works,  and  died 

PECHMEJA,  John  de,  a  Frenchman,  profes-  jin  1711. 
Korof  eloquence.    He  wrote  a  euloglum  on  Col-  j     PELLETIER,  Gaspard,  physician  and  coun- 
hert,  and  was  a  most  amiable  and  friendly  man.  scllor,  al  Middleburg,  in  Zealand.     He  acquired 
He  di)-d  in  I7t'5.  Ireputaiion  in  his  profession,  and  published  some 


PI-X'K,  Francis,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, biographer,  and  critic,  was  born  in  lf)il2, 
and  died  in  1743.  He  wrote  several  books; 
among  which  are  the  lives  of  Milton  and  Crom- 
well. 

PECK  WELL,  Dr.  Henry,  a  very  eminent 
English  divine,  and  popular  preacher  among 
the  Calvinistic  niethodists,  was  born  in  1747, 
and  died  in  1787,  having  passed  an  active  life  in 
tiip  exercise  and  promotion  of  charily. 

PECdUET,  John,  a  physician,  born  at  Dieppe, 
distinguished  for  having  discovered  the  recepta- 
cle of  the  chyle ;  he  died  in  1674. 

PECCiUEl',  .-Vnthony,  a  French  writer,  grand 
master  of  the  water-works,  and  the  forests  of 
Rouen,  and  master  of  the  military  school  there. 


works  on  notany  ;  he  died  in  lf)59. 
[  PELLETIER,  Uertrand,  distinguished  at  Pa- 
ris for  his  knowledge  of  chymistry  and  phar- 
macy, and  author  of  various  dissertations  in 
the  memoirs  of  the  French  academics,  and  of 
observations  on  arsenic  ;   he  died  in  1797. 

PELLETIER,  James,  a  French  physician, 
and  medical  and  niathematical  writer;  hcdied 
in  15*2,  a-ed  65 

PELLIC.AN,  Conrad,  a  native  of  Alsace,  who 
presided  over  the  convent  of  Basle,  but  after- 
wards embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  went 
toZniich,  where  he  taught  Hebrew.  He  died 
in  15.5(3. 

PELLIPON-FANTAMER,  Paul,  a  Fiench 
writer,  wa.-*  born  in  1C24,  and  died  in  1693.    His 


He  wrote  several  works  on  law,  and  died  in,  chief  works  are  "  A  Conmientary  npon  the  In- 
17i)2.  'slituies  of  Justinian,"  and  a  "History  of  the 

PEELE,  George,  an  English  poet  and  drama-,  French  acideniy,  from  itBestablishmenttol6o2." 
tie  writer,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  queen  PELLOCTIER,  Simon,  a  protestnnt  divine, 
Elizabeth,  and  died  about  1598  born  at  Leipsic.     He  was  member  of  the  Berlin 

PEERE  WILLIAMS,  William,  an  Englishljacidemy,  and  distinguished  as  an  active  jiastor 
law  writer ;  he  died  in  17.36.  I  and  an  able  writer  ;  he  died  in  1757. 


PEG<!E,  Samuel,  a  learned  antiquary,  who 
published  several  works,  and  died  in  1800, 
aged  68. 

PEIRESC,  Nicholas  Claude  Fabri,  an  illus- 
trious antiquary,  and  paiion  of  learned  men ; 
he  dieil  in  1637,  aged  .57. 

PELAGIUS,  the  heresiarch,  founder  of  the 
eect  of  Pelagians,  was  born  in  Britain,  in  the  5lh 
century. 

PELAGIUS  I  ,  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
|)opr,  in  .555.    He  was  a  moderate  and  pious 


PELOPID.AS,  a  celebrated  Theban  warrior, 
and  statesman,  the  friend  of  Epaminoudas; 
he  was  slain  in  hallle,  364  B.  C. 

PEMRERTON,  Henry,  F  R.  S.,  an  English 
physician  of  eminence.  He  wrote  on  chymistry 
and  philosophy,  and  died  in  1771. 

PEMBERTON,  Ebenezer,  a  distinguished 
American  divine,  and  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Boston  :  he  died  in  1717. 

PEMBERTON,  Ebenezer,  D.  D.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  in  the  ministry  at  New- York 
335 


PE 

aiul  artsrwaids  in  Boston  ;  he  pubhblied  sevei:il|j 
sermons,  and  died  in  1777. 

PEMBERTOX/riioinas,  adisiinguished  Anie-j 
ricaii  histoiian,  burn  in  i'rZS,  and  died  in  1.-4)7. | 
He  dev'jled  himself  lo  tiie  history  of  his  ci)uufry,|! 
and  wrote  15  historical  aiid  other  inanupciptj, 
volumes,  which  now  belong  lo  the  .Ma:>sachiisetts,i 
Historical  Society.         >  ij 

PE.MBLE,  William,  an  English  divine,  whoj| 
ranked  high  as  a  scholar,  di>:d  in  lC-23.  jl 

PE.MBKOKE,  Thomas,  an  excellent  English j| 
portrait  and  historical  painter,  died  in  1730. 

PENDLETON.  Edmund,  an  eminent  lawyer! 
and  statesman,  of  Virginia,  was  distinguishedj 
for  his  support  of  the  rigiits  of  the  colonies,  and 
for  ills  patriotism  during  the  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion. He  was  a  member  of  congress,  in  1774, 
and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals 
in  Virginia  ;  he  died  in  1803. 

PENHALLOW,  Samuel,  of  New  Hampshire, 
author  of  a  "History  of  he  early  Indian  War 
of  Ni-w-EnjIand  ;"  he  died  in  17CG. 

PE.NN.  William,  a  distinguished  British  ad- 
miral, wno  commanded  at  ihe  reduction  of  Ja- 
maica, in  1655,  and  was  knighted  by  Charles  11., 
for  his  services;  he  died  in  1070. 

PENX,  William,  a  distinguished  quakcr, 
founder  and  legislator  of  the  colony  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  born  in  London,  in  1644.  At  the  age 
of  24,  he  became  a  preacher  among  the  qua 
keis.  In  1681,  Charles  II.,  granted  Mr.  Penn  and 
his  heirs,  by  letters  patent,  the  province  of  Penn-j 
sylvania,  and  made  them  absolute  proprietors' 
and  governors  of  that  country.  He  died  inj 
England,  in  1718. 

PENN,  Thomas,  son  of  William  Penn,  was, 
Dorn  in  1702.  For  nearly  fifty  years  after  thej 
death  of  his  father,  he  took  an" active  and  inrtu-!| 
eiilial  part  in  the  administration  of  Pennsylva-1 
Ilia,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  liberality  to| 
the  literary,  charitable  and  religious  institiiUoas 
of  that  colony.     He  died  inX-ondon,  in  1775.      | 

PENN,  John,  a  member  of  congress,  from 
North  Carolina,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  Independence.  I 

PENNANT,  Thomas,  an  English  centleman,] 
of  eminent  k.  "vledge  in  natural  history  and, 
antiquities ;  he  ivrote  a  number  of  valuablej 
books,  and  died  in  1793,  aged  72.  | 

PENNI,  Giovanni  Francisco,  an  eminent  Ita-I 
lian  painter,  and  disciple  of  Raphael ;  lie  died, 
in  1538,  aged  40. 

PENNICUIK,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  phy.sician,' 
who  published  a  topographical  account  of 
Tweedale ;  he  died  in  1722.  | 

PENNINGTON,  lady,  wife  of  sir  .Joseph, | 
1»art. — Family  misunderstandings  having  separ- 
ated her  from  her  children,  she  wrote  for  their 
use,  "  An  unfortunate  Mother's  advice  to  her 
absent  Daughters,"  a  work  of  great  merit;  she 
died  in  1783. 

PENNINGTON,  Isaac,  son  of  a  lord  r.iayorof 
London,  was  converted  by  Fox,  and  becanif.  a 
zealous  quaker.  As  a  writer  and  travelling 
minister,  he  was  active  in  spreading  the  tenets 
he  had  embraced,  for  which  he  was  much  per- 
secuted ;  he  died  in  1679. 

PENNY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English  natu- 
ralist, who  travelled  over  England  and  other 
Countries,  in  search  of  botanical  knowledge. 

PENROSE,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
ingenious  poet,  died  in  1779,  aged  36. 

PENRUDDOCK,  John,  a  colonel  during  the 
civil  wars,  in  the  royal  service,  who  was  be- 
Ijeaded  in  1055.    He  was  a  man  of  great  piety 
^MA  CDsny  virtueai. 
3M 


_^ PE 

PENRY,  John,  or  AP-HENRY,  a  Browmst. 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  w.'ote  against  episco- 
pacy, under  the  name  of  .Manm  Mar-Prelate. 
His  writings  were  considered  seditious,  and  h« 
was  trit.'d  and  executed  in  1593. 

PENS,  George,  of  Nuremberg,  a  very  distin- 
guished painter  and  engraver,  in  the  i6th  cen- 
turv. 

PEPIN  the  Short,  son  of  Charles  Martel,  the 
Hrst  monarch  of  the  second  French  dynasty,  was 
elected  in  752.  He  was  a  heroic  and  tirni  princei 
and diid  in  708. 

PEPIN  the  Fat,  mayor  of  the  palace,  and 
governor  of  .Vu.'sirasia,  Neustria,  and  Burgundy 
He  was  a  man  of  wisdom  and  vigour,  and  died 
in  714. 

PEPPERELL,  air  William,  a  native  of 
Maine,  and  lieutenant-general  in  the  British  ser 
vifc;  he  commanded  the  expedition  which  took 
Louisburs,  and  died  in  17.59. 

PEP1'S(,'H,  Dr.  John  Christopher,  one  of  the 
zreatcst  iheoretic  musicians  of  modern  times. 
He  became,  so  early,  a  prolicien'.  on  the  harpsi- 
chord, that  at  the  age  of  14  he  was  sent  for  to 
court,  and  appoitiied  to  teach  the  prince,  father 
of  the  kins  of  Prussia.  .At  33  he  went  over  to 
England,  was  retained  at  Drury-lane,  and  assist- 
ed in  setting  the  operas  which  were  performed 
there.     He  died  in  1752. 

PEPYS,  Samuel,  a  learned  Englishman, 
known  as  Ihe  indefatigable  secretary  of  the  ad- 
mirality,  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.,  and  bis 
brother;  he  died  in  1703. 

PER.'^NDA,  Santa,  a  native  of  Venice,  and 
an  eminent  historical  painter,  died  in  1738. 

PER.-\U,  Gabriel  Lewis  Calabre,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  of  the  Sorbonne,  who  wrote  "  Lives 
of  Illustrious  Frenchmen,"  and  edited  Bossuet's 
works,  &c.     He  died  in  1767. 

PERCEVAL,  Spencer,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Egmont,  was  born  in  1762.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  became  an  eminent  lawyer. 
.\n  aasassin  named  Bellingham,  shot  him  with  a 
pistol,  in  the  lobby  of  the  house  of  commonE, 
in  1812. 

PERCIV.\L,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, and  medical  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  horn  in  1740,  and  died  in  1804,  and  left  be- 
hind hiin  an  excellent  moral  character. 

PERCY, William,  progenitor  of  the  illustrious 
house  of  that  name,  and  one  of  the  courtiers  of 
William  the  Conqueror.  His  descendants,  dis- 
tinguished by  their  zeal  in  the  cause  of  their 
sovertigiis,  were  raised  in  1377,  to  the  rank  of 
earl  of  Northumberland,  by  Richard  II.  The 
mo.sl  celebrated  among  them  was,  Henry,  sur- 
nained  Ilolspar,  who  was  at  last  defeated  al 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  in  1403. 

PERCY,  Geor.'je,  succeeded  capt.  John  Smith, 
as  president  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  in  1609, 
and  was  superseded  the  following  year. 

PERCY,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Dromore,  Ire- 
land, was  ed,ualed  at  Oxford,  and  died  at  Dro- 
more, in  1811 ;  he  was  author  of  several  works. 

PERDICCAS,  one  of  the  generals  and  suc- 
cessors of  Alexander ;  he  was  slaiii  in  his  tent, 
bv  some  of  his  orticers,  321 B.  C. 

"  PEREFIXE,  Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de, 
archbishop  of  Paris,  and  author  of  a  very  ex- 
celleut  "History  of  Henry  IV.  of  France;" 
he  died  in  1670. 

PEREIRA-GOMEZ,George,aneminentSpan- 
ish  physician,  author  of  a  "Treatise  to  prove 
the  Brute  Creation  to  be  mere  Machines." 

PEREIRA  DE  FIGUEIREDO,  Anthony,  a 
llPortuguese  divine,  who  took  part  in  the  dispute 


PE 


ketwueii  the  courts  of  Koine  aiiii  Lisbon.  He 
wrote  a  Translalion  of  the  Bible,  in  -23  vols.  8vo, 
and  other  works,  and  died  in  1797. 

PtlREZ,  Anlhony,  a  Spanish  writer,  who 
publishp-'  "  Letters,"  which  are  Viteresting  and 
well  written  :  he  died  in  1.598. 

PERGOLESJ,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  mu- 
sician, composer  and  poet,  was  born  at  Naples, 
in  1704,  and  died  in  1737. 

PERIANDKK,  a  tyratit  of  Corinth,  a  poli- 
tician and  warrior,  he  died  588  B.  C. 

PERt.'VNDER,  tJilcs,  of  Brussels,  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  ieltres,  at  Mentz,  and  an  author. 
He  flourishf'd  about  1  j'lO. 

PERICLES,  acelebrated  AthcniAn statesman, 
orator,  and  general.  He  prided  liimi^elf  that  he 
never  caused  any  citizen  to  go  into  niourning. 

PERINGSKIOLL,  John,  professor  of  antiqui 
ties,  at  Upsal,  andsecretary  and  counsellor  to  tlic 
kiofT  of  Sweden.  He  wrote  on  history  and 
chronoloey,  &c.,  and  died  in  1720. 

PERI'/ONIUS,  James,  a  learned  German, 
professor  of  eloquence,  history  and  Greek,  at 
Leyden.  He  published  various  works  in  L.itin, 
on  hisiory,  classical  literature  and  antiquities, 
and  died  in  1717. 

PERKINS,  William,  a  strict  CalTinist,  whose 
wriliiies  drew  upon  him  the  attacks  of  Arnii- 
nius,  which  occasioned  the  calling  of  the  Synod 
at  Hordt,  for  the  settlement  of  theological  dis- 
putes ;  he  died  in  1602. 

PER  KINS,  William,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
died  in  New-Ham))Bhire,  in  17:12,  aaed  116. 

PER.NETY,  James,  historiographer,  of  Ly- 
ons, and  member  of  the  ai'ndemy  there.  He 
was  an  able  writer  on  history,  education,  &c  , 
and  clifd  in  1777. 

Pr:R.\ETY,  -Anthouy  Joseph,  a  Frenchman, 
librarian  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  author  cf  ii 
Dictionary  of  Painting,  Sculpture,  and  Engrav 
ins.',  and  some  other  works.  He  was  born  in 
1716. 

PEROITRE,  John  Francis  G.iloiip  de  la,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  circumnavigator,  was  lost  on 
his  return  from  a  voyage  round  the  world,  in 
1788. 

PERR.AULT,  Claude,  physicinn  and  archi- 
tect ;  he  published  a  book  of  the  Five  Orders  of 
Architecture,  and  niher  works,  and  died  in  li)S8. 

PERKAIJLT,  Charles,  brother  of  Claude,  h 
celebrated  French  poet,  biographer,  and  niiscel- 
laneons  writer  ;  he  died  in  1703,  aged  77. 

PERREIR,  Jean,  an  eminent  na'uralist,  of 
France.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  the 
pursuit  of  scientific  research,  and  died  at  New- 
York,  in  18(1.-.. 

PERRIER,  Charles,  a  French  wiiterof  Ijni. 
poems;  he  died  in  lfiS)2. 

PF.BRIER,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who,  from 
3  beggar,  became  a  i7iost  etninent  painter  and 
engraver ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  IPSO 

PKRRON,  James  Oavy  du,  a  cardinal,  emi 
nent  for  great  parts  and  learning:  his  talents 
were  so  great,  that  none  durst  dispute  with  him. 
He  died  in  1G18. 

PERRON,  Anquetil  du,  historiographer  to  the 
archives  of  foreign  relations  in  Pans;  very  ce- 
lebrated.    He  died  in  l.'^O.'j,  aged  73. 

PERRONET,  John  Rodoljihus,  an  able  and 
celebrated  civil  engineer,  of  France,  meiubei 
of  many  learned  societies,  and  afterwards  di 
rector  of  the  school  of  engineers,  at  Paris.  He 
wrote  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  I'iH. 

PERROT,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  Siponto, 
and  author  of  a  commentary  on  Martial ;  be 
died  in  1480. 

Uu 


PERROT,  Nicolas,  sieur  d'Ablancourt,  cele- 
brated for  his  excellent  translations  into  French 
ol  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics.  He  died  in 
16t)4,  aged  '>8. 

PERROT,  sir  John,  one  of  the  favourites  of 
Edward  VI.,  of  Englanct,  was  made  knight  of 
the  Bath  at  his  coronation.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed as  a  na\al  orticer,  but  was  afterwards  con- 
demned for  high  treason,  and  respited  by  Eliza- 
beth.   He  died  in  1588. 

PERRY,  captain  John,  a  celebrated  English 
engineer,  patronised  by  czar  Peter,  of  Russia,  of 
vvhich  country  he  wrote  the  history  ;  he  died  in 

PERRY,  Oliver  Hazard,  a  captain  in  the 
^merican  navy,  distinguished  by  an  important 
victory  whicli  he  gained  over  the  British  naval 
force  on  lake  Erie,  in  1813.     He  died  in  1P20. 

PERSEUS,  son  of  Philip,  of  Macedon,  wa3 
defeated  by  Paiilus  vEmilius,  his  kingdom  de- 
stroyed, and  himself  taken  nrisonvr  to  Rome. 
108  B.  C. 

PERSIUS,  Aulus  Flaccus,  an  ancient  Latiti 
poet  and  Roman  knight,  who  wrote  satires  in 
the  reign  of  Nero  ;  he  died  A.  D.  62. 

PERTINAX,  Ptiblius  Helvins,  from  an  in- 
tructor  of  youth,  became  a  soldier,  and  on  the 
death  of  Commodus  in  195,  was  raised  to  the 
imperial  throne  of  Rome.  He  was  afterwards 
assassinati  d. 

PERl'GINO,  Pietro,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
succeeded  particularly  in  the  elegant  e.xpres8ioa 
of  his  female  figures;  he  died  in  1524. 

PERUZZI.  Balthasar,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  chiaro  obscuro  ;  he  died  poor,  in 
155G. 

PESELLI,  Pesello,  an  elegant  historical  paint- 
er, of  Florence  ;  he  died  in  1517,  aged  77. 

PESSELIER,  Charles  Stepheji.  a  French 
tiuancie; ,  of  great  iT(dustry  and  abilities,  mem- 
ber of  many  learntd  societies.  He  wrote  on 
taxation,  finances,  &c.,  and  dieil  in  1"6:' 

PETAVIUS,  Dionysins,  or  DENIS  PETAN, 
a  French  Jesuit,  of  gVeaf  erudition,  and  an  au- 
thor ;  he  died  in  1652,  aged  69. 

PETER,  chief  of  the  apostles,  was  son  of 
John,  and  brother  of  Andrew,  of  the  city  of 
Rethsaid.i.  He  was  a  bold  and  powerful  preach- 
er of  the  Gospel.  Nero  caused  him  to  be  cru- 
cilicd  with  his  head  down,  A.  D.  66. 

PETER.  St.,  a  bishop  of  Alexatidria,  and  a 
learned  and  pious  prelate.  He  sufiered  martyi- 
doin,  in  311. 

PKTER  CHRYSOLOGUS,  Sl,  archbishop 
of  Ravenna,  died  in  458. 

PKTFR  the  Hermit,  a  French  officer,  of 
Atnieits,  who,  quitting  the  military  profes.sion, 
commenced  hermit  and  pilgrim.  He  travelled 
10  the  Holy  Land,  in  1093  ;  after  which,  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  from  pope  L'rban  II.  to 
excite  all  Christian  princes  to  a  general  war 
against  the  Turks  and  Saracens.  The  time  of 
his  death  was  about  1100. 

PETER  HI.,  king  of  -Arragon,  married  Con- 
stance, daughter  of  the  king  of  Sicily,  and.  hav- 
ing formed  the  plan  of  si'i/ins  iha:  kingdom, 
against  the  pretensions  of  Charles  of  Anjou, 
he  caused  all  the  French  in  that  island  to  b« 
assassinated  at  the  same  time,  wl-.ich  was  done 
on  Easter  day,  1282.  This  massacre  has  since 
been  called  the  Sicilian  Vespers 

PETl'.R  the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile,  succeeded 
his  father,  Alphoni-o  \I.,  in  13.50.  He  was  so 
wanton  and  cruel.  >!  at  three  days  after  he  had 
•liinrici.  rianche,  dalighter  of  the  dune  of  Bour- 
bon, he  repudiated  her,  with  every  mark  of  uis- 
337 


PF.     

grace.  Another  ol"  liis  queens  was  treated  with 
equal  indignity.  He  became  odious  to  his  sub- 
jects, and  was  killed  by  his  brother,  in  1309. 

PETER  the  Great,  ezar  of  Russia,  who  ci- 
rllized  that  nation,  and  raised  it  from  ignorance 
and  barbarism  to  politeness,  knowledge,  and 
power,  wa.s  born  in  l»j7'2.  The  history  of  hits 
life  and  reijn  would  demand  a  volume,  and  is 
so  eventful,  as  to  defy  abridgment.  He  spared 
no  pains  nor  fatigues  to  obtain  knowledge  which 
he  thought  would  be  beneficial  to  his  subjects, 
and  was  emphatically  and  justly  called  the 
"  Father  of  his  Country."     He  died  in  1725: 

PETER  H  ,  emperor  of  Russia,  son  of  Alexis 
Petrowitz,  succeeded  the  empress  Catherine  at 
the  age  of  15.  He  bai;is!ied  the  favourite  mi- 
nister, Meiizikotf,  and  died  in  1738,  aged  15. 

PETER  HI.,  emperor  of  Russia,  ascended  the 
throne  in  17(51.  His  attempts  to  reform  his  sub- 
jects proving  abortive,  he  was  dethroned  by  his 
queen,  Catherine  H.,  who  assumed  the  reins  of 
government.     He  died  in  1762. 

PETER  NOLASaUE,  a  native  of  Langue- 
doc,  in  the  service  of  James,  king  of  Arragon. 
He  established  the  order  of  mercy,  whose  sole 
business  was  the  redemption  of  Christian  slave* 
from  the  power  of  intidels.     He  died  in  1256. 

PETER  of  Sicily,  author,  in  the  8th  century, 
of  a  curious  and  interesting  history  of  the  Ma- 
nichees,  in  Greek  and  Latin,  in  1604. 

PETER  of  Cluni,  or,  the  Venerable,  was 
a  man  of  great  learning,  who  granted  a  friendly 
asylum  to  the  unfortunate  Abelard,  in  1130.  He 
received  pope  Innocent  U.  at  his  abbey  with  be- 
coming magnificence. 

PETER,  an  ecclesiastic,  preceptor,  and  then 
secretary,  to  William  II.,  king  of  Sicily.  He 
was  invited  to  Enj^and  by  Henry  II.,  and  was 
made  archbishop  of  Bath,  and  then  of  London. 
He  died  in  1200. 

PETER,  the  wild  boy,  a  youth  found  in  the 
woods  in  Hanover,  in  1726,  and  carried  to  Eng- 
land by  the  order  of  queen  Caroline ;  but  no 
care  nor  pains  could  ever  make  him  articulate  a 
word  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

PETER  LOMBARD.    See  LOMBARD. 

PETER  M.\RTYR.     See  MARTYR. 

PETER  D'OSMA,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic,  in 
the  15th  century,  who  was,  perhaps,  the  fore- 
runner of  the  reformation,  as  he  wrote  and 
preached  against  the  infallibility  of  the  church 
of  Rome. 

PETERS,  Gerard,  of  Amsterdam,  a  distin- 
guished Iand.=icape  painter,  in  the  16th  century. 

PETERS,  P.onaventure,  of  Antwerp,  a  paint- 
er, wliose  marine  pieces  are  much  admired ;  he 
died  in  1652. 

PETERS,  Francis  Lucas,  an  eminent  land- 
tcapc  painter,  born  at  Mechlin,  died  in  1654. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  a  turbulent  Englishman, 
who  became  an  actor,  then  a  bishop  and  lectur- 
er, then  an  adulterer,  for  which  he  was  obliged 
to  flee  to  America;  but  returned  to  England, 
where,  for  his  violence  against  Charles  I.,  he 
was  hanged  and  quartered,  in  1660. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  an  English  Jesuit,  known  in 
history  as  the  friend  and  confessor  of  James  H., 
by  whose  advice  the  ruin  of  that  monarch  wa.s 
hastened. 

PETERS,  Charles,  an  English  divine,  cele- 
brated for  his  theological  writings,  died  in  1777. 
PETHION  DE  VILLENEUVE,  Jerome, 
nayor  of  Paris,  and  member  of  the  national 
convention.  He  was  a  violent  opposer  of  roy- 
alty, and  his  influence  hastened  the  downfall 
of  Louis  XVI.  He  permitted  riot  and  murder 
338 


j^E 

in  iht.  streets  of  Paris ;  but  found  an  equal  and 
a  rivai  in  Robespierre,  who  finally  outlawed 
him,  and  set  a  price  on  his  head.  He  perisbsd 
by  starvation,  in  17^3. 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX,  Francis,  interpreter 
of  the  oriental  languages  to  Louis  XIV.,  born 
ill  1654,  and  died  in  17T3,  after  having  compiled 
several  useful  works  relating  to  oriental  history. 

PETIT,  John  TiCwis,  a  celebrated  surgeon, 
born  in  Paris.  He  was  invited  to  visit  the  king 
of  Poland,  and  afterwards  went  to  Spain  to  at- 
tend on  Ferdinand.  He  invented  some  valua- 
ble surgical  in.struments,  and  wrote  on  surgery, 
and  died  in  1750. 

PETIT,  Peter,  of  France,  celebrated  for  his 
mathematical  and  philo.sophical  writings;  he 
died  in  lf>07,  aged  69. 

PETIT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  French  scholar, 
and  professor  of  theology,  Greek,  and  Hebrew, 
at  Geneva.  He  wrote  on  classical  literature, 
and  died  in  1645. 

PETIT,  Anthony,  an  eminent  physician,  at 
Paris,  and  afterwards  at  Orleans.  He  was  a 
copious  and  learned  writer  on  several  parts  of 
his  profession,  and  died  in  1794. 

PETIT,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman,  born  at 
Paris,  was  the  author  of  various  works  of  great 
interest,  and  died  in  1687. 

PETITOT,  John,  an  eminent  painter  and 
chymist,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1607.  To  him  is 
ascribed  the  invention  of  painting  in  enamel ; 
he  died  in  1691. 

PETIVER,  James,  P.  R.S.,  an  English  bota- 
nist. He  collected  a  museum,  for  which  sir 
Hans  Sloane  offered  4000/.  He  was  author  of 
several  works  on  botany,  and  died  in  1718. 

PETRARCH,  Francis,  an  Italian,  eminent 
for  great  parts  and  learning,  and  who  has  been 
called  the  father  of  modern  poetry.  At  Vaucluse, 
near  Avignon,  inl3i;7,he  commenced  an  amoui 
with  a  j'ouiig  damsel  named  Laura,  who  lived 
in  the  neighbourhood,  and  whom  he  has  mad* 
famous  by  his  poetry.     He  died  in  1374. 

PETRE,  sir  William,  LL.  D.,  he  had  the  art 
to  continue  in  power  under  the  dissimilar  reign* 
of  Cromwell,  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI., and  Ma- 
ry ;  and  under  Elizabeth  he  was  made  secreta 
ry  of  state.  He  was  a  msCn  of  great  talents,  and 
died  in  1574. 

PETRONIUS  MAXIMUS,  a  Roman  senator, 
who  assassinated  Valentinian  III.,  and  seized 
the  throne,  in  455. 

PETRONIUS  ARBITER,  Titus,  a  polite  wri 
ter  of  antiquity,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of 
Nero.  He  was  bled  to  death  by  order  of  Nero, 
A.  D.  65. 

PETTUS,  sir  John,  deputy  governor  of  the 
royal  mines,  and  member  of  parliament,  under 
Charles  M.  He  wrote  on  mining,  and  on  histo 
ry,  and  died  in  1690. 

PETTY,  sir  William,  an  eminent  EnglisV 
physician,  but  chiefly  celebrated  for  his  know 
lodge  in  mathematics  and  mechanics,  and  foi 
his  writings  upon  political  arithmetic ;  he  die^ 
in  1687,  aged  64. 

PETYT,  William,  a  native  of  Yorkshire 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  ancient  law,  or 
which  he  wrote  several  works;  he  died  in  1707 

PEUCER,  Gaspard,  an  eminent  physiciar 
and  mathematician,  professor  of  medicine,  a> 
Wittemberg.  He  was  a  Lutheran,  and  married 
Melancthon's  daughter.  His  opinions  caused  hif 
imprisonment  for  10  years,  during  which  time, 
he  wrote  several  learned  works ;  he  died  in 
1602. 

PEDTSMAN,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Rotterdam, 


PH 

who  being  in  an  anatomical  room  during  an 
earthquake,  was  so  friphted  at  the  motion  of 
liie  skeletons,  that  lie  died  in  lfi92. 

PEUTINGKR,  Conrad,  a  Ipari.ed  German, 
Sficretary  of  the  senate  of  AuRabur;;,  and  an 
able  nesotialor.  He  published  many  learned 
works,  and  died  in  1547. 

PEYEK,  John  Conrad,  a  German  physician, 
in  the  17th  century,  distiupnislicd  for  having 
first  piveii  an  account  of  the  intestine  glands. 

PEYREKE,  Isaac,  a  French  lierelical  writer, 
horn  in  I5U4,  and  died  in  1676.  He  believed  that 
Adai'i  wuK  not  the  tirst  man. 

PlYHESC.     ScePEIRESC 

PEYROnsR.     SeePEROUSE. 

PFYSSONNEL,  Charles,  a  French  writer, 
who  went  secretary  of  an  embassy  to  Constan 
linople,  and  was  afterwards  consul  at  Smyrna. 
He  was  a  philosopher  and  antiquary,  and  wti>ic 
several  learned  dissertations  ;  he  died  in  1757. 
His  son  was  also  consul  at  Smyrna,  and  a  man 
of  science,  and  general  information,  and  died  ii^ 
17!K). 

PEZAY,  Masson,  marquis  of,  he  instructed 
Lewis  XVI.,  ill  milllary  exercises,  and  was  re 
warded  with  the  place  of  inspectoi-pcneral  of 
the  r.oasts,  but  wa.<  afterwards  diayiaced,  and 
died  in  1778. 

PEZEXAS,  Esprit,  a  learned  Jesuit,  professor 
of  philosophy,  and  hydrography,  at  Marseilles. 
He  died  in  1770. 

PE/.RON,  Paul,  a  very  learned  and  ingenious 
French  historian  and  antiquary,  born  in  1639, 
and  died  in  I70(>. 

PF.VNN  EK,  Tobias,  called,  from  his  extensive 
knowledge,  the  living  .Archives  of  the  house  of 
Saxony.     Me  died  in  1717. 

PFEFFERCORN,  John,  a  famous  converted 
Jew,  who  had  nearly  persuaded  Ma.'cirailian  to 
burn  all  books  except  the  Bible.  He  wrote  on 
the  Scriptures,  and  died  in  1520. 

PFEFFEL,  author  of  "  A  History  of  Germa- 
ny," died  at  Paris,  in  1807,  aged  81. 

PFIEFFER,  Augustus,  a  learned  orientalist, 
professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Wittemberp, 
I<£lpsic,  and  other  places.  He  published  several 
able  works,  and  died  in  1698. 

PFEIFFER,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lucerne,  and 
a  famous  general  in  the  service  of  Charles  IX. 
of  France!  whose  life  he  once  preserved  ;  he 
died  in  1.5<M. 

PHJEDON,  a  native  of  Elis,  the  disciple  of 
Socrates,  and  founder  of  the  sect  called  Elean 
philosophers.  4 

PIWZDRl'S,  an  ancient  Latin  author,  ad- 
mired for  the  elegance  of  his  language ;  he 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 

PHAjDRUS,  Thomas,  professor  of  eloqtience 
at  Rome,  early  in  the  16th  century,  and  called 
the  Cicero  of  his  time. 

I'MAER,  Thomas,  an  English  phyeician,  who 
published  various  medical  works,  chielly  com 
piled  from  the  French.  He  also  translated  a 
part  of  the  JRneid  ;  lie  died  in  1560. 

PH.AL.'VRIS,  a  celebrated  tyrant  of  antiquity 
born  at  Crete ;  he  was  particularly  cruel  to 
ward  his  enemies.  He  was  put  to  death  by  his 
subjects,  in  his  brazen  bull  that  Perillus  made 
and  in  which  he  was  the  first  to  sutTer  death, 
5Ki  B.  C. 

PHARAMOND,  was  first  king  of  France, 
and  institutor  of  the  Salique  law,  which  pre- 
vents women  from  inheriting  real  estate.  On 
this  law  is  founded  one  which  excludes  females 
from  inheriting  the  Uironc  of  Fraoce.  He  died 
in  438. 


PH 

PHARNACES,  son  of  Mithridates,  king  of 
Pontus,  revolted  agaitist  his  father.  Caesar  de- 
feated him  with  such  facility  that  he  wrote  lo 
the  senate  only  the  following:  "Veni,  vidi, 
••'ci." 

PHERECRATES,  aGreck  comic  poet,  who 
flourished  about  330  B.  C. 

PHERECYOES,  a  philo8o)iher,  of  Scyros, 
.WO  U.  C,  and  master  of  the  great  Pythagoras. 
There  was  another  of  the  same  name  456  B.  C, 
author  of  "  A  History  of  Athens."' 

PHIDI.\S,  the  most  famous  sculptor  of  anti- 
quity, an  Athenian,  and  cotemporary  of  the 
celebrated  Pericles :  he  died  in  43i!  B.  C. 

PHILANDER,  William,  a  Frenchman,  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Antoninus.  He  wrote  a  conuncn- 
lary  on  Vitruvius,  and  another  on  Quiniillian; 
lie 'died  in  l.')i;.'>. 

PHILELPII  L'S,  Francis,  a  learned  Italian,  au- 
ilior  of  several  work?,  profoesor  of  eloquence 
at  Venice,  and  secretary  of  an  embassy  to  Con- 
siantinople.  His  son  Mariue  was  also  a  man 
if  learniii!;.  and  died  in  1480. 

PHILEMON,  a  comic  poet,  of  Athens,  flour- 
ished 274  B.  C. ;  he  is  said  to  have  died  at  101 
years  of  age. 

PHILETCS,  a  Greek  poet  and  grammarian, 
of  Cos,  preciptor  to  Ptolcmv  Philadclphus. 

PHILIDOR,  Andre  Danican,  the  most  skilful 
chess-player  perhaps  that  over  was  known.  He 
was  also  an  excrllent  musician,  and  produced 
many  French  dramatic  pieces  of  considerable 
merit.     He  died  in  1795,  aeed  69. 

PHILIP,  St.,  a  native  of  Betlisaida,  was  the 
first  whom  Jesus  called  to  become  his  disciple. 
He  was  a  fisherman,  and  lei"!  a  family  at  home. 
.Another  of  the  same  name,  who  was  a  deacon 
in  the  church,  converted  a  eunuch  of  Canriacc. 

PHILIP  li.,  king  of  Macedon,  and  father  of 
■Vlexander  the  Great,  was  equally  renowned  as 
a  legislator,  politician,  and  warrior.  He  was 
assassinated  at  a  banquet,  by  Pausanias,  a  cap- 
tain of  guards,  336  B.  C. 

PHILIP  v.,  king  of  Macedon,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  220  B.  C.  His  jealousy  of  the  Ro- 
man power,  and  his  alliance  with  Hannibal 
proved  his  ruin.  His  dominions  were  invaded 
by  the  consul  Lirvinus,  and  he  was  conquered!. 
He  put  to  death  his  eldeet  son,  Demeuius,  and 
died  178  B.C. 

PHILIP,  Marcus  Julius,  an  Arabian,  who, 
from  the  rank  of  a  common  soldier,  ascended 
the  imperial  throne  of  Rome,  by  the  murder  ot 
the  younger  Gordian,  in  244.  He  was  assassi- 
nated in  249. 

PHILIP  I.,  king  of  France,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther, Henry  I.,  in  lOfiO.  He  was  a  wicked  and 
ambitious  prince.  Dissatisfied  with  his  queen, 
Bertha,  he  carried  away  Bertraiide,  wife  of  tne 
count  of  Anjou,  and  married  her.  He  was  at 
war  with  Encland  and  the  Flemings,  and  was 
defeated  by  both.     He  died  in  1108. 

PHILIP  If.,  .ournamed  Augustus,  king  of 
France,succei'dedhisfatlier,  Lewis  VII., in  1186. 
He  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince,  an  intrepid 
warrior,  an  enlightened  legislator,  and  an  im- 
partial judge.  In  conjunction  with  Richard  I., 
of  England,  he  made  a  crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  with  .300,000  men,  but,  though  victorious, 
he  returned  with  little  glory.  He  afterwards 
invaded  England,  and  was  crowned  king,  at 
London,  but  the  nobles  throwing  off  their  alle- 
giance, he  retired,  and  died  in  1223. 

PHILIP  III.,  or  the  Hardy,  was  proclaimed 
king  of  France  in  1270,  while  in  Afriea,  on  a 
crusade  with  bis  father  Lewis  IX.  He  defcattil 
339 


rii 


PH 


tlic  Saracens,  and  made  a  truce  with  theiri  ibrlj     riflLIP  I)E  DRKUX,  bishop  of  Bcauvais,  in 
10 years;  he  died  in  1'2S5.  Trunco.     He  became  a  famous  general,  and 

PHILIP  IV.,  or  the  Fair,  succeeded  his  father  j  joining  the  crusades,  behaved  wiili  great  val- 
Phillp  HI.  He  engaged  in  a  long  and  bluody  our  at  the  siege  of  Acre.  He  afterwards  joined 
war  with  Edward  I.,  of  England,  the  emperor  Pliilip  Auguiitus  against  the  English,  and  died 
of  Germany,  and  the  count  of  Flanders,  at  the'  in  I2i~ 


same  time.  In  a  battle  with  the  Flemings,  'J.'),000 
of  his  enemies  were  killed,  and  an  equestrian 
fitaiue  was  erected  to  the  monarcli,  in  the  church 
of  Noire  Dame,  in  honour  of  the  victory ;  he 
died  in  11)14. 

PHILIP  v.,  surnamed  the  Long,  king  of 
France,  the  son  of  Philip  the  Fair,  succeeded 
to  th'-  throne  la  1316.  He  made  war  against 
the  Flemings,  renewed  the  alliance  with  Scot- 
land, and  banished  the  Jews  from  his  kingdom. 
He  permitted  great  cruellies  against  lepers,  who 
were  either  put  to  d>:alh  or  coiilined  ;  he  died 
in  IXn. 

PHILIP  DE  VALOIS,  first  king  of  France, 
of  the  collateral  branch  of  the  Valois,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1308.  His  elevation  was  disputed 
by  Edward  HI.,  of  England,  and  a  terrible  war 
ensued,  in  which,  at  the  celebrated  battle  of 
Cressy,  the  French  lost  80,000  men.  Richard 
proposed  to  decide  the  war  by  single  combat,  but 
riiilip  declined.     He  died  in,  1350. 

PHILIP  I.,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximilian, 
and  .lane,  queen  of  Spain,  obtained  the  Spanish 
throne.  He  possessed  but  moderate  abilities, 
nnd  died  in  150t5,  aged  28. 

PHILIP  II.,  son  of  Charles  V.  and  Isabella 
of  Portugal,  was  made  king  of  Sicily  and  Na- 
ples, in  1554.  He  was  afterwards  made  king 
of  England,  by  marriage  with  queen  Mary  ;  and 
two  years  after,  ascended  the  Spanish  throne, 
by  thu  abdication  of  his  father.  He  made  war 
H'^ainst  France  and  England,  and  was  unsuc- 
cessful. Though  a  man  of  great  abilities,  he 
was  superstitious  and  cruel  in  the  extreme ;  lie 
died  in  15'.)H. 

PHILIP  HL,  son  of  Philip  IL  and  Anne  of 
Austria,  became  king  of  Spain  at  the  age  of  20. 
He  cruelly  banished  all  the  Moors  from  his  king- 
dom, and  thus  deprived  himself  of  the  arts  and 
siirvices  of  a  million  of  his  subjects.  At  the 
fcioTe  of  Ostend.  he  lost  89, OHO  men,  and  the  place 
was  of  no  use  to  him  when  taken  ;  he  died  in 
1(521. 

PHILIP  IV.,  -son  of  Philip  IJI.  and  Margaret 
of  Austria,  became  king  of  Spain,  in  1C21.  He 
renewed  the  war  with  Holland,  and  also  de- 
clared war  against  France,  in  both  of  which 
he  was  unsuccessful.  The  Portuguese  rebelled 
against  him,  and  after  many  bloody  attempts  to 
reduce  them,  he  acknowledired  their  indepen- 
dence. This  weak  and  effeminate  monarch  died 
ill  l(ifi5. 

PHILIP  v.,  duke  of  Anjou,  son  of  Lewis, 
the  dauphin  of  France,  and  Maria  Anne,  of 
Bavaria,  ascended  the  Spanish  throne,  in  1700. 
His  elevation  was  opposed  by  the  archduke 
Charles  of  Austria,  in  which  England,  Holland, 
Savoy,  Prussia,  and  Portnzal  joined  him,  and 
ene  of  the  nioot  bloody  wars  on  record  ensued,! 
ill  which  France  finally  joined  the  Spaniards.] 
A  peace  was  signed  between  the  allied  povversl 
at  f'trecht,  in  1713.     He  died  In  1746. 

PHILIP  the  Good,  tucceedod  to  the  throne 
of  Spain,  in  1419.  He  joined  the  English  against; 
Frame,  but  afterwards  abandoned  them,  and! 
joined  ihe  duke  de  Berri  of  France,  against  his 
brother  Lewis  XI.,  and  engaged  in  all  the  tu- 
mults of  war.    He  lost  the  title  of  Good,  by  burn- 


PHILIP,  duke  of  Swabia,  was  elected  em- 
Iperorol  Germany,  in  11U8.  He  was  a  prince  of 
Igreat  wisdom,  and  strong  powers  of  mind; 
this  memory  is  still  j-cspected  in  Germany.  He 
died  in  1208. 

I  PHILIP  the  Bold,  son  of  John,  king  of  France, 
jaiid  duke  of  Burgundy,  was  a  brave  and  vir- 
liuous  prince,  but  unfortiuiately  so  profuse  in 
I  his  expenses,  that  his  body  was  seized  after 
jdeath,  by  his  creditors,  and  it  was  with  dilliculty 
his  dntchess  could  redeem  it.     He  died  in  1404.   ' 

PHILIP  of  Orleans.    See  ORLEANS. 

PHILIP,  infant  of  Spain,  was  placed  in  pos- 
session of  the  dutchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia, 
and  alter  having  signalized  himself  in  war,  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  prosperity  and  improve- 
ment of  his  subjects;  lie  died,  universally  re- 
gretted, in  1705. 

PHILIP,  governor  of  Jerusalem,  in  the  time 
of  Antiochus  Epiplianes,  behaved  with  great 
cruelty  to  the  Jews,  and  compelled  them  to 
change  their  religion.  He  was  put  to  death  b) 
his  rival  Lysias. 

PHILIPthe  Solitary,  a  Greek  autlwr,  about 
1105. 

PHILIP,  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  a  French  eccle 
siastic,  who  travelled  into  the  Levant,  Persia, 
and  India,  E.nd  afterwards  visited  all  the  con- 
vents in  Europe  ;  he  died  in  ltJ7L 

PHILIP,  an  Indian  sachem,  notorious  for  the 
bloody  wars  he  waged  with  the  early  settlers 
of  New-England,  «  ;h  had  nearly  extermina 
ted  the  colonists.  He  was  killed  by  them  in 
1G7G,  and  his  forces  destroyed. 

PHILIPS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ickford ; 
he  wrote  the  Life  of  Cardinal  Pole,  a  woj-J*  of 
great  celebrity,  in  which  he  supports  the  j  /i- 
ples  of  the  Romish  church,  and  thus  brought 
upon  himself  a  host  of  opponents.  He  died  at 
Liece.  in  1774. 

PHILIPS,  Fabian,  a  learned  English  anti- 
quary, who  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  Charle.* 
I.,  and  strongly  protested  against  his  execution 
He  died  in  Hi90. 

PHILIPS,  Edward,  a  nephew  of  Milton, 
born  in  1630.  He  published  several  works,  one 
of  which  was  a  dictionary  entitled  "  A  New 
World  of  Words." 

PHILIPS,  Catherine,  an  English  lady  of 
great  wit  and  accomplishments,  chiefly  distin- 
guished for  her  skill  in  poetry ;  she  died  in  1064, 
aged  33. 

PHILIPS,  John,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
died  in  1708. 

PHILIPS,  Ambrose,  an  English  pastoral  and 
dramatic  poet,  and  political  writer,  died  in  1749, 
aged  78. 

PHILLIPS,  George,  was  the  first  minister  of 
Watertown,  Mass.,  and  died  in  lfi64. 

PHILLIPS,  Samuel,  a  clergyman,  at  Ando- 
ver,  Mass.,  wrote  some  sermons,  and  died  1771. 

PHILLIPS,  John,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished  for  his  liberal  endow- 
ment of  an  academy  at  Andover,  and  another 
at  Exeter.  His  brother  Samuel  joined  him  in 
his  laudable  undertakings. 

PHILLIPS,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
congress  in  1775,  and  afterwards  lieutenant-go- 


ing the  town  of  Dinan,  near  Liege,  and  putting  itsi  vernor  of  Massachusetts ;  he  died  in  1802.     lie 
inhabitants  to  tlic  gwoiU  ;  he  died  ia  14G7.  ^  was  distinguished  for  his  ]>utriuiism,  inttgrit>', 

340 


* 


and  liborality  to  dilleieiit  religious  and  literary 
institutions. 

FHIIJJl'S,  Jolin,  a  lawyer,  of  Massachusetts, 
WHS  prcsiuem  of  the  senate  of  iliai  state,  and 
first  mayor  of  the  city  of  Boston.     He  ilied  in 

I'HTLO,  Judaeiis,  an  ancient  Greek  writer, 
on  moral  philosophy,  and  of  a  noble  family 
anion);  the  Jews,  flourished  at  Alexandria  iu 
the  ruifn  of  Caligula,  fie  was  twice  sent  by  the 
Jews  of  tiiai  cily  to  Rome,  lo  plead  tlu-it  cause 
atfainsi  .\pion,  and  on  his  second  mission  is 
Eaiil  to  have  become  a  (.'hristian. 

I'HU^O,  a  granmiarian,  of  fly  bios,  whotrans- 
.laled  Saiiclioiiiathoii,  from  the  Phcenician  into 
Greek. 

^  PHILO,  an  architect,  of  Byzantium,  300  B.  C. 
lie  is  the  autlior  of  a  treatise  on  military  ma- 
liiines,  &.C. 

PniLOLAUS,  of  Cretona,  an  ancient  pliilo- 
copher  of  the  Pytliagorean  school.  He  made 
the  heavens  his  principal  object  of  contempla- 
tion, and  is  generally  supposed  lohave  been  the 
author  of  that  system  which  Copernicus  alter- 
wards  revived,  and  which  is  now  known  to  be 
liie  true  svsteni  of  astronomy. 

PHILi  tPCE.MEN,  of  Megalopolis,  celebrated 
as  a  general  in  the  Achalan  league,  against  the 
^'parlalls  and  ./t^iolians.  He  waa  poisoned  by 
Dincirrati's,  I8:i  B.  C. 

PHILOPONUS,  John,  an  Alexandrian,  au- 
thor of  a  Conimeiiiary  on  the  ('reation,  and 
iiead  of  the  tri-theitts  in  the  7lh  century. 

PHILOSTORGIUS,  an  ancient  etclt;siaslical 
liislorian,  who  flourished  in  Cappadocia  about 
the  year  420. 

PHI  LOSTKATUS,  Flavins,  an  ancient  Greek 
sophist  and  critic,  who  wri'  !'the  Life  of  Apol- 
loiiius  Tvaneus,  which  is  liighly  celebrated. 
He  died  in  244. 

Pnil.OXKNt'S,  a  difhyrambic  poet,  at  the 
fouri  "(  Dionysius,  of  if  racuse.  He  died  380 
B.  ( 

PHILPOT,  John,  a  native  of  11  impshire,  a 
warm  advo<«ate  for  the  reformation,  was  made 
archdeacon  r»f  Winchester,  by  Kdward  VI.  ;  but 
in  the  next  reign,  was  convicted  of  heresy,  and 
burnt  at  Sinilhfield,  in  1355. 

PH1NEH.\S,  son  of  Kleazar,  was  commend- 
rj  for  his  zeal  in  Ihe  cause  of  God,  for  killing 
the  Israelite  and  the  Midianilish  woman,  who 
committed  fornication  \a  the  camp  of  Israel, 
14.W  B.  C. 

PHIPPS,  rnnstanline  John,  lord  Mulgrave, 
an  eminent  English  circumnavigator  ;  he  died 
in  ny-J,  aged  4ti. 

PniP^?,  sir  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts,  was  born  of  obscure  parents, 
in  U;50,  and  died  in  1695.  He  was  knighted  tor 
)iis  success  in  obtaining  a  large  property  from  a 
Hpanisli  wreck,  which  laid  the  foundation  of 
bis  fortune. 

PHLEGON,  a  native  of  Tralles,  wrote  se 
veral  works  full  of  erudition.  He  was  the  cm 
pcror  Adrian's  frcedman.  ' 

PHOC.\S,  a  Chalccdonian  noble,  who  seized 
on  the  empire  of  the  East  by  the  murder  of  the 
emperor  Maurice  and  his  children,  in  tiOi.  He 
radius,  governor  of  Africa,  conspired  against 
him,  and  cut  olf  his  head,  in  610. 

PHOCAS,  John,  a  monk  of  the  12th  century, 
born   in  Crete.     He  built  a  small  church  on '{the  6th  of  April 
RIotHit  Carmel,  where  he  fixed  his  residence.       PICHON,  Jobn,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  author, 
He  wrote  a  description  of  the  Holy  Land,  &c.    died  in  1751. 
PHOCION,  a  renowned  Athenian  general  and  I!     PICUOT,  Peter,  a  physician  of  eminence  at 


PI 

condemned  on  a  false  accusation  of  treason,  by 
his  uiigraieful  I'etlow-cilizens,  and  put  to  death, 
by  poison,  :ilS  B.  C. 

PHOCVLIUES,  a  Greek  poet,  of  Miletus, 
about  5-10  B.  C. 

I'llORMIO,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  of 
Ephesus. 

I'HURMIO,  an  Athenian  general,  who  dis- 
played great  bravery  during  the  Peloponnesiar. 
war.  He  sold  his  projieriy  to  supply  the  atniy 
but  refused  lo  be  conimaiider-in-chief. 

PHOTlNliS,  bishop  ol  Sirmium,  was  dfcpos- 
ed  for  supporting  thai  Christ  was  only  a  man  ; 
he  died  in  376. 

PHOTU'S,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  in  the 
Uth  century,  and  the  greatest  man  ot  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  C)f  his  works,  Uie  most  consi- 
derable isliis  "  Bibliotheca."    Hedied  in  SiMi. 

PHKA.'VTEiJ  111.,  king  of  Parthia,  was  mur 
dered  by  his  two  sons,  'Mi  B.  C. 

rilUA.\TES  IV.,  was  raised  to  the  Parthian 
throne  by  his  father,  whom  Ue  soon  murdered  i 
but  he  at  last  perished  himself  by  the  hand  Of^ 
his  own  son. 

PHRANZA,  George,  a  Greek  author,  who* 
wrote  a  Chronicle  of  his  own  Times,  to  14<)1. 
P11REA.S,  or  FREAS,  John,  an  English  wri- 
ter of  the  14lh  century. 

PHRVNE,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  of  Athens, 
the  mistress  of  Prexileles,  328  B.  C. 

PHRVMCrs,  a  Greek  orator,  of  Biihynia, 
under  C<iminodus. 

PIIRYNIS,  a  musician,  of  Mitylcnc,  who  is 
said  to  have  added  two  strings  to  the  lyre,  43S 
B.  C. 

PI  A,  Philip  Nicholas,  an  rinincnt  chymist, 
and  chief  surgeon  of  tlie  hosiiital  at  Strasburg ; 
he  died  in  1799. 

PIAZZI,  Jerome  Bartholomew,  a  historian 
of  the  "  Inquisition  in  Italy,"  of  which  court 
he  was  foiinerly  a  judge ;  but  became  after- 
wards a  convert  to  the  church  of  England,  and 
died  at  t-^ambridge,  in  1745. 

PlA7.ETTA,Jolin  Baptist,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, of  Venice,  died  in  17.14.  • 
PIBRAC.     SeeFAUR. 
PICARD,  John,  a  French  ecclesiastic.    He 
acquired  colebrily  as  an  astronomer,  and  died 
in  Itiai. 

PICART,  Bernard,  a  very-  famous  French  en- 
graver ;  he  died  in  1733,  aged  60. 

PICART,  Michael,  professor  of  philosophy 
and  poetry,  at  Aliorf,  died  in  11)20. 

PICCI.M,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  musical  com- 
poser, of  Naples,  died  in  1800. 

PICCOLOMINI,  James,  an  ItaHan,  made  car- 
dinal by  Pius  II.,  was  author  of  a  history  of  his 
own  times,  and  died  in  1479. 

PICCOLOMINI,  Alexander,  an  Italian,  and 
archbishop  of  Patras,  the  author  of  dramatic 
pieces,  &c.,  was  the  first  who  used  the  Italian 
language  in  philosophical  subjects;  hedied  in 
1578. 

PICCOLOMINI,  Francis,  of  the  same  family, 
wrote  Commentaries  on  Aristotle,  and  died  iu 
1604. 

PICHEGRU,  Charles,  a  distinguislied  French 
general,  born  at  .\rbois,  in  1761.  He  subjugated 
Holland;  was  exiled  to  Cayenne,  whence  taa 
escaped  to  England.  He  returned  to  Paris,  in 
1804,  where  he  was  imprisoned,  and  died  on 


philotopber,  the  disciple  of  Plato. 


lie  was!  Rourdeaux,  in  th«  16th century. 

29*  341 


PI 

I'ICHOU,  N.,  a  French  poet,  was  assaasinated 
ill  1G3I. 

PICKERING,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Nt-w-Hauif*liire,  was  chief  judge  oi 
the  supreme  co>irl  of  that  elate,  and  afterwards 
judge  of  ihe  dislrirt  court  of  the  United  Slaicii| 
for  toe  district  of  fiew-Hamp«!hire;  he  died  in 
1803 

PICTET,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Geneva,  and 
protestor  of  divinity  tliere,  was  a  man  of  great 
ab.'liiy,  and  a  pious  and  vigilant  pastor;  he  died 
in  17-2ti. 

PICUS.     See  MIRANDULA. 

PlUOU,  Francis,  lord  of  St.  Olon,  a  French- 
man, employed  as  ambassador  to  Madrid,  and 
other  Lourts  ;  lie  died  in  1720.  | 

PIKRCE,  Edward,  an  eminent  English  paint-j 
er,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  U. ;  he  died  ii 
1715. 

PIERCE,  James,  an  eminent  English  presby- 
tcriaii  divine  ;  but,  in  consequence  of  his  be- 
coniiMS  an  Ariau,  he  was  expelled  from  his  con 
gregatioii,  and  died  in  1730. 

PIERINO,  or  PIRLNO  DEL  VAGA,  a  cele 
brated  Italian  painter,  and  disciple  of  Raphael 
he  dind  in  1517,  aged  47. 

PIERIUS     See  VALERIANUS. 

PlEUtlUlN,  John  was  40  years  minister  at 
Chaiel,  in  the  diocessof  Rheiius,  wrote  several 
woriis,  and  died  in  1742.^  „ 

PIEK.SON;  Christopher,  a  celebrated  painter, 
of  the  Hague,  died  in  1714. 

PIERSON,  Abraham,  a  pious  and  learned 
minister,  settled  about  1C40  at  Southaiuplon, 
L.  I.,  and  afterwards  in  Connecticut. 

PIEUSON,  Abraham,  a  distinguished  cler- 
gyman, of  Connecticut,  and  first  president  of 
Vale  college,  died  at  t'aybrool:,  in  1707. 

PIETRO  UI  PETRI,  a  historical  painter,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1716. 

PIETRO  DE  LA  FR  A  XCISCA,  a  Florentine 
painter  and  writer,  died  in  1473. 

PIGALLE,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  sculp 
tor,  of  Paris,  died  in  1785. 

PIGANIOL  DE  LA  FORCE,  John  Aymar 
de,  a  French  geographer  of  some  eminence,  died 
in  1753. 

PIGHIUS,  Albert,  a  native  of  Kampen,  and 
author  of  controversial  works  against  the  rc' 
formers,  died  in  1542. 

PIGHIU3,  Stephen  Vinand,  a  very  Icarneij 
German  annalist,  born  in  1520,  and  died  in  1004 

PIGNONI,  Simon,  an  eminent  Florentine 
painter,  died  in  IfilrJ. 

PIGNORIUS,  Laurenti'is,  a  learned  Italian, 
and  an  author,  died  in  1631. 

PIGRAY,  Peter,  an  eminent  surgeon,  em- 
ployed in  the  armies  of  Henry  IV.  and  Lewis 
XIII.;  he  died  in  1G13. 

PIKE,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  a  brigadier-ge 
iieral  of  the  army  of  the  United  Stales,  was| 
killed  at  York,  in  Upper  Canada,  in  an  attack 
upon  that  place,  in  1813. 

PILATE,  Pontius,  a  Roman  governor  of  Ju~ 
dea,  under  whose  administration  our  bfessed 
Saviour  suffered  death.  Pilate  was  removed 
from  his  government,  and  exiled  to  Gaul,  when 
he  hanged  himself,  A.  D.  37. 

PILATRE  DU  ROSIER,  Francis,  a  native 
of  Metz,  and  one  of  the  first  who  ascended  in  a 
balloon.  In  1785,  he  and  his  friend,  in  an  as 
centfrom  Boulogne,  were  killed,  by  falling  to  the 
earth  from  a  height  of  1500  feet. 

PILES,  Roger  de,  an  eminent  French  painter, 
and  biographer,  born  in  1635,  and  died  in  1709. 

riLICINGTON.  Litiitia,  au  Engligh  wit  and 
342 


poetess,  boru  in  Dublin,  in  1713,  and  dlad  it 
1750. 

PILOX,  Germain,  a  native  of  Maine,  known 
as  an  able  sculptor  and  architect,  died  in  1500. 

PILOM,  Fri'deric,  an  irishman,  who  studied 
medicine,  which  he  quitted  for  the  stage.  He 
afterwards  became  an  author,  and  died  in 
1783. 

PILPAY,  an  Indian  bramin,  gymnosophist, 
and  moral  fabulist,  flourished  230  B.  C. 

PIN^-US,  Severinus,  an  eminent  sMrgeon,  o( 
Paris,  and  author  of  a  very  curious  Latin  book. 
He  died  in  1C19,  aged  C9. 

PIXAS,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Har- 
laem,  in  1606.  His  brother  James  also  acquired 
celebrity  as  a  painter. 

PIXDAR,  of  Thebes,  prince  of  lyric  poets, 
born  somewhat  abo^'e  500  years  B.  C.  The 
grandeur  of  his  poetry  and  his  deep  erudition, 
made  Plato  call  him  the  Wisest,  and  the  Divine ; 
iEschylus,  tlie  Great;  and  Athcna'us,  the  Most 
Sublime. 

PINE.'VU,  Gabriel  du,  of  Angers,  gained  great 
celebrity  at  Paris  as  a  lawyer,  by  his  genius  and 
eloquence.  He  was  so  universally  respected, 
that  he  acquired  the  appellation  of  Father  of 
the  People.     He  died  in  lt)44. 

PINEDA,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  who  taught 
theology  and  philosopliy  in  several  colleges, 
and  died  in  1(537.  He  wrote  "  Commentaries  on 
Job,"  and  a  History  of  the  Cliurch. 

PlNELLI,  John" Vincent,  an  Italian  noble- 
man, celebrated  for  his  love  of  letters,  and  for 
the  immense  and  valuable  library  that  he  form- 
ed ;  he  died  in  lliOl,  aged  08. 

PINK.T,  Anthony  du,  a  native  of  Besancon, 
who  defended,  in  the  16th  century  tile  prolest- 
ant  tenets,  which  he  embraced. 

PINET,  N.,  a  merchant,  of  Paris,  to  whose  in- 
trigues was  imputed  the  sen  city  of  grain  in 
1789.    He  was  murdered  the  ?:ime  year. 

Pl.N'GERON,  I.  C,  a  native  of  Lyons,  and  an 
author,  died  in  1795. 

PINGRE,  Alexander  Guy,  librarian  of  St. 
Genevieve,  celebrated  as  a  philosopher  and  as- 
tronomer, was  the  author  of  various  works,  and 
died  in  179G. 

PI.NkNEY,  William,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguish- 
ed lawyer,  of  Maryland,  was  born  in  1765.  He 
was  minister  of  the  United  Slates  to  the  court 
of  St.  James ;  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States;  a  representative  in  Congress;  minister 
to  St.  Petersburg,  and  to  Naples ;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  of  the  United  Slates  from  Ma- 
ryland. In  all  these  oflicra,  he  acquitted  him- 
self with  distinguished  abihty.    He  died  in  181J3. 

PINON.  James,  of  Paris,  distinguished  at  the 
bar  for  his  eloquence  and  integrity.  He  died  in 
1641. 

PI.VSON,  Richard,  a  native  of  Normandy,  in 
the  service  of  Cax'.on.  He  excelled  as  a  printer, 
and  printed  the  Magna  Charta,  and  other  bookf 
and  died  in  I.VIO. 

PINTOR,  Peter,  a  Spaniard,  and  physician 
to  pope  Alexander  VII.  He  was  an  able  writer, 
and  died  in  1503. 

PINTURICCfO,  Bernardino,  the  inventor,  in 
Italy, of  a  new  vv.iy  of  painting,  in  the  15th  aen- 
tury;  he  died  in  1513,  aged  59. 

PIPER,  Francis  le,  an  English  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1740. 

PIPER,  count,  counsellor  of  state  to  Charles 

XII.  of  Sweden,  Was  taken  prisoner  by  the 

Russians,  at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  died  in 

iinprlaonment,  in  1716. 

rtfiANJCSI,  JobB  Baptist,  a  celebrated  arciii 


H 


PI 

tcct  and  engraver,  born  at  Venice,  about  1711, 
and  died  in  1778. 

I'fROMALLl,  Paul,  a  Dominican,  of  Calabria. 
s<!nl  tni.ssionary  to  tiie  East,  He  was  a  loarnea 
man,  and  Jird  in  1667. 

PIRON,  Aleiis,  a  French  poet,  and  very  keen 
sintirist.  He  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces,  and 
di.-d  in  1773,  .iged  84. 

I'lSAN,  Thomas,  an  astrologer,  of  Bologna, 
ft  is  said  he  died  in  1380,  ilic  very  day  lie  had 
t'oreiold. 

PIS,\i\,  Christina  de,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding, w.is  celfihrated  (or  her  boMuiy  and  wit ; 
she  wrote  "  A  History  of  Charles  V.,"  and  died 
in  H'2(). 

PlrtANf,  Victor,  a  Venetian  general ;  he  dis- 
tingiiislied  himself  against  the  Genoese  and 
Uxlinalians,  and  died  in  380. 

PISCATOR,  John  Fischer,  professor  of  the- 
ology, at  Simsburg,  was  the  author  of  valuable 
C'oinniemarirs  on  the  Bible,  ami  died  in  )54(>. 

PISISTRATUS,  ail  Athenian  piiieral,  who, 
though  he  seized  the  sovereign  powr.r  of  his 
country,  respected  the  laws  and  privileges  of 
his  fellow  citizens,  and  died  5'i8  B.  C. 

PISO  CiVEIUS,  a  Roman  consul,  was  ac- 
cused of  poisoning  Gernianicus,  upon  which  he 
dostniyed  himself,  A.  R.  20. 

PISST.LEU,  Anne  de,  a  woman  of  great 
beauty,  born  in  Picardy,  wife  of  the  duke  of 
I'Uampes,  and  a  courtezan  to  Francis  I.  She 
died  in  1576. 

Pt.STORIUS,  John,  a  lawyer,  of  Nidda,  who 
changed  his  profession  and  religion, and  became 
cnunsollor  to  the  emperor  of  Germany.  He  died 
in  160S. 

PITAH,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1671. 

PIT(;.\IRNE,  Dr.  Archibald,  a  physician  and 
poet,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  lto-3,  and  died  in 
1713.  His  writings  are  chiefly  medical  and  ma- 
thrnia'ical. 

PITCAIRNE,  Dr.  William,  a  very  eminent 
English  physician,  president  of  the  college,  and 
F.  R.  S.     lie  died  in  1791,  aged  80. 

PlTHOU.orPrrHCEf^S.  a  French  gentleman, 
of  eminence  in  the  rti'nblic  of  letters,  born  in 
isno,  and  died  in  1596.  He  published  several 
works,  and  was  the  first  who  made  the  world 
acquainted  with  the  "  Fahlee  of  Phirdrus." 

PITHOU,  Francis,  of  Troves,  procureur-ge- 
neral  of  thechamber  of  justice  under  Henry  IV. 
He  was  a  learned  and  an  amiable  man,  and 
died  in  1621. 

PITlStUIS,  Samuel,  a  learned  man,  bom  at 
Zulphen.  author  of  various  works,  died  in  1717 

PITISCUP,  Bartholomew,  the  learned  author 
of  "Thesaurus  Mathematicus,"  died  in  ltil3 

PITKIN,  William,  a  judge  and  chief  justiee 
of  the  superior  court  of  the  colony  of  ConiieC' 
ticuf ;  he  died  in  1723. 

PITKIN,  William,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  judge  and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court 
of  ('onnecticut,  and  governor  of  that  colony 
He  died  in  1769. 

PITOT,  Henry,  a  celebrated  French  mathe- 
matician, and  friend  of  the  great  Reaumur ;  be 
died  in  1771. 

PITS,  or  PITSEUS,  John,  an  English  bio- 
grapher, bom  in  1.560,  and  died  in  161U. 

PITT,  Christopher,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
and  translator  of  "  Vida,"  and  "Virgil;"  w.is 
born  in  ItWO,  and  died  in  1748. 

PITT,  William,  earl  of  Chatham,  a  most 
Illustrious  English  statesman,  son  of  Robert 
Pitt,  esq.    He  was  born  in  1708,  and  died  in 


PL 


1778.  Of  lord  Chatham,  his  eloquence  was  one 
of  the  most  striking  characteristics,  the  music 
and  majesty  of  his  voice  ;  the  permasive  grace- 
fulness and  irrecistible  force  of  his  action  ;  and 
his  power  of  eye  ;  all  carried  conviction  with 
his  argument. 

PITT,  William,  a  celebrated  statesman,  se- 
cond son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1759. 
His  father  taught  him  to  argue  with  logical 
preii-sion,  and  to  speak  with  eloquence  and 
force.  At  the  age  of^  2-J,  he  accepted  the  office 
of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  under  diis 
administration,  the  American  war  wab  con- 
cluded.    He  died  in  1806. 

PITTACUS,  a  native  of  Milylcne,  and  one 
of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece.  He  died  579 
B.  C. 

PIUS  I.,  St.,  succeeded  to  the  popedom  in 
142,  and  sutl"ercd  martyrdom  in  157. 

PIUS  II.,  .(*;neas  Sylvius  Picculomini.  See 
/ENEAS  SYLVIUS. 

PIUS  III.,  Francis  Tliodeschini,  succeeded 
Alexander  XI.  in  the  papal  cliair,  in  1503,  and 
died  21  days  after. 

PIUS  IV.,  John  Angela,  cardinal  de  Medicia, 
brother  to  the  marquis  deMarignan,  and  not  of 
the  Florence  tamily,  succeeded  to  the  (lopcdom 
in  15.')!1,  and  died  in  1565. 

PIUS  v.,  Mich.T  IGhisleri,  an  Italian,  of  the 
Dominican  order,  w  elccied  pope  in  15»>6,  and 
died  in  1572.  Under  his  auspices  the  celebrated 
battle  of  Lepanto  was  fought,  in  which  the  in- 
fidels were  dreadfully  defeated. 

PIUS  VI.,  John  Angi.lo  Brnschi,  was  born  in 
1717,  and  succeeded  Clement  XiV  ,  as  pope,  in 
1775;  he  rendered  his  name  famous  by  (Iraining 
the  Pontine  marshes.  Buonaparte  tniered  his 
states,  and  made  him  purchase:  a  peace  by  a 
contribution  of  several  millions.  He  entered  a 
second  time,  and  made  the  pope  a  prisoner  in 
his  capital,  carried  him  over  the  Alps  to  Va- 
lence, where  he  died  in  1799,  of  excessive  fa- 
itigne. 

I  PIVATI,  John  Francis,  a  Venetian  lawyer, 
known  for  his  compilation  of  a  Dictionary  of 
the  .-\rts  and  Sciences,  10  vols.,  in  1746. 

PIX,  Mary,  a  dramatic  writer  of  no  mean  ta- 
li'nis,  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 

P'ZARRO,  Francis,  a  Spanish  general,  dis- 
coverer :ind  conqueror  of  Peru,  in  conjunction 
with  Dicao  Almagro,  a  Spanish  navisator.  Al- 
magro,  for  revolting,  was  beheaded  by  Pizarrn, 
who  was  assassinated  by  Almagro's  friends,  in 
1541. 

PIZ7I,  Joachim,  a  Jesuit, of  Rome,  possessed 
senius  as  a  poet,  and  vigour  as  a  writer.  He 
died  in  17P0. 

PIACCIUS,  Vincent,  an  able  German  philo- 
loger,  and  an  author,  died  in  1699. 

PLACE,  Francis,  an  eminent  English  painter 
and  eneraver,  difd  in  1728. 

PLACENTINUS,  Peter,  a  German  Domini- 
can, and  an  author,  died  in  1548. 
I  PLACETTE,  John  de  la,  a  French  protesf- 
ant  minister,  who,  on  the  revr)cation  of  the 
! edict  of  Nantes,  retired  to  Holland,  and  died  in 
11718. 

I  PLANTIN,  Christopher,  a  celebrated  printer, 
of  Antwerp,  who  carried  that  art  to  great  per- 
fection ;  he  died  in  1598,  aged  fi5. 

PLANUDES,  Maximus,  a  monk,  of  Constan- 
tinople, of  the  4ih  century  ;  he  wrote  a  curious 
Lifb  of  JF.aop. 

PLATER,  George,  a  delegate  to  congress, 
from  Maryland,  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals, 
and  governor  of  that  state ;  he  died  in  179^ 
343 


4 


PO 

PJjATiNA,  Barlbolomew  Sacchi,  a  learned 
Italian,  and  author  of  a  History  of  the  Popes, 
from  St.  Peter  to  Sextus  IV.  ;  he  died  in  1481, 
aged  (°>U. 

PL.XTO,  a  most  illustrious  philosopher  of  an- 
tiquity, died  at  Athens,348  B.  C,  aecd  81.  His 
ivritiugs  are  very  valuahle ;  his  laneuape  beau- 
t^'ul  and  correct ;  and  his  philosophy  suhlinie. 

PLATOFF,  count,  hetmau  of  the  Coss^acks 
in  the  service  of  Russia  ;  he  assisted  in  over- 
turning tlie  seemingly  invincible  power  of  Buo- 
naparte ;  he  died,  venerable  in  years  and  in  ho- 
nours, in  1818. 

P1<AUTUS,  Marcus  Accius,  a  comic  writer, 
in  Italy.     He  ditni  about  184  B.  C. 

PJ.AYFAIR,  John,  D.  D.,  born  near  Dundee, 
in  1749,  was  professor  of  nialiiematics  at  Edin- 
bureli.  He  wrote  on  several  subjects,  and  died 
in  1819. 

PLAYFORD,  John,  born  in  1613,  published 
an  "  Introduction  to  the  Skill  of  Music,"  which 
succeeded  so  well  as  to  so  through  many  edi- 
tions.    He  died  sbout  1G93. 

PLEMPIUS,  Vopiscus  Fortunatus,  a  native 
of  Amsterdam,  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Louvain  ;  he  died  in  1671. 

PLESSIS  RICHELIEU.     See  RICHELIEU. 

PLINY,  Caius  Secundus,  the  Elder,  one  of 
tlie  most  learned  of  the  ancient  Roman  wri- 
ters, born  at  Verona,  about  A.  D.  33.  He  was 
suffocated  by  the  sulphurous  smoke  of  Mount 
Vesuvius,  in  his  friend's  house  near  it,  A.  D.  79. 
He  left  a  "  Natural  History,"  in  37  books. 

PLINY,  Ciecilius  Secundus,  the  Younger,  ne- 
phew of  the  preceding,  born  A.  D.6'2,  and  died  in 
113.  He  was  an  eniin-ait  lawyer  and  an  elo- 
quent speaker.  He  attaV-  '^d  the  dignity  of  con- 
sul; under  Trajan,  whose  panegyric  he  pronoun- 
ced in  the  senate. 

PLOT,  Dr.  Robert,  an  eminent  English  phi- 
losopher and  naturalist,  died  in  1096,  aged  55. 

PLOTLNUS,  an  illustrious  Platonic  philoso- 
pher.    He  died  in  270,  aged  66. 

PLOWDEN,  Edmund,  an  eminent  serjeant- 
at-law.    He  died  in  1584,  aged  67. 

PLUCHB,  Antony,  a  French  writer  on  na- 
tural history.  His  "Spectacle  de  la  Nature," 
is  known  to  all  the  world.  In  English  it  is 
railed  "  Nature  Displayed."  He  died  in  1761, 
aged  93. 

^PLUKENET,  Leonard,  a  well  known  Eng- 
lish botanist  and  author,  died  in  1705. 

PLUMIER,  Charles,  a  famous  French  bota- 
nist, employed  by  Lewis  XIV.  to  visit  the  West 
Indies  in  search  of  curious  plants.  He  died  in 
170G. 

PLUaUET,  Francis  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Bayeux,  and  professor  of  history  at  Paris.  He 
was  an  able  writer,  and  an  elegant  lecturer,  and 
died  in  1790.  . - 

PLUTARCH,  a  great  philon  • .  ■'■  and  histo- 
rian of  antiquity,  was  born  in  Ui'eece.  His 
works  have  been  divided  into  "  Lives"  and 
"Morals;"  and  treasnr"  .of  learning, wisdom, 
and  historv  maybe  n  'n  them.  He  died 
about  A.  D'.  140.         ;■  .  .,i 

PLUVINEL,  Antony,  grand  cjisr  -iberlain  to 
Henry  IV.,  of  Francc,'and  his  sRj^assador  to 
Holland;  he  died  in  lfi'20. 

POCAHONT.\S,  an  Indian  t^rincess,  celebra- 
ted in  the  annals  of  Virginia,  Ui:  her  heroic  at- 
tachment ti>  the  colonists.  Siie  married  Mr. 
Rolfe,  an  English  t^ntleman,  and  from  them 
are  descended  somo  of  the  most  respectable  fa- 
milies in  Virginia.  She  dieil  in  I^nglatid,  in 
1616. 

344 


PO 

.  POCOCK,  sir  George,  K.  B.,  a  gallant  English 
admiral,  who  immortalized  his  memory  by  the 
capture  of  the  Havana,  and  by  many  other 
important  services ;  he  died  in  1792,  aged  86. 

POCOCKE,  Dr.  Edward,  a  most  learned  En- 
glish critic  and  commentator,  and  famous,  par- 
jticularly,  for  his  great  skill  in  the  oriental  lan- 
guages ;  he  died  Iftll,  aged  87. 

POCOCKE,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Meath, 
in  Ireland,  and  celebrated  for  his  travels,  of 
which  he  published  an  account  in  a  Description 
of  the  East,  with  observations  on  Palestine.  He 
died  in  1765,  aged  01. 

POERSUN,  Charles  Francis,  of  Paris,  an 
emin«nt  painter,  died  in  1725. 

POGGIO  BRACCIOLINI,  John  Francis,  a 
.Florentine,  of  great  parts  and  learning.  He  wrote 
"  Moral  Pieces,  Orations,  Letters,"  and  a  His- 
tory of  Florence.     He  died  in  1459,  aaed  79. 

POILLY,  Francis,  a  French  engraver  of  great 
reputation,  died  in  1693. 

POINSINET,  Anthony  Alexander  Henry,  a 
French  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1709. 

POIRET,  Peter,  a  mystic  enthusiast,  of  Mefz, 
became  minister  of  Heidelberg,  and  died  in 
1719. 

POIRIER,  Germain,  a  native  of  Paris,  and  a 
Benedictine,  was  a  member  of  the  national  in- 
stitute, and  died  in  1803. 

POIS,  Anthony  le,  professor  to  Charles  HI., 
duke  of  Lorraine ;  he  was  well  skilled  in  anti 
quities,  and  died  in  1578. 

POIS,  Nicolas  le,  brother  of  Anthony,  emi 
nent  as  a  physician,  and  the  author  of  valuable 
medical  tracts,  republished  in  1736. 

POISLE,  John,  a  counsellor  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  who  acquired  riches  by  his  bri- 
bery and  corruption,  which  procured  his  disgrace 
in  158Q. 

POISSON,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  French  priest, 
admired  for  his  eloquence ;  he  was  the  friend 
of  Descartes,  and  died  in  1710. 

POISSON,  Raymond,  son  of  a  mathemati- 
cian at  Paris,  was  one  of  the  (irst  comedians 
of  the  French  stage,  and  died  in  1690. 

POISSON,  Paul,  son  of  the  preceding^  was 
eminet '  also  as  a  comedian,  and  died  in  1735. 

POISSONNIER,  Peter  Isaac,  a  French  phy- 
sician, who  acquired  such  reputation  as  a  medi- 
cal man,  that  he  was  sent  to  the  court  of  Russia. 
He  died  in  1797. 

POITIERS,Dianade,dutchessof  Valentinois, 
was  sole  mistress  of  Henry  II.  of  France,  and 
of  the  kingdom  for  many  years.  She  died  in 
1566. 

POIVRE,  N.,vvent  as  missionary  to  China. 
After  his  return,  he  was  employed  by  the  go- 
vernment, and  died  in  1786. 

POLAN,  Amaiid,  a  native  of  Silesia,  and 
professor  of  theology  at  Basil,  died  in  1610. 

POLE,  Reginald,  cardinal,  an  eminent  states- 
man, and  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  the 
reign  iof  queen  Mary  ;  he  died  in  15.^8,  aged  58. 

POLEMBERG,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  1600. 

POLEMON,  a  Greek  philosopher,  the  disciple 
of  Xenocrates,  died  270  B.  C. 

POLENI,  John  Marquis,  of  Padua,  eminent 
as  a  professor  of  astronomy,  and  mathematics, 
died  in  1761. 

POLI,  Martin,  a  distinguished  profeesor  of 
chymistry  at  Rome,  died  in  1714. 

POLIDORO,  Da  Caravaggio,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter,  was  assassinated  by  his  servant, 
in  1543,  aged  48. 

PJHEB,  Charles  le;  a  native  of  Lausanne. 


^     V 


PO 

was  tutor  Vi  lord  Tyrone's  children,  and  died  in 
Inland,  in  I7b^;. 

rOIiiGN'AC,  Melcliior  de,  a  great  statesman, 
of  France,  under  I.ouis  XIV.,  and  a  cardinal ; 
tie  died  in  1741,  aged  79. 

rOLIMF.Rii,  Peter,  a  native  of  Coiiloncc, 
known  as  a  matheniatlciaii,  pliilosoi)lier  and 
thyniist,  wastlicfirsiwlio  read  lectures, on  those 
seiimces  at  Paris.     He  died  in  1734. 

fOIilTI.  Alexander,  an  Italian,  professor  of 
eloquence  and  Greek,  at  Pisa,  Ire  died  in  1750. 

POLITIANO,  Anjcelo,  a  niosi  ingenious  and 
learned  historian,  critic  and  poet,  born  in  Tus- 
cany, in  1454,  and  died  in  141)4. 

POKLIO.  Caius  Asinius,  a  celebrated  Roman, 
the  friend  of  Virgil  and  Iloiace,  ilied  A.  D.  4. 

POMjOCK,  ThoniaK,  an  eminent  citizen  of 
North-Carolina,  and  for  several  years  at  the 
head  of  the  colonial  administration  there ;  he 
died  about  172-2. 


PO 

I  PON.\,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  and  the  au- 
jtlior  of  several  woiks,  died  in  1588. 

PON'.^V,  Francis,  a  physician,  of  Verona,  and 
Ian  author,  died  in  105:2. 

j  roM.vrowsKi.  see  Stanislaus  AU- 
Gr.-<Ti;s. 

1  POXi*,  John  Francis  de,  a  French  ccclesia.stic, 
ol  an  Illustrious  family,  was  a  learned  author, 
'and  died  in  1732. 

.  PONT,  Lewis  du,  a  Ppanisli  Jesuit,  whose 
meditations  have  been  publi.-hcd.  lie  died  in 
1024. 

PONT  DE  VESI.E,  Antony  de  Ferriol,  count 
de,  a  comic  writer,  wa;?  made  iutcndant- general 
of  Marine,  and  died  in  1774. 

PONTANliy,  John  Jovian,  a  learned  Italian, 
was  preceptor  and  secretary  to  Alphon&o  of 
Arrai:on,  and  died  in  150:!. 

PO\TANUS,or  niPOXT,  Peter,  a  gramma- 
rian, of  Itruges,  though  deprived  of  sight  at  the 


POLLUX,  Juliu.^,  an  Egyptian,  in  the  reign  [ago  of  3,  he  acquired  great  reputation  as  a 
of  Conunodiis,  and  tlic  autlior  of  "  A  Greek   teacher  of  belles  leltres,  at  Paris,  where  he  died 


VocaliulaiT 

POLY.i'ENUS, a  Macedonian,  author  of "  St  ra- 
lagems  of  illustrious  Commanders  in  War." 
died  in  1G4. 

POLYniUS,  an  ancient  Greek  universal 
historian,  born  in  Arcadia,  about  200  B.  C.  He 
died  at  82  vears  of  iigc. 

POLVC.^KP,  bishop  of  Smyrna,  at  the  end 
of  the  ist  century,  a  disciple  of  St.  John  the 
Kvangelist.  lie  was  burnt  at  Smyrna,  A.  D. 
lt)7. 

POLYCLETUS,  a  sculptor,  born  at  Sicyon. 
He  flourished  about  230  B.  C. 

POLYDORK.     See  VIRGIL. 

POLYGNOTUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  paint- 
er, of  Rhodes. 

POLVIlISTOR.or  ALEXANDER  CORNE- 
LIIS,  author  of  a  "Universal  History,"  flou- 
rished about  SO  B.C. 

PoMBAL,  Sebastian  Joseph  Carvalho,  mar- 
quis de,  a  famous  Portuguese  minister  of  state; 
he  died  in  1782,  aged  85. 

POMET,  Peter,  a  drtiggist,  of  Paris,  known 
to  the  world  as  the  author  of  a  "  General  His- 
tory of  Drugs;"  he  died  in  1699,  aged  "'. 

POMEY,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Lyons,  author  of 
"A  French  and  Latin  Dictionary,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  11)73. 

PCtMFRET,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  a 
\)oei  of  considerable  merit;  he  died  in  1703, 
aged  3(>. 

POMPADOUR,  Jane  Antoinette  Poisson, 
marchioness  of,  a  beloved  mistress  of  Louis  XV 
She  died  in  1704,  aged  44. 

POMPEY,  Cneius  the  Great,  the  renowned 
rival  of  Julius  Ca^ar.  Being  defeated  by  him, 
at  the  battle  of  Pharsniia,  Ur  fl<  d  to  Egypt, 
where  he  was  basely  assassinated  18  B.  C. 

POMPIGN.\N,  John  James  le  Franc,  mar 
quis  of,  a  French  poet,  little  interior  to  Racine. 
He  pronounced  a  discourse  in  favour  of  Christ 
laiuty,  before  the  French  academy,  in  1760, 
which  drew  upon  him  the  ridicule  of  his  associ 
ates.    He  died  in  1784,  highlv  esteemed. 

POMPIGNAN,  John  George  le  Franc  de,  a 
learned  French  prelate,  and  brother  of  the  pre-[ 
ceding.  He  wrote  various  works,  and  died  in  1790. 

PAMPONATIUS,  Peter,  an  eniiiisiit  philo- 
lopher,  born  at  Mantua,  in  14G2,  and  died  in 
l.">25.-  He  was  almost  a  dwarf,  yet  possessed  an 
t.taltcd  genius.  i 

POMPOMUS.    See  MELA.  | 

POMPONIUS  LjF.TUS,  Julius,  a  learned  phi-, 
l«sojiher,  horn  i).  i425,  and  died  in  1 193.  I 

Xx 


in  the  ICih  century. 

PONTANUS,  James,  a  Bohemian  Jesuit,  who 
taught  belles  letues  in  (Germany  with  great  repu- 
taticiii,  and  died  in  102ti. 

PONT.VNl'S,  John  Isaac,  historiographer  to 
the  king  of  Denmark,  was  the  author  of  various 
works,  and  died  in  1041). 

PONTAS,  John,  a  learned  French  ecclesias- 
tic, and  author,  died  in  1728. 

PONTCHASTEAU,  Sebastian  Joseph  de 
("^amhout,  hnron  de,  a  French  author,  nearly  al- 
lied to  Richelieu.  His  acts  of  charity  and  de- 
votion were  singuhtr.     He  died  in  1091). 

PONTF.DERA,  Juliiii,  pi^ifessor  of  botany  at 
Padua,  and  auth'<r  t  various  works,  died  in 
1757. 

PONTHIEU,  Adelaide,  a  French  lady,  whose 
advcuturca  during  the  crusades  under  St.  Louis, 
have  furnished  a  subject  for  a  romance,  a  trage- 
dy and  ati  opera. 

rONTOPPID.\N,  Erica  Danish  divine, who 
became  bishop  of  Bergen,  in  Norway,  died  in 
17.50. 

PONTORMO,  James,  a  Florentine  painter  of 
eminence,  died  in  1550. 

POOL,  Rachel  Van,  8  Dutch  female  painter  of 
eminence,  died  in  1750.  Her  husband,  Julian 
Pool,  was  also  eminent  in  portraits,  and  diel  in 
1745. 

POOLE,  Matthew,  an  English  non-conformist 
minister,  and  celebrated  critic  and  casni.«t.  died 
in  1679,  ajied  55.  He  was  author  of  several 
useful  works. 

POPE,  sir  Thomas,  an  English  statesman  un- 
der Henry  VIII.,  and  Mary;  memorable  as  the 
fotinder  of  Trinity  College,  0.\ford  ;  he  died  in 
1258,  aged  50. 

POPE,  A'  -"ider,  a  celebrated  English  poet 
and  epist'-'  ,  riter,  born  in  1688,  and  died  in 
' 1744. 

POPHAM,  sir  Home  Riggs,  a  distinguished 
English  naval  office      he  died  in  1820. 

POPHAM,  sir  J  .  eminent  English  judge, 

was  born    -i   1531  e  chief  justice  of  the 

King'sB-  ijin  1592;  published  "  Reports"  and 
"  Cases"  i  i.he  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  died  in 
1607. 

POPPLE,  V^'illiam,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, died  in  1'^-;. 

PORDAGE,  John,  an  English  enthusiast, dur 
ing  the  civil  wars,  died  ii.  1070. 

PORDENONF:,    Jolm    Anthony    Licinio,    a 
celebrated  Italian  painter,  and  rival  of  the  great 
Titian,  died  in  1540.    His  nephew,  call«d  tlm 
345 


PO 

younger  Pordenurie.  was  also  einiiieiit  in  Uii-  an, 
and  died  in  1570. 

POREE,  Cliarles,  a  Frencli  Jesuit,  and  very 
(;rea:  genius,  born  in  1G75,  and  ditd  in  ITU 
Ue  was  eloquent ;  a  beautiful  por-.i ;  and  had  a 
peculiar  faculty  of  inspiring  his  pupils  with  tli 
love  of  learniiij;  and  virtue.  He  wrote  several 
orations,  comedies  and  traaodies,  in  Latin, 

PORPHVRY,  of  Tyre,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
of  great  fa:ne  ainongthe  ancienis,  born  at  Tyre, 
A.  D.  Zi'S,  and  died  at  Konie,  in  :iit4. 

PORSCNXA,  king  of  JJtriiria,  famous  for  hi 
siege  of  Rome,  in  order  to  restore  the  e.xileJ 
king  Tarquin  the  Proud  ;  he  died  500  B.  C. 

POKS<J.V,  Richard,  professor  of  tlie  Greek 
language,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  wa 
born  iu  1759 ;  had  the  reputation  of  being  the 
best  Greek  scliolar  in  England  ;  yet  his  learning 
scarcely  produced  him  a  living.  He  died  in 
1808. 

PORT.\,  .Tosepli,  a  native  of  Castel-Nuovo, 
celebrated  as  a  painter,  died  in  1585. 

POilTA,  John  Baptist,  a  Neapolitan,  of  great 
iearnini;,  who  invented  tlie  camera  obscura. 
He  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1515. 

PORTA,  Simon,  or  PORTIUS,  a  Neapolitan, 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  was  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Pisa,  and  died  in  1554. 

PORTE,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  author  of  va- 
rious works,  died  in  1779. 

PORTE,  Peter  de  la.  a  domestic  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Louis  XIV.  He  was  concerned  in  the 
court  intrigues,  sent  to  the  bastile,  and  died  in 
1680. 

PORTER,  Francis,  an  Irishman,  educated  in 
France,  afterwards  divinity  professor  at  Rome, 
and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1702. 

PORTER,  Jolin,  a  cler;;yman,  of  Bridgewa- 
ler,  Mass.,  and  author  of  sermons ;  he  died  in 
1802. 

PORTES,  Philip  des,  a  French  poet,  who  was 
liberally  rewarded  by  the  monarchs  of  France 
for  his  poetical  works.  He  was  an  eminent 
friend  of  learned  men,  and  died  in  1006. 

PORTEUS,  Dr.  Beilby,  bishop  of  London, 
was  born  in  ITIil,  and  died  in  1809.  Ilis  single 
sermons  and  cliarges  are  numerous,  and  his 
"  Lectures,"  ai  St.  James'  church,  are  well 
known. 

PORTUS,  Franci?,  a  native  of  Candia,  edu- 
cated at  the  court  of  Hercules  II.,  of  Ferrara. 
He  taught  the  Greek  language,  e  iibraced  the 
protcstant  faith,  and  died  in  1.581.  His  son, 
.^niilius,  was  aiso  an  able  Greek  scholar. 

PORIJS,  a  renowned  king  of  India,  con 
quered  by  ."Vleiander  tlie  Great,  who  was  so 
charmed  by  his  undaunted  valour  and  fortuude, 
that  he  restored  him  his  dominions,  and  became 
his  ally. 

POcil.OTPPUS,  a  comic  poet,  of  Cassandra, 
flourished  about  5:W  B.  C. 

POSIOONIU.S,  an  astronomer,  of  Alexandria, 
lived  in  the  age  of  Fompey.  Another,  a  stoic 
philosopher,  of  Rhodes,  lived  :10  15.  C. 

POSSEVIN,  Antony,  a  Jesuit,  of  Mantua, 
was  distinguished  as  a  preacher,  and  employi.'d 
by  the  pope  in  embassies  to  dilfercnt  courts ;  he 
dird  in  1011. 

POST,  Franeis,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Haer- 
lem,  died  in  1C80. 

POSTRL,  William,  a  French  visionary,  sent 
to  the  East  by  Francis  I.,  to  collect  MSS  He 
was  afterwards  professor  royal  of  mathematics, 
and  died  in  a  inonasterv,  in  1581. 

POSTHIT.MLT.S,  .Mar.  Cass.  Latienus,  a  Ro 

man  general,  was  made  emperor,  in  201,  but 

346 


PO 

was  murdered,  together  with  liis  son,  by  his  re- 
bellious soldiers,  in  207. 

POSTLETMWAYTE,  Malachi,  author  of» 
much  esteemed  Commercial  Uictionarv,  died  in 
1707. 

POTAMON,  a  philosopher,  of  Alexandria,  in 
the  age  of  Augustus. 

POTE,  Joseph,  a  respectable  printer  and  book- 
seller, at  Eton,  and  editor  of  several  learned 
and  valuable  works;  he  died  in  1787. 

POTE.MKIN,  Gregory  Alexander,  a  Russiao 
prince,  descended  from  a  Polish  family.  He 
was  the  favourite  of  the  empress  Catherine, 
and  her  war  minister,  and  died  in  1791. 

POTEXGER,  John,  an  English  i)oet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  i~'Xi,  aged  86. 

POTER,  Paul,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
di'd  in  1654. 

POTT,  John  Henry,  a  learned  German  chy 
mist,  author  of  several  works  published  in  1733 
and  1741. 

POTT,  John,  a  physician,  was  at  the  head  of 
the  administration  of  Virginia,  in  1628,  during 
the  absence  of  the  governor  of  the  colony. 

POTT,  Pcrcival,  F.  R.  S.,  a  very  eiiiinent 
English  surgeon ;  lie  died  in  1788,  aged  75. 

POTTER,  Christopher,  an  English  divine, 
was  distinguished  for  his  loyalty  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  died  in  164G. 

POTTER,  Francis,  an  English  divine,  emi- 
nent also  as  a  painter,  died  in  1078. 

POTTER,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, a  celebrated  antiquary,  critic,  historian, 
and  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1747,  aged  73. 

POTTER,  Robert,  prebendary  of  Norwich 
cathedral,  was  born  in  1721.  A  great  part  of 
his  life  was  employed  in  the  translation  into 
English  of  the  three  great  writers  of  the  Greek 
drama.  His  translations  are  justly  admired. 
He  died  in  1804. 

POUCHARD,  Julian,  a  Frenchman,  Greek 
professor  in  the  royal  college  at  Paris,  died  in 
1705. 

POUGET,  Francis  Ame,  an  able  French  di- 
vine, and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  died  in  1723. 

POI'LLE,  Lewis,  preacher  to  the  king,  and 
abbe  of  Nogent.  He  was  celebrated  for  his  elo- 
quence, and  also  for  his  poetry  ;  he  died  in  1781 

POUPART,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mans,  who 

udied  philosophy  at  Paris,  wrote  several  works, 
and  died  in  1709. 

POiJRBUS,  Peter  and  Francis,  father  and  son, 
two  celebrated  Flemish  painters ;  the  former  died 
in  158:J,  the  latter  in  1622. 

POURCHOT,  Edine,  a  Frenchman,  and  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Paris,  died  iu  1734. 

PtJCTRFOUR,  Francis,  a  French  physician, 
and  a  skilful  herbalist,  died  in  1741. 

POUSSIN,  Caspar,  a  painter,  whose  land- 
scapes are  much  admired,  died  in  1075. 

POUSSIN,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  French  land- 
scape and  historical  painter,  born  in  Normandy, 
in  1.594,  and  died  in  1065. 

POWEL,  David,  a  learned  Welchman,  the 
author  of  various  works  ;  he  died  in  1590. 

POWELL,  George,  an  eminent  English  ac- 
tor, and  a  dramatic  writer ;  he  died  iu  1714. 

POWELL,  William  Samuel,  a  learned  Eng- 
lish divine,  and  theological  writer,  born  in  1717. 
and  died  in  1775. 

POWELL,  Foster,  a  celebrated  English  pe- 
destrian ;  he  died  in  indigence,  in  1793. 

POWELL,  John  Joseph,  an  English  barrister, 
a  writer  of  some  eminence  on  "The  Law  of 
Mongases,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1801. 

POWHATAN,  a  powerful  Indian  chief  in 


f 


PR 


PR 


Virginia,  notorious  for  liis  liostility  to  the  Eng- 
lish, lie  was  tlic  lather  of  Pocahontas  ;  and,  on 
her  marriagu,  bi-canie  reconciled  to  the  whites, 
find  dir'd  in  HilS. 

POWN  ALL,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  ill  ITiS,  and  died  in  I8O0.  lie  was  called 
povernor  Pownall,  having  been  povernor  of 
South  Carolina,  and  other  American  colonics. 

POYET,  William,  a  native  of  Angers,  and 
clianccllor  of  France,  in  1538.  He  was  dis- 
graced in  1.5-15,  and  died  in  1348. 

POVXINGS,  sir  Edward,  a  gentleman,  of 
Kent,  employed  in  the  government  of  Ireland 
by  Henry  VIL,  where  lie  displayed  great  courage 
and  wisdom.  In  the  succeeding  reign  lie  was 
appointed  governor  of  Tournay,  in  Flanders. 

P07//0,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Trent,  eminent 
as  a  jiainter  and  architect,  died  in  1709. 

POZZO,  Modesta.  See  FONTE  MODE- 
RATA 

PKADON,  Nicolas,  a  French  poet,  who  af- 
fected to  rival  Racine  ;  lie  died  in  1(V.18. 

PR.'VTT,  Ephraiui,  of  Plymouth,  Mass.,  noted 
for  longevity.  He  died  in  1804,  aged  116.  He 
could  then  iiiiniber  nearly  lo4H)  descendants. 

E'R  ATT,  Samuel  Jackson,  an  English  miscel- 
laneiMis  writer,  aiitiior  of  poems,  novels,  and 
some  dramatic  works;  he  died  in  1814. 

PRATT,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Mnssacliusetts.  and  afterwards  chief  justice  of  1 
the  colony  of  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

PRATT,  right  hon.  Charles,  earl  Camden,  a 
most  eminent  English  lawyer  and  statesman, 
tiorn  in  1713.  In  1759,  he  was  appointed  attor-, 
ney-genei  al ;  in  1762,  he  was  callcil  to  the  degree 
of  serjeant-at-law,  appointed  chief  justice  of  | 
the  common  plea.s,  and  knighted.  His  loidsliipj 
presided  in  that  court  witti  a  dignity,  weight,, 
and  impartiality  never  exceeded  by  any  of  his 
predecessors ;  and,  when  John  Wilkes,  esq., 
was  seized  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  on  anj 
illegal  general  warrant,  his  lordship,  with  tlie 
intrepidity  of  a  Itriiish  magistrate,  and  the  be- 
coming fortitude  of  an  Englishman,  granted  him' 
a  habeas  corpus,  and,  on  his  being  brought  be-| 
fore  the  court  of  common  pleas,  di.'charged  him] 
from  his  confinement  in  the  Tower,  in  1763,  in 
a  speech  that  did  him  honour.  His  wise  and 
spirited  behaviour  on  this  remarkable  occasion 
was  so  acceptable  to  the  nation,  that  the  city  of , 
London  presented  him  with  the  freedom  of  their, 
corporation  in  a  gold  box,  and  desired  his  pic-| 
turc,  which  was  put  up  in  Guildhall,  with  this 
inscription : — 

Ilanc  Iconem 

Caroli  Pratt,  Eq. 

Summi  Judicis  C.  B. 

In  Honorcin  tanti  Viri, 

Anglic.-e  Liberlatis  Lege 

As.«ertoris  lidi. 

P.  a.  L. 

In  Curia  Municipali 
Poni  Jiisserunt 
Nono.  kal.  Mart.  A.  D.  MDCCLXIV. 
Guliclmo  Bridgen,  Ar.  Prs.  Urb. 

The  corporations  of  Dublin,  Bath,  Exeter,  and 
Norwich,  paid  him  the  like  compliment.  He 
was  created  a  peer  of  Great  Britain,  by  the  title 
of  lord  Camden,  baron  Camden  in  the  county 
of  Kent;  and  July  30,  1766,  he  was  appointed 
lord  high  chancellor  of  Great  Britain.  He  con- 
ducted himself  in  this  hish  office  so  as  to  obtain 
the  love  and  esteem  of  all  parties ;  but  when 
tJio  taxation  of  America  was  in  agitation,  he! 


declared  himself  against  it,  and,  strongly  oppos- 
ing it,  was  removed  troin  his  station,  in  1770. 
He  was  appoinied  president  of  the  council  in 
1782,  and  resigned  iliis  otiice  in  March,  1783, 
but  soon  after  resumed  it,  and  held  it  till  bis 
death,  1794. 

PR  AX  AGORAS,  a  Greek  historian,  of  Athens 
about  135. 

PR  AXE  A3,  author  of  a  heresy,  in  tli^SJ 
ceiiturv. 

PR.AXITELES,  a  famous  Greek  sculptor 
a!)out  3t">4  B.  C. 

PREBLE,  Edward,  a  captain  in  the  Ameri- 
can navy,  distinguished  for  his  services  and  suc- 
cesses against  the  emperor  of  Slorocco  and  the 
Bey  of  Tripoli,  in  IS03-4  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

PREMONTVAL,  Peter  le  Guay  de,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Berlin,  and 
author  of  various  works  ;  he  died  in  1767. 

PRE.STOX,  Dr.  Thomas,  »n  English  drama- 
tic writer,  in  the  reien  of  queen  Elizabeth,  died 
ma.^ter  of  Trinitv-hall,  Cambridge,  in  1598. 

PREPTO.V,  Joiin,  master  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  was  an  able  writer  in  favour  of  Uis 
puritans,  and  died  in  16!28. 

PRE,STRELE.    See  VAUBAX. 

PRP.TI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  dis- 
tingiiislieti  x«  a  poet,  died  in  1626. 

PliEVILLE,  Peter  Lewis  Dubus  de,  a  very 
eminent  French  comic  actor,  and  the  intimate 
iVicnd  of  Garrick,  was  boru  in  1706,  and  died 
in  1800. 

PREVOT  D'EXILES,  Antony  Francis,  a 
French  writer,  was  educated  among  the  Jesuits, 
but  entered  the  army.  He  translatcil  Richard- 
son's novels  into  French,  and  died  in  1763. 

PRI.AM,  the  famous  king  of  Troy,  was  slain 
bvPvrrlitisn?4B.  C. 

PRIC/ECS,  or  PRICE,  John,  an  Englishman, 
who  became  a  Roman  catholic,  and  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Florence.     He  died  in  1676. 

PRICE,  sir  John,  an  Englishman, weH  skilled 
in  antiquities.  He  wrote  a  defence  of  British 
history  in  answer  to  Polydore  Virgil,  and  died 
jin  15.53. 

PRU'E,  Rev.  Dr.  Richard,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting minister,  universally  known  and  cele- 
brated for  his  great  abilities  in  arithmetical  cal- 
culations, and  for  very  numerous  and  valuable 
writings,  theological,  mora!,  and  scientific  ;  he 
died  in  1791,  aged  68. 

PKICHARD,  Rees,  a  native  of  Llandovery, 
in  Wales,  was  a  poet,  and  rector  of  his  native 
villase  :  he  died  in  1644. 

PRIDEAUX,  John,  an  English  prelate,  who, 
from  a  kitchen  bov,  rose  to  the  see  of  Worces- 
ter.    He  died  in  1650. 

PRIDEAUX,  Dr.  Humphrey,  an  English  di- 
vine, historian,  and  critic,  born  in  1648,  and  died 
iu  1724.    He  was  the  author  of  several  works. 

PRIE,  X.  de  Bertolet,  marchioness,  an  in- 
triguing female,  and  favourite  of  Bourbon,  the 
prime  minister  of  Fiance  ;  she  died  in  1727. 

PRIESTLEY,  Dr.  Joseph,  a  very  celebrated 
dissenting  clergyman,  and  a  polemical  and  philo- 
sophical writer .  he  died  in  '"(M  n"rrl  "■!. 

PRIEIIR,  Philip,  professor  of  belles  lettiesin 
the  university  at  Paris,  died  In  1680. 

PRIMATICCIO,  Francesco,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian painter,  who  w,"is  extremely  skilful  in  stuc- 
co and  basso  relievo,  and  excelled  chiefly  in 
battle  pieces ;  he  died  in  1570,  aged  80. 

PRIMEROSE,  Gilbert,  a  Scotch  divine,  and 
chaplain  to  James  I.  ;  lie  wrote  various  works, 
and  died  iu  16-12. 
PRINCE  DE  BEAUMONT,  mad.ime  le.  a 
347 


PR 

Frenrti  lady,  lung  encaged  in  educalioii,iii  Kiig 
land  ;  she  died  in  1780. 

PillN'CK,  Join;,  an  English  divine,  and  an 
author,  died  iu  l~-io. 

I'lllNCE,  Thomas,  one  of  the  early  settlers 
or  Plv  nioiuli,  caiMC  tVoni  England,  in  1621,  and 
w.'Li  afterwards  governor  of  I'lyuiouth  colonv. 
He  died  in  1G73. 

PItLVCE,  Tliomas,  an  eminent  American 
clertTjiiian,  settled  at  lioslon  :  lie  wasauth.irof 
a  <-'iironol!)gical  History  of  New-England,  and 
made  lai-^i'  collections  for  a  history  of  the  coun- 
try.    !Ic-  died  in  ITM. 

PRINCE,  Nathan,  brotiier  of  the  preceding, 
an  Piiiinent  ma'hcmaticiaii  and  classical  scholar, 
died  in  ]748 

PKlXfiLE;  sir  John,  an  eminent  physician 
and  juedical  wiitcr,  and  piesidcnt  of  the  Koyal 
Socit.'ly,  v/as  born  in  1707,  and  died  in  178-2. 

PlllbliO,  Benjamin,  aulliorof  a  Latin  histo- 
ry of  France,  from  164:!  to  16C4  ;  lie  was  the 
friend  and  associate  of  the  duke  de  Kohan,  and 
died  in  1G67. 

PfilOU,  JVIattliew,  an  eminent  English  poet 
and  sialesnian,  born  in  11)04.  After  having  oc- 
cupied many  higii  diplomatic  posts  and  lucrative 
emi)loymenl.-<,  he  died  fellow  of  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  172K 

PK.1SC1ANCS,  an  eminent  grammarian  of 
antiquity,  burn  at  Cajsarca,  but  went  to  Con- 
Btaiitinople,  where  he  taught  the  principles  of 
his  an,  and  was  in  the  highest  repute,  about  the 
j'ear  ."JS."). 

PRISCILTitAN,  a  Spaniard,  who  became  the 
chief  of  a  sect  in  the  4th  century,  was  lieheaded 
in  ;i.'?4 

PKITCIIARD,  Hannah,  an  eminent  English 
actress,  who  excelled  both  in  tragedy  and  com- 
edy ;  slie  died  in  1708.  aged  57. 

PRITZ,  or  PIIITIUS,  John  George,  a  pro- 
testant  divine,  professor  of  divinity,  at  Grips- 
w  aide,  and  one  of  the  ministers  of  Frankfort, 
died  in  1733. 

PROtJUS,  M.  Aurel.  Valer.,  a  general,  made 
emjieror  of  Rome,  in  276.  He  was  successful 
agai.i^t  the  Barbarians,  but  was  murdered  by 
lii.s  own  soldiers,  in  mi. 

PROCACCINl,  Camillo,  a  celebrated  painter, 
of  Bologna,  died  in  1C26.  His  l>rolhcr  Julius,; 
who  died  the  same  year,  was  celebrated  in  thei 
same  art.  ! 

PROcr.US,  an  eminent  philosopher  among 
the  later  Platonists,  born  at  Constantinople,  in 
410,  and  died  in  485.  I 

PROCLUS,  St.,  the  disciple  of  Chrj'sostom,! 
and  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  died  in  447. 

PROCOPH.'S,  an  ancient  fireek  historian,  of 
Byzantium,  who  flourished  in  the  0th  century. 
Ifi.s  history  connnences  toward  the  end  of  the 
rrign  of  Anasia^^ias.  emperor  of  the  East,  in 
407,  and  is  carried  down  to  the  year  049. 

PROCOPIUS,  a  Greek  historian,  patronised 
bv  BeUsarius  and  Justinian. 

PROCOPIUS,  a  Greek  sophist,  of  Gara,  A.  D. 
500. 

PRODICUS,  a  sophist  of  Cos,  about  396, 
B.  C.  Socrates  and  Euripides  attended  his  lec- 
tures at  .'Vthrns. 

PROMETHEUS,  the  son  of  Japhet,  and  a 
great  warrior,  supposed  to  have  been  the  first! 
di.scoverer  of  the  art  of  striking  fire  by  flint  andj 
steel,  which  pave  rise  to  the  fable  of  his  stealing! 
fire  fiom  heaven.     He  flourished  1087  B.  C. 

PRO.\  VPIDES,  a  Greek  poet,  said  to  have 
been  tiie  master  of  Homer. 

PROPKRTIUS,  Sextus  Axneliiis,  an  eminent^ 
348 


PT 


Roman  elegiac  poet,  born  about  59  B.  C,  and 
liied  19  B.  C. 

PROSPER,  St.,  a  Christian  writer,  of  the  5th 
century,  the  disciple  of  Augustine,  was  an  able 
advocate  of  the  failh. 

PROTAGORAS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  ban- 
ished from  Athens,  for  supporting  atheistical 
principles.    He  died  about  400  B.  C. 

PROTOGENES,  a  famous  painter,  of  Rhodes, 
coteniporary  and  companion  cvf  Apelles,  about 
300  B.  C. 

PROVENZALE,  Marccllo,  an  eminent  Ita 
llan  painter,  died  in  1039. 

PRUDENTIUS,  Aur.  Clement.,  a  Spaniard, 
distinguished  as  an  advocate  and  a  poet.  His 
Laiiii  poems  were  published  in  1667. 

PRUSIAS,  a  king  of  Bithynia,  at  whose 
court,  Annibal  took  refuge.  Prusias  was  put  to 
death,  149  B.  C. 

PRYNNE,  William,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yerand  voluminous  writer,  much  dislinguished 
in  the  civil  commotions  under  Charles  I.,  born 
in  1600.  He  published  several  books  against 
what  he  thought  the  enormities  of  the  age,  and 
concerning  the  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the 
church.  His"  Histriomastix,"  which  came  out 
in  1632,  giving  great  ollence  to  the  court,  he  was 
committed  prisoner  to  the  Tower,  and  sentenced 
by  the  star-chamber  to  be  fined  5C00Z.  to  the 
king,  e.\pelled  the  university  of  O.vford,  and 
Liiicoln's-Inn,  degraded  from  his  profession  of 
the  law,  to  stand  in  the  pillory  and  lose  his  ears, 
to  have  his  book  publicly  burnt  before  his  face, 
and  to  remain  prisoner  during  lite;  ihe  former 
part  of  tijis  sentence  was  severely  put  into  elTect. 
He  was,  however,  afterwards  restored  to  liber 
ty,  and  held  a  seat  in  the  house  of  coininons 
till  his  death,  in  1069.  His  greatest  work  goes 
under  the  title  of  "  Records.' 

PRZIPCOVIUS,  Samuel,  a  Socinian  writer, 
e.xpelled  from  Poland  with  his  paitisans,  in 
1658,  on  account  of  his  opinions.  He  died  in 
1670. 

PSALRIANAZAR,George,  the  fictitious  name 
of  a  very  extraordinary  person,  born  in  one  of 
the  southern  provinces  of  France,  and  designed 
for  a  friar ;  who,  after  variou.s  adventures, 
arrived  at  London,  under  the  character  of  a 
Japanese  converted  to  Cliristianity.  He  died  in 
1763. 

PSAMMENITUS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  after 
Amasis,  .525  B.  C. 

PSAMMETICUS,  a  king  of  F^pt,  who 
shared  the  sovereign  power  with  eleven  other 
princes.     He  died  616  B.  C. 

PSELIiUS,  Michael  Constantius,  a  Greek 
writer,  who  flourished  about  1105,  was  a  good 
scholar,  and  an  author. 

PTOLEMY  LAGUS,  or  SOTER,  was  one  of 
the  generals  and  favourites  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  obtained  Egypt  as  his  share  of  the 
spoils,  and  died  285  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PIIILADELPHUS,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  zealous  patron  of  learned  men, 
and  died  246  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  EVERGETES,  son  and  succes- 
sor of  Philadelphus,  was  a  benevolent  prince, 
and  died  221  R.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILOPATER,  son  of  Ever- 
getcs,  died  204  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  EPIPHANES,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Philopater,  and  was  poisoned  by  his  suc- 
cessor Philometor,  180  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILOMETOR,  the  murderer 
of  Epiphaiies,  was  slain  in  battle,  148  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PMYSCON,  succeeded  his  bro 


J 


PU_ 

ilier  Philometor.  He  was  tyrannical  in  liis  go- 
vcniiiieiit,  and  died  110  B.  0. 

PTOLEMY  LATHYBUS,  succeeded  liis  fa- 
ther I'hyscoii,  bill  was  banished,  and  his  bro- 
llicr  Alexander  placed  on  the  throne, after  wliose 
deatli  ho  rci;:iiTicd  his  power,  and  died  81  B.  C. 

P'J'OLE.Al'V  AIJI.ETKS,  illegitimate  son  and 
successor  of  i,a!liyr(is,  dird  51  B.  C. 

ITOLKIMY  OIONYSIUS,  son  of  Auletos, 
mairied  his  sister  Cleopatra,  and  murdered  his 
benelactor  Pompey.   He  was  drowned,  4(>  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY,  (fandiiis,  a  great  geographer, 
mathematician,  and  astronomer,  of  antiquity, 
was  horn  hi  Kgypt.  alinut  A.  D.  138,  and  flour- 
ished in  the  rcigiis  of  Adrian  and  Marcus  An- 
toninus. 

PrRLUJSSYRUS,  H  Syrian  slave,  set  at 
liberty  by  his  master,  distinguished  himself  as  a 
poet,  14  B.  C. 

PUCCl,  Francis,  a  nolil.-  ry'fntine.  After 
changing  liis  religious  opin'i:'s  se\er»liimes,  he 
was  taken,  whili-  a  p'rlIe^•^n!,  and  burnt  at 
Ronii.',  ns  a  hrreiii ,  in  Iflfin. 


^_au 

PURCELL,  Henry,  a  very  eminent  English 
musician  and  composer,  born  in  lti56,  and  died 
in  1695. 

PURCH  AS,  Samuel,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  compiler  of  a  valuable  collection  of  voy- 
ages; he  died  in  1628,  aged  51. 

PURVER,  Antony,  an  Enulishnian,  an  cxtra- 
nrdinarv' character,  whose  pareniswerequakcrs. 
Me  made  a  tvanslaion  of  ilie  Bible  Jrom  the 
original,  after  a  labour  of  :iO  years.  He  was 
liighlv  respected  as  a  quaker  preacher,  and  died 
in  1777. 

PIJTEANUS,  Eryrins,  properly  VAXPF!- 
PUTTE,was  iMirn  in  Guelderland,  and  <in  eiiii 
nent  scholar.  He  succeeded  his  master  in  tha 
professors'  chair  at  Louvain,  and  died  in  1646. 

PUTNAM.  Israel,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revohaion,  dis- 
liiigiiished  for  his  daring  intrepidity  in  the  early 
wars  with  the  French  and  Indians,  and  during 
llie  whole  revolutionary  struggle.  He  died  in 
1T90.  His  reputation  as  an  officer,  was  beyond 
suspicion,  and  his  services  were  highly  appre- 


PfFFENDORF,  Samue!  de,  an  etninent  Ger    ciaied  by  Wa.shington  and  his  countrymen 


man  civilian  a'^d  historian,  born  in  16-1,  and 
died  ill  161.,.  Veiy  nunu'tous  !ire  tlirwnrksof 
this  Ir:arnpd  and  exoclk-ni  iriH'  ,  but  the  most 
imporiini,  and  what  will  iu-'iioitalize  his  name 
is  his  •'^:1ii^?e  "  De  Jtire  Nature  et  Gentium;" 
it  is  indeed  a  body  of  the  law  of  nature  and 
nations  weM  digested,  and,  as  some  think,  pre- 
ferable to  Grotlus'  book  "  De  .lure  Belli  et  Pa- 
cis,"  since  the  same  subjects  are  treated  in  a 
more  extensive  manner,  and  with  ^iea;er order. 
His  other  works  are  chiefly  polemic. 

PUGATSCHEFF,  Yeit.elka,  a  {'o..sack,  who 
laid  claim  to  the  Russian  throne,  a?  the  real  Pe- 
ter III.     He  was  iaken  and  bf  ht-aded  in  1775. 

PUGET.  Peter  f'aul,  one  of  I  he  greatest  pain- 
ters that  Fraiici;  ever  produced,  born  in  1623, 
and  died  in  1004. 

PUL.-\SKI,  count,  a  noble  and  distinguished 
Pole,  who,  after  making  great,  but  unsuccessful 
cfforis  for  the  freedom  of  his  o\vn  country,  of- 
fered his  services  to  the  United  States,  during 
the  revolution,  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier- 
general  in  the  American  army.  He  waswound- 
at  Savannah,  and  died  soon  after,  in  1779. 

Pr^LCHKRIA,  St.,  daughter  of  Arcadius,  as- 
cended the  throne  with  her  brother.  She  was 
a  patroness  of  learned  men,  w;»s  devout  and  ex- 
emplary in  her  conduct,  and  died  in  454. 

PrLCI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  of  a  noble 
familv  of  Florence,  died  in  1487. 

PULIGO,  or  Pl'GLIO,  Dominico,  an  eminent 
Italian  portrait  painter,  died  in  1527. 

PULMANNl'S,  Theodore,  properly  POEL- 
MAN,  a  Dutch  scholar,  and  an  able  critic,  died 
in  1.580. 

PULTENEY,  William,  carl  of  Bath,  a  cele- 
brated English  senator  and  statesman,  born  in 
IttSii,  died  in  1764.  He  for  many  years  lived  in 
the  very  tbcus  of  popularity,  and  was  respected 
as  the  chief  bulwark  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  crown  :  bill,  from  the  moment  lie  ac- 
cepted a  title,  all  his  favour  with  the  people  was 
at  an  end  ;  and  the  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
contemning  that  applause  whicli  he  could  no 
longer  secure. 

Pl'LTENEY,  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
plivsirian,  the  author  of  several  works;  lie  died 
in  ]8ni. 

PUNTORMO,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
whose  piorps  are  much  admired  :  lie  died  in  15.58. 

PURBACII,  George,  a  learned  German,  emi- 
nent as  a  divine  and  philosopher  died  in  1462. 


PUTSCHirS,  Elias,  an  eminent  grammarian, 
of  Antwerp,  died  in  1600. 

PUTTENHAM,  Grorgc,  born  about  1530, 
was  one  of  the  gendeiiien  pensioners  to  queen 
Elizabeth.  He  died  about  1600.  leaving  ainoni; 
other  works  "The  Art  of  Pocsie." 

PUY,  Peter  de,  a  very  learned  French  anti- 
quary and  historian  ;  he  died  in  1652,  aged  69. 

PHYSEGUR,  James  deChastenet.  lord  of,  a 
celebrated  Frencb  general,  who  served  his  coun- 
try 43  years,  and  died  in  1082. 

PYE,  Henry  James,  born  in  London,  in  1745, 
was  appointed  poet  Laureate,  in  1790,  and  in 
1792,  one  of  the  jiolice  magistrates  ;  lie  died  in 
1813 ;  and  left  many  poems. 

PYLE,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  a  learned  diWne, 
born  in  1074 ;  he  wrote  much  esteemed  para 
phrases  on  v.irioiis  parts  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament.     He  died  in  1757. 

PYM.  John,  a  celebrated  English  republican, 
distinguished  for  his  virulence  against  Charles  I. 
He  died  in  1643. 

PYNAKER,  Adam,  acelebratcd  Dutch  paint- 
er, died  ill  1673. 

PYRRIIO,  an  eminent  philosopher,  born  at 
Elis,  flourished  in  (he  time  of  Alexander,  about 
the  llOtli  Olvmpiad  :  he  was  a  sceptic. 

PYRRHUS,  a  king  of  Epirus,  celebrated  as? 
the  friend  and  allv  of  the  Tarcntine§,  He  was 
killed  at  Argos,  272  B.  C. 

PYTHAGORAS,  one  of  the  greatest  philoso- 
phers of  antiquity,  born  at  Samos,  about  590, 
and  died  497  B.  C.  His  "Golden  Verses"  are 
well  known,  and  have  been  frequently  pub- 
lished. 

PYTHEAS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  in  tlie  aze 
of  Aristotle.  His  discoveries  about  the  difler- 
ent  length  of  the  days  in  various  climates,  .i|)- 
peared  astonishing  to  the  philosophers  of  Ins 
age. 

PYTHEUS,  a  rhetorician,  of  Athens,  known 
as  the  rival  of  tlie  great  Demosthenes. 

Q 


QUADRATUS,  a  disciple  of  tlie  Apostles,  and 
bishop  of  Athens,  who  composed  an  "  Apology 
for  the  Christian  Faith,"  and,  presenting  it  to 
the  emperor,  stopped  the  persecution  against  the 
Christians,  A.  D.  12.5. 

ClU.\l)RIO,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Jesuit,  who  be- 
came a  secular  priest  by  consent  of  the  pope, 
died  in  1736. 
30  549 


gu 

Q,UAINI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  painter,  died  in 
1717. 

QUARLES,  Francis,  an  Enplisli  poet,  born 
in  159i2,  and  died  in  1C14.  He  wrote  a  comedy 
called  "  The  Virgin  Widow,"  and  several  oilier 
works. 

QUATROMANI,  Sertorio,  an  Italian  writer, 
of  respectable  abilities  and  learning,  died  in 
1G06. 

CiUEIiLIN,  Erasmus,  an  eminent  painter, 
and  disciple  of  Rubens,  was  born  at  Antwerp, 
in  1607,  and  lived  to  a  very  old  age. 

aUENSTEDT,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  author  of  several  theological  works. 
He  died  in  1C88. 

CiUENTAL,  Bartholomew  du,  a  Portuguese 
catholic  priest,  distinguished  for  liis  piety  and 
ICBrning  ;  he  diod  in  1698. 

aUERENGHI,  Anthonv,an  Italian  poet.died 
in  1G33. 

GUERLON,  Anne  Gabriel  Meusnier  de,  an 
eminent  scholar  of  Nantes,  and  a  noted  periodi- 
cal writer,  died  in  1780. 

GUERNO,  Camillo,  an  Italian  poet,  and  buf- 
foon to  Leo  X. ;  he  died  in  1528. 

QUESNAY,  Francis,  a  French  physician, 
who,  from  obscurity,  rose  to  eminence  in  his 
profession  ;  he  published  several  medical  works, 
and  died  in  1774. 

QUESNB,  Abraham,  marquis  du,  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  entered  into  the  naval  service  of 
France,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  a 
series  of  valorous  and  successful  engagements ; 
he  died  in  1688. 

QUESNEL,  Pasquier,  a  celebrated  priest  of 
the  oratory,  in  France,  born  at  Paris,  in  1634  : 
he  became  the  head  of  the  sect  of  Jansenists  ; 
wrote  many  polemical  books,  and  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  1719. 

GUESNOY,  Francis,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
died  in  1644. 

QUEVEDO  DE  VILLEGAS,  Francisco  de, 
an  eminent  Spanish  author,  born  in  1.570,  and 
died  in  1645.  He  was  one  of  the  best  writers 
of  his  age,  and  excelled  equally  in  prose  and 

QUIEN  DE  LA  NEUFVILLE,  James  le,  a 
French  author,  whose  death,  in  1738,  was  caus- 
ed by  excessive  application  to  study. 

GUIEN,  Michael  de,  a  French  Dominican. 
He  was  an  able  scholar,  and  well  versed  in  ori- 
ental literature,  and  died  in  1733. 

QUILLET,  Claudius,  a  French  physician, 
and  ingenious  Latin  poet,  born  in  1002,  and  died 
in  1661. 

GUIN,  James,  a  very  celebrated  English  co- 
median, born  in  London,  in  1S93,  and  died  in 
1766.  The  prince  of  Wales,  father  to  George 
HI.,  appointed  him  to  instruct  his  children  in 
the  true  pronunciation  of  their  mother  tongue. 

GUINAULT,  Philip,  a  celebrated  French 
dramatic  poet,  born  at  Paris,  in  1635,  and  died  in 
1688. 

GUINCY,  marquis  de,  a  French  officer  and 
engineer,  author  of  "  The  Military  History  of 
Louis  XIV."     He  died  in  1720. 

GUINCY,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician and  medical  author,  died  in  1723. 

GUINCY,  Edmund,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  and  agent 
for  that  colony  at  the  court  of  St.  James,  died 
In  London,  in  1738. 

UUINCY,  Josiah,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Massachusetts,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and 
exertions  in  support  of  the  rights  of  the  colo- 
nies ;  he  died  in  1775. 
350 


•       RA 

QI'INCV,  Ednuind,  of  Boston,  author  of  an 
agricultural  treatise,  died  in  1788. 

ailNTILIAN,  Marcus  Fabius,  an  illustrious 
Rojiian  lawyer,  rhetorician,  and  critic,  boro  at 
Rome,  A.  D.  42,  and  died  at  89  years  of  age. 

aUINTIN.     See  MATSYS. 

aUINTINIE,  John  de  la,  a  famous  French 
gardener.     He  studied  law,  and  practised  with 
rcat  reputation,  but  soon  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  agricultural  pursuits.     He  died  after 
1700. 

aUINTUS  C.\LABAR,  a  Greek  poet,  who 
wrote  a  large  "  Supplement  to  Homer's  Iliad," 
In  which  a  relation  is  given  of  the  Trojan  war, 
from  the  death  of  Hector  to  the  destruction  of 
Trov. 

GUINTUS  CURTIUS,  G.  Curtins  Rufus, 
author  of  a  Latin  history  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  which  has  at  once  immortalized  the  he- 
ro and  the  historian.  He  lived  A.  D.  380,  and 
was  probably  a  Roman. 

GUIRINI,  Ang'lo  Maria,  a  Venetian  cardi- 
nal. He  was  no'icod  andcare.sscd  by  the  learn- 
ed and  good  of  the  age,  and  respected  for  his 
bfUfvolence,  ho'^rality,  and  learning,  and  died 
in  1755.     His  works  are  numerous. 

QUIROS,  Fernand  de,  a  Spanish  navigator, 
vifho  discovered  tne  Society  Islands,  in  1605. 

GUISTORP,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine,  the 
friend  of  the  great  Grotius,  died  in  1046. 

R 

RABAN-MAUR,  Magnentius,  a  French  di 
vine,  of  noble  birth.  His  works  on  theology  are 
numeious;  he  died  in  856. 

RABAUD  ST.  ETINNE,  John  Paul,  a  pro- 
tectant minister.  He  was  bold  and  eloquent  in 
defence  of  Lewis  XVI.,  and,  for  those  senti- 
ments, was  guillotined  in  1793. 

RABEL,  John,  an  eminent  French  portrait 
painter,  died  in  160.1. 

R.-VBELAIS,  Francis,  a  celebrated  French 
physician  and  satirist,  died  in  15.'>3,  aged  70. 

RABIRIUS,  a  Latin  poet,  who  celebrated  the 
victory  of  Augustus  at  Actiuin. 

RABURN,  William,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Georgia,  died  in  i819. 

RABUTIN.     See  BUSSY. 

RACAN,  Honorat  de  Baeil,  marquis  of,  com- 
mended for  his  pastoral  poetry;  he  died  in  167(1. 

RACCHETTI,  Bernard,  an  Italian  painter 
died  in  1702. 

RACINE,  John,  an  illustrious  French  dra 
matic  poet ;  he  died  in  169<),  aged  60. 

RACINE,  Lewis,  son  of  the  poet,  an  eccle- 
siastic and  author ;  he  died  in  1763. 

RACK,  Edmund,  an  English  author  and  poet, 
died  in  1787. 

RACLE,  Leonard,  a  French  architect,  of  on- 
siderable  distinction,  died  in  1792. 

RADCLIFFE,  Alexander,  an  English  military 
officer,  known  as  the  writer  of  some  poetic 
works  of  low  humour,  died  in  1700. 

RADCLIFFE,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physi- 
cian, of  uncommon  eminence,  born  in  1650 
and  died  in  1714.  To  him  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford is  indebted  for  the  library  and  infirmary 
which  bear  his  name,  and  for  an  annual  in- 
come of  GOOl.  sterling,  for  two  travelling  fellow- 
ships. 

RADEGONDB,  St.,  a  German  princess,  re- 
nowned for  her  personal  charms,  and  devoted- 
ness  to  religious  duties.  At  the  age  of  10,  she 
renounced  paganism  for  the  Christian  faith,  by 
direction  of  Clotaire,  who  afterwards  married 


UA 

>i(.T,  uikI  then,  yieldinii  in  her  wishes,  permittud 
her  to  retire  to  lilt  stclusioii  ol"  a  monastery: 
slie  died  in  5K7. 

RAnEMAKER,  Gerard,  aDutch  painter,  died 
in  1711,  aeod  ^S. 

KA(;()'rZKI,  Francis  Leopold,  prince  of 
'J'ransylvania,  wrote  an  interesting  memoir  on 
the  revolutions  of  Hungary,  and  died  in  ITA't. 

RAOl'EAU,  Francis,   prolpsisor  of  jurispru 
dc-nce  at  Bfurges,  and  an  author,  died  m  1605. 
RAGUENET,  Fniiicis,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
of  Rouen,  contended  for  the  superiority  of  the 
Italian,  over  French  music,  dirri  in  l"-22. 

RAIKES?, Robert, a  printer  and  philanthropist, 
born  in  1735.  In  1781  he  planned  the  institution 
fif  Sunday  Schools,  and  died  at  Gloucester,  his 
native  place,  in  1811. 

R.AIN.ALni,  Odcric,  a  priest  of  the  oratory 
died  in  1670. 

KAIXAUD,  Thcophilus,  a  Jesuit,  who  taught 
belles  lettres  and  theology,  died  in  lGtJ3. 

RAINE,  Matthew,  D.'  D.,  an  Englisli  divine, 
master  of  the  f 'harter-house  school,  died  in  1810 

RAlNOI.nS,  John,  an  English  divine,  and 
dean  of  Lincoln,  died  in  1607.  He  was  one  of 
the  divines  employed  in  the  translation  of  the 
}lihle  under  James  I. 

RALEIGH,  sir  Walter,  an  illustrious  English 
navicator  and  historian,  born  in  15.~i5!.  He  did 
eminent  services  for  queen  Elizabeth,  particu- 
larly in  the  discovery  of  the  country  now  called 
Vir;.'inia,  and  in  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  .Ar- 
ni.-tda,  and  lived  in  full  happiness  and  honour 
during  her  reign;  but  his  sun  set  at  her  death. 
I!e  was  much  persecuted  on  the  accession  of 
James,  and  accused  of  high  treason.  Though 
reprieved,  he  remained  long  a  prisoner  in  the 
Tower.  He  was  afterwards  commissioned  oy 
the  king  to  go  and  explore  the  golden  mines  of 
Guiana.  But  the  Spaniards  killed  his  eldest 
son,  and  prevailed  on  James  to  condemn  sir 
Walter     He  was  beheaded  in  1GI8. 

RXLPH,  James,  a  voluminous  writer,  in  po 
etry,  politics  and  history-  He  was  an  .American 
by  birth,  but  went  over  to  England  aljout  172<.l, 
aiid  died  in  1762.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Eng- 
land, commencing  with  the  reign  of  the  Stuarts, 
and  manv  other  works. 

RAMAZZINl.  Bernardin,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  medical  professor  at  Padua,  a  station 
filled  by  him  with  great  applause  though  blind  ; 
be  died  in  1714. 

R.AME.-Vl',  John  Philip,  an  illustrious  mu- 
sician, and  writer  on  the  principles  of  that  art ; 
he  died  in  1767.  aged  84. 

RAMELLI,  Felix,  a  native  of  Asti,  an  eccle- 
siastic, who  became  an  eminent  miniature  por- 
trait painter.     He  died  in  1740. 

RAMSAY,  Charles  Lewis,  a  Scotchman,  au- 
tho-.of  a  Treatise  on  Short-hand  writing,  1R81. 

R.MS.AY,  Andrew  Michael,  a  Scots  histo- 
rian, and  political  and  moral  philosophy  writer, 
born  In  lf>86,  and  died  in  1743. 

R.AMSAY,  Allan,  a  celebrated  Scots  pastoral 
poet,  bom  in  1696,  and  died  in  1763. 

RAMSAY,  David,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, historian  and  statesman,  of  South  Caroli- 
na, and  a  member  of  congress  from  that  state, 
died  in  1815.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  pa- 
triotism during  the  revolution,  no  less  than  for 
his  writings  in  after  life.  He  published  a  Histo- 
ry of  the  Revolution  in  South  Carolina ;  a  Histo- 
ry of  the  .American  Revolution  ;  a  Life  of  Wash- 
ington, and  several  other  valuable  historical 
works. 

EAMSAY  Martha  L,  wife  of  the  preceding, 


RA 

land  daughter  of  Henry  Laurens,  president  of 
congress ;  she  died  in  Ibll. 
j  R.AMSDKjN,  Jesse,  an  English  artist,  flour- 
ished in  17H('i.  His  improvements  in  various 
mathematical  and  optical  inslrumcnls  were  very 
impunant  lo  science. 

liAMT  S,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  professor 
•  il  philosophy,  eloquence  and  mathematics,  born 
in  1515,  and  fell  in  the  massacre  of  Paris,  in 
1572. 

RAMl^SIO,  John  Baptist,  a  Venetian,  am- 
ba.'-sador  to  France,  &c.,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1557. 

RANG,  John,  admired  as  a  painter  in  Spain, 
died  in  1735. 

R.\NCE.  Armand,  John  le  Boutillier  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  well  skilled  in  Grecian  liter 
alure.  In  early  life,  an  abandoned  sensualist, 
but  reformed,  and  died  respected,  in  1700. 

R.ANUOLPH,  Thomas,  an  able  diplomatist 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  died  in  1590. 

RANDOLPH,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic 
poet,  born  in  1605,  and  died  in  1C:}4.  His 
"  Muse's  Looking  Glass,"  a  comedy,  is  wel' 
known,  and  much  admired. 

RANDOLPH,  Edward,  an  agent  of  Great 
Britain  to  the  American  colonies,  and  a  violent 
enemy  to  their  interests,  died  in  1695. 

R.ANDOLPH,  Peyton,  an  eminent  lawyer,of 
Virginia,  and  first  president  of  the  .American 
congress  in  1774,  died  suddenly  in  1775. 

R.ANDOLPH,  Edmund,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Viririnia,  and  an  active  friend  of  the  revolution, 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1779,  afterwards 
governor  of  the  state  of  Virginia,  attorney-gen- 
eral, and  secretary  of  state  of  the  I'niled  States. 
In  the  last  office,  he  iQgt  the  confidence  of 
Washington,  and  resigned  in  1795.  He  aied  in 
1813. 

R.ANNEuriN,  N.,  a  celebrated  engineer,  or 
Liege,  died  in  1708. 

R  AN."^,  Berlrand  de,  of  Rheims,  a  hermit  in 
1226,  who  imposed  himself  upon  the  people  of 
Fl  'uders,  as  the  emperor  Baldwin  L,  and  suffer- 
ed death  for  it. 

R.ANTZAN,  Josias,  a  Danish  nobleman  in 
the  French  service,  died  in  1645.  Chiefly 
known  as  the  active  agent  by  whom  the  pro- 
testant  religion  was  established  in  Denmark. 

RAOrx,  John,  of  Montpcllier,  eminent  as 
a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1734. 

RAPH.AEJ,,  d'Arezzio,  an  Italian  painter, 
whose  historical  pieces  and  portraits  are  ad- 
mired, died  in  KtSQ. 

RAPHAEL,  Sanzio.  an  illustrious  painter  and 
architect,  of  Italy,  born  in  1483,  and  died  in  1520. 
By  the  seneral  consent  of  mankind,  heisacknow- 
Icdced  to  have  been  the  prince  of  modern  paint- 
ers, and  is  often  styled  "  the  divine  Raphael." 
As  Raphael  was  the  best  painter  in  the  world, 
so  was  he  perhaps  the  best  architect  also:  he 
was  at  least  so  admirable  a  one,  that  Leo  X. 
charued  him  with  the  building  of  St.  Peter's 
church  at  Rome. 

RAPHELENGR'S,  Francis,  a  learned  Flem- 
ing, was  Greek  professor  at  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew  and  Arabic,  at 
Leyden,  died  in  1597. 

RAPIN,  Nicholas,  a  French  poet,  whose 
works  were  elegantly  written,  and  who  was 
the  favourite  of  Henry  111 ;  he  died  in  1609. 

R.AFIN.  Renatus,  a  French  Jesuit  and  critic, 
famous  for  his  skill  in  classical  learning,  born 
in  1601.  and  died  in  1687. 

RAPIN  DE  THOVRAS,  Paul  de,  an  eminent 
historiographer,  bor.^  in  Langucdoc,  in  1661, 
351 


RA 

fled  to  Kii^laiid  soon  after  the  ruvocalioii  of  I  lie 
edict  or  Xaiitz.  He  went  afterwards  to  Hol-i 
laud,  and  entered  into  the  inihtary  service, 
but  returned  to  Kngiand  witli  king  William 
under  whom  lie  served  and  distinguished  him 
self  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in  Ireland,  and 
at  the  sie;;c  of  himcrick.  He  aftei  wards  spent 
17  years  in  writing  his  "  History  of  England 
down  to  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary,  in 
iti80."     Mo  died  in  1725. 

RASLK?!,  Sebastian,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
was  a  missunary  among  the  Indians,  and  ac 
quirtxi  great  influence  over  them.  He  was  a 
man  of  learninj;,  and  wrote  "  A  Dictionary  of 
the  Indian  Language,"  which  is  still  preserved. 
He  died  in  17-.'l. 

R.\.'^TAI,,  ,lohn,  an  eminent  English  printer 
and  author,  died  in  1.536. 

UAST.M-,  William,  an  eminent  English 
judge,  in  the  Intli  century,  who  published  "  .Vn 
Abridgm-nt  of  the  Statutes  of  England." 

RA'i'ER.,  Anthony,  an  eminent  arcliitect,  of 
Lvons,  died  in  1794. 

'RATR.VMNUS,  a  monk  of  the  9th  century, 
who  wrote  on  predestination,  and  on  transub- 
atantiation,  was  much  quoted  by  the  calvlnists. 

R.\TTE,  Stephen  Hyacinth  de,  an  eminent 
French  astronomer,  and  an  associate  of  the 
Frencli  National  Institute  ;  he  died  in  18U5. 

IIAULIN,  Joseph,  a  French  physician  and 
medical  author  of  some  note,  died  in  1784. 

RUAWOLFE.     See  RAWWOLP. 

R.'W.'MLLAC,  Francis,  of  Angouleme,  the 
deliberate  murderer  of  Henry  IV.,  in  1610. 

KAVE.\\.\S,  .A.gnellns,  or  Andreas,  an  au- 
thor, who  lived  in  the  9th  century. 

RAVE.XSCROFT,  Edward,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 

RAV'ESTEVN,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
flourished  about  1560. 

R.WIUS,  Christian,  of  Berlin,  was  one  of 
the  learned  correspondents  of  queen  Christina, 
and  a  professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Utrecht, 
&;c. ;  he  died  in  1667. 

R.WVLET,  John,  B.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
died  in  1RS6. 

RAWI.EY,  William,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  and  II.,  and  also  to  the  great  Bacon, 
and  the  editor  of  his  works;  he  died  in  1667. 

RAWLINS,  Thomas,  an  English  engraver, 
and  author  of  dramatic  pieces,  died  in  1670. 

R.\WLINSON,  Thomas,  was  sherirt;  and  in 
1706,  mayor  of  London  ;  he  rendered  his  name 
memorable,  bv  beautifying  the  Guildhall.       • 

RAWLINSON,  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
antiquary,  died  in  1725. 

R.-WVLlNSON,  Christopher,  an  eminent 
English  antiquarian,  and  critical  writer,  born  in 
1677,  and  died  in  17:!2. 

R.VWLINSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish antiquary,  died  in  1755,  aged  65. 

RAWbON,  Grindull,  a  very  benevolent  mi- 
mister,  of  BIcndon,  Mass.,  died  in  1715. 

RAWWOLF,  Leonard,  of  Augsburg,  who 
travelled  into  Syria,  Judea,  and  other  eastern 
countries,  engaged  in  botanical  researches,  died 
in  1605. 

RAY,  or  WRAY,  John,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  natural  philosopher,  natural  historian 
and  critic;  he  died  in  1705. 

RAY,  Benjamin,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
English  curate,  but  ignorant  of  the  world ;  lie 
died  in  1760. 

RAYMOND,  Robert,  lord,  chief  justice  of 
the  king's  bench,  and  au  eminent  law  reporter, 
died  in  1733. 

352 


RE 


KAVN.'VL,  William  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit, 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  histurian  and 
political  writer,  but  is  chiefly  known  by  hie  "  His- 
tory of  the  Fluropean  Settlements  in  Uie  East 
and  West  Iiidiiis." 

KAY.\.\R!),Theophilus,ofSospello,  ajesuit, 
profes.-ior  of  belles  lettres  and  theology,  died 
in  1663. 

RA  VSSlCt^IER,  N.,  a  French  dramatic  wri 
ler,  (if  about  1730. 

RF.AD,  .Alexander,  an  eminent  Scotch  phy 
sician.  He  wrote  on  anatomical  and  medical 
subjeet.s,  and  dii'd  in  1680. 

KEAU,Johii,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, died  in  1749. 

READ,  George,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Dela- 
ware, was  a  member  of  congress  from  that 
state,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaiation 
of  .\merican  Independence.  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States; 
and  died  in  1798. 

RE.\L,  C'a;sar  Richird  de  St.,  a' celebrated 
French  writer  on  Roman  history,  pliilosophy, 
politics  and  morals,  died  in  16M. 

REAL,  Gasper  de,  seigneur  de  Curban,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  work  on  the  Science  of  Go- 
vernment ;  he  died  in  1752. 

REAUMUR,  Rene  .Anthony  Ferchault  sieur 
de,  aFrench  philosoplier,  borfi  in  1683,  and  died 
in  1757.  He  wrote  a  great  number  of  pieces 
upon  the  various  branches  .jf  natural  philoso- 
phy ;  and  gave  a  new  construction  to  the  ther- 
mometer, which  bears  his  name. 

REBOULT,  Simon,  of  Avignon,  a  historical 
writer,  died  in  1752. 

RECORUO,  Robert,  the  first  English  writer 
on  algebra,  died  in  1558. 

REDE,  William,  bishop  of  Chichester,  in 
1369  ;  was  eminent  as  a  mathematician. 

RED!,  Thomas,  a  Florentine  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1728. 

REDi,  Francis,  an  Italian  physician,  natural 
philosopher,  and  poet,  born  in  1026,  and  died  in 
1697. 

REDMAN,  John,  M.  D.,  a  distinguished  physi- 
cian, and  first  president  of  the  college  of  pliysi 
cians  in  Philadelphia,  died  in  1808. 

REDWOOD,  Abraliain,  of  Newport,  known 
as  a  patron  of  learning,  died  in  1788. 

REED,  Joseph,  a  dramatic  writer  of  consider- 
able merit,  was  born  in  1723,  and  died  in  1787. 

REED,  Joseph,  a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  an 
aid  to  general  Washington,  and  afterwards  ad- 
jutant general  of  the  army  :  afterwards  president 
of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  died  in  1781.  In 
1778,  an  attempt  was  made  by  a  British  officer 
to  bribe  him,  to  whom  he  nobly  replied  "Tha* 
he  was  not  worth  purchasing;  but  poor  as  be 
was,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  was  not  rich 
enough  to  buy  him." 

REED,  Isaac,  an  ingenious  English  miscella- 
neous writer,  for  many  years  editor  of  the  Euro- 
pean magazine,  died  in  1807.  He  published  lady 
Montague's  poems,  an  edition  of  Shakspeare, 
and  several  other  works. 

REESE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  American  cler- 
gyman, author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Influence  of 
Religion  on  Civil  Society,"  was  pastor  of  a 
church  in  South  Carolina,' and  died  in  1796. 

REEVE,  Clara,  a  lady  of  considerable  literary 
talents,  died  at  Ipswich  in  1807,  aged  70.  Sh» 
wrote  many  works. 

REEVE,  Tapping,  LL.  D.  an  eminent  law 
yer,  of  Connecticut,  for  many  years  a  judge,  and 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state  ; 
he  died  in  18^. 


RE 


RE 


REGA,  Henry  Joseph,  professor  of  medicine,  jidislinguishcd  by  being  the  first  author  of  nevvs- 
atLouvain,  and  author  of  various  treatises  of  papers  in  France,  in  l'}31 ;  he  died  in  1^53. 
merit ;  he  died  in  1754.  ;     RENAUUOT,  Eusebius,  a  celebrated  French 

REGIOMONTANUS,  a-n  illustrious  German'lwriter  on  oriental  history  and  languages,  bom 
astronomer,  whose  real  name  was  John  Mulle-||iu  lf>46,  died  in  1T20. 
rus,  died  in  147(5,  aged  40.  |!     RENNELL,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  famed 

REGIS,  Peter  Sylvian,  a  French  philosopher,  as  a  limner,  and  wrote  poetry ;  he  died  in  1788. 
of  the  Des  Cartes'  school,  in  10(55.  lie  was  a  '  REPTON',  Humplirry,  a  distinguished  Enp- 
popnlar  lecturer  of  that  system,  and  published^  lish  writer  on  I<<nd^cape  gardeniiie,  bom  in  1752, 
several  philosophical  works.  and  died  in  1818. 

REGIL'H,  Urlian,or  LE  ROY,  a  German,  pro-  [  RESENIUS,  Peter  John,  counsellor,  and  pro- 
fessor of  |)oetry  and  rhetoric,  was  a  convert  tol'fessor  of  moral  philosophy,  at  Copenhagen  ;  he 
Luther's  opinions;  he  foundid  a  reformed  church  died  in  IC&S. 


at  Aucsbur;;,  and  died  in  1541. 

REG.\AKD,.Ioh?i  Francis.a celebrated  French 
traveller,  and  one  of  the  best  comic  writers  af- 
ter .Moliere.born  at  Paris,in  11)47, and  died  in  1709. 

REGNAUET,  Noel,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  Ar- 
ras, died  in  17t«2. 

REGNIER,|^Iathurin,  a  French  satirical  poet, 
and  ihe  first  among  the  French  who  succeeded 
in  satire;  he  died  in  liil.l,  aeed  40. 

REGMER  DES  M ARETS,Seraphin,a  French 
abbe,  and  an  eminent  Spanish,  Italian,  and  La- 
tin poet  and  translator,  born  in  1632,  and  died  in 
1713. 

REGULUS,  Marcus  Attilius,  a  renowned  Ro 
man  general  and  admiral ;  he  was  put  to  death 
1!51  B.  C. 

REID,  Dr.  Thomas,  professor  of  moral  philo 
Bophy  in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and  highly 
distingu)g|wd  as  a  malhomaticinn  and  mctaphy 
dician,  bom  in  1709,  and  lUed  1796. 

RElITING,  James,  of  .Augsburg,  who,  after 
violently  opposing  the  tenets  of  Luther,  warm- 
ly embraced  them,  and  became  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Tubingen.     He  died  in  ItiiW. 

REINBECK,  John  Gustavus,  a  protestant 
minister,  of  Germany,  and  author  of  treatises 
on  Redemption,  Marriage,  Sermons,  ice. ;  he 
died  in  1741. 

RELNECCIUS,  Reinier,  professor  of  belles 
Icttrcs,  at  Frankfort,  where  he  died  in  1595. 

REINER,  Wenceslaus  Laurence,  a  painter, 
of  Prague,  whose  landscapes  and  battles  were  fi- 
nished in  a  ven'  striking  style  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

REIXESIUS,  Thomas,  a  learned  German 
physician  and  antiquary,  born  in  15S6,  and  died 
in  1667. 

REINHOLD,  Erasmus,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  of  Germany,  and  pro- 
ftssor  at  Wiltemberg ;  he  died  in  1553. 

REISK,  John,  rector  of  the  college  of  Wolf- 
fenbuttcl,  and  an  author,  died  in  1701. 

REISKE,  John  James,  of  Leipsic,  eminent 
as  a  critic  ;  he  died  in  1774. 

REL.WD,  Hadrian,  a  learned  orientalist,  and 
professor  at  I'trecht,  died  in  1718. 

RE.MBKANDT,  Van  Rein,  a  Flemish  painter 
and  engraver  of  great  eminence,  born  in  ICOC, 
and  died  in  1668. 

REM  I,  or  REMIGIUS,  St.,  archbishop  of 
Rheims,  the  prelate  who  converted  Clovis  to 
Christianity ;  he  died  before  535. 

REMJ,  Joseph  Honore,  of  France.  He  was 
author  of  several  valuable  works,  and  acquired 
relobritv  bv  his  learning. 

UEMIGIO  FLORENTINO,  a  learned  Domi- 
nican, of  Florence,  died  in  1580 


Rr:;SSlUS,  Rntger,  a  learned  Greek  professor, 
at  Lciuvain,  highly  commended  by  Erasmus; 
•  died  in  1545. 

I     RESTOI'T,  Peter,  a  respected  advocate,  at 
jParis,  died  in  1764.     He  was  distinguished  by 
{his  learning  and  integrity. 
I     RESTOUT,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Rouen,  died  in  1768. 

I  RETZ,  John  Francis  Paul  de  Gondy,  cardinal 
de.    See  GO.NDY. 

i  REUCHLIN,  John,  a  learned  German,  bom 
in  1450,  died  in  1522,  was  the  first  who  intro- 
duced the  study  of  the  Hebrew  among  modern 
Christians,  and  author  of  the  celebrated  work 
entitled  "  Episiola?  Obscnrorum  Viroruni." 

REL'VEN,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1718. 

REVELY.  Willey,  a  very  ingenious  English 
architect,  who  published  a  collection  of  draw- 
ings, which  are  universally  known  to  the  lovers 
of  art,  and  admirers  of  classic  antiquity.  He 
was  also  the  ediior  of  the  posthumous  volume 
of  Stuart's  "Antiquities  of  Greece,"  and  dicil 
in  1799. 

REVET,  Edward,  a  comic  writer,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  H. 

REY,  William,  of  Lyons,  eminent  as  a  [Iby- 
sici 'n,  died  in  1756. 

REVBR.AC,  Francis  Philip  de  Laurens  de,  a 
learned  and  amiable  French  prelate,  and  also  a 
poet ;  he  died  in  1782. 

REYHER,  Samuel,  professor  of  mathematics 
and  jurisprudence,  at  Kiel,  die<!  in  1714.  lie 
translated  Euclid  into  German. 

REVLOF,  Oliver,  of  Ghent,  eminent  as  a 
Latin  poet ;  he  died  in  1742. 

REYN,  John  de,  of  Dunkirk,  a  pupil  of  Van- 
dyke, died  in  1650. 

REYNA,  Cassiodorns,  a  Spaniard,  who  trans- 
lated the  Bible  into  Spanish,  hi  I.W9. 

REYNEAU,  Charles  Rene,  an  eniinent  French 
mathematician,  and  distinguished  by  two  popu- 
lar productions  ;  he  died  in  1728. 

REYNER,  Edward,  an  English  non-conform- 
ist and  author,  in  1627. 

REYNOLDS,  Edward,  was  a  member  of  the 
Westminster  as.-=embly,  and  one  of  the  presbyte- 
rian  ministers  at  the  Savoy  conference,  ycl  he 
became  bishop  of  Norwich.  He  was  a  btrong 
calvinist,  and  died  in  1676. 

REYNOLDS,  sir  Joshua,  a  most  eminent 
English  painter,  and  many  years  president  of 
the  Royal  .Academy,  boni  in  1723.  The  lectures 
that  he  delivered  on  the  subject  of  his  art  will  be 
preserved  to  latest  posterity,  ns  models  of  com- 
position.   His  most  famous  paintings  were  "  The 


REMOND   DE    ST.   MARD,  Toussaint,  a|  Infant  Hercules,"  "  Count  Ugolino,"  "  Garrick 


Frenrh  writer,  who  died  in  17.57. 

RENAi:  D'ELISAGARAY,  Bernard,  a  ma- 
thematician, of  France,  who  obtained  distinc- 
tion in  the  improvins  of  the  construction  of 
vessels  ;  he  died  in  1719. 

RENAUDOT,  Theophrastus,  a  physician, 


between  Tragedy  and  Comedy,"  and  "  Mrs  Sid- 
dons  as  the  Tra'iic  Muse."     He  died  in  1792. 

REYNOLDS,  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
oC  Georgia  in  17.S4. 

REYS,  Antony  dos,  was  chronologer  of  Por- 
tugal, and  an  ecclesiastic ;  he  died  in  1738. 
353 


RI 

RHADAMISTUS  of  Iberia,  muried  Zenobia, 
and  was  put  to  death  A.  I).  52. 

KHAZIS,  Mohammed  Ebo  Zacharia  Ahube- 
triaJ,  a  celebrated  physician  of  the  lOih  c.n- 
tury,  the  Galen  of  the  Arabians,  and  the  first 
writer  on  the  small-pox,  born  in  852,  and  ditd 
in  935. 

RHENANL'S,  Beatus,  authnr  of  a  history  of 
Germany,  and  a  Life  of  Eia.snms,  died  in  1547;. 

RHENFERn,  James,  professor  of  oriental 
languages  and  divlnitv  at  Francker,  died  in  1712. 

KIIESE,  John  David,  of  AMgl-sra,  master  of 
the  Italian  lanjiuage ;  h»'  died  in  ItiOit. 

RMETICl'!*;  George  Joachim,  a  German  as- 
tn>u(imer,  di'd  in  1576. 

RHODIGINUS,  Ludovicus  Cffilius,  author  of 
AntiqujB  Lcctiones,  and  other  works,  died  at 
Padua,  in  15J5. 

RH(  )DlljS,John,  an  eminent  physician,  author 
of  several  medical  works,  died  at  Padua,  in  1659. 

RHOPirs,  John,  a  l)anish  physiciiin,  and 
medical  writer,  born  in  1537,  and  died  in  1031. 

RIIODIL'S,  Ambrose,  professor  of  physic  and 
mathematics,  at  Anglo,  in  Norway,  died  in  1633 

RHODOM.VN,  Laureiitius,  historical  pro- 
fessor at  VVitlemberg,  and  a  writer  of  some 
celebrity  ;  he  died  in  1606. 

RHOTENAMER,  John,  an  eminent  painter, 
fcorn  at  Munich,  in  15G4.  The  tune  of  his  death 
is  unknown. 

RIBADENEIRA,  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  of  Toledo, 
an  elegant  but  superstitious  writer,  and  professor 
of  rhetoric  at  Palermo  ;  he  died  at  Madrid,  in 
1611. 

RIBERA,  Anastasius  Pantaleon  de,  a  Span- 
ish satirical  poet,  who  flourished  about  1630 

RIBERA,  Joseph,  called  also  Esitagnolet,  an 
eminent  Spanish  painter,  died  in  ;';:iti 

RIC.VRD,  John  .\laiie,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliamen'  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1678. 

RtC.^RD,  Dominic,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Tou- 
louse, who  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  publislied 
an  elegant  translation  of  Plutarch,  and  wrote 
tlic  Sphere,  a  poem,  in  8  cantos.  He  died  in 
1803. 

RICAUT,  orRYCAUT,  sir  Paul,  an  eminent 
English  political  writer  and  critic,  but  chiefly 
known  by  "  The  Present  State  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire,"  and  a  continuation  of  Knoll's  "His- 
tory of  the  Turks,"  from  1623  to  1700,  when  he 
died. 

RICCATI,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Bologna,  until  the  suppression 
of  his  order ;  he  died  in  1775. 

RKXI,  Matthew,  a  Jesuit,  who  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  China,  where,  by  his  address,  he 
gained  the  favour  of  the  emperor,  and  leave  to 
build  a  church  ;  he  died  there  in  1610. 

RICCI,  Michael  Angelo,  a  cardinal,  born  at 
Rome,  and  distinguished  as  an  able  mathemati- 
cian ;  he  died  in  1682. 

RICCI,  Lawrence,  an  illustrious  Florentine, 
who  embraced  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  of  which 
he  was  general  at  the  time  of  its  suppression. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  order  of  Clement  XIV., 
and  died  in  confinement  in  1775. 

RICCI,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished  Italian 
painter,  who  died  at  Venice,  in  1734.  His  ne- 
phew, Mark,  was  eminent  also  as  a  landscape 
and  Iiisiorical  painter;  he  died  in  1730. 

RtCCIO,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Verona,  died  in  1517. 

RICCIOLI,  John  Baplista,  an  Italian  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  and  teacher  of  rheto- 
ric and  philosophy,  died  in  1071. 
RICCOBONI,  Lewis,  of  Modcna,  a  celebra- 
354 


RI 

ted  actor,  dramatic  writer,  aud  cHtic,  bom  i> 
1674,  and  died  in  1753. 

RICHARD  1.,  king  of  England,  aurnumev 
CcEur  do  Lion,  succeeded  his  tuther,  Henry  11., 
in  11%).  In  tlie  beginning  of  his  reign  he  led 
England  for  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  where, 
after  displaying  great  bravery,  he  defeated  tlie 
infidels  under  Saladin,  and  embarked  for  Eu- 
rope. In  his  return  he  was  shipwrecked,  tak^n 
prisoner,  and  held  in  captivity  by  the  empdtor 
Henry  VI.,  until  he  was  discovered  and  ran- 
somed by  his  subjects.  He  was  killed  whits 
besieging  Clialus,  in  1199. 

RICHARD  II.,  succeeded  his  grandfather 
Edward  III.,  on  the  throne  of  England,  in  1377, 
His  reign  was  disturbed  by  the  rebellions  of  Wat 
Tyler,  andattcrwardsof  his  nobles,  under  Hen- 
ry of  Lancaster,  who  defeated  him  and  took 
him  prisoner.  Ho  was  deposed  by  parliament, 
and  killed  in  Pontefract  castle,  in  1400. 

RICHARD  HI.,  duke  of  Gloucester,  and 
brother  to  Edvi'ard  IV.,  obtained  the  throne  by 
murdering  his  nephews,  Edward  V.  and  Richard 
duke  of  York.  He  was  defeated  and  slant  in 
the  battle  of  Bosworth  field,  by  Henry,  earl  of 
Richmond,  his  rival,  in  1485. 

RICHARD  I.,  surnamed  the  Fearless,  duke 
of  Normandy,  succeeded  his  father  William, 
in  942 ;  he  died  in  9'J6. 

RICHARD  II.,  surnamed  the  Good,  son  of 
the  preceding,  succeeded  his  father  as  duke  of 
Normandy  ;  he  died  in  1027. 

RICHARD,  Thomas,  a  Benedictine  monk  iji 
the  abbey  of  Tavistock,  known  as  the  transla- 
tor of  '■■  Boethius'  Consolations  of  Philosophy," 
about  1525. 

RICHARD,  Martin,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
although  born  with  only  a  left  arm,  became  a 
painter  of  eminence.  He  died  in  1636.  Hia 
brother  David  was  also  a  painter  of  merit. 

RICHARD  DE  ST.  VICTOR,  a  Scotchman, 
prior  of  St.  Victor's  monastery,  at  Paris,  died 
in  1173. 

RICHARD,  N.,  a  native  of  Dundalk,  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  died,  universally  respected, 
in  1359. 

RICHARD,  John,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
died  in  1580. 

RICH.'^RD,  Rene,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  dean 
of  St.  Opportune,  at  Paris,  died  in  1727. 

RICHARD,  Charles  Louia,  a  Benedictine 
author  of  sermons,  Ace,  died  about  1790. 

RICHARDS,  Nathaniel,  a  dramatic  writef 
and  a  poet,  in  the  reign  of  king  Charles  I. 

RICHARDS, James,  an  American  missionary 
at  the  island  of  Ceylon  ;  he  died  in  1822. 

RICHARDSON,  John,  an  English  clergyman, 
educated  at  Oxford,  afterwards  bishop  of  Ardah, 
in  Ireland,  died  in  1654. 

RICHARDSON,  Jonathan,  born  about  1665, 
became  a  celebrated  painter  of  heads,  and  wrote, 
in  conjunction  with  his  son,  several  works.  He 
died  in  1745.     His  son  died  in  1771. 

RICHARDSON,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer, 
poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  born  in  1756,  and 
died  in  1803. 

RICHARDSON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish printer,  and  inventer  of  a  pecuUar  species 
of  moral  romance,  which  restored  the  lost  credit 
of  novel  writing.  He  wrote  "  Pamela,"  "  Cla- 
rissa," and  "  Grandi.son,"  and  many  other 
books  on  diflerent  subjects.  He  was  born  in 
1689,  and  died  in  1761. 

RICHARDSON,  William,  a  native  of  Scot 
land,  and  professor  of  classical  literature  at 
Glasgow,  died  iu  1614. 


€ 


RI 

RICHELET,  Cffsar  Peter,  a  French  writer, 
autlior  of  a  Dictionary  uf  tbe  French  language, 
died  in  1698. 

RICHELIEU,  John  Armand  du  Plessis  de,  a 
great  car<iin;il  and  minister  ol  state  in  France, 
burn  at  Paris,  in  1585,  and  died  in  1642.  He 
showed  iiiniself  a  patron  of  men  of  letters,  and 
canned  the  arts  and  sciences  to  fluurisli  in  the 
kint'diini . 

RICHER,  Edmund,  an  eminent  French  theo- 
logical writer,  possessed  of  great  powers  of 
mind  and  of  a  lively  imagination.  Ilia  writings 
drew  on  him  the  censures  of  the  pope's  legale, 
and  persecutions,  whicli  ruined  his  health  ;  he 
died  in  ir>31. 

RICHER,  John,  abookseller,  of  Paris,  known 
■8  the  first  compiler  of  the  Mercure  Francois  ; 
he  died  in  1665. 

RICHER,  Henry,  a  native  of  Longucil,  who 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits  at  Paris;  he 
died  in  1743. 

RICHER  D'  AUBE,  Francis,  author  of  an 
Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Right  and  Morals, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1752. 

RI<  HER,  N..  a  French  philosopher,  who 
first  observed  the  shortening  of  the  pendulum, 
in  1672 ;  a  discovery,  which,  in  the  hands  of 
Newton  and  Hcygens,  led  to  the  most  astonish- 
ing truths. 

RICINIER,  a  Roman  senator,  who  acquired 
great  power  as  a  general.  He  put  to  death 
Majnrian,  raised  Severus  to  the  throne,  and  after- 
wards dethroned  Antliemius,  his  father-in-law. 

RICIUS,  Paul,  a  converted  Jew,  professor  of 
(ihilusophy,  at  Paris,  and  atterwards  physician 
to  the  emperor  Maximilian.  He  was  hichly 
esteemed  by  Eroenms  and  other  learned  men. 

RICOBONl,  Antony,  of  Revigo,  professor  of 
eloquence,  at  Padua,  and  died  there  in  15()9. 

RIDER,  William,  B.  A.,  curate  of  St.  Faith's, 
and  many  years  under-master  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  published  a  "  History  of  England,"  a 
'•  Commentary  on  the  Bible,"  and  other  works, 
and  died  in  1785. 

RIDU ELY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissenting 
clergyman,  author  of  a  Commentary  on  the 
Assembly's  larger  Catechism,  died  in  1737. 

RIDLEY,  Nicolas,  bishop  of  London,  one  of 
the  principal  instruments  of  the  reformation, 
who  suffered  martyrdom  for  it  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Mary,  was  born  in  15U0,  and  burnt  at 
Oxford,  in  1555. 

RIDLEY,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  English 
civilian,  was  knighted,  made  master  in  chancery, 
and  vicar-general  to  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bur  v  :  he  died  in  1626. 

RIDLEY,  Oloster,  an  English  divine,  dra- 
matic and  theological  writer,  born  on  board  the 
Gloster  Indiaman,  at  sea,  in  1702,  died  at  Poplar, 
in  1774. 

RIDLEY,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
author  of  "  The  Tales  of  the  Genii,"  aud  some 
Other  literary  performances ;  he  died  in  1765. 

RinOLF/.  Claudio,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  of  Verona,  died  in  lf)44. 

RIDP.\TH,  George,  aScotchman,  distinguish- 
rd  for  his  attachment  to  protestantism,  and  for 
his  bold  opposition  to  the  reli^'ious  innovations 
of  James  II. ;  he  died  in  1717. 

RIEDE3EL,  John  Herman,  baron  de,  a 
learned  German,  ambassador  Irom  the  Prussian 
court  to  Vienna,  died  in  1785. 

RIEGLEi>,  M.,  a  native  of  Denmark,  author 
of  a  valuable  history  of  his  country,  died  in  1802. 
RIELEY,  Henry,  a  physician,  author  of  the 
"  Anatomy  of  the  Brain,"  publitlicd  in  1093. 


RI 

RIENZI,  Nicolas  Uabrini  do,  a  man  who, 
from  a  low  situation,  raised  himself  to  sovereign 
authority  in  Rome,  in  the  14th  centurj-,  was 
muidered  in  1354. 

RIG.'VLITIUS,  Nicolas,  an  ingenious  French- 
man, distiii,;uished  for  his  great  learning  and 
industry  ;  he  was  librarian  to  tlif  king,  and  coun- 
sellor of  the  parliament  of  Metz ;  he  died  in 
1654. 

RIGAI'D,  Hyarynth,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  called  the  Vandyck,  of  France,  bum  in 
ltH)3.  and  died  in  1743. 

RILEY,  John,  an  English  portrait  painter, 
born  in  1646.  On  sir  Peter  Lely's  death  he  wa» 
made  state  painter,  and  died  in  1691. 

RIMIN.\LDI,  Orazio,  an  eminent  historicaV 
painter,  of  Pisa,  died  in  1638. 

RINALDO,  Oderic,  a  native  of  Treviso  ;  ha 
continued  "  Baronius'  Annals,"  and  published, 
in  Italian,  an  abridgment  of  the  entire  work. 

RINCON,  Antonio  del,  an  admired  Spaniah 
painter,  died  in  1500. 

KINGELBEKGIU9,  Joachim  Furtius,  an 
eminent  writer  on  mathematics,  born  at  Ant- 
werp. His  German  name  was  Storck  ;  he  died 
in  France,  about  1536. 

RINUCCINI,  Octavia,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Florence,  went  to  France,  and  is  said  to  have 
there  invented  the  opera  ;  he  died  in  1621.  His- 
poetry  and  operas  aie  deservedly  admired. 

RIOL.AN,  John,  a  physician,  at  Paris,  author 
of  several  works  on  anatomy  and  medicine,  died 
in  1605.  His  son  John  was  also  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  professor  of  anaioiny  and  botany. 

RIPLKY.  George,  an  eminent  English  raatbe- 
maiician  and  alchymist,  died  in  ]4i)6. 

RIPPERDA,  John  William,  baron  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Groningen,  who,  when  ambassador  at 
Madrid,  so  pleased  Philip  V.,  of  Spain,  that  he 
persuaded  him  to  settle  there,  created  him  a 
duke  and  peer  of  the  kingdom,  and  intrusted 
him  with  the  departments  of  war,  finance,  and 
marine.  Being  alterwards  disgraced,  he  went 
to  Morocco,  where  he  became  a  favourite  of  tb« 
euiperor,  and  a  Mahometan  ;  he  died  in  1747. 

RIS<BECK,  Gaspard,  a  German  writer,  au 
thor  of  Travels  through  Germany,  and  a  Histo- 
ry of  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1786. 

RISDON,  Tristram,  author  of  a  History  of 
Devonshire,  died  in  1640. 

RISLEY,  Thomas,  an  English  dissenting 
clercyman,  died  in  1716. 

RITSON,  Jipseph,  an  English  lawyer  and  an- 
tiquary, born  in  H.')?,  and  died  in  1803.  He  wrote 
songs,  metrical  romances,  and  some  other 
books. 

RITTENH0U8E.  David,  an  American  phi- 
losopher, who,  in  the  early  part  of  his  life,  min- 
gled the  pursuits  of  science  witli  the  active  em- 
ployments of  a  fanner  and  a  watch-maker.  In 
1769  he  was  invited  by  the  American  philoso- 
phical society  to  join  a  number  of  gentlemen 
who  were  then  occupied  in  making  some  astro- 
nomical observations,  when  he  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  accuracy  of  his  cal- 
culations, and  the  comprehension  of  his  mind. 
He  afterwards  constructed  an  observatory, 
which  he  superintended  in  person,  and  which 
was  the  source  of  many  ioiportatit  discoverien, 
as  well  as  greatly  tending  to  the  general  diffu- 
sion of  science  in  the  western  world.  He  suc- 
ceeded the  illustrious  Dr.  Franklin  in  the  office 
of  president  of  the  philosophical  society,  and 
died  in  17%,  aged  64. 

RITTER.SHUSIUS,  Conradus,  a  German 
iCiviHan,  and  law  writer,  born  in  1560,  and  died 
35> 


RO _ 

In  1613.  He  was  a  man  ot  consummate  It-arn- 
ing,  greatly  skilled  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  Ian- 
gua.es,  and  is  said  to  liave  had  Homer  and  He- 
eiod  so  peri'eclly  by  heart,  as  once,  in  a  conver- 
eaiioii  Willi  a  learned  young  cenileman,  to  liavt 
expressed  in  the  verses  ol  Homer,  all  that  he 
had  occasion  to  say. 

RIV.VLZ,  Anthony,  a  painter,  of  Toulouse, 
whose  portrails  and  liistorical  pieces  were  much 
admired  ;  he  died  in  1735. 

RIVAKD,  Francis,  an  eminent  professor  of 
maihematics  at  Beauvais,  and  an  author,  died 
iniv;8. 

RI VARD,  Anthony  de.  a  French  writer,  emi- 
nent as  a  man  of  genius  and  information,  the 
friend  of  Voltaire,  (i'.Vieinbert,  and  BufFon 
He  died  in  Germany,  in  1801.  His  writings  are 
numerous. 

RIVET  DE  LA  GRANGE,  Althony,  a  Be- 
nedictine, of  Poitou,  author  of  a  History  of 
Froiice.  died  in  1749. 

K'  VIE  RE,  Henry  Francis  de  la.  a  native  of 
France,  who  embraced  the  profession  of  arms, 
but  oil  account  of  an  unfortunate  marriage,  re 
lired  "o  a  inoiiastery,  where  he  died  in  1743.  He 
wroie  two  volumes  of  Letters. 

RIVINUS,  Andrew,  a  physician,  and  profes 
sor  of  poetry  and  philosophy  at  Leipsic,  died  in 
1656. 

RIVINUS,  Augustus  (iuirinus,  a  professor  of 
medici.T:'.  and  a  distinguished  physician  at  Leip- 
sic, di'\l  in  n?-2. 

RIZZIO,  or  RIZZI,  David,  an  Italian  musi 
cian,  attending  the  PiedmontPse  ambassador  in 
to  Scotland,  j^ot  into  the  queen's  favour,  and  was 
made  her  secretary,  and  soon  arrived  at  a  very 
high  degree  of  royal  favour.  However,  in  150*3, 
certain  nobles  conspired  against  him,  and  dis- 
patched lii!!i  with  great  brutality  in  the  queen's 
prtsi.n';.^,  with  56  wounds. 

ROBBINS,  Chandlei,  D.  D.,  of  Plymouth 
Mass.,  was  eminent  in  the  ministry ;  he  died  in 
1799. 

ROBERT  DE  COHRTENAY,  French  empe- 
ror of  iho  East,  in  whose  reign  the  empires  of 
Trebizoiid  and  Thessalouica  were  established  : 
he  died  in  1223. 

ROBERT,  slector  palatine,  chosen  emperor 
of  Germany,  in  1400.  He  died,  just  as  a  pow- 
erful combination  had  been  formed  to  deprive 
him  of  the  crown,  in  1410, 

ROBERT,  king  of  France,  surnamed  the 
Wise,  or  the  Devout,  succeeded  his  father  Hugh 
Capet,  in  906.  He  refused  the  crown  of  the 
empire,  and  of  Italy,  preferring  to  reign  ovc  hi 
native  dominion?,  and  to  devote  himself  to  the 
happiness  of  the  French  people  He  died  in 
1031. 

ROBERT  of  France,  count  d'Artois,  brother 
of  St  Louis,  refused  the  empire  of  Germany, 
offered  him  by  pope  Gregory  IX  ,  and  accompa- 
nied his  brother  to  the  Holy  Land,  where  he 
behaved  with  great  valour ;  he  was  killed  al  the 
bat'lf-  of  "^Tassourah,  in  1250. 

ROBERT,  count  d'.'Vrtois,  called  the  Good, 
or  tiie  Noble,  son  of  the  precpdiiis,  distinguishpd 
him-elf  in  an  African  expedition,  and  againsti 
thel'^nglish  and  the  Flemings.  He  was  killed  in 
a  battle  with  the  latter,  in  1302. 

ROBERT  of  Anjou,  succeeded  his  father, 
Charles  the  Lame,  on  tlie  throne  of  Naples,  in 
1309.  H"  died  respecled  by  his  subjects,  and  by 
foreig"  powers,  in  l.'?43. 

ROBERT  the  Mairnificent,  duke  of  Norman- 
dy, was  poi,~oned  on  his  return  from  a  pilgrim- 
age to  the  Holy  Land,  at  Nicola,  in  Bithyuia. 
356 


RO 

He  was  succeeded  by  his  sou  William  the  Con- 
liieror,  in  1035. 

ROBERT,  surnamed  Short  Shanks,  son  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  duke  of  Normandy, 
displayed  great  valour  in  the  Holy  Wars;  but 
on  his  return, he  found  himself  deprived  not  on- 
ly of  the  throne  of  England,  but  of  Normandy, 
by  his  brother  Henry,  who  detained  him  a  pri- 
soner until  his  death,  in  1134. 

ROBERT  BRUCE,  a  Scotch  nobleman,  who 
disputed  the  throne  with  John  Baliol.  By  the 
aid  of  England  he  was  deposed ;  but  afterwards 
appearing  among  his  countrymen,  he  was  una- 
nimously elected  king,  and  maintained  his  ele- 
vation by  his  valour.  He  defeated  the  English 
at  the  famous  battle  of  Bannockburn,  and  died 
in  1329. 

ROBERT,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Langrrs, whose  birds  and  plantson  vellum,  were 
much  admired  ;  he  died  in  1684. 

ROBERT  DE  VAUGONDY,  N.,  a  Frencl' 
geographer  of  eminence,  died  in  1766. 

ROBERTELLO,  Francis,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric and  philosophy,  at  Padua,  and  author  of 
Commentaries  on  the  Greek  and  Latin  poets, 
died  in  1567. 

ROBERTS,  Barre  Charles,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish scholar,  died  in  1810. 

ROBERTS,  Peter,  an  English  divine,  eml 
nent  as  a  writer  on  theological  and  other  sub- 
jects, died  in  1819. 

ROBERTS,  Charles,  of  Virginia,  remarkable 
for  longevity  ;  he  died  in  1796,  aged  116. 

ROBERTSON,  VVilliara,D.  D.,an  eminent  di- 
vine, born  in  Dublin,  afterwards  settled  in  Scot- 
land, and  died  in  1783. 

ROBERTSON,  George,  an  eminent  English 
landscape  painter,  died  in  1788. 

ROBERTSON,  Dr.  William,  principal  of  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  and  historiographer 
to  his  majesty,  of  Scotland,  born  in  1721,  and 
died  in  1793.  His  histories  of  "  Charles  V.," 
of  "  America,"  and  of  "  Scotland,"  will  long 
continue  to  be  read  with  pleasure,  and  impress , 
future  ages  with  respect  for  the  memory  of  the 
writer. 

ROBERTSON,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
clergyman,  author  of  a  translation  of  Telema- 
chus,  and  other  works,  died  in  1802. 

ROBERVAL,  Gilles  Personne,  sieur  de,  au- 
thor of  a  Treatise  on  IMechanics,  was  professor 
of  inathematicr.  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1675. 

ROBESPIERRE,  Ma,xiniilian  Isidore,  a  revo- 
lutionary monster,  of  France,  was  born  at  Arras, 
of  a  poor  family,  in  1759.  At  an  early  period 
of  the  French  revolution  he  became  the  chief 
of  the  jacobins,  and  at  length  obtained  the  su- 
preme command  in  France.  A  confederacy  was 
formed  against  him,  and  he  was  arrested  in  the 
national  assembly,  and  executed  in  July,  1794. 

ROBIN  HOOD,  capttiin  of  a  notorious  band 
of  robbers,  who  infested  the  forest  of  Sherwood, 
in  Nottinghamshire,  and  from  thence  made  ex 
cursions  to  many  parts  of  England  in  search  of 
bootv.     He  died  in  1247. 

ROBINS,  Benjamin,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian of  great  genius  and  eminence,  born  in  1707, 
and  died  in  1751.  He  was  engineer-general  to 
the  East  India  Company  ;  wrote  "  New  Princi- 
ples of  Gunnery ;"  and  is  considered  as  the  real 
narrator  of  lord  Anson's  "  Voyage  round  the 
World." 

ROBINSON,  Tankrcd,  a  distinguished  phy 
sicia.',  author  of  an  Essay  on  Natural  History, 
died  in  1748. 

ROBINSON,  Anaetasla,  an  «niinent  stage 


RO 


RO 


einger,  who  became  afterwards  countess  of  Pej' Dauphin  of  France,  afterwards  profescor  of  as- 
terborough,  by  marrying  the  earl,  and  died  in  jtronomy  at  Copcnhag<>n,  andengageil  in  the  ser- 
1750.  Il  vice  of  Christian  V. ;  he  died  in  1710. 

ROBINSON,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  who  ROENTGEN,  N.,  a  German  artist,  wlio  waa 
pubUsbed  atranslation  of  "  Saurin's  Sermons,"  employed  by  Catherine  of  Russia,  in  erecting  the 
and  an  "  Essay  on  the  Composition  of  a  Ser-  (palace  ofPetersburg,  died  at  the  close  of  the  18th 
nion,"  waa  born  in  1735,  and  died  in  1790.  icentury. 

ROBINSON,  Mary,  an  elegant  English  poet.li  ROEPEI,,  Conrad,  a  painter,  bom  at  Ihe 
dramatist,  and  novelist,  was  born  in  17 5S,  andlj  Hague,  whose  fruit  trees  and  flowers  were  much 
died  in  IgOO.  ladmiied :  he  died  in  1748. 

ROBINSON.Richaid,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,       ROE!>TRATEN,  Peter,  an  eminent  portrait 
prebendary  of  York,  afterwards  bishop  of  Kil-(|painler,  of  Ilaerleni,  flourished  about  1698. 
lala,  and  archbishopof  Armagh,  in  Ireland,  andi      ROGER,  first  king  of  Sicily,  conr|uered  Apu- 
created  a  peer,  by  the  title  oi  baron  Rokeby  ;  he!  lia.  Calabria,  and  aiterwards  waged  successful 
died  in  1794.  war  against  the  Eastern  empire;  he  died  in 

ROBINSON,  Moses,  a  member  of  the  Uniled|  1154. 
States  senate,  from  Vermont,  and  governor  of)     ROGER,  Charles,  an  eminent  printer  at  Paris, 
tliat  state  ;  he  died  in  1813.  ijin  tbr  H'th  century. 

ROBINSON,  Jonathan,  chief  justice  of  theji     ROGER,  Joseph  Louis,  a  physician, of  Stras- 
state  of  Vermont,  and  afterwards  a  senator  injibuig,  ditd  in  17til. 
congress  from  that  slate  ;  he  died  in  1819.  I     ROGER,  prior  of  Hexham,  author  of  a  His- 

ROBINSON,  John,  a  distinguished  Englishjitory  of  the  Campaign  of  the  Scotch  Army  unde* 


clergyman,  pastor  of  the  Enrilisii  church  at  Am- 
aterdnin.  and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  died 
there,  in  lf>25. 

ROBINSON,  Dr.John,aniathcmaiician,  pro- 


king  David,  about  1138. 

ROGERS,  John,  an  eloquent  and  zealous 
English  divine,  who  sufl"ered  martyrdom  at  the 
Slake,  at  Smiiliticid,  in  1555,  in  the  persecuting 


fessor  of  natural  I'hilnsophy,  and  afterwards  of ;;  reign  of  Mary. 

chjTnisirj',  at  Edinburgh,  was  born  in  17.39.  He|i  ROGKRS,"  John,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
wrote  "  Elenieiiis  of  Mechanical  Philosophy,"  lish  divine  and  controversial  writer,  canon  and 
and  died  in  Edinburgh,  in  1805.  I'sub-dean  of  Wells,  and  aflerwards  promoted  to 

ROCIIEFORT,  William  de,  a  distinguished],  the  living  of  St.  Giles,  London  ;  he  died  in  1729. 
French  writer,  died  in  1788.  |     ROGERS,  Woods,  an  English  circumnaviga- 

ROCHEFOUCAUET,  Francis,  duke  of,  an  i  tor,  and  writer  of  his  voyages  round  the  globe  ; 
ingenious  Frencli  writer,  born  in  1G13,  and  died  | he  died  in  1732. 
Ml  1680.  ROGERS,  Nathaniel,  a  descendant  of  the 

ROCHESTER,  John  VVilmot,  carl  of,  a  very  | martyr,  was  minister  at  Ipswich,  Mass. ;  hedied 
licentious  wit  and  poet,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  lin  IfiiiS. 
II.,  born  in  1648,  and  died  in  1G80.  |     ROGERS,  Ezckiel,  first  minister  of  Rowley, 

ROCHON  DECHABANNES,  Mark  Anthony  iMass.,  died  in  1601. 
James,  a  French  dramatic  writer  of  merit,  died  !     ROGERS,  John,  a  native  of  Etigland,  came 


at  Paris,  in  ]8")0. 

RODGERS,John,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  pastor  of  a  presbyterian  church 
in  New- York,  died  in  1811. 

ROD.NEV,  George  Brydges,  a  most  brave  and 
successful  English  admiral,  born  in  1718,  and  | 
died  in  1792. 

RODNEY,  Cffsar,  of  Pennsylvania,  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence. 

RODOLPH,  duke  of  Swabia,  was  elected 
king  of  Germany,  in  10<  /,  by  some  German  in 
siirgents.     He  was  soon  alter  killed  in  battle. 

RODOLPH  I.,  of  Hapsburg,  surnamed  the 
Clement,  emperor  of  Germany,  made  war  with 
the  king  of  Bohemia,  and  obtained  with  victory 
tii^ession  of  several  of  his  provinces ;  he  died 
in  1'291 

RODOLPH  11.  son  of  Maximilian  II.,  king  of 
Bohemia,  Huncary,  and  the  Romans,  and  elect 
ed  emperor  in  1576.  He  was  a  weak  and  irreso- 
lute monarch,  and  sulTered  his  kingdom  to  be 
invaded  by  the  Turks,  and  afterwards  divided 
by  his  brother,  without  courage  to  oppose  the 
one,  or  spirit  to  repress  the  other.  He  died  in 
1C12. 

ROE,  sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  statesman,  sent 
ris  ambassador  by  James  I.,  to  the  court  of  the 
great  mogul,  to  that  of  the  grand  signior,  and  af-[ 
lerwards  to  Sweden  ;  during  his  absence,  he; 
made  valuable  collections  ofMSS.  inthe  orien-; 
lal  languages,  which  he  presented  to  the  Bod-i 
leian  library.  He  was  afterwards  a  member  of  | 
parliament  and  a  privy  counsellor,  and  died  in 
1644.  I 

ROE.MER,  Olaus,  a  Danish  astronomer,  who 
was  appointed  teacher  of  mathematics  to  th''^ 


to  America  when  young,  and  in  1682  was  chosen 
presidi'nt  of  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1684. 

ROGERS,  William,  D.  D.,  a  baptist  clergy- 
man, professor  of  English  and  oratory  in  Uie 
Universitv  of  Pennsylvania  ;  he  died  in  1824. 

ROGHMAN,  Roland,  a  distinguished  land- 
scape painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1686. 

ROIl.AN,  Henry,  duke  of,  peer  of  France, 
born  in  1579.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
warrior  against  Lewis  Xlll.,  and  also  as  a  politi- 
cal writer  ;  he  died  of  wounds  received  in  bat- 
tle, in  1038. 

ROHAULT,  James,  a  French  philosophical 
and  polite  writer,  born  in  1620.  and  died  in  1675. 

ROLAND  DE  LA  PLATIERE,  I.  M.,  a  na- 
tive of  Villefrancho,  removed  early  in  life  to 
Rouen,  where  he  was  soon  noticed  for  his  know- 
ledge of  commerce  and  political  economy,  and 
for  his  writings.  He  was  afterwards  a  minister 
of  Lewis  XVI.,  and  a  favourite  of  the  people  for 
a  time,  but  was  at  length  proscribed  and  fled 
from  Paris.     He  committed  suicide  in  1793. 

ROLAND,  Mary  Jane  Philipon,  wife  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  woman  of  strong  mind,  and 
eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  the  arts,  her  wit 
and  learning.  During  her  husband's  elevation 
she  assisted  him  in  the  transaction  of  his  busi- 
ness, and  her  house  was  the  resort  of  the  learn- 
ed, the  powerful,  and  the  intriguing.  She  was 
guillotined  as  an  accomplice  of  the  Girondists, 
in  1793. 

ROLAND  D'ERCEVILLE,  B.  G.,  a  learned 
and  popular  man,  and  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  fell  a  victim  to  tlie  revolution, 
in  1794. 

ROLE,  Michael,  an  eminent  French  matli« 
357 


RO     

matician,  author  of  a  treatise  on  Algebra,  and 
died  in  1719. 

ROLLIN,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  famous  for 
eloquence  and  skill  in  the  belles  Icltrcs,  and  as 
an  author,  was  born  in  1661,  and  died  in  1T41. 

ROLLINS,  Reinhold  Henry,  a  German  phi- 
lologist, author  of  Lives  of  Philosophers,  Poeia, 
&c.,  published  in  1709. 

ROLLO.a  Norvegian  chieftain,  who  obtained 
the  sovereignty  of  Normandy  with  the  title  of 
duke  of  Normandy,  in  912  ;  he  was  the  ancestor 
of  William  the  Conqueror,  and  died  about  932. 

ROLLOCK,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
appointed  by  kin?  James  VI.,  the  firs!  principal, 
and  professor  of  divinity,  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

ROLT,  Richard,  a  miscellaneous  and  dra- 
matic writer,  died  in  1770. 

ROMAINE,  Rev.  William,  an  eminent  and 
very  learned  English  divine,  born  in  1714,  and 
died  in  1795,  having  published  many  valuable 
theological  works. 

ROMAXELLI,  John  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  Viterbo,  patronised  by  the  pope,  and  elected 
head  of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke,  died  in  1662. 
His  son  Urban,  was  3'  ;o  eminent  a.s  a  painter, 
and  died  in  1632. 

ROM.WO,  Julia,  an  eminent  Italian  his- 
torical painter,  and  architect,  and  disciple  of 
Raphael :  he  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1492,  and 
died  in  1546. 

ROMANUS  I.,  emperor  of  the  East,  was 
raised  to  distinction,  by  saving  the  life  of  the 
emperor  Basil.  He  afterwards  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Constantine  X.,  who  raised  him  as  his 
associate  to  the  throne.  After  exhibiting  great 
military  talents,  united  with  humanity  and  be- 
nevolence, he  was  ba.^ished  to  a  monastery,  by 
his  son  Stephen,  and  died  in  948. 

ROMANL'S  II.,  the  Younger,  emperor  of  the 
East,  a  worthless,  and  effeminate  prince,  who 
died  in  consequence  of  his  debauchery  and  in- 
temperance, in  963. 

ROMANUS  III.,  emperor  of  the  East,  raised 
himself  to  the  throne,  by  marrying  the  daughter 
of  Constantine  the  Younger,  in  1028.  He  was 
poisoned,  and  strangled  at  the  instigation  of  his 
wife,  in  1034. 

ROMANUS  IV.,  sumamed  Diogenes,  was 
taken  prisoner,  by  a  Turkish  general,  in  1071, 
and  generously  set  at  liberty  by  him.  On  his 
return  to  Constantinople,  he  found  his  throne 
usurped  by  Michael,  the  son  of  his  predecessor, 
who  defeated  him  in  a  subsequent  battle,  took 
him  prisoner,  and  put  out  his  eyes,  which  caused 
his  death,  in  1071. 

RjX'VNZOFT,  N.,  marshal  de,  a  Russian 
genei^al,  distinguished  as  one  of  the  greatest 
warriors  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  He 
defeated  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Ruth,  leav- 
ing 100,000  of  their  army  on  the  field ;  he  died 
about  1787. 

ROMBOUTS,  Theodore,  a  st;  ccssful  histori- 
cal p.tinter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  16.'J7. 

ROME,  DE  L'ISLE,  John  Baptist,  a  native 
of  France,  distinguished  by  his  devotion  to  the 
study  of  mineralogy  and  natural  history,  and  by 
his  writings  on  those  subjects  ;  he  died  in  1790. 

ROMEY.V,  Theodoricus,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  .Schenectady,  New- 
York,  and  professor  of  theology  in  the  reformed 
Dutch  church  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

ROMEYN,  John  B.,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, pastor  of  a  presbyterian  church  in  New- 
York,  where  he  died  In  1825. 

ROMILLY,  John,  an  ingenious  mechanic  and 
358 


RO 

clockmaker,  of  Geneva,  author  of  the  articles 
in  the  Encyclopedia,  on  clockmaking,  and  other 
writings,  died  in  1796.  His  son,  John  Ednie, 
was  a  Calvinistic  minister  at  Geneva  and  Lou- 
don, and  the  friend  of  d'Alembert,  Roussean, 
and  Voltaire ;  he  died  in  1779. 

ROMILLY,  Sir  Samuf^l,  a  learned  English 
pleader  at  the  chancery  bar,  and  a  most  enlight- 
ened and  effective  member  of  the  hou=e  of  com- 
mons, was  born  in  1737.  On  the  death  of  hia 
wife,  be  became  delirious,  and  destroyed  him- 
self in  1818. 

BOMNEY,  George,  a  celebrated  English  paint- 
er, was  born  in  17'.M,  and  died  in  ISOi. 

ROMULUS,  the  founder,  and  first  king  of 
Rome,  died  715  B.  C,  after  reigning  38  years. 

RONCALLI,  Christofano,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Pomerania,  died  in  162(5. 

RONDELET,  William, a  distinguished  French 
physician  and  anatomist,  died  in  1566. 

RONSARD,  Peter  de,  a  French  elegiac  and 
epigrammatic  poet,of  a  noble  family, died  in  1585, 
aged  61. 

RONSIN,  Charles  Philip,  an  active  and  vio- 
lent partisan  of  the  French  revolution,  minister 
'of  war,  and  commandei  of  the  revolutionary 
I  army,  he  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

ROODSEUS,  John  Albert,  an  eminent  por- 
trait painter,  of  Holland,  died  in  1674. 
I     ROOKE,  sir  George,  a  brave  English  admiral, 
I  died  in  1703. 

ROOKE,  Laurence,  a  di.tinguished  EngUsh 
astronomer  and  geometrician,  was  professor  of 
astronomy,  and  afterwards  of  geometry,  atGre- 
sham  college,  where  he  died  in  1062. 
1  ROOME',  Edward,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
jter,  died  in  1729. 

I  ROORE,  James,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  distin- 
Iguished  as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1747. 
I  ROOS,  John  Hendrick,  an  eminent  portrait 
[and  landscape  painter,  of  Ottenburg,  born  in 
1 1G31.  His  two  sons  and  his  brother,  were  also 
I  respectable  artists. 

I  ROOT,  Jesse,  a  member  of  congress  from 
j Connecticut,  and  an  ofiicer  in  the  revolutionary 
array,  was  afterwards  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
ipreme  court  of  th^i  state.  He  published  two 
I  volumes  of  Law  Reports,  and  died  in  1822. 
I  ROGUE,  John  de  la,  author  of  travels  in 
I  Arabia  Felix,  Palestine,  Syria,  &c.,  died  at 
'Paris,  in  174.i. 

i  RORENMULLER,  John  George,  a  German 
; divine  and  critic,  professor  of  divinity  at  Er- 
laueen  ;  he  died  in  1815. 

ROSA,  Abba  Cariera,  a  Venetian  lady,  cele- 
brated for  her  talents  in  crayon  painting  and 
miniature,  died  in  1755. 

ROS-A..  Salvator,  a  painter.  SeeSALVATOR. 

ROSAMOND, daughterofWalterde  Clifford, 
lord  Hereford,  known  in  history  as  the  beau- 
tiful mistress  of  Henry  11.,  was  poisoned  by  bis 
queen. 

ROSCniS.Quintus,  a  Gaul  by  birth,  a  cele- 
brated comedian,  died  61  B.  C. 

ROSCOMMON,  Wentworth  Dillon,  earl  of, 
an  English  pciet  and  critic,  died  in  1684,  aged  51. 
He  possessed  the  merit  of  being  the  only  moral 
writer  in  the  days  of  Charles  II. 

ROSE,  George,  an  Enelish  statesman,  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade,  and  treasurer  of  the 
navy,  was  distinzuished  for  his  great,  industry 
and  application  to  business,  and  for  his  writings 
on  various  subjects;  he  died  in  1818. 

ROSE,  Samuel,  an  English  lawyer,  author  of 
a  Life  of  Goldsmith,  and  editor  of  Comyn's  Re- 
ports and  Digest ;  he  died  in  iS04. 


RO 


-r 


ROSEWELL,  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissent- 
ins  cleriryman  in  England,  was  educated  at 
Oiroiil;  he  died  in  1691. 

ROSIiNUS,  John,  a  learned  German  author, 
and  proachei  ol  the  cathedral,  at  Naumberg,  in 
Saxony,  died  in  16'-i6. 

U080I,  Uarnaby  Firmin  du,  a  Proiich  dra 
malic  writer,  distinguisli(>d  himself  at  the  revo 
iution,  liy  his  writings  in  favour  of  the  unfortu 
ii.iii!  king,  for  whicli  iie  was  condemned  and 
execuud  in  1792. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  teacher  of  an  English 
grammar  school,  and  chaplain  to  Charles  I.,  and 
author  of  some  religious  tracts,  died  in  1654. 

ROSS,  Alrxander,  a  Scoiiish  bishop  and  vol- 
uminous writer.  He  wrote  "  A  View  of  all 
Religions,"  and  died  in  1720,  aged80. 

ROSS,  David,  an  eminent  English  actor,  died 
in  1790,  aged  6'J. 

KOSS,  John,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  Exeter,  died 
in  1792. 

ROSS,  George,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  177G,  and  a  signer  of  the  de- 
claration of  Independence. 

UOSST,  John  Victor,  or  JANUS  NICIUS, 
F.RITllR.tjUS,  a  Roman,  of  noble  birth,  who 
devoied  himself  to  literary  pursuits ;  he  died 
in  lt)47.     His  writings  were  voluminous. 

ROSSI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Ravenna,  physi- 
cian to  Clement  VIM.,  died  in  IC07. 

ROSSI,  Bernard  Marie  de,  a  theological  pro- 
fessor to  the  dominicans  of  Venice  ;  he  wrote 
on  historical  and  antiquarian  subjects,  and  died 
in  1775. 

RORSLYN,  Alexander  VVedderburn,  earl  of, 
an  eminent  English  lawyer,  appointed  solicitor 
Bnd  attorney  general,  and  created  baron  Lou;:li- 
borough.  and  made  chief  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  afterwards  one  of  llie  ministry,  and  chan- 
cellor ;  he  died  in  1805. 

ROSSO,  Le,  or  MASTER  ROUX  a  self- 
taught  artist,  of  Florence,  who  acquired  cele- 
brity as  a  painter,  died  in  1541. 

ROTARI,  Peter,  a  celebrated  portrait  and  his- 
torical painter,  of  Verona.  He  was  patronised 
by  the  imperial  family  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  175C. 
The  time  of  hiis  death  is  n( ,  known. 

ROTRANS,  Luke,  a  pative  of  Amsterdam, 
who,  afler  being  engaged  two  years  in  the  wars 
of  Holland,  retired  to  his  country  seat,  to  devote 
himself  to  poetry.  His  epic  poe  i  in  eight  books 
is  admired  by  the  Dutch  ;  he  died  in  1710. 

ROTHENAMER,  John,  an  eminent  historical 

Sainter,  of  Munich,  patronised  by  the  emperor 
.odolpli  II. ;  he  died  in  1604. 

ROTHERAM,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physi- 
cian, and  experimental  philosopher,  died  in  1787. 

ROTHERAM,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  died  in  1788. 

KOTHMAN,  Christopher,  astronomer  to  the 
landgrave  of  Hesse,  died  in  1.592. 

ROTRON,  John  de,  a  distinguished  poet,  dra 
malic  writer,  and  magistrate  of  Dreux,  who  lost 
his  life  in  consequence  of  administering  to  the 
necessities  of  the  poor,  during  the  prevalence  of 
an  epidemic  disease,  in  1650. 

ROUBIL1.AC,  Francis,  a  most  eminent  sculp- 
tor, whose  chief  works  arc  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey. He  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  France,  but  went 
over  to  England.  He  had  also  a  turn  for  poetry, 
and  wrote  satires  in  French  verse,  died  in  1762. 

ROUCHER,  J.  A.,  a  distinguished  French 
poet,  born  at  Montpellier,  was  guillotined  for 
the  (freedom  with  which  he  spoke  of  the  atroci- 
ties of  the  French  revolution,  in  1794. 

ROUELLE,   William  Francis,  lecturer  on 


^ KO 

chymisiry,  in  the  royal  botanical  garden  at  Paris 
died  in  1770. 

ROL'ILLE,  Peter  Julian,  a  Jesuit,  of  Toiir.«, 
professor  of  theology  and  j>hilo.sophy  to  his  order, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1740. 

ROUS,  Francis,  a  violent  fanatic  of  the  com- 
monwealth, speaker  of  Rarcbone's  pariinnient, 
and  a  favourite  of  Cromwell,  who  made  liim  pro- 
vost of  Eton ;  he  died  in  10.59. 

ROUSE,  John,  author  of  a  Chronicle  of  the 
Kings  of  England,  and  other  works,  died  in  1491. 

ROUSSEAU,  James,  a  di.-lingitislxd  French 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  in  I6,J0,  and  died  in  Lon- 
don, in  1093. 

ROUSSEAU,  John  Baptist,  an  illustrious 
French  poet,  Imrn  at  Paris,  in  1609,  died  In  1741. 

ROUSSEAU,  John  James,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher, and  most  eccentric  genius,  born  at  Oe- 
neva,  in  1711,  and  died  in  1778. 

ROUSSEL,  William,  a  Benedictine,  of  Cou- 
ches, in  IN'ormandy,  who  devoted  himpelf  to 
literary  pursuits  at  Rhcims,  died  in  1717. 

ROUSSEL,  Peter,  a  distirguislied  writer  and 
physician,ofFrance,  dicdatCriateaudnn,inlR03. 

ROUX,  .\ngustin,  a  native  of  Gascony.  who 
took  his  degrees  in  medicine  at  Bourdcaux,  au- 
thor of  Memoirs  of  Chvmistry,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
1776. 

ROWE,  Nicholas,  an  English  dramatic  poet 
and  translator,  born  in  1673,  died  hi  1716.  He 
wrote  8  plays,  and  gave  the  public  an  edition  of 
Shakspeare's  works,  to  which  he  prefixed  an 
account  of  that  great  man's  life. 

ROWE,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  famous 
for  her  fine  parts  and  writings,  in  verse  and 
prose,  bom  in  1764,  died  in  1737.  She  is  chiefly 
celebrated  for  her  "Friendship  in  Death,  in  20 
Letters  from  the  Dead  to  the  Living  ;"  and  her 
"  Letters  Moral  and  Entertaining." 

ROWE,  Thomas,  the  husband  of  the  preced- 
ing, died  in  1718,  in  the  28th  year  of  his  age.  He 
commenced  a  translation  of  Plutarch's  Lives, 
which  he  did  not  live  to  finish. 

ROWE,  Thomas,  educated  at  Oxford,  min- 
ister of  Litchet,  In  Dorsetshire,  afterwards  a 
dissenting  clerg>-man,  died  in  1698. 

ROWE,  John,  a  popular  English  preacher, 
settled  in  Statfordshire,  and  afterwards  in  Lon- 
don, died  in  1677. 

ROWLAND,  Henry,  author  of  a  History  of 
the  Island  of  .Anglesey,  died  in  1722. 

ROWLAND,  David  S.,  an  American  divine, 
pastor  of  a  congregational  church  at  Windsor, 
Conn.  ;  he  died  in  1794. 

ROVVLEV,  Samuel,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

ROWLEY,  William,  an  eminent  d-aD-,8tic 
writer,  and  an  actor, cotemporary  andib  ftiend- 
ship  with  Shakspeaie,  Jonson,  &;c. 

ROWLEY.     See  CHATTERTON. 

ROWLEY,  Dr.  William,  a  physician,  and  a 
copious  writer  on  medical  subjects,  unfortu- 
nately opposed  liiroself  to  vaccination.  He  died 
in  1806,  aged  63. 

ROWNING,  John,  an  able  mathematician, 
author  of  a  compendious  system  of  Natural 
Philosophy,  died  in  London,  in  1771. 

ROXANA,  the  daughter  of  Osyartes,  a  Per- 
sian prince,  and  a  prodigy  of  beauty,  was  mar- 
ried to  Alexander  the  Great,  and  had  a  son  afler 
his  death  ;  both  mother  and  son  were  put  to 
death  bv  Cassander,  323  B.  C. 

ROXBURG,  William,  M.  D.  an  eminent 
botanical  writer,  of  Ayrshire,  went  to  India, 
where  he  became  keeper  of  the  Botanical  Gar- 
jdcn,  at  Calcutta.  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1SI5. 
359 


RU 

ROY,  Julian  le,  a  native  of  Tours,  distin- 
guished for  his  great  mechanical  knowledge, 
died  in  1759. 

ROV'SE,  George,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  chaplain  to  king  William,  provost  of 
Orial  college,  and  dean  of  Bristol,  died  in  1708. 

ROYSE,  John,  A.  M.,  a  popular  preacher, 
under  Cromwell,  died  in  1663. 

ROZEE,  N.,  a  lady  of  Leyden,  who  excelled 
in  the  use  of  her  pencil,  but  finished  her  pictures 
with  silk  floss,  instead  of  colours  ;  she  died  in 
1682. 

ROZtER,  Francis,  D.D.,  an  ecclesiastic,  prior 
of  Nanteuil,  distinguished  fur  liis  atlachinent 
to  the  study  of  agriculture,  botany,  chyniislry, 
and  natural  history.  Killed  during  the  siege  of 
Lvoiis,  by  the  bursting  of  a  bomb,  when  in  bed, 
in  1793. 

RUBENS,  sir  Peter  Paul,  prince  of  the  Flem- 
ish painters,  born  in  1577.  He  was  seut  by 
Isabella,  ambassador  to  England,  to  negotiate  a 
peace  with  Charles  I.,  in  1630.  The  king  knighted 
him  for  painting  the  banqueting-house.  He  died 
in  1640. 

RUBENS,  Albert,  son  of  the  preceding,  go- 
vernor of  the  Low  Countries,  died  in  1657. 

RUCCELLAI,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Flo- 
rence, of  illustrious  birth,  ambassador  from '.  ope 
Leo  X.,  to  Francis  I.,  afterwards  governor  of 
St.  Angelo ;  he  died  in  1526. 

RUCCELLAI,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Florence, 
in  the  15th  century,  author  of  "  Bellum  Itali- 
cum." 

RUDBECK,  Olaus,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Upsal,  died  in  1702. 

RUDDIMAN,  Thomas,  an  eminently  learned 
Scotchman,  author  of  a  Latin  grammar,  with 
valuable  notes  ;  he  was  born  in  1674,  and  died 
in  1757. 

RUDING,  Rogers,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Annals  of  the  coinage  of  Britain  and  its 
dependencies;"  he  died  in  1820. 

RUE,  Charles  de  la,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Greek  and  He- 
brew, died  in  1739. 

RUE,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  orator  and  po- 
et, born  at  Paris,  in  1643,  and  died  in  1725. 

RUFFHEAD,  Owen,  an  English  law  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  and  biographer  of  Pope, 
died  in  1769. 

RUFFI,  Anthony  de,  a  learned  counsellor, 
of  Marseilles,  of  which  place  he  wrote  a  Histo- 
ry ;  he  died  in  1689. 

RUFINUS,  a  father  of  the  church,  the  friend, 
and  afterwards  the  antagonist  of  St.  Jerome, 
died  in  410. 

RUFUS,  Ephesius,  an  ancient  Greek  anato- 
mical writer,  whose  works  are  lost,  and  an  able 
physician. 

RUGENDAS,  George  Philip,  a  celebrated 
painter,  of  Augsburg,  died  in  1742. 

RUGGLE,  George,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  a  comedy,  in  Latin,  performed  before  James 
I.,  in  1614  ;  he  died  in  1G40. 

RUGGLES,  Timothy,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  abrigadier-general  under  general  Am- 
herst, and  a  brave  and  meritorious  officer.  At 
the  revolution  he  joined  the  British,  and  died  in 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1798. 

RUHNKENIUS,  David,  a  native  of  Pomera- 
iiia,  professor  of  belles  lettres  and  history,  and 
librarian  in  liCyden  university,  died  in  1798. 

RUINART,  Thierry,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  at  Rheims,  died  in  1709. 

RULE,  Gilbert,  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Aberdeen,  and  principal  of  his  college,  and  af- 
360 


RU 

terwards  of  the  university  at  Edinburgh,  died 
in  1705. 

RULIERES,  N.  de,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
author  of  an  Account  of  the  Revolution  in  Po- 
land, and  other  works,  died  in  1791. 

RULL.\ND,  Martin,  professor  of  medicine, 
at  Lawingen,  m  Swabia,  and  physician  to  Ro- 
dolpli  n.,  died  at  Prague,  in  Ifi02. 

RUMFORD,  count.  See  THOMPSON,  Ben- 
jamin. 

RUMPHIUS,  George  Everard,  a  doctor  of  me- 
dicine in  Ilanau  university,  distiiiguislied  as  a 
botanist  :  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

RUMSEY,  James,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  of 
Virginia,  who  invented  a  mode  of  propelling 
boats  by  steam,  in  1782.  The  experiments 
which  were  made,  however,  were  not  success- 
ful.   He  died  at  Philadelphia,  about  1790. 

RUNDLE,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Derry,  and  an 
excellent  theological  writer,  died  in  1743. 

RUN.MNGTON,  Charles,  an  English  ser- 
geant al  law,  died  in  1821.  He  published  Hale's 
History  of  the  common  law,  and  several  other 
valuable  pr;)fesslonal  works. 

RUPERT,  Prince,  a  brave  German  general, 
died  in  IG^'J,  aaed  63. 

RURE"OND,  John  William  de,  a  French 
fanatic,  \  .ho  thought  himself  inspired  and  com- 
missioned by  heaven,  to  restore  the  tenets  of  the 
anabaptists  of  Munster,  was  burnt  about  1580. 

RUSCELLf,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Viterbo, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  in  1565. 

RUSH,  Benjamin,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a  distin- 
guished American  physician  and  statesman, 
was  professor  of  chymistry,  and  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,  and  of  clinical  medi- 
cine, in  the  medical  school  in  Philadelphia.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  congress,  in  1770,  and  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and 
physician-general  of  the  middle  department  of 
the  revolutionary  army.  Few  men  have  been 
greater  ornaments  to  the  country  than  Dr.  Rush, 
and  very  few  have  acquired  greater  reputation 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  His  writings,  par- 
ticularly on  professional  subjec  ,  are  highly 
valued.     He  died  at  Philadelphia    in  1813. 

RUSH  WORTH,  John,  an  Eng  ish  gentleman, 
editor  of  some  very  useful  historical  collections, 
died  in  1690,  aged  83. 

RUSSEL,  Alexander,  physician  to  the  Eng- 
lish factory  at  Aleppo,  distinguished  for  his 
abilities  and  learning  both  there  and  in  England; 
died  in  1770. 

RUSSEL,  lord  William,  an  eminent  English 
patriot,  was  beheaded  in  16o3. 

RUSSEL,  Francis,  duke  of  Bedford,  an  Eng. 
lish  nobleman,  distinguished  for  his  endeavours 
to  improve  every  branch  of  agriculture.  He 
died  in  1802,  aged  37. 

RUSSEL,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  phy, 
sician,  died  in  1768. 

RUSSEL,  Elizabeth,  lady,  wife  of  lord  John, 
was  distinguished  by  a  well  cultivated  mind,  and 
a  taste  for  literature ;  she  died  about  1600. 

RUSSEL,  Patrick,  M.  D-,  and  F.  R.  S.,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  plague,  and 
of  some  estimable  works  on  natural  history  ;  be 
died  in  1805. 

RUSSEL,  William,  LL.  D.,  born  in  Scot- 
land, in  1746,  and  died  in  1793,  having  published 
several  works 

RUSSELL,  Chambers,  a  judgeof  the  supreme 
court  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  the 
admiralty  court  of  the  province,  died  in  Eng- 
land, in  1766. 

RUSSELL,  James,  of  Massachusetts,  he  su»- 


SA 

tallied  varirjiii*  civil  offires  in  t'lat  slale,  wilJi 
grvni  repiitaiinii,  a  id  died  in  ITOd. 

Hl'SSELL,  Tlioiii.is,  an  eminent  merchant, 
of  B'iston,  died  in  1795. 

RUST,  Gpoiup,  doaii  of  Connor,  and  bishop 
of  Hnimore,  Irola;id,  died  in  lUTO. 

R( ''J'M,  a  wimian  of  Moab,  mentioned  in  the 
Scrijiluies,  who  by  marrying  Boiz,  became  t!ie 
priL'i'iiiior  o(  ihf  ruval  race  of  I'avid. 

Ki'THERFORTH,  Thomas,  an  English  di 
villi.',  and  writer  on  natural  philosophy,  MloraI^^, 
and  iiiatliemalics,  died  in  1771,  aged  59. 

IIUTILI.\,  a  RniMaii  lady,  wife  of  M.  Anna 
Cd'i.i,  coU'brated  as  a  woman  of  great  virtue. 

Kl'TILins  UI:fUS,  Publms,  a  Roman  con- 
Etll,  hanishrd  tliroiiiih  envy,  about  105  B   C. 

RUTILIUS,  Claudius,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
in  tile  5lh  century,  wrote  in  elesiac  I'erse. 

Rl'TIiEDGE,  Jolm,  a  mrinber  of  congress  in 
1774,  and  afiTwards  aoveinor  of  the  stale  of 
■^oulh  Carolina,  wa^  distinguished  for  his  ze.tlj 
and  firmness  in  support  of  the  rights  of  the! 
colonies,  during  Iho  revolution.     Jle  died   in 

leon. 

RUTT.EDGE.  Edward,  an  eminent  lawyer 
and  patriot,  of  Houili  Carolina,  wh.s  t  mimbcr 
of  coll!;r«•s^  from  that  state,  in  1774  ,  d  1770, 
and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  Indej!  .dence 
Hi;  was  afterwards  governor  of  South  Carolina 
anil  ilitd  in  1800. 

RCVSCH,  Frederic,  a  very  eminent  Dutch 
nniMriiist,  born  in  W.iS,  and  died  in  1*:<I. 

R  L"  VSDA  LL,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  Dutch  land- 
i-cipe  painter,  died  in  lli"!,  aged  45. 

KCVTER,  Michael  Adiian,  a  famous  Dutch 
admiral,  died  in  1670,  aged  fi'J. 

KYAN,  Lacy,  an  F.iii^lish  dramatic  wriler, 
but  more  eminent  as  an  actor,  born  in  1C94.  and 
died  in  1700. 

RYCKHAERT,  Martin,  an  eminent  Dutch 
l.ind.-rapi  painter,  died  in  1036. 

RVCUriU.S,  Justus,  of  Ghent,  professor  of 
I  loiiiicnci-  at  Hologiia,  where  he  died  in  1027.  He 
ivrote  "  Capitolio  Ifoiiiano,"  a  valuable  work. 

KYEU.  Petf  dii,  a  French  dramatic  writer, 
died  in  lO,"),'^,  o     d  .'iS. 

RYKIUS,  Tl  sndore,  professor  of  history  at 
Leyden.died  in  lO'JO. 

RYLAND,  John,  a  distinguished  baptist 
preacher  in  England,  author  of  "  Elements  of 
aicchanics,"  "t'crmons,"  Sec.  ;  he  died  in  1792. 

R*YLA\D,  William  Wynne,  an  cminenl 
English  engraver.  lie  committed  forgery,  for 
which  he  suffered  death  in  1783. 

R  V.MER,  Thomas,  an  excellent  antiquary  and 
historian,  died  in  1713. 

RY'SBRAC,  John  Michael,  an  eminent  statua- 
1  y.  who  died  in  London,  in  1770. 

RYSBUAECK,  Peter,  an  eminent  landscape 
oai  liter,  of  AntW'erp,  born  in  1057.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

RYVES,  sirThomas,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
mi.-iCtllaneoiis  writer  in  Lalin,  diLd  in  1051. 

RY'VES,  Bruno,  a  celebrated  preacher,  chap- 
;ain  to  Charles  I.  ;  he  died  in  1077. 

RY'VES,  Eliza,  an  Irish  lady,  celebrated  as  a 
iioctess  and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1797. 


SA 

university.  He  wrote  satires,  comedies,  tec. 
and  died  in  l.'i58. 

SA  ADAS  GAOX,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  author  of 
a  book  on  the  Belief  of  the  Jews,  and  other 
theological  works,  died  in  943. 

SA.'XS,  John,  a  canon  of  the  chirch  of  Rouen, 
and  librarian,  died  in  1774.  lie  wrot"  an  .Muidg- 
mcnt  of  the  French  Historical  Dictionary,  and 
oilier  boi.lip. 

SAAVEORA,  Michael  de  Cervantes,  a  cele- 
braii'd  P'panish  writci,  died  in  1010,  ai;ed  67. 

SAAVEDRA  F.UARDO,  Diego,  a  noble 
Spaniard,  ambassador  to  Switzerland.  He 
viT'ite  "  Idea  of  a  Polite  Prince,"  and  other 
works,  and  died  in  1<<0. 

>S.\BA3,  a  famous  sectarisl,  flourished  about 
310. 

9AC.\TEt  SEVI,  a  Jewish  impostor,  bom 
ai  Smyrna,  in  102ii.  He  presenied  himself  at 
Jeriisale'n,  as  the  promised  Messiah,  and  in- 
vi:ed  the  Jews  to  salute  iheir  dulivercr.  Mul- 
titudes were  so  infatuated  as  to  believe  liis 
, declarations,  and  rect^ive  him  as  the  King  of 
|Kin,'s.  He  was  s<.-i7.ed  on  liis  w  ay  lo  Coiisrari- 
|;i:  ople,  and  impritsoned,  and  aiier  embracing 
Alalionietaiiisin.  died  there  in  1075. 
I  SABf'ATHIER,  Francis,  a  French  miscella- 
n<  or -writer,  whose  works  are  nuiiie<ous;  ha 
Idieo  .n  11-07. 

I  SABnATHIER,Peter,  a  native  of  Poitiers,  of 
jlhe  order  of  Benedictines,  who  was  employed 
I  lor  tw;i,ty  yeai-s  in  making  a  colltciion  of  llie 
I  Latin  versions  of  the  Bible,  wbicl.  was  piihhsh- 
|ed  in  1743,  under  the  title  of  "  Bibliorum  Sacro- 
iiiini  Laiina;  Versiones  AntiquiE ;"  lie  died  in 
1742. 

I  SABELLirrS,  Mark  Antony  Coereiiis,  a 
learned  Italian,  professor  of  belles  letlres  ai 
Cdina,  and  librarian  to  St.  Marks  at  Venice, 
died  in  1506. 

SABELLIl'S,  a  noted  African,  founder  of  a 
sect  in  the  3d  crntury,  which  denied  distinc- 
tion in  the  Trinity. 

I  SAUEO,  I'aiisius,  a  native  of  Bres.se,  in  the 
I  Venetian  territory,  distinguished  as  a  poet,  died 
about  I.5.V. 

SARIN  A,  Julia,  wife  of  the  emperor  Adrian 
.•\t  the  request  of  her  husband  she  took  poison, 
that  she  might  not  survive  him,  and  died  in  138. 

SABIN.^,  Auliis,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of 
Ovid.  His  works,  which  have  all  perished, 
were  said  to  possess  some  merit. 

SABIXrS,  Francis  Floribus.  a  polite  and 
learned  Italian  writer,  author  of  Interpretations 
of  the  Civil  Law.  &c.,  died  about  1547. 

SABl.NUS,  George,  an  excellent  modern  La- 
tin poet.  He  settled  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
\\  here  he  was  patronised  by  the  elector  of  Eran- 
denb.irg,  and  the  emperor  Charles  V. ;  he  died 
in  1560. 

SABLIER,N.,  an  eminent  French  writer, 
who  published  "  Essai  snr  les  Langiiaces,"  and 
other  works,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1785. 

SABLIERE,  AnthonydeRambouilletdela,  a 
French  poet,  died  in  1080. 

SACCHI,  Andrea,  an  illnstrions  Italian  his- 
torical painter,  died  in  1001,  aged  02. 

S.'\CCH1NI,  Anioine  Marie  Cisper,  a  very 
eminent  musician,  born  at  Naples,  in  1735,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  178fi. 

SACHEVERELL.  Dr.  Hi  my,   n  divine  of 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Coimbra  and  at  great  celebrity  in  England,  died  in  1724,  aged  5^. 


PA,  or  S.AA,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 


Rome :   he  wrote  several  valuable  works,  and 
died  in  1590. 

SA  DE  MIRANDA,  Franris.  arativc  of  Co- 
imbra,  and   profesfijr  of  .iurispiudeiice  «;    ilin 
2l 

Zz 


8ACHTLKVEN,  Herman,  a  native  of  Rot- 
terdam, distingiiisMeil  as  a  land.-cape  painter, 
died  in  1085.  His  n  :ative,  Cornelius,  was  also 
pn  eminent  landscape  painter. 

361 


w 


SA 

SACKVILLE,  Thomii,  lord  Buckliursi,  and 
earl  of  Oor^jei,  was  celebrated  as  a  poet,  and 
died  in  I(i08,  aged  Ti. 

SAIJKV'liJjE,  Charles,  carl  of  Dorset  and 
Middles  \x,  a  celebrated  wil  and  poet,  died  in 
1701).  aged  C9. 

SACKVILLE,  Edward,  earl  of  Dorset,  an 
English  soldi.;r,  and  an  ambassador  I'lom  Eng- 
land to  the  French  conn.  He  was  at'ierwards 
president  of  the  council,  and  lord  privy  seal, 
under  (^liailes,  and  died  in  IHoi. 

SACKVILLE,  George,  viscount,  a  lieutenanl 
general  in  the  British  service,  and  afterwards 
secretary  of  siaie  lor  the  colonial  department, 
and  first  lord  of  the  board  of  trade,  in  tlie  British 
cabinet,  died  in  1785. 

S.VCY,  Lewis  de,  an  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Pans,  author  of  a  French  translation 
of  Plinv's  Letters,  and  other  works,  died  in  17-27. 

S.\bE,  N.  de,  al'bot  of  Ebreuil,  and  author 
of  "  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Plutarch,"  died  in 
1780. 

S.\r)ELER,  John,  an  eminent  designer  and 
cngravtf,  of  Brussels,  paironispd  by  the  duke 
of  Bavari  I,  lived  about  1550.  His  brother  and' 
a  nepiiew  were  also  eminent  artists.  I 

SADLRIR,  sir  Ralph,  a  statesman,  born  in 
1507,  and  died  in  1587. 

SADLGIl,  John,  an  English  law  writer,  died 
in  l'i74. 

SADLER,  Anthony,  an  English  clergyman,! 
chaplain  to  Charles  II.  after  the  restoration,' 
died  in  1680.  ] 

S.ADOE,  a  famous  Jew  rabbi,  and  founder  of  1 
the  sect  of  the  Sadducees ;  he  flourished  220 
B.  C.  I 

S.\DOLET,  James,  a  polite  and  learned 
Italian  writer  andcirdinal,  died  in  1547,  aged  70.  [ 

S.\(xE,  David  le,  a  French  poet,  wrote  epi-| 
grams,  sonnets,  elegies,  &c.,  and  died  abouti 
1650. 

SAGE,  .\lian  Rene  le,  an  ingenious  French' 
dramatic  poet  and  novelist,  died  in  1747,  aged 
80.  He  wrote  '■  The  Devil  on  two  Sticks"  and 
"Gil  Bias." 

SAGE,  John,  a  Scotch  clergyman,  bishop  of 
Edinburgh,  died  in  1711. 

S.\GI TTARIUS,  Gaspard,  professor  of  his- 
tory in  the  university  of  Halle,  and  hi.-itorian  to 
llie  duke  of  Saxony,  an  able  supporter  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  reformation,  and  a  writer.  He 
died  in  1094. 

SAGREDO,  John,  a  noble  Venetian,  ambas- 
sador to  various  courts,  and  doge  of  Venice, 
wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Ottoman  Empire," 
in  1677. 

SAILL.\NT,  N.  du,  a  French  officer,  distin- 
guished at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  for 
his  efforts  in  support  of  the  monarchy.  He  was 
murdered  with  his  followers  at  Vans. 

S.\l.\r-AMAiVD,  Mark  .Antony  Gerardde,  a 
French  traveller  ancl  poet,  died  in  1660.  His  best 
piece  is  an  Ode  on  Solitude. 

SAINT  WORE,  Nathaniel,  a  Swiss,  who 
went  to  England,  and  practised  surgery  and 
anatomy;  he  died  in  177S. 

SMiVTAULAIRR,  Francis  Joseph  de  Beau- 
poil,  marquis  de,  a  French  poet,  who  lived  to  near 
100  years,  and  vvrote  his  best  verses  at  00  ;  he 
died  in  1742. 

S\I.VTCL.\IR,  .Arthur,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, came  to  America,  in  17.55,  and  served  in 
the  British  army  under  general  Wolfe.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  joined  the  Ame- 
ricans, and  was  appointed  successively  a  bri- 
gadier and  major-general  ia  tbeir  army,  in 
362 


wliich  he  served  with  repuiaiion  and  success. 
He  was  afterwards  a  member  and  president  of 
congress,  and  governor  of  the  United  States 
territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio.  He  died  in 
1813. 

SAINT-CYR,  Taiinequil  de  Bouchet,  a  brave 
French  officer  under  Charles  IX.  He  was  mado 
governor  of  Orleans,  and  was  killed  ai  the 
battle  of  Moncontour,  in  1569. 

SAINT-CYRAN,  John  du  Verger  de  Hou- 
ranne,  abbot  of.  born  at  Bayonne,  in  1581  ;  he 
wrote  m;iny  books,  and  died  in  li'>43. 

SAINT-KVRE.MO.ND.     See  EVREMO.VD. 

SAINT-FOIX,  Germain  Francis  Poullaiii 
de,  a  Frencii  writer,  born  in  1703.  He  wrote 
"Turkish  Letters,"  "Historical  Essays,'" 
"  Comedies,"  &c.,  and  died  in  1776. 

S.VLNT  GELAIS,  Octavian  de,  a  French  di- 
vine and  poet,  bishop  of  Angouleine,  died  in 
150'). 

SAtNTGELAIS,  Molin  de,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  distinyuisli.-d  French  poet,  died  in  1559. 

SAl.NT  GEN.VIEZ,  John  de,  a  tierzynian, 
of  Avignon,  and  author  of  some  poetical  piecea 
of  great  merit,  dii-d  in  1663. 

SAINT  GER.MAIN,  Robert,  count  de,  a  dis- 
tingui.shed  officer  in  the  service  of  France  and 
of  Denmark.  He  was  made  a  fteld  marshal  of 
Denmark,  and  was  al^erwards  at  the  head  of 
the  French  war  department  under  Lewis  XVI 
He  died  in  1777. 

SAINT  GERMAIN,  N.,  count  de,  an  im- 
postor, who  pretended  to  have  lived  2000  years, 
and  to  have  set  at  the  side  ofour  Saviour  at  the 
marriage  of  Cana.     He  died  in  1784. 

SAINT-llYACINrHE,  Themiseul  de,  a 
Frencli  writer,  known  by  his  quarrel  with  Vol- 
taire, and  author  of  some  romances,  and  other 
works,  d\nd  in  1740. 

S.ALV T  JOHN,  Henry,  lord  viscount  Boling- 
broke,  a  famous  English  philosopher,  and  poli- 
tician, born  in  1672,  and  died  in  1751.  He  was 
secretary  of  war,  and  of  state;  to  ijueen  Anne. 

SAINT-JUST,  Louis  Leon  de,  one  of  the 
most  violent  and  cruel  of  the  French  revolu- 
tionists, the  associate  of  Robespierre.  He  gain  • 
ed  the  friendship  of  that  monster  by  advocating 
and  supporting  his  sanguinary  measures,  and 
deservedly  perished  with  him  on  the  scaffold,  in 
1794.  He  wrote  "  Esprit  de  la  Revolution." 

SAINT  LAMBERT,  Charles  Francis  de,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatic  writer,  the  friend  of 
Voltaire,  died  in  1802.  He  wrote  the  "  Seasons," 
a  poem,  "  Oriental  Fables,"  &c. 

SAINT- .MARK,  Charles  Hugh  le  Fevre  de, 
a  French  miscellaneous  writer,  died  at  Paris, 
in  1760. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  N.,  a  French  soldier  and 
writer,  author  of  a  book  "  on  Error  and  Truth," 
and  a  "  Picture  of  Natural  Order;"  he  died  in 
1804. 

SAINT-NECTAIRE,  Magdalen  de,  aFrencli 
heroine,  famous  for  the  defence  of  her  castle 
acainst  the  superior  forces  of  the  enemy,  in  the 
wars  of  the  protestants. 

SATNT-NON,  John  Claude  Richard  de,  a 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "  Voyage  to  Naples  and  Sicily,"  and 
"  Jnlia,"  a  comedy;  he  died  in  1791. 

SAINT  P.AVIN",  Denys  Sanguinde,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  poet,  author  of  epigrams,  son- 
nets, &c..  died  in  1670.  , 

S  AINT-PHALIER,  Frances  Theresa  Aumeic 
d",  a  French  lady,  who  wrote  the  "  Confident 
Rival,"  a  comedy,  and  same  poetical  pieces, 
died  in  1757 


the  power  of  llie  pope,  and  of  the  ilukc  of  Esle 
He  was  afRrwarck  lak^u,  and  di'^d  in  prison,  io 
1240. 

SALIS,  Ulysi^es  de,  a  nobte  Swiss,  who  dis- 
tiiigiiislied  Ijiuisilt  as  an  officer  in  Uie  Vetiellan 
I  and  freiicli  aniiit^s,  and  iu  aid  of  his  uaiive 
country,  lie  died  in  1G74. 
SALISBl  RY,  Jolin,  anEnglishdivine,  inthe 
tarns,  required  by  Edward  III.  to  begiveii  upinlirei^ii  ol  Sieptien.  His  writings  on  avibjccls  of 
lii.«  discretion,  as  viciiins  for  their  ob^tinary  iii  jaiiuquity  and  criliciim,  are  curious  and  valua- 
holdiiig  out  the  siege.     By  the  entreaties  ol  Ed   ible. 

ward's  queen  he  spared  iheir  hves,  and  made       S.\LISBURY,  Robert  Cecil,  earl  of,  an  emi- 

thein  presents.  ||ncnt  Engiiah  Etaicstnan,  the  >on  of  lord  Bur- 

S.Al.NT-PIERRE,  Jacques  Henri  Bernardiii  jkigh,  was  born  in  1550.     He  wasiliaiiccllor  of 

de,  a  very  pleasing  French  writer,  died  in  1814,   Lancaster,  principal    secretary  of   state,   and 


SA 

SALNT  PIERRE,  Charles  Ireneus  Casiel  de, 
a  French  ecclesiastic,  distinguished  as  a  polili 
ci3n,and  asa  man  ot  letters,  author  of  a  "  Pro- 
ject for  Universal  Peace  among  the  European 
I'owers,"  and  other  works,  died  in  1743. 

SAINT  PIERRE,  Eustace  de,  a  famous  pa- 
triotic citizen  of  Calais,  wiio,  in  1347,  oftercd 
him.^elf,  the  first  of  si.v,  of  the  principal  iiihabi 


aged  77.  His  "  Studies  of  Nature,"  is  dcscrv 
ediv  a  popular  work. 

SAINT  PREIIL,  Francis  de  Jussac  d'Em 
bieviile  de,  a  disiinguislied  French  otficer,  and 
governor  of  .^rras,  died  in  lt>4l. 

SAL\T-SIMO.\,  Louis  de  Rouvroi,  duke  of. 


prime  minister  of  England,  under  Elizabetli 
[which  stations,  as  well  as  that  of  high  treasurer, 
he  behaved  with  unc<  mraon  prudence  and  saga- 
city.    He  died  in  1GI2. 

SALLENGRE,  Albert  Henry  de,  a  learned 
writer,  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1694.    He  became 


a  French  siatesinan.  and  ambassador  to  Spain, ;;an  advocate  of  the  conn  of  Holland,  ard  cum- 
in 1721.     His  works  have  been  published  iu  I3|[niissar>'  of  the  finances  of  tlie  states-general, 


vols. 

SAINT- VINCENT,  John  Francis  Fauris  de, 
president  of  the  parliament  of  Provence,  died 
in  17<t8. 

SAINT- YVE.S,  Charles,  a  skilful  French  oc 
ulist,  author  of  a  valuable  Treatise  on  the  Dis- 
orders of  the  Evi'S,  dii'd  in  17;iii.  j 
AINTE  ALDEGONDE,  Philip  de  Marni.r, 


and  died  in  17-23. 

S.ALLO,  Dennis  de,  a  French  writer,  famous 
as  the  inventor  of  literary  journals,  bom  iu  1626, 
and  died  in  1669. 

S.ALLUST,  Caius  Crispus,  a  most  celebrated 
Roman  historian,  born  85  B.  C,  and  died  attiie 
age  of  50. 

ALMANASAR,  king  of  Assyria,  who  put 


lord  du  Moni,  an  eminent  Geruian  siatesmanjj  an  end  to  the  kingdom  ol  Israel,  by  invading  the 
and  patriot,  and  divinity  and  civil  law  writer;  jcountry.  and  carrying  the  people  into  captivity 


he  died  in  '..".yt*.  as.-d  ('.O 

SAINTE-BEUVE,  James  de,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, and  professor  of  divinity  at  the  Surbon- 
ne,  died  in  1677. 

SAINTE  MARTHE,  in  Latin,  fammartlia- 
nus,  the  nann-  of  a  family  in  France,  which, 
from  1536  to  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  was 
truittul  in  men  of  letters. 

SAINTE-PALAYE,  John  Baptist  de  la  Curne 
de,  a  French  antiquary,  author  of  a  valuable 


He  died  about  714  B.  C. 

SALMASIUS,  Claudius,  or  SAUMAISE,  a 
French  hislnrian  and  critic,  of  most  uucummou 
abilities,  and  immense  erudition,  bom  in  158'', 
and  died  in  1653,  leaving  works  very  nunierou;] 
and  various. 

SALMERON,  Alphoiisus,  of  Tohdo,  a  zeal- 
ous follower  of  lanaiiiis  Loyola,  the  founder  of 
the  Jesuits,  dislinguir'iitd  for  his  li.arning.  He 
wrote  Commentaries  on  theScriptures,&c.,aud 


work  on  "  Ancient  Chivalry,"  and  of  a  "  I'ni-j  died  in  l.^-R 

versal  French  Glossary,"  in  40  volumes,  died||     SALMON,  William,  an  eminent  empiric,  au- 

in  17(51.  I  Ihor  of  the  "  Coniplete  Physician,"  and  other 

SALAI>I\,orSALAIIEDDI\,  a  famous  sul-|  works,  died  about  1700. 
tan  of  Egypt,  equally  renowned  as  a  warriorl      S.'^LMON,  Nathaniel,  anEnglisli  divine,  bio- 
aiul  lenisi.Hior ;  In;  died  in  1193,  aged  57.  I  graplier,  and  antiquary,  died  in  174'2. 

SALMUO,  Andrew,  an  eminent  palnter,|  SALMn\,  Thomas',  an  English  writer,  who 
born  atMiian,  in  I4{?7,  died  at  Florence,  in  1559.  published  a  "Geographical  Grammar,"  of  some 

S.Vl.DEN,  William,  a  nativeof  Utrecht,  wasj  reputation,  and  died  in  1743. 
minister  of  the  Hacue  church,  and  di'-'inijuish-      S.VLOMON,  J.  P.,  the  greatest  performer  on 
cd  as  a  theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1694.  the  violin  in  Europe,  was  born  in  Cologne,  In 

S.\LE,  George,  a  learned  Englishman,  who  1745,  and  died  in  London,  in  iyi5.  He  brought 
died  at  London,  in  173lj.  He  translated  the  Ko  into  England  the  immortal  Haydn,  the  most 
tan,  trom  the  orisinal,  with  notes.  |  original,  brilliant,  and  fertile  musical  genius  the 

S.ALi'.RNE, Francis,  a  French  physician, who  world  ever  produced, 
devoted  himself  to  the  elucidation  of   natural      S.\LONIN.\,  wife  of  Gallicnus,  distinguished 
history.    He  wrote  the  '-Natural  History  of '  as  a  literary  and  benevolent  princess  ;  she  n  as 
Animals,"  &c.,  and  died  in  1760.  .murdered  with  her  hushand,  in  268. 

SALESBURY,  William,  author  of  a  Welch  ;  SALTER.  Samuel,  D.  D,  an  eminent  English 
Dictionary,  poems,  and  other  works-  he  lived  divine,  prebendary  of  Norwich,  died  in  1778. 
In  till-  l>eginning  of  the  17th  century.  |He  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  pi'ty, 

S.M  l.-^N,  James,  a  Jesuit,  of  A^iqnon.  roctor  'and  learning. 


of  the  college  of  Besancon,  died  iu  1640.  He 
wrote  spveral  theological  works. 

S.ALI.MHENI.  Veiiuri,  a  distinguished  histo- 
rical painter,  of  Sienna,  died  in  lfil3. 

S.ALIN.'^S,  Fiancis  de,  a  native  of  Burgos, 
wlio,  although  destitute  of  sight,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
Gretk.  Latin,  and  nmsic.  He  wrote  al'reaiise 
on  Music,  and  died  in  1590. 

SALINGUERRA,  a  chief  of  the  Ghihelins, 
who  eeizcd  upon  Ferrara,  iu  1195,  and  defied 


S.\LTER,  John,  major-general  of  the  English 
forces,  and  lieulenant-colonel  of  the  lirst  regi- 
ment of  foot.  He  was  originally  a  private  io 
the  guards,  and  was  conunissii-neil  by  the  great 
duke  of  Cumberland.  Hi  died  in  I'li',  aged  78. 
SALTONSTALL,  Gurdon,  an  American 
clergyman,  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Connecticut,  a  man  of  genius,  and  of  strong 
discriminating  jiowcrsof  iniiid  ;  he  died  at  New- 
London,  in  1724. 

SALTONSTALL.  Richard,  a  distinguished 
363 


SA 

magistrate,  and  jud^e  of  the  supreme  court  of' 
Massachusetts,  died  iii  1756. 

SALV  ATOR,  Rosa,  an  eminent  Italian  pain-j 
ter,  engraver,  and  poet,  hoin  in  Kilo,  and  died 
in  1673. 

SALVI,  John,  an  eminent  liistorical  painter, 
born  near  Urhino,  died  in  IjOO. 

SALVI,  Nicholas,  a  celeb.ated  architect,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1751. 

S.MiVI.AM,  Hippolitiis,  a  physician  at  Rome, 
aiiihorof  a  Trealiseon  Fishes,  and  oiher_w«rks, 
including  pociiis  and  comedies,  died  in  1752. 

SALVI.ANirS,  a  clear,  elegant,  and  beautiful 
writer,  and  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  church. 
He  wro'.e  a  treatise  called  "De  Providentia  Dei," 
in  eight  books.     He  lived  in  the  5th  century. 

SALVI.VTl,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1503. 

SAlA'i.VTr,  .Toseph,  a  distinguished  Venetian 
painter,  whose  designs  and  colouring  were  much 
admired  ;  he  died  in  1585. 

SALVINl,  Anthony  Marie,  an  eminent  Ita 
lian  scholar,  professor  of  Greek  at  Florence, 
died  in  1729.  He  translated  the  works  of  many 
distinguished  Greek  and  Latin  writers  into 
Italian,  and  wrote  some  elegant  sonnets,  &c. 

SA.Mt$UCUS,  John,  counsellor  of  state,  and 
historiographer  of  the  German  empire,  under 
Maximilian  II.  and  Rodolphus  II.  He  wrote 
"  Lives  of  the  Roman  Emperors,"  "  History  of 
Hungary,"  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1584. 
SAMMARTHANUS.  See  SAINTE  MAR- 
THE. 

SAMPSON,  William,  an  English  dramatic 
writer  in  the  reign  of  Charles  1. 

SAMPSON,  Henry,  M  A.,  an  English  non- 
conformist divine,  and  afterwards  a  distin- 
guished physician  at  London,  died  in  1705. 

SAMSON,  son  of  Manoah,  of  the  tribe  of 
Dan.  He  is  celebrated  in  Scripture  for  his  ex- 
traordinary strength,  which  he  exerted  again.st 
the  enemies  of  his  country.  Being  betrayed 
and  taken  prisoner,  he  perished  with  3000  of 
the  Philistines,  in  the  temple  of  Dagon,  1117 
B.C. 

S,\MUEL,  a  prophet  in  Israel,  celebrated 
for  his  piety  and  devotion  to  the  service  of 
God.  He  anointed  Saul,  and  afterwards  Da- 
vid, as  kings  over  Israel,  and  died  about  1057 
B.C. 

SAMWELL,  David,  surgeon  on  board  the 
Discovery,  at  the  time  of  capt.  Cook's  death 
and  author  of  a  minute  account  of  that  event 
also  of  some  Welsh  poems ;  he  died  in  1799. 

SAiVADON,  Noel  Stephen,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
torn  at  Rouen,  in  1676,  and  died  in  ]73;l.  He 
wrote  a  translation  of  Horacfe,  with  notes. 

SANCHEZ,  Antonio  NunesRibeiro,  an  emi 
nent  Portuguese  physician  and  writer,  born  in 
1699,  and  died  in  1783. 

SANCHEZ,  Thomas,  an  illustrious  Jesuit,  of 
Spain,  was  born  in  1551,  and  died  in  1610.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning. 

SANCHEZ,  Peter  Anthony,  a  Spanish  divine 
and  theological  writer,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Vigo,  in  Gallicia,  died  in  1806. 

S.ANCHO  11.,  surnamed  the  Strong,  king  of 
Castile.  He  dethroned  and  banished  his  brothers 
from  the  kingdoms  of  Gallicia  and  Leon,  and 
afterwards  deprived  his  sisters  of  their  patri- 
mony.   He  was  assassinated  in  1072. 

SANCHO,  Ignatius,  an  extraordinary  negro, 
born  in  1729,  on  board  a  ship  in  the  slave  trade, 
and  died  in  1780.  He  lived  under  the  patrona  re 
of  the  late  duke  of  Montague.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  talenta,  and  waa  in  babils  of  the  loost 
264 


SA 

familiar  literary  intimacy  with   Garrick  aL.d 
Sterne. 

BANCHONIATHON,  an  ancient  Plicenician 
philosopher  and  historian,  nourished  700  U.  C. 

S.'^NCROFT,  Dr.  William,  archbiL,liop  of 
C'anterlinry,  born  in  iOlti,  and  died  in  1093. 

S.AiVCTORlUS,  a  celebrated  medical  pro 
lessor,  of  Padua,  who  flourished  in  the  begin- 
ninj!  of  the  17ih  century. 

SAN  DRY,  Paul,  an  English  artist,  distin- 
guished for  hisaquailnia  drawings,  and  a  mem- 
ber 01  the  royal  acadeiny;  he  died  in  lt'09. 

SANDRY,  Thomas,  brother  to  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  architecture  in  the  royal  aca- 
demy, and  died  in  1798. 

SANUEM.VN,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  who,  af 
ter  preaching  his  peculiar  doctrines  in  London, 
came  to  America,  and  founded  a  sect,  called 
Sandemanians.  He  died  in  Connecticut,  in 
1772. 

SANDERS,  Robert,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  the  "  Complete  English  Traveller,"  the 
"  Newgate  Calendar,"  and  other  works,  died  in 
1783. 

SANDERS,  Nicolas,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Louvain,  and  ai'ierwards  nuncio  from  Gregory 
Xm.  to  Ireland.     He  died  in  1581. 

SANDERSON,  Dr.  Robert,  bishopof  Lincoln, 
a  polemic  writer  and  casuist,  born  in  1587,  and 
died  in  1663. 

SANDERSON,  Robert,  F.  A.  S.,  an  English 
writer,  distinguished  as  the  continuator  of 
Rymer's  Foidera,  from  the  16th  to  the  20th  vo 
lump,  died  in  1741. 

S,\NDRART,  Joachim,  a  famous  German 
painter,  died  in  1676,  aged  70. 

SANDYS,  Edwin,  archbishop  of  York,  born 
in  1519,  and  died  in  1588.  He  was  one  of  the 
nine  protestant  divines  appointed  by  queen  Eli- 
zabeth, who  were  to  hold  a  disputation  against 
so  many  of  the  Romish  persuasion  before  both 
houses  of  parliament  at  Westminster,  in  1559. 
SANDYS,  sir  Edwin,  second  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  an  author,  was  born  in  1561,  and  died 
in  1629. 

SANDYS,  George,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  1577,  became  a  great  traveller,  and  in 
1615,  published  an  account  of  his  travels.  He 
was  called  by  Dryden  the  best  versifier  of  llie 
age.     He  died  in  1643. 

SANNAZARIUS,  James,  an  excellent  Latin 
and  Italian  poet,  born  at  Naples,  in  1458,and  died 
in  1530. 

S.ANSON,  Nicolas,  a  celebrated  French  geo- 
grapher, was  born  in  IHOO,  and  died  in  1667. 

SANSOVINO,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor 
and  architect,  of  Florence,  died  al  Venice,  in 
1570.  His  son,  Francis,  distinguished  for  his 
attainments  in  polite  literature,  wrote  a  chrono- 
logy of  the  world  to  1583,  and  several  other 
works,  and  died  in  1586. 

SANTEUL,  John  Baptist  de,  a  celebrated 
Fteiich  poet,  died  in  1097,  aged  67. 

SANTI  DI  TITI,  an  eminent  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Florence,  died  in  1603. 

SAPOR  I.,  king  of  Persia,  in  238.  He  ex- 
tended his  dominions  by  conquest,  but  was  at 
last  defeated  and  put  to  death  in  273. 

SAPOR  11.  Bucceeded  his  father  Hormisdag, 
as  king  of  Persia.  He  was  a  brave  and  success- 
ful warrior  against  the  Romans,  but  a  violent 
opposer  of  the  Christians.    He  died  in  380. 

SAPPHO,  a  famous  poetess  of  antiquity,  who, 
for  excellence  in  her  art,  has  been  called  the 
tenth  muse,  was  born  at  Mitylene,  in  the  isle  of 
Lesbos,  610  B.  C.    Slie  loved  Phson,  whg  was 


SA 

£0  cruel  to  her,  that  she  threw  herself  into  the 
sea. 

SARASIN,  John  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
born  in  l(i04,  was  secretary  lo  the  prince  of  Con 
ti,  and  author  of  "  The  History  of  the  Siege  ot 
Dunkirk,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  Jf)54. 

PAKAVIA,  Adrian,  a  protestanf  professor  of 
di\  inity  at  Leydcn,  went  to  England,  where  he 
became  canon  of  Canterbury,  and  died  in  1611. 

!S.\KBIEVMf=IvI,  Matthias  Casimir,  a  Jesuit. 
See  CASIMIK. 

SARDANAPALUS,  a  dissolute  king  of  As 
lyria,  who,  on  a  revolt  of  his  snbjicta,  set  fin 
lo  his  palace,  and  perished  iii  ilic  flauics,  '■•.K) 
B.C. 

SARGEANT,  Nathaniel  Pwirlce,  chief-jus- 
tice of  Massiiclnise'.ls  in  1739,  dird  iu  1791. 

SAR<  ■  KNT  Winthrop,  a  soldier  of  the  revo 
lution.  afri-rwards  goveruor  of  Mississippi  Tur 
ritorv ,  diid  i>;  )i*V). 

!?.\IUSBl'RY,  .lohn,  a  famous  English  histo 
riaii,  c.iiic,  and  philosopher,  born  in  1110,  died 
in  1181. 

SAKJEANT,  John,  an  F.nfilish  fecular  priest, 
who  went  to  Lisbon,  where  be  became  a  catlio 
lie,  and  wrote  against  liis  former  faith  ;  he  died 
about  1670. 

SARPI.   See  PAUL. 

t?.AKTO,  Andrea  del,  a  famous  Italian  paint- 
er, horn  in  rioieiice.  in  1478,  and  died  in  15-20. 

SATHRMNI'S,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century, 
lie  supposed  the  world  was  created  by  angels, 
and  re«!arded  the  connexion  of  the  sexes  as  cri 
minal. 

SATURNINt^S,  PiibliusSempronius,  a  Ro 
man  general,  who  assumed  the  imperial  purpb 
in  263,  and  was  murdered  by  hi?  soldiers  in  Slw 
Another  of  the  .some  name  was  proclaimed  em 
prror  by  the  Alexandrians,  and  soon  after  killed 
himself. 

SAUL,  son  of  Cish,  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
was  anointed  king  of  Israel,  by  the  prophet 
Samuel,  1095  B.  C.  He  killed  himself  after  an 
tinfortunate  battle  ai  Gilboali. 

SAT'NDERS,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  in 
the  reipn  of  Charles  11.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  not  known. 

SAU.NUERS,  Richard,  antlior  of  "  Astrolo- 
gical Jndi'ment  and  Pranire  of  Physic,"  and 
other  works  ;  he  died  in  1680. 

SAUNDERS, sir  Edmund,  chief  justicenf  the 
King's  bench,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  11.,  was 
originally  a  strolling  beggar  about  the  streets. 
He  was  noticed  and  taught  to  write  by  an  attor- 
ney's clerk  ;  and  in  a  few  years  became  an  able 
attorney,  and  a  very  eminent  counsel ;  he  died 
in  1683. 

S.AUNDERS,  John  Cunningham,  a  very  emi- 
nent and  successful  EneMsh  oculist;  he  died 
euddenly  in  1810,  at  the  early  age  of  37. 

SAUNDERS,  William,  a'distinguished  Eng- 
lish |)hysician,  author  of  several  valuable  medi- 
cal works,  died  in  1817. 

SAUNDERSON,  Dr.  Nicolas,  an  illiistrions 
professor  of  the  mathematics  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  born  in  li'82.  At  1'2  months  old 
he  lost  his  eyes  by  the  small  pox  ;  nevertheless' 
he  became  a  great  mathematician  ;  he  died  in 
1739. 

S.AtJRTN,  James,  an  eminent  Flemish  divine, 
theological  and  controversial  writer,  born  in 
1077,  and  died  in  17.'<0.  He  was  pessessed  of 
great  talents,  to  which  were  added,  a  line  ad- 
dress, a  harmonious  voice,  and  a  most  eloquent 
nnalfectrd  style. 
SAUEIN,  Joseph,  a  French  mathematician, 

31^ 


SA 

born  iu  16.59,  He  was  a  n;einbcr  of  the  academy 
01  sciences,  and  received  a  pension  from  the 
king.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1737. 

?\URIN,  Bernard  Joseph,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, wa.s  an  advocate  oi  the  parliament  of 
Palis,  adisiir.guislied  dramatic  writer,  and  the 
friend  of  Voltaire  and  HcUetius,  He  died  ia 
1781. 

SAUSSURE,  Nicolas  de,  a  distinguished 
French  wi  iter  on  agriculture,  died  in  1790. 

S  \l>srRE,  Horace  Bci)e<lict  de,  a  celc- 
hran  I  haturalist.  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1740, 
and  died  in  17W. 

J?AUVAGES,  Francis  liois.sirr  de,  a  French 
physician,  professor  of  botanv  and  medirint,  at 
Montpellier,  died  in  1767.  'lU'  wrote  sevcr.il 
medical  and  botanical  works,  and  his  repuia- 
lion  was  so  greai,  that  he  was  called  .the  B6cr- 
liaave  ol  Languidoc. 

SAUVAL,  Henry,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  ai:d'  author  of  a  work,  entitled 
'The  Hi.-^iory  of  the  Antiquities  of  Paris," 
died  in  !(-». 

SAUVEUR,  Joseph,  a  French  malhemati- 
rian,  born  in  lfi53.  He  was  honoured  by  the 
riiyal  family,  had  prince  Eugene  among  his 
pupils,  at  the  age  of  20,  and  was  made  professor 
of  mathematics  to  the  loyal  college.  He  died 
in  1716. 

SAVAGE,  Richard,  acclebraled  English  poet. 
:He  was  the  son  of  Anne,  countess  of  Maccles- 
llield,  by  the  earl  of  Rivers  His  mother  w,"i3 
his  enemy  till  his  death,  which  was  in  1713,  in 
a  jail  at  Bristol.     His  indiscretion  was  his  ruin. 

SAVAR  Y,  James,  an  eniinent  French  writer 
upon  the  subject  of  trade,  died  in  1692,  aired  70. 

P.-\VARY,  N.,  a  celebrated  French  writer, 
author  of  "  "Travels  in  Egypt,"  a  translation  of 
the  "  Koran,"  with  a  "  Lite  of  Jlalionict,"  and 
a  "Dictionary  and  Grammar  of  the  Arabian 
Language  ;"  he  died  in  1788. 

SAVERY,  Roland,  a  eel.  brated  French  land- 
scape painter,  he  died  in  1C39. 

S.WILE,  sir  George,  baronet  u  be  acquired 
the  deserved  encomium  of  being  an  independent 
English  patriot;  and  died  in  1784.  aged  59. 

S.^VII^E,  sir  Henry,  a  most  learned  English 
divine,  historian  and  critic,  born  in  1.549,  and 
(lied  in  101:2.  He  was  tutor  in  the  Greek  tongue 
10  queen  Elizabeth. 

SA  VILE,  sir  George,  marquis  of  Halifax,  an 
eminent  statesman,  and  political  and  moral 
writer,  died  in  1C95,  aced  65. 

SAVONAROLA,  Jerom,  a  fimnus  Italian 
monk,  born  in  14.52,  and  died  in  1498. 

SAVOT,  Lewis,  a  French  physician  and  an- 
tiquarian. He  was  physician  to  Lewis  XIII., 
and  wrote  a  "  Discoiirir-p  on  Ancient  Medals," 
and  other  works.     He  died  in  1640. 

SAWYER,  sir  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  and  attorney-general.  He  was  removed 
from  his  otTice.  tor  opposing  the  nrbitrarv  mea- 
sures of  king  J.imes,  and  died  in  1692. 

SAXE,  Maurice,  noiint  de,  marshal-cener.il 
[of  the  French  armies,  born  at  Dresden,  in  1*^96, 
and  died  in  1750.  He  was  one  of  the  gicatest 
and  most  successful  generals  of  the  age. 

SAXO,  Grammaticus,  a  Danish  histo'rian, 
'who  flourished  in  the  12th  century,  and  died  in 
11208. 

SAY,  Samuel,  an  English  di.ssenting  minister, 
jand  poetical  critic,  succe.-^sor  to  Dr.  Calamy,  at 

i Westminster,  died  in  1743, 
SAYLE,  William,  first  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Carolina,  died  the  year  after  his  arrival  in 
the  country,  in  1071, 

365 


sc 


SC^EVOLA,  R);itius,  suriianied  Cordiis,  n 
young  Roina'i,  famous  for  his  courape  and  in- 
trepidity in  the  time  of  Tarquiii  the  Proud. 

SCALA,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian  staU'snian 
and  historian,  born  in  1424,  and  died  in  1497. 

SCALA,  Alexander,  daughter  of  the  [ire- 
ceding,  was  distinguished  (or  her  heaiuy,  her 
private  virtues,  and  her  knowledge  of  classical 
literature.     She  died  in  1506. 

SCALIGER,  Julius  Cssar,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, and  eminent  Latin  poet  and  critic,  born 
in  1484,  and  died  in  1558. 

SCALIGER,  Joseph  Justus,  son  of  the  pre- 
reding,  a  great  critical  and  historical  writer,  and 
chronologer,  born  in  1540,  and  died  in  1609.  He 
was  perfectly  skilled  in  13  languaj,'es. 

SCAMOZZI,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Vincenza, 
the  jnost  celebrated  architect  of  liis  time.  He 
wrote  in  Italian,  "  Ideas  on  LTniversal  Archi- 
tecture," in  10  books,  and  died  in  IClfi. 

SCA\;-ERBEG,  or  GEORGE  CASTRIOT, 
king  of' Albania,  a  province  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  dependent  on  the  Ottoman  empire.  He 
was  born  in  1404,  and  died  in  1 167. 

SC.VPULA,  John,  a  lexicographer,  who  was 
employed  in  the  printing  house  ot  Hemy  Ste- 
phens, at  Lyons,  acquired  a  considerable  sum  by 
publishing  an  abridgment  of  a  work  his  em- 
ployer was  preparing  for  the  press,  in  1580.  The 
time  of  his  deatli  is  not  known. 

SCARBOROUGH.sirCharles.an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician  and  mathematician.  He  was  phy- 
sician to  Charles  fl.  and  his  two  successors,  and 
succeeded  Dr.  Harvey  as  lecturer  on  the  subjects 
of  anatomy  and  surgery.     HC  died  in  1698. 

SCARELL.A,  John  Baptist,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Brescia,  distinguished  as  the  advocate  of  New- 
ton's system,  and  as  a  writer  on  philosophical 
and  theological  subjects.     He  died  in  1779. 

SCARRON,  Paul,  an  emiiiem  French  comic, 
or  rather  burlesque  writer  and  satirist,  born  in 
3010,  and  died  in  1669.  He  was  deformed,  and 
of  very  irregular  manners. 

SCU.'VAF,  Charles,  a  learned  German  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  at  Duisbourg,  and 
afterwards  at  Leydeli.    lie  died/(«i  1729. 

SCHACHT,  Christian  Paul,  professor  of  me- 
dicine, botany,  chymistry,  and  natural  history, 
at  Hardervvyck,  in  Holland,  his  native  p  ace, 
died  in  1800,  aged  32. 

SCHAGEX,  Giles,  a  celebMled  portrait  and 
historical  painter.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Paris,  and  died  in  1668. 

SCH.-MCK  Gonsen  Van,  was  a  brigadier-ge- 
neral in  the  United  States  artny ;  he  rendered 
important  service  by  an  attack  upon  some  In- 
dian settlements,  in  1779,  and  died  at  Albany, 
in  1789. 

SCHALKEN,  Godfrey,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  born  in  1643,  anil  died  in  1706. 

SCHATEN,  Nicholas,  a  German  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Westphalia,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  lived  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 

SCHEELE,  Charles  William,  an  eminent 
chymist,  born  at  Slralsund,  in  1742,  and  died  in 
1786.  He  wrote  a  valuable  Treatise  on  Air  and 
Fire. 

SCHEELSTRATE,  Emanuel  de,  canon  of  St. 
John  Lateran,  and  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  died  in 
5692.  He  wrote  "  Antiquitaies  Ecclesiae  Mus- 
tralsB,"  and  other  works. 

SCHEKFEK,  John  a  German  critic  and  anti- 
quary, born  in  1621,  and  died  in  1679.  He  pub- 
lished several  valuable  works. 

SCHEGKINS,  James,  professor  of  philosophy 
ami  medicine,  at  Tubingen,  died  in  1587.  AI- 
366  - 


lough  blind,  he  pursued  hisbludius  and  wrote 
ievf.ra!  works. 

SCHEINER,  Christopher,  an  eminent  Ger- 
jman  mathematician  and  astronomer,  memora 
|ble  for  having  fir.-t  discovered  the  spots  on  the 
jtlic  sun's  disc,  was  born  in  1575,  and  died  in 
1050. 

SCHELHAM.MER,  Gouthier  Christopher, 
professor  of  nxdicine,  at  HelmstadI,  at  Jena, 
and  at  Kiel,  and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Hol- 
Etein,  died  in  1716. 

SCHELLINKS,  William,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam^  eminent  sla  a  painter  of  landscapes, 
liislory,  and  sea  views;  he  died  in  1678.  His 
brother  Daniel  excelled  as  a  landscape  painter ; 
he  died  in  1701. 

SCHENCK  DE  GRAFPENBERG,  John,  a 
physician  and  medical  writer,  of  Fribnig,  died 
m  1598.  His  son,  Jolin  George,  was  also  a  phy- 
sician, at  tlie  Hague;  he  wrote  some  medical 
works,  and  died  about  1620. 

SCHENCKIUS,  John  Theodore,  profes.sorof 
medicine  at  Jena,  and  aiuedical  writer,  died  in 
1671. 

SCHERTLIN,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished  ge- 
neral and  soldier,  in  the  service  of  several  sove- 
reigns of  Europe,  parlicniarly  of  Charles  V., 
emperor  of  Germany,  died  in  1577,  aged  82. 

SCHEUCHZER,  John  James,  a  physician, 
of  Zurich,  and  professor  of  mathematics  and 
medicine  there.  His  reputation  was  so  great, 
tliat  Peler  of  Russia  made  him  liberal  oilers  to 
settle  in  that  country  His  writings  were  nume- 
rous and  valuable;  he  died  in  1733.  John,  his 
bi-dther,  was  also  professor  of  medicine  at  Zu- 
rich, and  died  in  1738. 

SCHIAVONE,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter, 
born  in  1522,  and  died  in  1582. 

3CHIAVONETTI,  Lewis,  born  at  Bassona, 
in  Venice,  in  1765.  He  at  first  studied  painting, 
but  .ifterwards  took  to  engraving,  in  which  he 
atlv  excelled  ;  he  went  to  England,  and  died 
in  1810. 

SCHICK  ARD,  William,  professor  of  Hebrew 
at  Tubingen,  died  in  1635. 

SCHIDONE,Bartholomew,an  eminent  paint- 
er, of  Modena,  died  in  1616. 

SCHILLER,  Frederic,  a  very  distinguished 
Gorman  dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  iri  17.59,  and  died  in  1805. 

SCHILLI.NG,  Drebold,  author  of  a  "  History 
of  the  War*  of  the  Swiss  against  Charles,  duke 
of  Burcundv,"  lived  in  the  15th  century. 

SCHLT'CtlNtHUS,  Jonas  de  Bukowic,  a  na- 
tive of  Poland,  who  was  banished  by  the  diet 
of  Warsaw,  on  account  of  his  Socinian  princi- 
ples. His  writings  are  chiefly  theological.  He 
died  in  1661. 

SCHMIDT,  George  Frederic,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, of  Berlin,  died  in  1775. 

SCHMIDT,  Erasmus,  professor  of  mathema- 
tics and  of  Greek,  at  Wittemberg,  died  in  1637. 

SCHMIDT,  Sebastian,  professor  of  oriental 
lancnages  at  Strasbnrg,  died  in  1697. 

SCHMIDT,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
and  professor  of  theology,  at  Mariendal,  died  iu 
1726. 

SCHNEBBRLIK,  Jacob,  born  in  Westmin- 
ster, in  1760,  was  bred  a  confectioner,  but  quit- 
ted it  for  the  study  of  drawing,  in  which  he  ex- 
celled; he  died  in  1792. 

SCHOEPFLIN,  John  Daniel,  an  emineiit 
German  philosopher,  historiographer,  and  anti- 
quary, born  in  1604,  and  died  in  1771. 

SCHOMBERG,  Henry  de,  governor  of  la 
Marche,  and  a  distinguished  French  officer  un- 


sc 


sc 


(Ihi- Cliarli;s  !X  .  died  iti  IS'J'J.  His  sou  of  the 
sanio  name,  aiso  succeeded  liim  in  Ihe  govern- 
ment ot' la-Mauii«,  and  lor  liis  distinpuislied 
military  fecrvites,  was  made  a  marshal  ol  France, 
governor  ul  Lan^'iicdoc,  and  sunt  as  ambassador 
to  Rii-Jlaiid  and  Germany.     lie  dii-d  in  1031. 

St!i<)>ji;r^RG,  Frederick  Arniand  dc,  duke 
of,  .»  d'ri;iii|,'Mi!jlicd  German  general,  born  in 
160;*,  and  w.nsshot  in  balile,  in  lOiK). 

SCIIUMUKKG,  Dr.  Isaac,  an  English  phy- 
Siriaii  and  mi<li<al  wri»-r,  died  in  1761. 

SCIlOMnriiO,  .Mcvander  (  rowdier,  an  emi- 
nent Englisli  writer  on  juridical  antiquities,  &c., 
tiorn  in  17.5ti,  and  died  in  l79iJ. 

PCIIONKR,  John,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  prnle.i;s<ir  of  iiiathcmalics,  at  IVurembnrg, 
wrote  several  niatlieniatlcal  works,  and  died  in 
15-17. 

SCIIOOKinS,  Martin,  professor  of  languages 
and  piiilnwi|.liy  at  Utrecht,  Groninfieii,  Di-ven- 
tcr,  and  Praiiklbn  on  ilie  Oder,  dud  in  lOtiO. 

y<ll()(tNFIEM),  John  Henry,  an  eminent 
German  painter,  died  In  lii&9. 

t;('ll(i()|,J.\>'S,  .Anihcniy,  a  native  of  An- 
twerp, disiiiuuislied  as  a  painter,  died  in  1726. 

SCtHIUKl..  .lolin,  a  celebrated  Flemish  paint- 
er, died  III  l.'n'-.;,  ased  TO. 

S('ll(n"l'l;!S,  (ia^^pard,  a  learned  Gerinan  Je- 
suit, who  resided  al  ralernio,  and  at  Rome,  died 
in  166().  His  writings  on  various  subjects  were 
iiuiiKTOiis  and  valuable. 

SClJOT'l'rS,  Andreas,  aver>'  learned  Greek 
critic,  of  Gennuny,  born  in  I55"i,  and  died  in 
160!t.  • 

SCHRFATLU'S.Cornelius,  a  laborious  critic, 
and  Greek  lexicographer,  of  Holland,  died  in 
IGf.T,  aged  !)2. 

S(  IIUI.K.MBOIIRG,  Matthias  John,  count 
of,  a  dl.sliiignished  general  in  the  service  of  the 
king  of  Toland,  and  afterwards  of  the  Vene- 
Jians.  died  at  Venice,  in  1743. 

SCHULTENS,  Albert,  a  German  divine, 
greatly  distinguished  as  a  Hebrew  critic  and 
orientalist  ;  he  died  in  1741,  aged  70. 

SCHUBZE,  John  Henry,'  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  profes.sor  of  ni(!dif  ine  at  Halle,  au- 
thor of  a  •'  History  of  Medicine  from  the  Crea- 
tion to  the  year  of  Kome  535,"  and  other 
works  :  he  died  in  1745. 

SCnURMAN,  Anna  Maria,  amost  extraordi- 
nary German  lady,  a  prodiuy  of  her  sex,  born  at 
Cologne,  in  1607,  and  died  in  1678. 

SCHURTZFLEISCII,  Conrad  Samuel,  pro- 
fessor of  history,  poetry,  and  tJreek,  at  Wit- 
temberg,  and  counsellor  and  lilirarlan  to  the 
duke  of  Saxc  Wieniar,  died  in  1708. 

SCnUT,  Cornelius,  a  distinguished  painter, 
of  Antwerp,  the  dit^cipie  of  Kubens,  died  in 
16G0. 

SCHT'fIR,  Theodore  Vander.  an  eminent 
painter,  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1628,  and  died  in 
170.1. 

SCHUYLER,  Peter,  distinguished  for  his  in- 
fluence over  the  five  nalions  of  Indians,  in  the 
Elate  of  New- York,  was  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Albany,  and  in  171!1,  as  the  oldest  member  of 
the  council,  was  at  the  head  of  tlie  governmem 
of  New- York. 

SCHUYLER,  Philip,  a  major  general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  congress,  and  a  senator  of  the  Uni- 
ted !?taie3  from  Ihe  state  of  New- York.  He  died 
in  1804. 

SCHWARTZ,  BrrthoIet,theinvcntorof gun- 
powder, w,i3  a  monk  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers, 
in  the  13lh  century,  born  at  Friburg.    He  was| 


an  abic  cLymisi,  and  is  said  to  have  niude  the 
iiirporiaiii  discovery  while  trying  eApcrlnients 
on  nitre.  Hoger  15acnn  is  thought  by  some  to 
have  made  tlie  discovery  previously,  hut  to  have 
concealed  it  freni  ihe  woild. 

SCHU'ARTZ,  Christopher. an  eminent  paint- 
er, of  Iiigoldbiadi,  who  was  called  the  Raphael 
of  Germany  ;  lie  died  in  I5y4. 

SCHW'KRIN,  Cbiistophcr,  count  of,  govern- 
or of  N  less  and  Brieg,  and  a  fit  Id  marshal  In  the 
Prussian  service,  rose  to  tlu'  liiglit  si  honours  by 
his  mer  I.  He  fell  at  the  baiile  of  Prasue.  in 
1757. 

SCHYNDAL,  Bernard,  an  admired  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Hacrlem,  died  in  1716. 

SCIOPPIUS,  Gaspar,  a  learned  German  wri- 
ter of  the  17tli  century,  called  ihe  Granminilcal 
|Cur,  on  account  of  his  calumniating  ail  men  of 
eminence  in  learning  ;  he  d'ed  in  1649,  aced  73. 

SCiriO,  Publius  Cornelius,  a  renowned  Ro- 
man general,  surnanied  Africanus, '^  "-Jscon- 
qnesls  in  that  country.  He  was  valiai..,  and  ge- 
nerous to  his  prisoners.     He  died  180  B.  C. 

SClPIO,  Lucius  Cornelius,  broihet  to  the  pre- 
ceding, obtained  the  surname  of  Asialicus,  Iron: 
Ills  conquests  in  Asia. 

SCIFIO  NASICA,  of  the  s.nme  family  as  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  lor  bis  success  in 
Spain,  and  for  his  virtues. 

SClPIO,  Publlus  Almilianus,  obtained  the 
surname  of  the  second  Africanns.  fmm  the  final 
conquest  of  Carthage,  147  B.  C.  He  afterwards* 
de.sTriiycd  Niimantia,  and  enlarged  the  Roman 
doiiiliikms  in  Spain,  and  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed.  les  I!.  C. 

S<.'iriO,  Publins,  father-in-law  of  Ponipey, 
was  de'fe.iied  in  Africa  bv  Julius  Osar. 

SCLATKR,  William,  D  I).,  an  English  di- 
vine and  poet,  died  in  ]r)47.  Another  of  the 
anic  name,  was  vicar  of  Pitminster,  and  a  tlie- 
ological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1626. 

S'COPAS,  a  Eciilpior  and  architect,  of  Paros, 
430  B.  C.  His  most  admired  works  were  a  sta- 
tue of  Venus,  and  I  he  Mausoleum  of  Artemisia. 

SCORZ.\,  Sinibaldo,  a  Genoese  painter  and 
engraver,  who  e.xcelled  in  landsca{>cs  and  ani- 
mals.    He  died  in  Iti.'tl. 

SCOT,  P.eynolris,  a  learned  English  gentle 
man,  bom  in  !.'>45,  and  died  in  1599. 

SCOTT,  Pr.  Jrdin,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng- 
lish divine,  wroie  "  The  Christian  Life,"  and 
other  works;  lie  was  born  in  1638,  and  died  in 
1G94. 

SCOTT,  Daniel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
writer,  chiefly  on  theological  subjects,  died  in 
17.59. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  preceding,  a 
distinguished  dissenting  minister,  di(d  in  1746. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  B.  D.,  an  English  clergy- 
man, for  many  years  preacher  to  the  English  ar 
Utrecht,  wa.'  assassinated  in  1626. 

SCOTT,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  Englisli 
painter,  died  in  1772. 

SCOTT,  sir  Michael,  a  brave  soldier  and  offi- 
cer, in  the  service  of  Aleiander  III.,  of  Scot- 
land, died  in  1291.  He  was  distinguished  for 
his  learning. 

SCOTT,  David,  a  Scotchman,  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Scotland,"  a  work  of  no  greatme- 
rit ;  lie  died  in  1742. 

SCOTT,  John,  a  quaker,  called  the  poet  of 
Amwell,  was  born  in  1730,  and  died  in  1783. 
He  published  many  poems. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
chaplain  to  the  Loch  ho.ipital,  and  rector  of  As- 
ton Sanford,  Bucka,  distinguished  for  his  Cop.; 
367 


SE 

nientary  on  the  Bible,  and  other  works ;  be  died 
in  1821. 

SCOL'GAL,  Henry,  M.  A.,  profcseor  of  moral 
philosophy  and  theology  at  Aberdeen,  died  in 
1678,  aged  28. 

SCREVEX,  James,  a  brigadier-general  of 
the  miliiia  of  the  state  of  Geuruii,  was  killed 
by  an  invading  party  from  Fiori(i.i,  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  in  17Trf. 

SCRIBONIUS  LARGUS,  an  eminent  Roman 
physician,  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  and  of  Ti- 
berius.   Some  oi"  his  works  are  siill  eitant. 

SCRIVERIUS,  Peter,  a  poet  and  philologer, 
of  HaerUm,  died  in  hi'i3. 

SCROGGS,  sir  William,  an  English  officer 
during  the  civil  wars,  afterwards  knighted,  and 
made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He  died 
in  ItiSJ. 

SCUDDER,  Henry,  a  preshyterlan  clergyman, 
of  England,  author  of  "  The  Cliristian's  Daily 
Walk.  "     He  died  before  the  restoration. 

SCL^DERIS,  George  de,  a  French  dramatic 
writer  and  poet,  died  in  l»i65. 

SCUDERI,  Madeleine  de.  sister  of  the  pre- 
ceding, born  at  Havrede Grace,  in  1607,  became 
very  eminent  for  her  wit  and  her  writings ;  she 
died  in  1701. 

SCULTETUS,  Abraham,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Heidelberg,  and  a  deputy  from  the 
university  to'  the  Synod  of  Don.  He  died  in 
I62G. 

SCYLAX,  a  geographer,  of  Caria,  who  was 
employed  by  Darius  in  visiting  and  making  ob- 
servations in  India,  523  B.C.  The  invention 
of  geographical  tables  is  attributed  to  him. 

SEA  BURY,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  episcopal 
clergj'man,  bishop  of  Connecticut,  and  the  lirst 
diocesan  in  the  United  States,  published  two 
volumes  of  his  sermons,  and  died  in  1790. 

SEAMAN,  Lazarus,  D.  D.,  an  English  cler- 
gyman, distinguished  for  his  exertions  in  favour 
of  the  parliament,  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
was  one  of  the  divines  of  the  Westminster 
assembly,  and  died  in  ItiTo. 

SEBA,  Albert,  author  of  a  valuable  work  on 
Natural  History,  was  born  in  East  Friesland. 

SEBASTfAN,  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded 
liis  grandfather  John  III.  on  the  throne,  iit  1.557. 
He  was  unfortunate  in  his  wars,  and  was  finally 
killed  in  the  battle  with  the  king  of  Morocco, 
in  1578. 

SEBASTIANO,  called  del  Plombo,  from  an 
office  given  him  by  pope  Clement  VII.  in  the 
lead  mines,  was  an  eminent  painter,  born  at 
Venice,  in  1485.  and  died  in  1547. 

SECKEXDORF,  Guy  Lewis  de,  a  very  learn- 
ed German,  born  in  1626,  and  died  in  lliOi.  He 
wrote  several  books. 

SECK  E  R,Thomas,  archbishopof  Canterbury, 
born  in  1693,  and  died  in  1768.  His  catechetical 
lectures  and  sermons,  published  after  his  death, 
•  are  masterlv  compositions. 

SECONliAT  DE  MO.VTESaUIEU,  John 
Baptist,  son  of  the  celebrated  Montesquieu,  was 
a  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of  Bourdcaux,  and 
devoted  himself  to  study  and  agriculture.  He 
wrote  a  "  Memoir  on  Electricity,"  &,c.,  and  died 
in  1796. 

SECOUSSE,  Denys  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  "  Memoirs  for  the  History  of  Charles 
the  Bad,"  "Memoirs  of  Conde,"  Sec,  died  in 
1754. 

SECUXDUS,  John,  a  celebrated  Latin  poet, 
bom  at  the  Hague,  in  1511,  and  died  in  1536. 

SECURIS,  John,  an  English  physician  and 
medical  writer,  died  about  1.570. 
368 


SE 

I  SEDALNE,  Michael  John,  a  dramatic  writer, 
and  an  architect,  born  at  Paris,  in  1719,  and  died 
in  J7y7. 

SEDGWICK,  Obadiab,  an  English  clergy- 
aian,  distinguished  for  his  attachment  to  repub- 
lirau  principles,  died  in  1657. 

SEUGWIt.'K, Theodore,  Lli.  D.,  a  distinguish- 
ed juritt  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  representative 
and  senator  in  Congress  from  that  state,  and 
aflitrwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme  judicial  court 
of  the  state ;  he  died  in  1813. 

SEDLEY,  sir  Charleji,  an  English  wit  and 
poet,  born  in  1639,  anddied  inl7U3. 

SEDULIUS,  CoBcilius,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  the 
5th  century,  author  of  a  poem  ou  the  life  of 
Christ. 

SEED,  Jeremiah,  an  English  divine,  and  the- 
ological writer,  died  in  1747. 

SEE-.MA-KOAXG,  a  Chinese  mandarin  and 
philosopher,  in  the  11th  century,  who  relin- 
quished all  his  public  employments  for  solitude, 
where  he  devoted  Iiiiriseh  to  study.  He  wrote 
a  History  of  China,  commencing  with  the  year 
403  B.  C,  and  other  works. 

SEGAR,  sir  William,  garter  king  at  arm^ 
and  aulhor  of  "  Honour,  Civil  and  Military," 
and  some  heraldic  MSS.  ;  he  died  in  1633. 

!?EGHERS,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Dutch  paint- 
er, of  .Antwerp,  died  ill  1641.  His  brother  Da- 
niel, who  was  a  Jesuit,  painted  insects  and  flow 
ers  inimitably  ;  he  died  in  l'")60. 

SEGNERI,  Paul,  a  popular  preacher  and  ac- 
tive mi;i:?ioiiary  of  the  society  of  Jesuits.  He 
was  chaplain  to  pope  Innocent  XII.,  and  died 
in  1694.    His  writings  were  chiefly  thcologicil. 

SEGR.AIrj,  John  Renaud  de,  a  celebrated 
French  poet  and  novelist,  died  in  1701,  aged  i , . 
He  was  patronised  by  Mad.  de  la  Fayette,  in 
whose  society  he  was  treated  with  honourable 
distinction. 

SEGUI,  Joseph,  a  French  clergyman,  distin 
tinguisheii  as  a  poet ;  he  was  abbot  of  Genli.'i, 
and  cauou  of  Meaux  cathedral.  He  died  in 
1761. 

SEGUIER,  John  Francis,  a  distinguished 
French  botanist,  and  president  of  the  academy 
of  Nismes,  died  m  1784.  His  writings  on  bota- 
nical and  other  subjects,  are  numerous. 

SEJANUS,  .iElius,  the  son  of  Seius  StraJw, 
a  Roman  knight ;  he  aspired  to  the  imperial  pur- 
ple, but  failed,  and  was  strangled  in  prison. 
A.  D.  31. 

SELDEX,  John,  an  English  antiquary,  histo- 
rian, ar***  '".w  writer,  of  most  extensive  learning ; 
he  diea  in  1654,  aged  70.  Grotins  styles  him 
"  The  glory  of  the  English  nation." 

SELEUCU.S  NlC.AXOli,,  a  king  of  Syria,  at 
the  division  of  the  provinces  after  the  death  of 
.\lexaiider.    He  was  assassinated  280  B.  C. 

SELIM  I.,  son  of  Bajazet  II.,  ascended  the 
throne  of  Turkey,  after  poisoning  his  father,  and 
destroying  his  elder  brother.  He  marched  ncainsl 
Egypt',  and  destroyed  the  power  of  the  Mame- 
lukes, and  was  equally  successful  against  the 
Persians,  but  died  while  preparing  to  make  war 
against  the  Christians,  in  1520. 

SELIM  II.,  grandson  of  the  preceding,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Solyman  II.,  on  the  throne,  in 
1566.  He  addicted  himself  to  the  ple-isures  of 
the  seraglio,  and  died  little  respected,  in  1574. 

SELIS,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
French  poet,  born  in  1737,  died  in  1802.  He  wa<= 
the  author  of  a  "  Translation  of  Persius,"  "  Re- 
lation of  Voltaire's  Disorder,  Confession,  and 
Death,"  and  other  works. 

SELKIRKyAlexander,  a  Scotcli  adventuin\ 


an 


SE 


born  about  1680.  He  made  several  voyages  to 
the  South  Seas,  in  one  ol'  which,  having  a  quar- 
rel with  the  commander,  the  latter  set  him  on 
shore  on  the  island  of  Juan  de  Fernandez,  with 
a  few  necessaries,  where  he  hved  3  years,  when 
in  no<»,  he  was  taken  ofl"  by  captain  Woods 
Rogers,  of  Bristol. 

SELLER,  Abednego,  an  English  divine,  and 
writer  on  religious  subjects,  died  about  1720. 

SELLIUS,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Dantzic,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  geographical  and  historical  wri- 
ter, died  in  1767. 

SEMIR.^MIS,  queen  of  Assyria,  famous  for 
her  extensive  conquests.  Herson  IS'inyas  caus- 
ed her  to  be  put  to  death,  and  ascended  the 
throne.     She  Houriehed  about  1215  1?.  C. 

SENAC,Johii,  physician  tothc  king  of  France, 
counsellor  of  state,  and  superintendent  of  the 
mineral  waters  of  the  kingdom,  died  in  1770. 
He  wrote  several  books  on  the  subjects  of  an- 
atomy and  medicine. 

SEN.\UDT,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  An- 
twerp, became  a  member  and  afterwards  supe- 
rior of  the  oratory,  died  in  U'i7-i.  He  wrote  a 
"Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the  Passions,"  "  Lives 
of  Saints  and  Illustrious  iiersons,"  &c. 

SENEC.\,  Lucius  Anna-us,  a  native  of  Cor- 
duba,  celebrated  as  a  pleader  and  orator  in  llie 
Roman  forum. 

SENECA,  LuciusAnntrns,  a  celebrated  Stoic 
philosopher  and  tragic  poet,  born  at  Corduba, 
in  Spain,  A.  D.  12.  He  was  preceptor  to  the 
tvrant  Nero,  by  whom  he  was  put  to  death  A.  D. 
ti5. 

SENECAI,  or  SENECE,  Anthony  Pauderon 
de,  a  French  poet,  died  in  1737,  a;ud  94. 

SENN.ACHERIB,  a  Syrian  king,  whose  army, 
when  besieging  Jerusalem,  wa.s  struck  with  a 
pestilence  and  destroyed.  He  escaped,  and  was 
afterwards  killed  by  his  sons,  710  R.  C. 

SENNERTUS,  Daniel,  an  eminent  physician 
and  medical  writer,  of  Germany,  died  in  1037, 
aged  fw. 

SENNERTUS,  Andrcw,son  of  the  preceding, 
professor  of  oriental  literature  at  Wittemberg, 
died  in  lOM,  aged  84. 

SEPUItVEDA,  John  Genes  dc,  a  Spanish 
writer,  historiographer  to  Charles  V.,  known 
for  his  attempted  vindication  of  the  cruelties  of 
the  Spaniards  against  the  Indians,  in  answer  to 
de  la  I'asas,  died  in  1572. 

SF,R.\P10N,  John,  an  Arabian  physician  and 
medical  writer,  flourished  about  WK). 

SHRENUS  SANMOMCUS,  the  preceptor 
of  Gordian,  was  a  physician  and  poet,  of  the 
3d  century.  He  was  put  to  death  by  (?aracella. 
Another  of  the  same  name,  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  Conic  Sections. 

SERG-\RDI,  Lewis,  an  ecclesjiastic,  of  Sien 
na,  author  of  some  elegant  Latin  poems  and  sa- 
tires, died  in  1726. 

SERGEANT,  John,  an  American  clergyman, 
and  a  missionary  among  the  Indians,  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  died  in  1749. 

SERGEANT,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  and  member  of  congress  during 
the  revolutionary  struggle,  died  at  Philadelphia, 
in  1792. 

SERGIUS,  a  Syrian,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  head  of  a  sect  called  the  Monothe- 
Htcs,  died  in  638. 

SERLIO,  Sebastian,  an  eminent  architect,  of 
Doloi^na.  died  in  1552. 

Sl.RK  ANrS,  or  DE  SERRES,  John,  a  learn- 
ed rreiich  historical  and  theological  writer,  died 
II  l.V.if-',  a-:ed  50. 

A  a  a 


SERRARIUS,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit,  and 
teacher  of  philosophy  at  W'urtzburg,  died  in 
1610.   He  wrote  "  Commentaries  on  the  Bible,'" 

&.C. 

SERRES,  Oliver  dc,  a  celebrated  French  agri- 
culturist, and  superintendent  of  the  plantations 
of  Henry  IV.  He  was  the  first  who  introduced 
llie  white  mulberry  into  France,  and  wrote  a 
treatise  on  that  tree,  and  on  silk.  He  died  in 
1619. 

SERTORirs,  Qnlntus,  a  Roman  general, 
who,  after  serving  under  Mariusand  Ciima,  re- 
tired to  Spain,  and  declared  hini.stif  independ- 
ent. He  was  defeated  by  Ponipey,  and  killed 
by  some  of  his  officers,  73  B.  ('. 

SERVANPUNl,  John  Nicolas,  a  distinguish 
ed  painter  and  architect,  of  Florence,  died  in 
17fifi. 

SERVETUS,  Michael,  a  most  ingenious  and 
learned  Spaniard,  was  burnt  at  the  stake,  in 
1,'(53,  aged  44.  He  wag  first  a  physician  and 
then  a  divine. 

SER  VIUS,  Honoratus  Maurus,  a  Latin  gram- 
marian, author  of  a  Comuionlary  on  Virgil  iu 
the  4th  century. 

SERVIUS  TULLIUS,  siitlh  king  of  Rome, 
celebrated  for  his  laws,  on  the  subjects  of  rank 
and  property.  He  was  murdered  by  his  son-in- 
law,  the  second  Tarquin,  534  B.  <". 

SESOSTRIS,  a  fabulous  king  of  Egypt,  who 
is  said  to  have  extended  his  conquests  over  va- 
rious parts  of  the  world.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  destroyed  himself,  when  oppressed  with 
age  and  infirmity. 

SESS.A,  an  Indian  philosopher,  who  is  said 
to  be  the  inventor  of  the  game  of  chess  The 
king  of  India  was  so  pleased  with  his  wisdom, 
that  he  conferred  on  him  the  highest  honours  of 
his  kingdom. 

SESTO,  Cffsare  dc,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Milan,  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Itith  century. 

SETTLE,  Elkanah,  an  English  dramatic 
poet,  died  in  1724,  aged  76. 

SEVERrS,  Lucius  Septimlus,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  Pertinax  ;  he  died  in  Britain,  in  2U. 
Two  other  emperors  of  the  same  name  perished 
by  the  hands  of  their  enemies. 

SEVERUS,  Cassius,  a  Roman  orator,  banish- 
ed by  Augustus,  on  account  of  the  severity  of 
his  satirical  declamations. 

SEVERUS,  Sulpilius,  a  historian,  author  of 
"  Historia  Sacra,"  and  called  the  Christian  Sal- 
lust  ;  he  died  in  420. 

SEVERUS,  L.  Cornelius,  a  Latin  pocf.in  the 
age  of  Aumistus. 

SEVERUS,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  who 
maintained  the  existence  of  a  good  and  an  evil 
principle. 

SEVIER,  John,  an  officer  of  the  revolutionary 
army,  afterwards  a  member  of  congress,  and 
governor  of  Tennessee,  died  in  1815. 

SEVIGNE,  Marie  de  Rabutin,  marquise  de, 
a  French  lady,  celebrated  for  her  wit,  and  her 
wisdom.  She  left  letters  on  various  subjects, 
written  in  an  inimitable  style,  and  died  in  1606^ 
aged  70. 

SEVIN,  Francis,  keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the 
library  of  the  king  of  France,  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  in  1741. 

SEWALL,  Samuel,  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  America  in  ICfil,  and  after  holding 
several  important  offices  in  Massachusetts,  was 
made  chiet-justice  of  the  colony,  in  1718;  he 
died  in  1730. 

SEWALL,  Joseph.  P.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
369 


crdii:?,  iiiiiiisicr  in  BosloiirOf  respectable  attain- 
ments, clieiC  ill  1769. 

SKVVALL,  Stephen,  born  in  Massachusetts, 
in  1702,  was  a  jiidsje  and  cliiel-justicc  of  the 
colonv;  lie  died  in  1760. 

SEVVALL,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Massachusetts,  was  a  incinber  of  con- 
gress from  that  state,  and  chief-ju^lice  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  died  in  1814. 

SR\V.\1,L,  Stephen,  professor  of  the  Hebrew 
language  in  Harvard  college,  died  in  1S04.  He 
wrote  a  flebrew  Grammar,  and  a  Dictionary  of 
the  Chaldee  Tongue. 

SFAV.^LL,  Samuel,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  distinguished  as  an  ingenious  architect.  He 
died  in  1815. 

SEW.VRD,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  of 
most  e.xcellent  character,  born  in  1708,  and  died 
In  1790. 

SE\VARD,Anna,  an  excellent  English  poetess, 
died  in  1809,  asedGG. 

SEWARD,  William,  an  English  gentleman, 
who  had  a  peculiar  t:iste  for  making  biographi- 
cal sketches  of  eminent  characters  in  ditl'erent 
ages  and  coiintrirs.     He  died  in  1799,  aged  52. 

SEWELL,  William,  a  Dutch  quaker,  horn 
in  1U.')4,  and  died  in  1720.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  People  called 
Quakers,  and  other  books. 

SEWELL,  G€orge,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
plivsician,  and  miscellaneous  writer,   died  in 

n-jr,. 

SEXTUS  EMPYRICrS,  a  Pyrrhonian  philo- 
sopher, preceptor  to  the  emperor  Antoninus.  His 
followers  have  received  from  him  the  name  ct 
Empyrics.    Two  of  his  compositions  are  e.\iant. 

SKXTI'S,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  preceptor  to 
Lucius  Verus,  and  to  Marcus  Auielius.  He  was 
nephew  to  riutarch. 

SCYDLITZ,  Frederic  William,  baron  de, 
one  of  thfi  famous  generals  of  Frederic  the 
Great.  After  distinguishing  himself  in  several 
battles,  he  died  in  lt73,  and  was  honoured  by 
the  king  with  a  statue  at  Berlin. 

SEYMOUR.  Edward,  viscount  Beauchamp, 
and  duke  of  Somerset,  uncle  and  guardian  of 
Edward  VI.,  and  protector  of  the  kingdom  of 
Great  Britain,  was  e.\ecuted,  on  a  false  charge 
of  high  treason,  in  1552.  His  brother  Thomas, 
admiral  of  England,  had  suflered  on  the  same 
charge,  three  years  before. 

SEYMOUR,  Anne,  JIargaret,  and  Jane,  dis- 
tinguished for  their  poetical  talents,  were  the 
daushters  of  Edward,  duke  of  Somerset. 

SEVMOUR,  lady  Arabella,  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Lennox  ;  she  married  William  Seymour, 
without  the  consent  of  the  king,  who  caused 
them  both  to  be  conveyed  to  the  tower ;  her 
husband  made  his  escape,  but  she  died  in  prison, 
in  1615. 

SFOXDR.'iTI,  Francis,  a  senator  of  Milan, 
and  state  counsellor,  and  ambassador  of  Charles 
v.,  a.fterwards  took  orders,  and  became  a  car- 
dinal. He  wrote  the  "Rape  of  Helen,"  and 
died  in  1550.  One  of  his  sons  became  pope  un-j 
der  the  name  of  Gregory  XIV.  i 

SFORZA,  James,  styled  the  Great,  count  de 
Conignola,  a  renowned  warrior,  born  iu  1369 ;, 
lie  was  drowned  in  1424. 

SFORZ.V,  Francis,  natural  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, an  able  statesman,  and  renowned  gene- 
ral, died  in  1406. 

SFORZA,  Galeas-Marie,  succeeded  his  father 
Francis,  as  duke  of  Milan,  in  1460.      By  his 
ferocity  and  debauchery,  he  rendered  himself 
■npopular  and  was  assassinated  in  147C. 
370 


SH 

SFORZ.4,  Catherine,  a  natural  daughter  of 
the  preceding,  was  distinguished  for  her  bravery 
and  presence  of  mind.  Alter  heroically  defend- 
ing her  dominions,  from  repeated  attacks,  she 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  died  about  1500. 

SFORZ.\,  Isabella,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  distinguished  for  her  learn- 
ing ;  she  lived  in  the  IGlh  cenlurv. 

SH.\I)WELL,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  historiographer,  and  poet  laureat,  born 
in  1640,  and  died  in  1692. 

SHADWELL,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer, 
in  Ireland,  of  considerable  talents,  died  in  1720. 

SHAKSPKARE,  William,  the  father  of  the 
English  theatre,  the  great  poet  of  nature,  and 
the  glory  of  the  British  nation,  was  descended 
from  a  reputable  family  at  Stratford-on-Avon  ; 
he  died  in  1616,  aged  52. 

SHARP,  Granville,  a  very  learned  and  pious 
man,  born  at  Durham,  in  1735,  and  bccd  to  the 
trade  of  a  linen-draper.  He  was  the  zealous 
and  effective  advocate  for  the  abolition  of  Negro 
slavery  ;  promoted  the  distribution  of  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  and  was  critically  conversant  with  the 
Greek  and  Hebrew  languages.    He  died  in  1813. 

SHARP,  James,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's, 
born  in  1618,  and  was  assassinated,  for  his 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  episcopacy,  in  Scotland,  in 
1679. 

SHARP,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
eminent  as  a  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1713, 
aged  69. 

SH.\RP,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  son  ofthe  preceding, 
was  prebendary  of  Durham,  and  archdeacon  of 
Xorthumberland.  HeCied  in  1758.  His  writings 
are  on  biblical  literature. 

SHARPE,  Gregory,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  A.  S.  S  .,  an 
eminent  English  divine,  died  in  1771.  lie  was 
distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  oriental  litera- 
ture, and  for  his  numerous  writinss. 

SHARROCH,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
di\ine,  prebendary  and  archdeacon  of  \Viii- 
chester,  &c.,  died  in  1661.  His  writings  on  dif- 
ferent subjects  wefe  much  esteemed. 

SHAW,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  and  author  of  travels  or  observa- 
tions relating  to  several  parts  of  Barbary  and 
the  Levant ;  he  died  in  1751,  aged  .>9. 

SHAW,  Dr.  Peter,  an  English  physician,  and 
editor  of  Bacon's  philosophical  works,  died  in 
1763. 

SH.\W,  Cuthbert,  an  English  poet,  of  very 
humble  origin,  but  of  superior  attainments,  and 
inferior  to  no  writer  of  ancient  or  modern 
times ;  he  died  in  1771. 

SHAW,  Johu,  an  English  clergyman,  died  in 
1689. 

SHAW,  Samuel,  an  English  non-conformist 
divine  and  teacher,  author  of  some  religious, 
dramatic,  and  other  works,  died  in  169C. 

SHAW,  Stebbing.  an  English  divine,  born  in 
1762,  and  died  in  1803.  He  published  several 
books. 

SHAW,  George,  an  eminent  English  natu- 
ralist, and  principal  keeper  of  natural  history  in 
the  British  Museum,  died  in  1813.  He  wrote 
several  books,  on  Zoologv,  &,c. 

SHEBBE.\RE,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, bred  an  apothecary,  and  became  eminent 
as  a  political  writer,  and  died  in  1788,  aged  79. 

SHEFFIELD,  John,  duke  of  Buckingham,  a 
celebrated  general,  critic,  and  poet,  born  in  1650, 
and  died  in  1721. 

SHELDON,  Gilbert,  archbishop  of  Canterbu- 
ry, born  in  1598,  and  died  in  1077.  It  app-  'fd 
by  his  private  accounts,  that  in  14  years  Vi^  -'iM* 


^ 


SH 

ili'stovveil  (30,000  pounds  sterling,  in  public  and 
private  charities. 

SHELLEY,  Ceorge,  a  celct)rated  English 
penman  and  writing  master,  died  in  1736. 

SHEXiSTOA'E,  William,  an  eminent  English 
elegiac  and  pastoral  poet,  and  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  died  in  JTti3,  aged  49. 

SIIEI'AKI),  Thomas,  an  English  non-con 
fornutit  divine,  became  n)inister  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  and  was  author  of  many  useful  works  ; 
be  died  in  IM'J. 

SHEPAKD,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
minister  at  Charlestown,  .Mass.,  died  in  1077. 

SilEPKF.VE,  John,  an  eminent  Englisli 
echolar  and  ptic't,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  ai 
Oxford  ;  he  died  in  1542. 

SHER.'VUl),  or  SHERWOOD,  William,  an 
eminent  botanist  and  antiquarian,  of  England,] 
who  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  abroad  in 
pursuit  of  his  private  studies,  and  founded  a 
professorship  of  botany  at  O.xford  ;  he  died  in 

SHEUmiRNE,  sir  Edward,  an  English  wri 
ter,  anil  a  distinguished  loyalist  in  the  civil  wars, 
died  in  170-2. 

SHEKBATOE,  prinre,  a  Russian  nobleman 
aullHirof  the  "  Russian  History,"  a".Tournal," 
and  the  "  Life  of  Peter  the  Great,"  and  other 
works. 

;^!IERr^.\N,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  Irish  divine 
and  srhiiolniastcr,  died  in  1738. 

t^HERlDAN,  Thomas,  .son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  .ictor,  a  lecturer  on  oratory,  and  an 
orlhoeplst,  died  in  17>->*,  aged 07. 

t<HERIDAN,  Rl.  Hon.  Richard  Brinslcy,  son 
t>f  the  preceding,  distinguished  as  a  dramatist 
a  wit,  and  an  orator,  died  in  iBl6,  agiMl  do. 

SHKRIDAN,  Frances,  mother  of  the  preced- 
ing, an  ingenious  novelist  and  dramatic  writer 
died  in  1707,  aged  43. 

SHERLOCK,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  Eng 
(i.^h  divine  ;  he  wrote  many  controversial  book: 
and  )iamphletg,  and  died  in  17U7,  uued  00. 

SHERLOCK,  Dr.  Thomas,  bisliop  of  London, 
*nn  of  tin;  preceding,  a  controversial  writer,  died 
In  1761,  aiedS3. 

SHERLOCK,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and 
tl»>ological  writer,  died  in  UiW. 

SHERMAN,  John,  a  natireof  England,  who 
same  to  America  in  IKM,  was  a  distinguished 
preacher  and  mathematician ;  he  died  in  1083. 

SHERMAN,  Roger,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  the  first  Ameri- 
can roncress,  one  of  the  committee  that  drew 
lip  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and  a  sign- 
er of  that  instinmcnt.  He  was  also  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court,  and  a  senator  in  congress, 
from  Connecticut.    He  died  in  1793. 

SllERRlNGHAM,  Robert,  an  able  divine,  au- 
thor of  the  "  King's  Supremacy  Asserted,"  and 
other  works,  died  soon  after  the  restoration. 

SHERWlN,.Iohu  Kcyse,  an  English  engraver 
of  uncommon  abilities,  died  in  17'J0. 

SH  IPLEV',.lonuthan,  an  English  prelate,  dean 
of  \Vinchesler,  and  bisliop  of  St.  .'\saphs.     II 
w  as  the  author  of  some  poems,  particularly  on 
till'  (Uatli  of  queen  Caroline,  some  sermons,  &.C., 
■•ukI  rlicd  in  1788. 

.^IIIPPEN,  Edward,  the  first  mayor  of  Phila 
dr  Ipliia,  and  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  slate 
oi  Pennsvlvania. 

SllIPPEN,  Edward,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  was  a  judge  and  alter 
wards  chief  justice  of  the  siipretne  court  of 
I'limsylvania  ;  he  died  in  1>^00. 

SIHPPEN,  William,  M.  D.,  piofessorof  ana- 


_sr 

toiny  in  the  Pennsylvatna  university,  died  in 
18U8.  During  the  revolutionary  war,  he  was 
appiiinled  director-general  of  tiic  medical  de- 
paiiniont  in  the  army. 

SHIRLEY,  sir  Anthony,  a  native  of  England, 
who,  after  travelling  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
visiting  America,  went  to  Spain,  where  he  be- 
came a  grandee  of  tlic  kingdom,  and  admiral 
of  the  Spanish  fleet.  He  was  the  author  of  se- 
veral volnincsof  Travels,  and  died  in  1640. 

SHIRLEY,  Robert,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
went  with  sir  Anthony  into  Persia,  where  he 
settled,  and  became  a  favourite  of  the  emperor, 
who  gave  him  his  niece  in  marriage,  and  sent 
him  as  his  ambassador  to  Poland  and  England. 
He  died  in  1627. 

SHIRLEY,  Thomas,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  physician  to  Charles II., and 
a  philosophical  writer;  he  died  in  1078. 

SHIRLEY,  James,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter and  poet  of  eminence,  born  in  1594,  and  died 
In  IGOii.  In  1040  he  published  a  volume  of  poems 
and  37  plays. 

SHIRLEY,  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts, and  afterwards  of  the  Bahama 
islands,  died  nearHostoii,  in  1771. 

SHORE,  Jane,  the  wife  of  a  goldsmith,  in 
London,  and  known  in  history  as  the  beautiful 
and  accomplished  mistress  of  the  voluptuous 
Edward  IV.  She  outlived  her  beauty  and  po- 
pularity, and  died  in  poverty,  obscurity,  and 
wielcliediiess,  in  the  reign  of  Henrv  VIII. 

SHOVEL,  sir  Clondcsley,  a  gallant  English 
admiral,  born  about  1050,  and  perished  by  ship- 
wreck, in  1705. 

SHOWER,  John,  an  English  non-confonnist 
divine,  author  of  Sacramental  Sermons,  and 
other  works,  died  in  1718. 

SHREWSIICKY,  Elizabeth,  countess  of,  for 
17  \  i'.->is  kct'iicr  of  the  unl'orlunatc  Mary,  queen 
of  "Scois.  (li.cl  ill  1007. 

SHUCK KORD,  SaninrI,  an  Engljsh  clcrgj-- 
inan,  was  chaplain  to  the  king,  ana  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  World,  Sacred  and  Profane," 
and  other  works;  he  died  in  1754. 

SHUTE,  Josias,  an  eloquent  and  admired 
Enclish  preacher,  died  in  1043. 

SIll'TE,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Massachusctts,in  1710.  He  relu-rned  to  England, 
and  died  there,  in  1742. 

SHL'TE,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  ningham, 
Mass.,  and  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  , 
he  dl(!d  in  1802. 

SIUJTER,  Edward,  an  excellent  low  come- 
dian on  the  London  stage,  died  in  1776. 

SiRB.MiD,  sir  Robert!  an  eminent  Scoth  phy- 
sician, was  professor  of  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
and  projector  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  that  place.  He  died 
in  1720. 

SIIiUErnTS,  John,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  .Antwerp,  died  in  1703. 

"IBTHORPE,  Robert,  prebendary  of  Peterbo- 
rough cathedral,  disiincuislied  for  his  zeal  in  fa- 
vour of  Charles  I.,  died  in  1062. 

UiTHOKl'E,  Dr.  John,  a  very  learned  natu- 
ralist, and  resins  professor  of  botany  in  theuni- 
versitv  of  Oxford,  died  in  1796. 

SICINH.'S  DENTATUS,  a  warrior,  suiuain- 
ed,  for  his  valour,  the  Roman  Achilles.  He 
fought  and  won  121  battles,  and  was  murdered 
by  Appius  Claudius,  405  U.  C. 

SICIOLANTE,Girolamo,a  distinguished  Ita- 
lian landscape  aud  historical  painter,  died  in 
1558. 

S7l 


SI 

SIDNEY,  Henry,  an  English  statesman,  the 
favourite  of  Eilward  V't.,  and  his  ambassador 
to  France, and  afterwards  employed  in  the  reigns 
of  Mary  and  Elizabeth ;  he  died  in  1586 

SIDNEY,  sir  Fliilip,  an  eminent  English 
statesman,  general,  and  pout,  born  in  1554,  and 
died  in  158B,  of  a  wound  received  in  battle.  As 
he  lay  bleeding  on  the  field,  and  was  about  to 
drink  some  wine  which  his  attendants  hadj 
brought  bim,  he  saw  a  wounded  soldier,  who 
was  cairied  by,  look  wishfully  at  if,  he  immedi-! 
ately  ordered  it  to  be  given  to  him,  adding  "  Poor 
fellow  !  thy  necessity  is  greater  than  mine." 

SIDNEY,  Algernon,  an  English  patriot  and 
political  writer,  was  beheaded  in  16S3,  aged  66. 
He  left  behind  him,  "  Discourses  upon  Govern- 
ment," a  valuable  work. 

SIDONIUS  APOLLINARIS,aRoman,raised 
to  the  see  of  Auvergne  against  his  will.  He 
was  a  pious  and  exemplary  prelate,  wrote  some 
epistles,  poems,  &c.,  and  died  in  1488. 

SIDONIUS,  C.  CoUius  Apnllinaris,  a  very 
ingenious  and  learned  ecclesiastic  and  epistolary 
writer  on  sacred  and  profane  history,  born  at 
Lyons,  in  430,  and  died  in  487. 

SIGEBERT,  king  of  the  East  Angles,  was  a 
munificent  prince,  and  is  mentioned  with  great 
praise  by  the  venerable  Bede,  for  his  learning 
and  piety.  He  abdicated  his  throne,  and  was 
afterwards  assassinated,  in  642. 

SIGEBERT,  son  of  Clotaire  I.,  inherited  the 
Kingdom  of  Austrasia.  He  was  a  valiant  prince, 
and  was  successful  against  the  Huns  and  other 
enemies.     He  was  assassinated  in  575. 

SIGEBERT  the  Younger,  son  and  successori 
of  Dagoben,  in  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  diedj 
in  650,  aged  20. 

SIGISMUND,  king  of  Burgundy,  was  taken! 
prisoner  by  Clodomir,  a  son  of  Clovis,  wiio] 
threw  him,  with  his  wife  and  family,  into  a. 
well,  to  perish,  in  523. 

SIGISMpND,  son  of  Charles  IV.,  king  of 
Hungary,  in  1386,  and  emperor  of  Germany,  in 
1410.  He  prevailed  upon  the  pope  to  call  the 
council  of  Constance,  in  1414,  to  settle  the  ditfi-j 
culties  of  the  church,  at  which  he  presided,  andj 
at  which  were  present  18,000  ecclesiastics,  and 
16,000  nobles  ;  he  suffei.^d  thai  council  to  burn 
John  Huss,  and  Jerome  of  Prague,  after  he  had 
given  them  a  safe  passport. 

SIGISMUND  I.,  king  of  Poland,  surnamed  the 
Great,  was  elected  to  the  throne  in  1507.  After 
restoring  the  ancient  glory  of  Poland,  and  es- 
tablishing order,  he  defeated  the  Muscovites, 
and  the  Teutonic  knights,  and  died  in  1548, 
aged  82. 

SIGISMUND  II.,  son  and  successor  to  the 
preceding,  surnamed  Augustus,  died  in  1572, 
without  issue,  and  was  the  last  of  the  race  of 
Jagellons. 

SIGISMUND  HI.,  son  of  John  IH.,  king  of 
Sweden,  ascended  the  throne  In  1578.  He  died 
after  a  long  but  troublesome  reign,  in  1632. 

SIGNORELLl,  Luca,  a  very  fine  Florentine 
painter,  died  in  1521,  aged  82. 

SIGONIUS,  Carolus,  a  learned  Italian  histo- 
rian and  antiquary,  died  in  1584,  aged  59. 

SILHUNETTE,  Stephen  de,  comptroller- 
general,  and  private  minister  of  France,  died  in 
1767.  He  wrote  "General  Ideas  on  the  Chinese 
Government,"  and  some  other  works. 

SILIUS  ITALICU3,  Caius,  a  Roman  author 
of  an  indifferent  poem  on  the  2d  Punic  war,  died 
A.  D.  74,  aged  75. 

SILVA,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Bourdeaui, 
and  an  eminent  physician  of  Paris,  died  in  1744- 
372 


SI 

He  wa3  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Bleeding,  and 
other  works. 

SILVESTER  I.,  was  made  pope  in  314.  H« 
laboured  to  establish  order  and  tranquillity,  in 
the  church,  and  died  in  385. 

SILVESTER  H.,  Gerbert,  a  native  of  Au- 
vergne, distinguished  for  his  learning,  was  tu- 
tor to  Otho  III  ,  and  to  Robert,  the  son  of  Hugh 
Capet,  became  archbishop  of  Rheims  and  of 
Ravenna,  and  pope,  alter  Gregory  V.,  in  999. 
He  died  in  1003. 

SILVESTER,  I.srael,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver, died  at  Paris,  in  1691. 

SILVESTER,  Louis,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  ennobled  by  the  king  of  Poland,  died  in 
Paris,  in  1760. 

SIMEON  STYLITES,  the  founder  of  a  sect 
of  devotees,  called  Styliies.  He  died  in  461, 
aged  69,  after  having  spent  47  years  on  the  top 
of  a  column  60  feet  high,  exposed  to  the  incle- 
mencies of  il  air  and  the  seasons,  and  often 
supporting  himse.""  for  days  on  one  foot. 

SIMEON  METAPHRASTES,  secretary  of 
state  to  Leo,  and  to  Constantine  Porphyrogeni- 
tus,  in  the  10th  century,  and  author  of  the 
"  Lives  of  the  Saints,"  &c. 

SIMIANE,  Charles  John  Baptist  de,  marquis 
of  Pianeze,  died  in  1677.  He  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion. 

8IMLER,  Josias,  an  eminent  and  able  pro- 
testant  divine,  of  Switzerland,  author  of  an 
"  Abridgment  of  Gesner's  Bibliotheca,"  and 
other  works,  died  at  Zurich,  in  1576.  John,  of 
the  same  family,  distinguished  as  a  portrait 
painter,  (Jji- '  .'  1748. 

SIMMO.  ,  cVrauel  Foart,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physicial^^ttled  in  London,  where  he  be- 
came governor  of  St.  Luke's  hospital,  and  after- 
wards physician  to  the  king  ;  he  died  in  1811. 
He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  Consumptions,  and 
other  works. 

SIMON  MACCABiEUS,  high-priest  and  ruler 
of  the  Jews,  143  B.  C.  After  displaying  his 
valour  in  repeUing  the  Tyrians  and  Sidonians,  in 
obtaining  a  confirmation  of  the  independence 
of  his  nation  from  the  king  of  Syria,  and  de- 
feating the  troops  of  Antiochus  Soter,  he  was 
murdered  135  B.  C. 

SIMON,  surnamed  Zelotes,  an  apostle  of  our 
Saviour,  suffered  martyrdom  in  Persia. 

SIMON,  called  the  brother  of  Christ,  was 
made  bishop  of  Jerusalem,  A.  D.  62.  He  was 
crucified  under  Trajan,  in  107. 

SIMON  MAGUS,  or  the  MAGICIAN,  a 
Samaritan  impostor,  who  pretended  that  he 
was  the  Son  of  God  sent  to  the  Jews,  and  the 
Holy  Ghost  to  the  Gentiles.     He  died  A.  D.  66. 

SIMON,  Claude  Francis,  a  painter,  of  Paris, 
au'  ^r  of  "  The  Knowledge  of  Mythology," 
anj  some  comedies,  died  in  1767. 

SIMON,Thomas,  an  eminent  English  engraver 
in  the  age  of  Charles  I.  His  brother  Abraham, 
was  celebrated  as  a  modeller  in  wax. 

SIMON,  Richard,  a  French  critic,  and  his- 
torian, born  in  1638,  and  died  in  1712. 

SIMON  of  Durham,  a  monk  of  Whitby,  and 
afterwards  of  Durham,  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
III.  He  wrote  a  Chronicle,  which  was  pubUsbed 
by  Hearne,  and  died  about  1356. 

SIMONET,  Edmund,  a  jesuit,  born  at  Lan- 
gres,  in  1662,  was  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Rheims,  and  atPont-a-Mousson;  he 
wrote  Institutes  of  Theology  for  the  use  of 
Schools,  and  died  in  1733. 

SIMONIDES,  a  Greek  poet  and  phllojopher, 
wbo  flourished  about  430  B.  C. 


SK 

SIMONNEAIJ,  Charles,  a  French  engraver, 
•f  Bome  celebrity,  died  at  Paris,  in  1728. 

SIMONNEAt',  Lewis,  an  eminent  enpraver, 
author  of  the  history  of  Printing  and  Engraving, 
and  tlie  history  of  other  Arts. 

SIMPLICIUS,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  of 
riiryijia,  who  flourished  about  45U,  and  wrote 
cointnentarics  upon  several  parts  of  Ariftotlc'w 
works. 

SIMPSON,  Edward,  D.  D.,  an  English  di- 
vine, author  of  "  Unirersal  Chronology"  in 
Latin,  died  in  ICi^. 

SIMPSON,  Christopher,  author  of  a  "Com- 
pendium of  Practical  Music,"  died  in  IfrCS. 

SIMPSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  professor  of 
maihematics  in  the  academy  at  Woolwich,  and 
F   R.  S.,  died  in  1761,  aped  51. 

SIMPSON,  John,  a  Scottish  divine,  and  di- 
vinity professor  at  Glasgow  ;  he  was  deposed 
and  excommunicated  for  denyinp  »he  doctrine  of 
tbe  Trinity,  and  died  at  Edinhui^    ,  in  1744. 

SIMPSON,  Robert,  a  dist^'iguishcd  mathe- 
matician, was  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Glasgow.  He  published  a  Treatise  on  Conic 
Sections,  a  valuable  edition  of  Euclid,  and 
other  works,  and  died  in  1765. 

SINGLIN,  Anthony,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
distinguished  for  his  piety  and  learning,  died  in 
1664.     His  writings  were  on  theology. 

SIRANI,  John  Andrew,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Bologna,  was  a  pupil  of  Guido;  he  died  in 
1670.  His  daughter  Elizabeth  excelled  as  a  his- 
torical painter ;  she  died  in  1664. 

SIRl,  Vittorio,  an  Italian  writer,  who  settled 
at  Paris,  and  became  historiogra  the  king 

of  France,  died  in  \f>!*5. 

SIRILS,  Violantc  Beatrice,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  acquired  opulence  and  celebrity  by 
her  portraits,  died  about  1760. 

SIRLET,  Flavius,  a  celebrated  engraver  on 
precious  stones,  died  at  Rome,  in  1737. 

SIRMOND,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  a 
voluminous  theological  writer,  born  in  1559, 
and  died  in  1651. 

SITGREAVES,  John,  an  officer  in  the  revo- 
lutionary army,  afterwards  attorney,  and  judce 
of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States  for 
North  Carolina  ;  he  died  in  1801. 

SIXTHS  I.,  pope  after  Alexander  I.,  in  119, 
died  in  127. 

SIXTUS II.,  an  Athenian,  pope  after  Stephen, 
in  267.  He  suffered  martyrdom,  in  the  reign  of 
Valerian. 

SIXTUS  III.,  pope  after  Celestinus  I.,  in  432. 
He  attempted  to  effect  a  reconciliation  among 
Ibe  churches  of  the  East,  and  died  about  440. 

SIXTUS  IV.,  Francis  Albecola,  son  of  a  fish- 
erman, of  Genoa,  professor  of  divinity  at  Pa- 
dua, provincial  of  the  order  of  Cordelic  a 
cardinal,  and  pope  after  Paul  II.  He  was  a 
patmn  of  learning,  and  an  author,  and  died  in 
1482. 

SIXTUS  v.,  Felix  Beretti,  pope,  bom  in  1521 ; 
his  father,  Francis  Beretti,  a  poor  vine-dresser, 
tinable  to  maintain  him,  put  him  out  to  a  farm- 
er; lie  was  noticed  by  a  Franciscan  friar,  for 
his  conversation  and  behaviour,  and  admitted 
as  a  lay-brother.  He  rose  by  degrees  to  be  in- 
quisitor at  Venice,  but  quarrelling  with  the  se- 
nate, he  was  obliged  to  quit  the  territories  of  the 
republic.  He  was  after\vard8  made  pope,  and 
died  in  15!>0. 

SIXTUS,  a  Cordelier  of  Sienna,  was  an  able 
<liviiio,  and  a  favourite  with  Pius  V.  He  died 
i»  1SG9. 

fiKELTON,  John.  Doet-Iaureat,  in  the  reign 
32 


SM 

of  Henry  VIH.,  and  rector  of  Diss,  in  Norfolk. 
He  was  learned  and  ingenious,  and  died  in  1529. 

SKELTON,  Philip,  an  eniiuent  Irish  divine, 
distinguished  for  his  piety,  learning,  eloquence, 
and  benevolcnie.  He  is  faid  to  have  sold  his 
library,  in  a  lime  of  famine,  to  supply  his  indi- 
gent parishioners  wiili  bread.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral theological  works,  and  died  in  1787. 

SK  ELTON,  Samuel,  minister  in  Salem,  Mass., 
died  in  I6M. 

SKINNER,  Stephen,  an  eminent  F.nglish  anti- 
quary, and  etymologist,  died  in  16t'>7,  aged  45. 

SLEIUAN,  John,  an  excellent  German  his- 
torian, and  political  writer,  died  in  15.56,  aged  50. 

SLINGELAND,John  Peier  Van,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1691. 

SLOAN E,  sir  Hans,  baronet,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  naturalist,  burn  at  Killilpa:;!),  in  Ire- 
land, in  1060,  and  died  in  1752,  havitig  formed 
a  valuable  museum  cf  the  rarest  productions  of 
nature  and  art. 

SLOUTZ,  Rene  Michael,  an  eminent  Frenc^. 
sculptor,  member  of  the  French  academy,  aud 
sculptor  to  the  king,  died  at  Paris,  in  1764. 

SLOUGHTER,  Henrj',  governor  of  the  colony 
of  New- York,  died  shortly  after  his  arrival  in  the 
country,  in  1691. 

SLUVS.  James  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Levden,  in  1660,  and  died  in  1736. 

SMALBROKE,  Richard,  bishop  of  St.  Pa- 
vid'B,  and  afterwards  of  Litchfield  and  Coven- 
try, died  in  1749.  He  wrote  a  "Vindication of 
our  Saviour's  Miracles,"  a  work  of  great  merit. 

SMALCIUS.Valentine,  a  celebrated  Sociuian 
writer,  died  at  Cracow,  in  1622. 

SM  ALLEY,  John,  I).  D.,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can clergvnian,  settled  at  Berlin,  Coimcclicut, 
died  in  1820,  aced  86. 

SMALLWOOD,  William,  a  brigadier  gene- 
ral in  the  American  army,  duringthe  revolution, 
and  afterwards  a  memher  of  congress,  and  go- 
vernor of  the  state  of  Marvland  ;  he  died  in  1692. 

SMALRIDGE,  Dr.  Ge<)rge,  bishop  of  Bristol, 
and  a  very  elegant  theological  writer,  born  ia 
1666,  and  died  in  1719. 

SMART,  Christopher,  an  English  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1722,  and  died  in 
1771.  He  published  a  ..anslation  of  Horace  in 
prose,  and  other  works. 

SMEATON',  John,  a  cclebnted  English  me- 
chanic and  engineer,  died  in  1792,  aged  68. 

SMELLIE,  Dr.  William,  a  Scotch  physician, 
and  writer  on  midwifery,  died  in  1763. 

SMELLIE,  William,  a  Scottish  printer,  F.  R. 
S  E.,  secretary  to  the  society  of  Scottish  anti- 
quaries, and  an  author,  died  in  1795. 

SMIBERT,  John  of  Boston,  an  eminent  p»r- 
trait  painter,  in  the  18th  century. 

SMITH,  sir  Thomas,  a  learned  English  states- 
man, historian  and  critic,  and  secretary  of  state 
in  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.  and  Elizabeth  ;  he 
died  in  l.')97,  aged  65. 

SMITH,  Jliles,  a  learned  Fnclish  divine, 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  died  in  1621.  He  was 
well  skilled  in  oriental  language^,  and  a.ssisied 
in  translating  the  Bible,  to  which  he  wrote  the 
preface. 

SMITH,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  a  man 
of  great  learning,  died  in  1652. 

SMITH,  John,  an  excellent  mezzotinto  en 
graver,  in  the  reign  of  William  of  England. 

SMITH, Dr.Thomas,  a  learned  English  divine, 
bistorian.biographer,  and  critic,  died  in  1710. 

SMITH,  John,  an  English  divine,  particularly 
versed  in  septentrional  literature,  and  in  anti- 
quiries;  he  died  in  J715. 

373 


SM 

SMITH,  EJinuuii,  au  Englieli  poet,  and  au- 
thor, diod  in  1710 

SMITH,  William,  an  able  scholar  and  divine, 
dean  of  Cliester,  died  in  17«7.  He  published  an 
eleijant  translation  ot"  Thucydides,  and  ofLon- 
guHis,  besides  oilier  works. 

SMITH,  Adam,  LL.  D.,and  F.  R.  S.,  ofLon 


SO 

I  SMITH,  George  William,  lieutenant  govern- 
lOr  and  artervvards  governor  of  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, died  in  1811. 

I    SJilTH,  Elihu  H.,  a  distinguished  physiciau 
'and  poet,  of  .New- York,  died  in  1798,  aged  27. 
i     SJHTH,  James,  a  lawyer,  of  Pennsylvania,! 
member  of  the  memorable  congress  of  1776, 


don  and  Kdinburgli,  one  of  the  commissioners  and  one  of  the  signei-s  of  the  declaration  of  In 


of  the  customs  in  Scotland,  and  formerly  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy,  in  the  university  of 
Glasgow  ;  he  died  in  1790,  aced  07. 

SMITH,  Charlotte,  an  excellent  English  po- 
etess, and  a  writer  of  novels  of  distinguished 
merit,  died  in  1806,  aged  56. 

S.MITH,  George,  a  distinguislicd  landscape 
painter,  of  Chichester,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1776,  ag-!d  6-~- 

SMI'l  H,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Virginia,  and  for  some  time  at  the  head  of  the 
colony,  was  distinguislied  for  the  variety  of  his 
adventures  and  employments,  and  for  his  bra- 
very as  a  soldier.     He  was  eminently  service 


dependence. 

SMITH,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  of  disliur 
guished  talents  and  learning,  died  in  ICJOO. 

S.MITZ,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Dort, 
died  in  1675. 

SMITZS,  Caspar,  a  Dutch  portrait  painter, 
died  at  Dublin,  in  ir>89. 

S.MOLLETT,  Dr.  Tobias,  a  physician,  his- 
torian, novelist  and  poet,  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1X730,  and  dieii  in  1771. 
I  S.MYTH,  James.  Sec  MOORE. 
!  SNELL,  Rodoljihus,  professor  of  Hebrew 
jand  matlioniatics,  at  Leydcn,  and  a  writer  on 
mathematical  and  philosophical  subjects,  died 


able  in  protecting  and  defending  the  setllementllin  1G13.     His  sou  Willebrord,  who  succeeded 
of  Virginia  from  destruction  by  the  Indians,  jhim  in  the  chair  of  mathematics,  in  1613,  first 


and  was  only  saved  himself,  when  taken  pri 
Eoner  by  the  timely  interference  of  Pocahontas  ; 
he  died  in  1031. 

SMITH,  Thomas,  was  for  a  short  time  go- 
vernor of  South  Carolina,  about  1693. 

SMITH,  William,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  province  of 
New- York,  died  in  1769. 


SMITH,  William,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  of  Norway,  &c. 


discovered  the  true  laws  of  refi  action  of  light, 
and  attempted  to  measure  the  earth  in  tha 
mode  since  adopted  by  Picard  and  Cassini ;  he 
died  in  }&2n. 

SXGRRO,  Sterlesonius,  a  native  of  Iceland, 
minister  of  state  to  one  king  of  Denmark,  and 
to  three  kings  of  Norway ;  was  killed  by  an  en- 
emy, in  1-241.  He  wrote  a  Chronicle  of  the  Kings 


also  distinguished  as  a  lawyer.  He  became 
chief  justice  of  New- York,  and  afterwards  held 
tin;  same  office  in  Canada. 

SMITH,  Thomas,  minister  of  Portland,  Mass., 
died  in  1795. 

SMITH,  Josiah,  of  South  Carolina,  a  distin- 
gui.shed  divine,  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1781. 

SMITH,  Samuel,  an  American  historian,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Jer- 
sey,"  died  in  1776. 

SMITH,  Isaac,  a  patriot  and  officer  of  the 
American  revolution,  and  a  judge  6f  the  su- 
preme court  of  New  Jersey,  died  in  1807. 

SMITH,  William,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  provost  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
died  in  1803. 

SMITH,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  clergy- 
uian  of  Pcnnsvlvania,  died  in  1785. 

SMITH,  John  Blair,  a  distinguished  Ameri- 
can cleravman,  settled  at  Philadelphia,  was  af- 


SNOY,  Renier,  a  Dutch  physician,  and  am- 
bassador to  Denmark,  and  Scotland,  wrote  & 
"  History  of  Holland,"  and  dif  d  in  1537. 

SNOY,  Lambert,  author  ".,.a  Genealogical 
History  of  the  Low  Counlri'^'i,  tlicd  in  1638. 

SNYDER,  Simon,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania,  died  in  1819. 

SNYDERS,  Francis,  a  famous  Flemish  paint- 
er, died  in  1657,  aged  78. 

SOANEN,  John,  an  eminent  French  eccle- 
siastic, w  as  bishop  of  Senez  ;  he  was  after- 
wards deposed  by  the  pope,  and  died  in  exile, 
in  1740. 

SOBIESKI,  John  III.,  king  of  Pe'.  fid,  the 
most  renowned  warrior  of  his  time.  His  victo- 
ries obtained  over  the  Tarlurs,  and  the  Turks, 
procured  him  the  crown.  He  was  a  friend  of 
j learning,  and  of  learned  men,  and  died  in  1696, 
aged  66. 

SOCINUS,  Lfclius,  founder  of  the  Socinian 


terwardsj  the  first  president  of  Union  College,  I  sect,  born  at  Sienna,  in  1505,  and  died  in  1562, 


Schenectadv,  N.  Y.;  he  died  in  1799. 

SMITH,  Samuel  Stanhope,  D.  D.  LL.  D., 
an  eminent  presbyterian  clergyman,  who  was 
ths  founder,  and  first  president  of  Hampden 
Sidney  college,  Virginia,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  inorni  philosophy  and  theology  at 
Princeton  college,  and  president  of  that  iustitu-| 
don  ;  he  died  in  1819. 

SMITH,  Israel,  a  representative  and  senator 
in  congress  I'rom  Vermont,  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  subsequently  governor  of 
that  state,  died  in  1810. 

S.MITH,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  episcopal  clergy- 
man, and  first  bishop  of  the  episcopal  church  in 
South  Carolina,  died  in  1801. 

SMITH,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  lawyer,  was 


SOCINUS,  Frustus,  nephew  of  Lalius,  and 
head  of  the  sect  which  goes  by  his  name,  was 
born  at  Sienna,  in  1539,  and  died  in  11)04. 

SOCRATES,  the  greatest  of  all  the  ancient 
philosophers,  born  at  Attica,  467  B.  C,  was 
put  to  death  by  the  Athenians,  on  a  false  charge 
of  Atheism,  400  B.  C. 

SOCRATES,  a  native  of  Constantinople, 
wrote  an  Ecclesiastical  History  to  the  year  400. 

SOLANDER,  Dr.  Daniel  Charles,  an  enii- 
nent  naturalist,  who  went  round  the  world  with 
capt.  Cook,  was  born  in  Sweden,  in  1736,  and 
died  in  1780. 

SOLE,  Anthony,  an  eminent  landscape  paint- 
er, of  Bologna,  died  in  1677.  His  son  Joseph, 
was  also  an  eminent  landscape  and  historical 


a  member  of  congress  from  Cormecticut,  and  a  painter,  and  died  in  1719. 


judge  of  the  supremo  court  of  that  state  ;  he 
died  in  1822. 

SMITH,  John,  D.  D.,  professor  of  Greek  and 
the  orieHial  languages,  in  Dartmouth  college. 
New  Hamp-hire,  died  in  1809. 
37-4 


SOLIGN.'VC,  Peter  Joseph  dela  Pimpie,  che- 
valier of,  the  secretary  and  friend  of  Stanislaus, 
king  of  Poland,  and  author  of  a  "History  of 
Poland,"  died  in  1773,  ased  86. 

SOLIMENE,  Francis,  an  illustrious  Itahan 


so 


SP 


paiiJtcr  and  poet,  born  at  Naples,  in  liiol,  and 
died  ill  1747. 

SOLIAUS,  Caius  Julius,  a  Latin  gramma- 
rian, born  at  Rome,  about  tlio  middle  of  tlic 
.3d  century. 

SOUS,  Antonio  de,  an  incenious  Ppanisli 
historian  and  dramatic  poet,  died  in  KlStj. 

SOLOMON,  son  of  David,  was  king  of  Israel 
after  his  father.  He  is  celebrated  for  his  wisdom, 
for  Ills  piety  in  early  life,  and  the  temple  which 
he  erected  at  Jerusalem,  in  honour  of  the  c;od 
of  Israel.  He  wrote  the  books  of  I'rovcrhs,  ami 
Ecclesiastes,  and  the  Canticles,  and  died  97.S 
n.  C,  a?ed  .')P. 

SOLOMON  BEN  VIRGA,  a  Spanish  physi- 
cian, and  rabbi,  of  the  ICtli  century,  author  of 
a  History  of  ihc  Jews,  from  the  destruction  of 
the  temple  to  his  owTl  time. 

SOLOiMON,  lien  Job  Jalla,  a  native  of 
Africa,  son  of  a  princeof  the  country,  who  was 
taken  and  brought  to  America  as  a  slave.  Hi- 
was  ransomed  by  general  Oglethorpe,  sent  to 
England,  and  from  thence  to  his  own  country. 
While  in  Great  Britain  he  was  employed  in 
translating  Arabic  MSS.  and  was  much  noticed 
bv  the  great. 

"SOLON,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece, 
born  at  Athens,  about  the  .l.'itli  Olympiad,  and 
died  in  Cyprus,  .IW  H.  C,  aged  f?0.  He  distin- 
guished himself  early,  by  the  greatness  of  his 
courage,  and  the  brightness  of  his  parts,  which 
advantages  raised  Iiini  to  the  govcrmnentof  his 
countrv. 

SOLYMAN  I.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  in  1400. 
He  was  a  brave  prince,  b\it  addicted  10  pleasure, 
which  hastened  his  end.  lie  was  dethroned  and 
assassinated  by  his  brother,  in  1410. 

SOLYMAN  .t.j  snrnanicd  the  Magnificent, 
succeeded  his  fatheiSelim  I.,  in  1.K0.  His  reign 
was  useful,  splendid,  and  victorious,  and  was 
rendered  so  bv  his  bravery  and  valour.  He  died 
in  ].'Sr>n,  aged  '70. 

SOLYMAN  HI.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  was  an 
Indolent,  superstitious  prince,  and  died  in  Ifi'Jl. 

SOMBREl'IL,  Francis  Charles  Virot  de,  a 
French  general,  who  pirished  on  the  scatlbld, 
togcthc:  with  his  eldest  son,  in  1793,  on  account 
of  his  a.iachmcnt  to  Lewi.s  XVI.  His  second 
son,  Charles,  escaped,  and  after  distinguishing 
himself  in  the  Prussian  armies,  was  taken  pri- 
BOner,  and  shot,  in  I71i."(. 

SOMERS.  John,  lord  chancellor  of  England, 
an  able  and  eloipicnt  i)lea(lor  at  the  bar,  an  hf>- 
nest  statesman,  and  a  patriot  of  the  noblest  and 
most  e.ttensive  views.  He  was  born  in  1030,  and 
died  in  1710. 

SOMERVILLE,  William,  an  English  poet, 
died  in  1743,  aged  .")1. 

SOMMERY,  N.  Fontette  do,  a  French  lady, 
distinguished  for  her  talents  and  writings,  died 
in  179--.  Her  house  was  the  resort  of  philoso- 
phers and  learned  men,  who  sought  her  society 
and  conversation. 

SOMMIER,  John  Claude,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, aulhor  of  a  "  History  of  the  Holy  See," 
for  which  he  was  made  archbisJiop  of  Cssarea, 
died  in  1737. 

SOMNER,  William,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquary, bom  In  1000,  and  died  in  ICtiOi 

SOPHOCLES,  an  ancient  Greek  tragic  poci, 
horn  at  Athens,  MO  1?.  C,  and  died  410  H.  C. 
He  was  archon,  or  chief  magistrate  of  .Athens. 
SOPHOMSBA,  daughter  of  Asdrubal,  and 
wife  of  king  Syplia.x.  On  his  death  shemarried 
Massiniss3,and  being  compelled  to  abandon  him 
hy  Scipio,  sbe  poisoned  herself,  293  B.  C. 


SOK.AALS,  an  Ephesian  physician,  who  set- 
tled at  Rome,  under  the  emperors  Trajan  and 
Adrian.     Some  of  his  works  are  extant. 

SORBAIT,  Paul,  imperial  physician,  and  pro- 
fessor of  midicino  at  Vienna,  wrote  "  Commen- 
taries on  the  Aphorisms  of  Ilippocrates,"  and 
other  Works,  and  died  in  lOOL 

St.iRBIF.RE,  S:niinel,  a  French  medical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  bom  in  101  j,  and  died  in 
1070. 

SORBONNE,  Robert  de,  an  eminent  Frcnc li 
divine,  and  founder  of  a  college  for  divinity  aiul 
philosophy,  at  Paris  ;  he  died  in  1274,  aeed"73. 

SOREI,,  .Agnes,  the  mistress  of  Charles  VIT., 
of  France,  was  distinguished  for  her  beatily, 
strength  of  mind,  and  tiie  influence  she  possess- 
ed over  her  lover,  whom  slic  incited  to  deeds  of 
glory.    She  died  in  1450. 

S()RGH,  Hendrick,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1084. 

SORRI, Peter,  an  Italian  painter,  who  died  m 
1622. 

SOSIGE.VES,  a  famous  Egyptian  astronomer, 
inventor  of  the  Julian  calendar,  flourished  about 
40  B.  C. 

SOSTRATES,  an  architect,  of  Cnidos,  who 
built  the  celebrated  tower  of  Pharos,  flourished 
about  273  B.  C. 

SOTADES,  a  Grecian  poet,  of  Marona-a,  in 
Thr.tce,  was  thrown  into  the  sea  in  a  leaden 
chest,  for  ridiculing  Phil.idelphus,  of  Egjpt,  in 
1  satirical  poem. 

SOTHEL,  Seth,  a  proprietor  and  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  ilied  in  1094. 

SOTO,  Dominic,  a  learned  Dominican,  con- 
fessor to  ("hnrles  V.,  died  in  1500.  He  wrote 
several  tlieolo^ical  works. 

SOCBISE,  John  de  Parthenai,  lord  of,  a  dis 
tinguishc<l  leader  of  the  iirotestanis,  and  cele 
bratcd  for  his  brave  defence  of  Lyons,  died  in 
15ti0. 

SOUniSR,  Benjamin  do  Rohan,  duke  of,  a 
distinguished  leader  of  the  protestants,  in  the 
religious  wars  of  France,  died  in  1040. 

SOITCH-M,  John  Baptist,  a  French  occlcsi- 
aHic  and  wiiter,  canon  of  Rodez,  coun.sellor  to 
the  king,  and  professor  of  eloquence  in  the 
royal  college,  di<;d  in  1740. 

SOUCIET,  Stephen,  a  French  Jesuit,  lihr.iri.in 
to  the  college  of  Louis  the  Great,  and  author  of 
"  Astronoiwical  Observations  in  China  and  In- 
dia," and  other  works,  died  in  1744.  His  bro- 
ther Stephen  AuL'ustin,  who  died  about  the 
satrie  time,  was  professor  of  theology,  in  tlic 
college  of  Louis  the  Great,  and  a  poet. 

SOUFFLOT,  James  Germain,  an  eminent 
French  architect,  died  in  17f-'0. 

SOUTH,  Dr.  Robert,  an  English  divine,  aiid 
theological  writer,  of  great  learning,  died  in 
1710,  aged  83. 

SOUTHERN,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1740,  aged  84. 

SO'/OMEN,  Hcrmias,  an  eccUsiastical  histo- 
rian of  the  5th  century,  born  in  Palestine,  and 
died  about  450. 

SPAGNOLETTO,  Joseph  Ril.era,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  born  near  Valentia,  in  1.5^0.  Ho 
settled  at  Naples,  where  he  was  patronised  by 
the  great,  and  died  in  1050. 

SPAGNOLl,  Rapti.st,  a  pener.nl,  of  the  Car- 
melites, disting\iished  for  the  wisdom  of  the  re- 
gulations he  introduced  into  bis  order,  for  Iiis 
studious  habits,  and  for  his  poetical  writings, 
(Med  in  1516. 
SPAIGHT,  RicJiard  Dobbs,  a  member  of  con- 
375 


gress,  and  of  tin;  convention  which  formed  the  I 
fetlera!  constitution,  and  afterwards  gnveriior  of  ' 
Nortli  Carolina,  killed  in  a  duel,  in  IH02. 

SP.^LLANZANI,  Lazarus,  an  Italian  writer, 
considered  as  one  of  the  greatest  naturalists  of 
lhea>^o;  he  died  in  1709. 

SJ'AXHEIM,  Frederic,  professor  of  divinity, 
at  Geneva,  and  afterwards  at  Leydcn,  and  a 
distintjuislied  preacher,  died  in  ltv49. 

SPAMfEIM,  EzokicI,  an  eminent  writer  on 
history  and  antiquities,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1G29, 
and  died  in  1710. 

SPANHEI5I,  Frederic,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  celebrated  preacher  at  Utrecht, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Heidelherg,  and  after- 
wards of  divinity  and  sacred  history,  at  Leyden. 
He  died  in  1701 . 

SP.'^RROW,  Anthony,  a  pious  and  learned 
Engli.oh  divine,  made  archdeacon,  of  Ludbury, 
and  afterwards  bisliop  of  Exeter  and  Norwich  ; 
he  died  in  1()85. 

SPARTACUkS,  a  Thracian  slicpherd,  the  con- 
queror of  some  of  the  Roman  armies,  was  de- 
feated by  Crassus,  71  B.  C. 

SPARTIANUS,  A^lius,  a  Latin  historian,  au- 
thor of  tlie  "  Lives  of  the  Roman  Emperors, 
from  Osar  to  Dioclesian." 

SPEED,  John,  an  English  chronologist,  histo- 
rian, and  antiquary,  died  in  1629,  aged  74 

SPEL.MAN,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
historian  and  antiquary,  died  in  1041,  aged  80. 

SPEiN'CE,  Ferrand,  an  English  writer,  of  the 
17th  century. 

SPEXCE  Joseph,  an  English  poet  and  critic 
of  eminence,  was  drowned  in  a  canal  in  his 
garden,  in  1768. 

SPEXCER,  William,  an  English  writer,  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Origen  against  Celsus,  in 
1058,  with  annotations,  and  a  Latin  version. 

SPENCER,  Dr.  John,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  English  divine  and  critic,  born  in  1030, 
and  died  in  1095. 

SPENCER,  Joseph,  a  brigadier  and  major- 
general  of  the  American  army,  during  the  revo- 
lution, and  a  member  of  congress  in  1779,  died 
in  1789. 

SPENER,  Philip  James,  a  Luther.in  divine, 
founder  of  the  sect  called  Pietists,  held  some  ec- 
clesiastical dignilies  ai  Berlin,  and  died  in  1705 
aged  70. 

SPENSER,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  died  in  1598,  aged  45. 

SPERLING,  Otto,  a  distinguished  physician 
of  Hamburgh,  went  to  Copenhagen,  as  physician 
to  the  king  of  Denmark.  He  wrote  a  "Catalogue 
of  the  Plants  of  Denmark,"  and  died  in  pri 
son,  in  1081. 

SPERLING,  John,  professor  of  medicine,  at 
Wittemberg,  and  a  writer  on  medical  subjects, 
cHed  in  10.58 

SPERONE,  Speron,  an  Italian  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1588,  aged  88. 

SPIELMAN,  James  Reinhold,  an  eminent 
physician,  and  professor  of  medicine  and  chy 
mistry  at  Strasburg,  died  in  1782.  He  publish 
etl  Elements  of  Chymistry,  and  other  works. 

SPIERINGS,  Henry,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  bom  in  1033. 

SPIERS,  Albert  Van,  an  admired  historical 
painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1718,  aged  52. 

SPIGELIUS,Adrian,a  native  of  Brussel9,pro- 
fessor  of  surgery  and  anatomy  at  Padua,  died 
in  1625.  His  works  were  pubhsbed  at  Amsicr- 
Uani,  in  1045. 

SPILBERG,  John,  an  eminent  portrait  and 
historical  painter,  of  Dusseldorf,  died  in  1691. 
376 


ST 

His  daughter,  Adriana,  excelled  as  a  painter 
in  crayons. 

SPILBERG,  George,  a  Dutch  admiral,  who 
defeated  the  Spaniards  in  the  South  Seas,  about 
1010. 

SPINCKES,  Naihaniei,  of  Northamptonshire, 
an  eminent  non-juring  divine,  died  in  1727,  aged 
73. 

SPINELLO,  Aretino,  a  Tuscan  painter  ef 
great  repute,  born  m  1328,  and  died  in  1420. 
His  .<;on  Paris  was  also  an  eminent  painter,  and 
is  said  to  have  painted  Lucifer,  in  his  picture  of 
the  fallen  angels,  in  so  hideous  a  form,  that  he 
was  frightened  at  his  own  work,  and  afUcted  in 
big  senses  ever  after.     He  died  in  1422,  aged  56. 

SPINOL.A,  Ambrose,  a  famous  Spanish  ge- 
neral, died  in  1030,  aged  61. 

SPINOZA,  Benedict  de,  born  at  .Amsterdam, 
in  10.38,  was  tirst  a  Jew,  then  a  Christian,  and 
lastly  an  atheist.     He  died  in  1077. 

SHIRA,  Francis,  an  eminent  Venetian  law- 
yer, in  the  lOih  century.  He  was  supposed  to 
favour  the  tenets  of  the  reformation,  and  com- 
pelled to  make  a  recantation  to  save  his  life, 
which  had  such  an  eflect  upon  liis  spirits,  as  to 
hasten  his  end.     He  died  in  1548. 

SPON,  Charles,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
French  pnysician,  died  at  Lyons,  in  1084.  Hs 
wrote  Latin  verses  with  ease  and  elegance,  and 
corresponded  with  most  of  the  learned  men  of 
Europe. 

SPON,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  cele- 
brated physician,  historian,  and  antiquary,  born 
at  livons,  in  1047,  and  died  in  lOliO. 

SPONDANl'S,  John,  or  DE  SPONDE,  a 
learned  man,  born  in  Biscay,  in  1557,  author  o4' 
a  Commentary  on  Homer's  Writings,  and  other 
works,  died  in  1395. 

SPONDANUS,  Henry,  brother  of  the  pre 
[Ceding,  a  French  civilian  and  annalist,  died  in 
!l043,  aged  75. 

I  SPOTSWOOD,  John,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drews, and  an  author,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1505,  and  died  in  10.39. 

SPOTSWOOD,  Alexander,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  died  in  1740. 

SPR-AGG,  Edward,  a  valiant  English  naval 
officer,  who  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars 
with  the  Dutch,  and  with  the  Algerines,  was 
drowned  in  an  engagement  with  Van  Trorap, 
about  1673. 

8PR.ANGHER,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  was  patronised  at  Rome, 
by  Pius  v.,  and  in  Germany,  by  the  emperor 
Rodolphus,  by  whom  he  was  ennobled.  He  died 
in  1023. 

SPRAT,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  Rochester,  a 
historian  and  poet,  died  in  1713,  aged  77.  He 
wrote  the  "  History  of  the  Royal  Society,"  and 
other  workB. 

SPRING,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
American  clergyman,  pastor  of  a  presbyteriaa 
church,  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  died  in  1819. 

SPRO-AT,  James,  D.  D.,  an  able  and  exem- 
plary clergyman,  of  Philadelphia,  died  in  1793. 

SPURSTOW,  William,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  and  a  member  of  the  Westminster  as- 
sembly of  divines,  died  in  1006. 

saUARCIONE,  Francis,  an  Italian  painter 
of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1474. 

SaUIRE,  Dr.  Samuel,  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
a  poetical,  historical,  and  antiquarian  writer, 
died  in  1766. 

STAAL,  madame  de,  a  French  lady  of  great 

wit,  wife  of  an  officer  of  the  horse  guards,  and 

l)author  of  comedies,  memoirs.  &c.,  dieU  at  1750. 


ST 

STABEN,  Henry  a  ctlebrated  Flemish  histor- 
ical painter,  died  in  1058. 

STAt;KfiOLit^E,  'I'lioinag,  a  learned  and  pi 
ous,  but  iipwssitous  English  divine,  who  lirsl 
became  n.ilicod  by  a  treatise  "  On  the  Miseries 
of  the  IiiliTior  Clergy."  He  died  in  175-2,  aged 
72,  leavini;  many  other  works. 

STA  Dili's,  John,  prolessor  of  history  at  Lou- 
vain,  and  afterwards  of  mathemalics  and  his 
tory  at  Varis,  died  iii  15T0. 

ST.-\RL,  Anne  Louisa  Germaine  Neckor, 
baroness  de,  was  daughter  of  M.  Neckcr,  tlie 
celebraifd  French  tinancier,  born  in  Paris  in 
ITfiti.  She  wrote  several  books,  and  died  in 
1S17. 

STAFFORD,  Antony,  a  learned  English  wri- 
ter, author  of  ihe  "Life  and  Oiaili  of  Diog- 
enes," and  iiiaHV  other  works:  he  difd  in  1(141. 

STAIIL,  (Jeorge  Ernest,  nu  eminent  (Jorrnan 
chymist,  and  profi;.s.sor  of  chyniistry  at  Halli- ; 
went  to  Bcrliti,  where  he  was  physician  u>  the 
Kiu'^',  and  counsellor  of  state  ;  he  wiou;  many 
valuahio  works,  and  died  in  17.34. 

PT^HUF.MBERG,  Conrad  Halthasar,  count 
de,  governor  of  Vienna,  celebrated  for  his  brave 
defence  of  that  city  against  the  Turks,  in  US'.i 
lie  (lied  at  Rome,  in  1687. 

ST.WIIIEMUHRG,  G.uido  Balde,  count  de, 
an  Austrian  (lenera!  of  great  gallantry  and  merit, 
died  at  Vienna,  in  17.T7 

.STALBENT,  Adrian,  a  distinguished  pain- 
ter, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1(560. 

STAMPART.  Francis,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  .Antwerp,  and  settled  in  Vienna,  died 
there  in  1750. 

ST.AiN'DISH,  Miles,  one  of  the  little  hand  of 
Pilgrims,  who  first  came  to  New  England,  and 
captain  of  the  military  forces  of  the  iiifant  col- 
ony of  Plymouth,  in  the  wars  with  the  Indians, 
lie  died  in  K56. 

ST.\NHOPE,  George,  an  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  dii'd  in  17-A5,  aaed  ()8. 

STANHOPE,  James,  e.irl  of,  born  in  1G73, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  army,  and  was  af- 
terwards made  secretary  of  state  under  George 
I.,  ambassador  to  Vienna,  first  lord  of  thi' 
treasury,  aod  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ; 
tic  died  in  1721. 

STANHOPE,  Philip  Dormer,  earl  of  Chester- 
field, one  of  the  innst  celobiated  wits  of  his  n^e., 
Rn  eminent  slatesiiian,  political,  epistolary,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1773,  aged  79. 

STANHOPE,  Charles,  Earl,  born  In  1733, 
was  a  man  of  science  and  ingenuity ;  he  died 
In  1816.     Hi.^  inventions  were  valuable. 

STANI.^LAITJS,  Leczinski,  king  of  Poland 
«nd  elector  of  Saxony,  a  most  unfortunate,  bin 
virtuous  prince.  He  wrote  several  books,  and 
died  in  17(>f>. 

STANISLAUS  AUGITSTUS  POMATOW- 
6K1,  was  the  son  of  a  Polish  nohleman.  born 
in  ]73'),  died  in  170P.  He  was  elected  king  of 
Poland,  in  1764,  and  deposed  by  (Catherine,  eiu- 
pre.ss  of  Russia,  in  17'.(.5. 

STANLEY,  sir  Thomas,  an  elegant  English 
writer,  author  of  some  poems,  &c. 

STANLEY,  Thomas,  an  Ensrlish  gentleman 
of  prodigious  learning,  son  of  the  prec(!ding, 
born  1644.  and  died  in  1678,  leaving  several  val- 
uable books. 

STANLEY.  .Tohn,  an  English  musician,  who 
was  blind  from  the  age  of  2  years.  He  w,is 
organist  of  several  churches,  and  at  last  mas- 
ter of  the  King's  band.  He  died  in  17*?0,  aged 
73. 

STANNIN.'V,  an  eminent  historical  painter, 

B  bb 


8T 

>f  Florence,  was  patronised   by  the  kiug  of 
Spain  anil  died  in  1403. 

TAN  VHURST,  Ricliard,  a  native  of  Dublin, 
distinguished  as  a  divine,  philosopher,  poet, 
nnd  historian.  He  was  ciiaplai.i  t(>  Ihe  arch- 
luke  .Albert  of  Austria,  and  died  at  Brussels, 
in  1618. 

ST  APLETON,  Walter,  an  Engli.vh  prelate, 
was  bishop  ot  Exeter,  aad  treasurer  of  England. 
He  founded  Exeter  college,  0.\ford,  and  was 
beheaded  during  an  insurrectiou  In  London,  in 
13\M. 

STAPLETON,  Thomas,  an  English  cleicv 
man,  prebendary  of  t"hicli<-5ter,  in  the  rei^ii  m 
Mary,   and  aiierwaid«  regius  professor  of  ili- 
vinitv  al  Louv.-ii.i,  and  canon  of  Si.  Peter's,  died 
in  l.i!l8. 

STAPYLTON,  sir  Robert,  an  English  dra- 
matic writer,  di<'(l  in  166'.*. 

STARK,  John,  a  gfrneral  in  the  .Anieri'-an 
.iriny,  during  the  revolution,  distinguisiied  for 
Ills  acliviiy,  enierpiise  and  courage,  and  lor  his 
iniporiani  services  in  tlit  war,  died  iu  18^, 
aged  94. 

ST.VUDVOLSKI,  Simon,  author  of  a  Geo- 
^taphif;il  Account  of  Poland,  and  of  tlie  lives 
oi  100  illustrious  Polish  writers,  lived  in  the 
17lh  century. 

ST,\TIRA,  daughter  of  Dariun,  and  wife  of 
Alexander.  She  was  murdered  by  Roxaiia, 
3J3  B.  C. 

ST.ATIUS,  Publius  Ra|)iiiiiis,  an  ancient  Rn- 
niaii  poet,  born  at  Napleti,  about  the  beginning 
i'  the  reign  of  Claudius  ;  he  lived  91  years. 

S  I" At.'NTUN,  sir  (Jeoige  Leonard,  was  liorn 
at  (iaUvay.  in  Ireland,  and  bred  to  surgery  and 
physic.  H',;  went  lo  the  West  Indies,  tonk  to 
he  law,  aird  got  rich.  He  was  afurwa;ds  attor- 
ney general  al  (iienada,  t-ecreiary  to  lord  Ma- 
cartney,  when    governor  of    Madras ;    and  at 

iigth  was  created  a  baronet  by  the  kiug.  He 
died  in  leoi. 

STAVELY.Thorna*,  an  English  lav.yer  and 
writer,  autlionirihe  '■  History  of  the  Churches," 
4.C.,  diedin  IThSS. 

STEBBING,  Dr.  Henry,  an  English  divine, 
and  thdoligica!  writer,  died  in  1763. 

STEDM.AN,  John  Gabriel,  n  naiive  of  Scot- 
land, born  in  1745,  became  an  author,  and  nied 
ill  1797. 

STEELE,  sir  Richard,  an  English  writer. and 
politician,  was  horn  in  Ireland,  but  educvied  at 
London  with  .Addison ;  he  wrote  many  lirie 
books,  and  died  in  1729. 

5TEEN,  Job,!,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at  Ley- 
den,  died  i.i  1'.«9. 

STET'.NVVICK.  Henry,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1()03 

STEEA'EN'S,  George,  an  ingenious  critic  and 
cl.tsical  schol.Tr,  was  born  at  Stepney,  in  1735, 
a  ,(ldi»'J  ill  1800. 

STIOFANESCHL  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
historical,  and  miniature  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  in  1659. 

STEINBOCK,  Magnus,  an  illustrious  Swede, 
who  distinguislied  himself  in  the  wars,  under 
Charles XII.,  by  lii.^  taloiir.  In  the  absence  of 
his  master  from  Sweden,  he  governed  the  king- 
dom with  uncommon  wisdom  and  moderation. 
He  died  in  1717. 

STELLA,  James,  an  eminent  French  paint- 
er, born  at  Lyons,  in  1396.  and  died  at  Pans,  in 
1647. 

STELLINt,  James,  a'l  Italian  ecclesiastic, 
distinguished  for  his  learninp:,  was  professor  of 
ilivinitv  at  Padua,  and  died  in  1770. 


8T 


ST 


STENO,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  Danish 
anatomist,  became  an  ecclesiastic  in  Italy,  and 
was  appointed  by  the  pope,  apostolical  vicar  of 
Germany,  and  bitihop  of  Titiopolis,  in  Greece  ; 
he  died  in  ]686. 

STEPHANUS  BYZANTINUS.an  able  Greek 

framniarian  and  lexicographer,  who  lived  in  the 
til  or  Gth  century. 

STEPHEN',  St.,  the  first  Christian  martyr. 
He  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  Jews,  A.  D.  33, 
on  a  charge  of  blaspheming  God  and  Moses. 

STEPHEN  I.,  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair 
after  Lucius,  in  253.  He  suffered  martyrdom  in 
the  persecution  of  Valentinian,  in  257. 

STEPHEN  U.,  was  chosen  pope  in  752.  Be- 
ing attacked  by  the  king  of  Lombardy,  he  ap- 
pealed for  assistance  to  Pepin,  king  of  France, 
who  defeated  the  Lombards,  and  took  from  them 
25  towns,  which  he  gave  to  the  pope,  and  thus 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  temporal  power  of  the 
Holy  See.    Stephen  died  in  757. 

STEPHEN  HI.,  succeeded  to  the  papacy  in 
768,  and  died  in  772. 

STEPHEN  IV.,  was  elected  pope  after  Leo 
III.,  in  816,  and  died  the  next  year. 

STEPHEN  v.,  pope  after  Adrian  III.,  in  885, 
died  in  891. 

STEPHEN  VI.  was  elected  pope  in  896.  He 
caused  the  dead  body  of  his  predecessor,  For- 
mosus,  to  be  dug  up,  dressed  in  the  pontifical 
robes,  tried,  and  decapitated,  for  having  been 
his  enemy,  whicli  so  disgusted  the  Romans,  that 
they  revolted,  and  strangled  him,  in  897. 

STEPHE.N  VII.,  successor  to  Leo  VI.,  died 
after  a  pontilicate  of  two  years,  in  933. 

STEPHEN  VIII.,  was  elected  pope  in  939. 
He  was  insulted  and  disfigured  by  the  Romans, 
and  died  in  942. 

STEPHEN  IX.,  brother  of  Godfrey,  duke  of 
Lorraine,  was  chosen  pope  in  1057,  and  died 
the  following  year. 

STEPHEN  of  Muret,  Saint,  devoted  himself 
10  religious  solitude,  for  50  years,  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Murei,  where  he  founded  a  monastery, 
and  died  in  1124. 

STEPHEN  I.,  St.,  king  of  Hungary,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Geisa,  in  997.  He  introduced 
Christianity  into  his  kingdom,  made  wise  and 
wholesome  laws  for  the  benefit  of  his  people, 
and  died  respected  and  regretted,  in  1038. 

STEPHEN,  a  waivode  of  Moldavia,  who  in 
the  16th  century  expelled  the  lawful  sovereign, 
of  that  country,  and  usurped  his  throne ;  he  was, 
in  consequence  of  his  tyranny,  murdered  in  his 
tent,  with  2000  of  his  follower.-?. 

STEPHEN,  king  of  England,  usurped  the 
throne  from  Matilda,  the  lawful  sovereign,  who 
opposed  him  with  various  success ;  and  after 
distracting  the  kingdom  with  civil  wars,  for  a 
long  linu',  he  made  an  agreement  by  which  he 
reigned  peaceably  the  residue  of  his  life,  and 
left  the  crown  to  Henry,  the  son  of  Matilda,  to 
the  exclusion  of  his  own  son.  He  died  in  1154. 
STEPHENS,  Henry,  a  celebrated  French 
printer,  the  founder  of  the  family  of  that  name, 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  at  Lyons,  in  1520. 

STEPHENS,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
one  of  the  best  printers  of  his  time,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1503,  lived  in  intimacy  at  Geneva, 
with  Calvin  and  others,  whose  works  he  printed, 
and  died  there  in  1559. 

STEPHENS,  Henry,  son  of  Robert,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1528,  and  died  in  1598.  He  was  also 
a  printer,  and  considered  the  most  leained  of  all 
his  learned  family. 

STEPHENS,  Paul,  son  of  Henry,  dislinguish- 
378 


cd  as  a  man  of  learning,  continued  his  father's 
business  at  Geneva,  and  died  in  1627. 

STEPHENS,  John,  an  English  catholic,  who 
e.spoused  the  cause  oftheexiled  James  II.  After 
an  act  of  amnesty  had  passed,  he  returned  t« 
London,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer.    He  died  about  1726. 

STEPHENS,  Robert,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquary, died  in  1732. 

STEPNEY,  George,  an  English  poet,  states- 
man, and  political  writer,  died  in  1707,  aged  44. 

STERNE,  Lawrence,  an  eminent  wril«r,  bom 
in  Ireland,  in  1713,  author  of  "Tristram  Shan- 
dy," "  Sentimental  Journey,"  and  other  works. 
He  died  in  London,  in  1768. 

STERNHOLD,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
celebrated  for  his  version  of  king  David's 
Psalms,  in  conjunction  with  Hopkins ;  he  died 
in  1549. 

STESICHORUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  statesman, 
born  in  the  37th  Olympiad,  and  lived  above  80 
years. 

STEUBEN,  Frederic,  William  baron  de,  one 
of  the  distinguished  foreigners,  who  volunteered 
their  services  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  during  the 
American  revolution,  was  a  major-general  in 
the  American  army,  during  that  period,  and  a 
brave,  skilful,  and  valuable  officer.  He  had 
been  an  aid-de-camp  of  Frederic  the  Great,  of 
Prussia,  his  native  country,  and  possessed  a 
knowledge  of  the  military  tactics  of  Europe, 
highly  serviceable  to  the  revolutionary  army. 
He  died  at  Steubenville,  N.  Y.,  in  1794. 

STEVENS,  William  Bagshaw,  an  English 
clergyman,  author  of  "Retirement,"  a  poem, 
"  Indian  Odes,"  &c.,  died  in  1800. 

STEVENS.  George  Alexander,  an  English 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1784. 

STEVENS,  Alexander,  an  eminent  architect, 
died  in  1796.  The  bridge  over  the  Liffey,  the 
aqueduct  at  Lancaster,  and  the  locks  in  the 
grand  canal  of  Ireland,  are  lasting  monuments 
of  his  skill  and  ingenuity. 

STEVENS,  Palaraedes,  an  English  painter 
of  considerable  merit,  died  in  1638.  His  brother 
Anthony,  was  a  celebrated  portrait  painter,  and 
died  in  1680. 

STEVENS,  Joseph,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  died  in  1713: 

STEVENS,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  able  minister 
of  Kittery,  Mass.,  died  in  1791. 

STEVIN,  SiiiK  .,  a  distinguished  Dutch  ma- 
thematician, and  mathematical  writer,  died  in 
1635. 

STEWART,  sir  James,  a  Scotch  baronet,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  "  Treatise  on  Political  Eco- 
nomy," and  other  works,  died  in  1789. 

STEWART,  Matthew,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Edinburgh,  and  a  mathematical  writer, 
died  in  1785. 

STIFELIUS,  Michael,  a  protestant  divine, 
of  Germany,  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Algebra," 
and  another  on  the  calendar,  died  in  1567.  He 
predicted  that  the  destruction  of  the  world  would 
happen  In  1553,  but  lived  to  witness  the  fallacy 
of  his  calculations. 

STILES,  Ezra,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  American 
clergyman  and  classical  scholar,  for  many  years 
president  of  Yale  college,  died  in  1795. 

STILL,  John,  bishop  of  Bath  ind  Wells,  a 
very  early  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1607,  aged  32. 

STILLINGFLEET,  Dr.  Edward,  bishop  of 
Worcester,  born  in  1735,  and  died  in  1699,  great 
ly  distinguished  by  numerous  polemic  writings, 
particularly  "Origines  Sacra:"  a  book  of  in- 
estimable value. 


RT 

STILUNGFLEET,  Benjamin,  grandson  of 
liic  preceding,  a  distinguished  naturaliBt  and 
poet,  born  in  1702,  and  died  in  1771. 

STILLMAiV,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
baptist  minister,  settled  at  Boston,  Masa..  died 
jn  1807. 

STITH,  William,  an  American  historian, 
president  of  the  college  of  William  and  Mary, 
Virginia,  until  about  1740. 

STOBiEUS,  John,  a  learned  Greek  writer, 
who  livtd  in  the  5th  century. 

STOCK,  Christian,  a  German  orientalist,  of 
great  k'arning,  was  a  professor  at  Jena;  He 
died  in  17:<.'<. 

STOCKADE,  Nicholas  de  Helt,  an  eminent 
portrait  and  historical  painter,  of  Nimegucn, 
lived  ahout  IGU. 

STOCKTON,  Richard, an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
judge  of  New-Jersey,  was  a  member  of  con 
gri'ps  from  that  state  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

STODDARD,  Solomon,  an  eminent  clerg>' 
man,  of  New-England,  settled  for  nearly  60 
years  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  and  diod  in  1729. 

6TOFFLER,John,an  eminent  teaclierof  nia- 
theniatirs  at  Tuhinjirn,  wrote  some  books  on 
that  scioiice  and  on  asirolocv,  and  died  in  15H1. 

STOFFLET,  Nicholas,  aFrench  private  .sol- 
dier, who  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution, 
armed  liinisolf  and  his  followers,  in  support  of 
royalty,  and  supported  himself  against  the  for- 
ces lit  the  convention.  During  two  years  he 
fought  150  battles,  and  his  bravery  generally  en- 
sured success.  He  was  at  last  prevailed  on  to 
lay  down  his  arms,  and  afterwards  on  some 
frivolous  pretext  taken  and  shot,  in  1796. 

STONE,  John,an eminent  English  painter,  in 
the  reign.'  of  the  two  Charles'.   He  died  in  1G53, 

STONR,  Edmund,  a  sclftaught  mathemati- 
cian, author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Fluxions"  and 
other  mntheniatical  works ;  he  died  about  1750. 

STONE,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  English 
Etatuary,  died  in  1647. 

STO.N'E,  Samuel,  an  English  divine  who 
came  to  this  country  to  escape  persecution.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  ministers  in  Hartford,  Con. 
and  died  there  in  1633. 

STONE,  John  Haskins,  a  brave  and  zealous 
officer  of  the  revolution,  afterwards  governor 
of  the  State  of  Maryland,  died  in  1804. 

STONE,  Thomas,  a  member  of  congress  in 
1776,  from  Mar>'land,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence,  died  in  1787. 

STONE,  David,  a  representative  and  senator 
in  congress  from  North  Carolina,  and  after- 
wards a  judge  and  governor  of  that  state.  He 
died  in  1818. 

STONEHOUSE,  sir  James,  an  eminent  En- 
glish physician,  and  afterwards  a  popular  and 
eloquent  preacher,  died  in  1795.  In  the  early 
part  of  his  life,  he  was  an  infidel;  but  he  re- 
nounced and  wrote  against  his  sceptical  opin- 
ions. 

STORAGE,  Stephen,  a  distinguished  musi- 
cian and  composer  for  the  English  theatre,  was 
born  in  1763,  and  died  in  1796. 

STORCK,  Nichol.is,  a  native  of  Saxony,  who 
in  connexion  with  Muncer  founded  the 'sect  of 
the  .^nab.'lptisls  in  Moravia ;  he  died  at  Munich 
about  1530. 

STORCK.     Sec  RINGELBERGirS. 

STORCK,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
Eca  pieces  and  marine  views  were  much  admi- 
red ;  he  died  in  1708.  His  brother  was  a  good 
landscape  painter. 


ST 

STOUFFACHER,  Werner,  one  of  the  illus- 
trious band  of  Swigs  heroes,  who  overturned 
the  Austrian  government  of  Switzerland,  and 
restored  their  country  to  its  original  Independ- 
ence. 

STOUGHTON,  William,  chief  justice,  and 
after»vards  lieutenant  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1701. 

STOW,  John,  an  eminent  English  hittorian 
[and  antiquary,  died  in  1605,  aged  80. 

STRABO.a  native  of  Cappadocia,  celebrated 
as  a  geographer  and  historian,  died  at  the  be 
iginniiig  of  the  emperor  Tiberius'  reign. 
1    STRADA,  Famianus,  a  very  inscnious  and 
learned  Italian  Jesuit,  died  in  1649. 

STRADA,  John,  or  STRADANUS,  a  Flem- 
ish painter,  bom  in  1536,  and  died  in  1604.  His 
hunting  and  historical  pieces  are  much  admired. 

STRAETEN,  N.  Vander,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  bom  in  1680. 

STRAFFORD,  Thomas  Wentworth,  earl  of, 
See  WENTWORTH. 

STRAHAM,  \\  illiam,  a  very  eminent  print- 
[er,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1715,  and  died  in 
1785. 

STRAIGHT,  John,  an  English  di\-ine  and 
poet,  was  prebendary  of  Salisbury  cathedral ; 
[he  dieil  in  1740. 

STRANGE,  sir  Robert,  a  celebrated  histori 
cal  engraver,  born  in  the  island  of  i'omona,  in 
Orkney,  in  1721,  and  died  in  1792. 

STR.\UCHIL'S,  Giles,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Wittcniberg,  and  afterwards  professor  of  the- 
ology and  rector  of  the  university  of  Dantzic, 
died  in  1682. 

STREATER,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
historical  painter,  died  in  lt'^0. 

STREKK,  Jurian  Van,  an  admired  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1678.  His  son.  Henry,  excelled 
as  a  historical  painter  ;  he  died  in  1713. 

STRIGELIL'S,  Viciorius,  a  teacher  of  theo- 
logy, and  afterwards  a  professor  of  morality  at 
Heidleberg,  died  in  1569. 

8TROBELBERGER,  John  Stephen,  an  emi- 
nent German  physician  and  medical  writer,  died 
in  1630. 

STRONG,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Carlisle,  who, 
although  blind  from  his  infancy,  was  distin- 
uishcd  for  uncommon  skill  in  mechanics.    He 
died  in  1798. 

STRONG,  Nathan,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  pastor  of  a  congregational 
chUHta  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  distinguished  for  his 
tat^B,  eloquence,  piety,  and  learning,  died  in 

i^lONG,  Caleb,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  1744.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed in  early  life  for  his  energj' and  zeal  in  defence 
of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  after  n  variety 
of  public  employments,  whs  chosen  a  member 
of  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  and  govern- 
or of  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  con- 
spicuous for  the  \igour  of  his  intellect,  the  de- 
ciMon  and  energy  of  his  character,  and  for  his 
patriotism  and  integrity,  and  died  in  1820. 

STRONG,  Simeon,  LL.  D.,  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state  of  Maiisachusettt, 
died  in  1805. 

STROZZI.  Titus  and  Hercules,  father  and 
son,  were  Latin  poets,  at  Fcrrara.  The  father 
died  in  150-2,  the  son,  in  1508. 

STROZZI,  Cyriaco.  aperipatetic  philosopher, 
born  at  Florence,  in  1504,  and  died  in  1565. 

STROZZI,  Julius,  an  Italian  poet,  autliorof 
a  poem  on  the  origin  of  Venice,  and  another 
heroic  poem  ;  he  died  In  1686. 

379 


ST 

STROZZI,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  puc<  ^nd 
dramatic  writer,  of  Florence,  died  in  lt)64. 

8TRUUELL,  Peter,  an  eminent  German 
painter,  died  in  1717. 

STRUENSEE,  count,  a  physician,  who  by 
his  abilities,  became  the  favourite  and  prime 
minister  of  the  king  of  Denmark.  He  was 
ruined  by  the  intri^jues  of  the  queen  mother, 
and  perished  on  tlie  scaffold,  in  177'J. 

STRUTT,  Joseph,  an  English  artist,  well 
known  tor  the  assiduity  with  which  he  traced 
antiquity  ;  be  died  in  1787.  aged  S3. 

STRUV'^rUS,  George  Adam,  professor  of  ju- 
risprudence at  Jena,  and  counsellor  to  the  duke 
of  Saxony,  died  in  Wf2. 

flTRijVILTS,  Burcard  Gotthelf,  son  of  the 
preceding,  wai>  employed  at  Jena,  in  his  father's 
profession,  and  was  equally  esteemed.  He 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Germany,"  and  numerous 
other  works,  and  died  in  1738. 

8TRUYS,  John,  a  Dutchman,  celebrated  as  a 
traveller.  He  wrote  an  account  of  bis  travels, 
and  died  about  1080. 

STRYPE,  John  an  industrious  English  di- 
vine, biographer,  and  historian,  died  in  1737, 
aged  94 

STUART,  Robert,  lord  Castlereagh,  marquis 
of  Londonderry,  an  eminent  English  statesmai 
and  uiinL'ster,  for  many  years  at  the  liead  of  the 
British  cabinet,  and  the  representative  of  the 
nation  at  the  continental  meetings  of  the  allied 
sovereigns ;  died  in  Ireland,  in  1823. 

STU.XRT,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  historian,  of 
Scotland,  born  in  1742,  and  died  in  1786. 

STUART,  James,  cominonly  called  Athenian 
Stuart,  a  very  celebrated  traveller,  and  delinea- 
tor of  Athenian  architecture,  died  in  1788. 
aged  76. 

STUHBE,  Henry,  a  learned  English  contro- 
versial writer,  and  physician,  was  drowned 
near  Baili,  in  167C. 

STIIBBS,  George,  an  English  divine,  and 
ablf  writer,  author  of  the  "  New  Adventure  of 
Teleinachua,"  and  some  elegant  verses,  lived 
about  1720. 

STUBBS,  George,  a  celebrated  painter  and 
anatomist,  died  in  1806. 

STUCKIUS,  John  William,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, distinguished  as  an  antiquary,  and  as  a 
writer  on  antiquities,  died  in  1607. 

STITDLY,  John,  an  English  poet,  and  soldier, 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Breda,  while  serving  un- 
der prince  Maurice,  in  1587. 

STl'KELY,  William,*n  English  divii|fcnd 
antiquary,  of  much  celebrity,  died  in  1765ZS 

STU  MCA,  James  Lopez,  a  Spanish  di^e, 
and  philologer  in  the  university  of  Alcala,  died 
at  Naples,  in  1530. 

STURGES,  Jonathan,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  strong  advocate  for  the  rights  of 
the  colonies  ,  he  was  a  member  of  the  tir.~t 
congress  in  1774,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the 
eupreiiie  court  of  the  state  of  Connecticut,  and 
died  in  181» 

STUR.MIUS,  James,  a  learned  German,  who 
was  employed  as  ambassador  to  the  imperial 
court  and  to  England.  He  contributed  to  the 
reformation  in  Strasburg,  and  died  in  1553. 

STI 'RMIUS,  John  an  eminent  German  gram- 
marian and  rhetorician,  called  the  Cicero  of 
Germany,  died  in  1589. 

STITRMIUS,  Leonard  Christopher,  an  emi 
nen  architect,  of  Altorf,  published  a  course  ot 
architecture,  and  died  in  1719. 

8TURMIUS,  John  Christopher,  professor  of 

philosophy  atid  matbematics,  at  Akorf,  died  lo 

380 


SV 

l70'J.    His  mathematical  and  philosophical  wri- 
tings are  very  numerous. 

STUVEL,  Ernest,  an  admired  painter,  of 
Hamburgh,  died  in  1712. 

STUYVESANT,  Peter,  the  last  governor  of 
the  colouy  of  New- York,  while  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Dutch,  he  surrendered  the  colony  to 
the  English,  in  1664. 

SIJARU,  J.  B.  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  and 
editor  of  a  journal  opposed  to  the  revolution, 
was  distinguished  particularly  for  his  transla- 
tions from  the  English  ;  he  died  in  1817. 

SUAREZ,  Francis,  a  Spanish  jesnit,wa«  pro- 
fessor at  .\lcala,  Salamanca,  and  Rome,  aHd  af- 
terwards professor  of  divinity  at  Coimbra,  in 
Portuu'al.  He  wrote  on  metaphysics,  morality, 
aiid  theology,  and  died  in  1617. 

SUBLEYR.^S,  Peter,  a  portrait  and  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Laiigucdoc,  died  in  1759. 

SUBTERMAiNS,  Justus,  a  celebrated  paint 
er,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1681. 

SUCKLING,  sir  John,  an  English  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1641. 

SUE,  John,  a  celebrated  French  surgeon  and 
medical  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1782. 

HUE,  John  Joseph,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  and  a  writer 
on  anatomy  and  surgery.     He  died  in  1792. 

SUETONIUS,  Caius  Tranquillus,  a  historian 
and  biographer,  born  at  Rome,  and  flourished 
in  the  reign  of  Vespasian. 

SUETT,  Richard,  an  English  comedian  of 
merit,  died  in  1805. 

UEUR,  Nicholas  le,  or  SUDORIUS,  coun- 
sellor and  president  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
was  assassinated  by  robbers,  in  1594. 

SUEUR,  Thomas  le,  of  tlie  order  of  Minims, 
was  a  celebrated  teacher  of  theology,  philoso- 
phy, and  mathematics  at  Rome,  and  preceptor 
10  the  dukeof  Parma,  was  horn  in  Champagne, 
in  1703,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1770. 

SUEUR,  Eustache  le,  one  of  the  best  French 
historical  painters  of  his  time,  died  in  1655. 

SUFFREN,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  confessor 
to  Mary  de  Medicis.  He  wrote  "  Annee  Chre- 
tienne,"  aworkof  great  merit,  and  died  in  1641. 
A  French  admiral  Suffren,  of  the  same  family, 
died  in  1789. 

SUGER,  Abbe,  abbot  of  St.  Denis,  and  min- 
ister under  Lewis  VII.,  and  Lewis  the  Gros,  was 
distinguished  for  his  talents  ;  he  died  in  1152. 

SUICER,  John  Gaspard,  a  most  learned  di- 
vine, and  author,  born  at  Zurich,  in  1620  and 
died  in  1705. 

8U1DAS,  author  of  a  useful  Greek  Lexicon, 
nourished  between  975  and  1025 ;  his  native 
country  is  not  known. 

SULLIVAN,  sir  Richard  Joseph,  an  English 
writer,  and  member  of  parliament,  and  author 
of  an  Analysis  of  the  "  Political  History  of  In- 
dia," and  several  otiier  works,  died  in  1806. 

SULLIVAN,  John,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguish- 
d  patriot  and  soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  s 
major-general  in  the  American  army  during  that 
period,  and  afterwards  a  member  of  Congress, 
;ind  a  judge  of  the  United  States  district  court 

r  New  Hampshire.  His  services  as  an  officer 
were  numerous  and  important,  he  died  in  1795. 

SULLIVAN,  James,  LL.  D.,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  a 
judge  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  after- 
wards a  member  of  congress,  and  governor  of 
■liat  state;  he  died  in  1808. 

SULLY,  Maximilian  de  Bethune,  baron  of 
Rosni,  duke  of,  a  marshal  of  France,  prime 
minister  to  Henry  IV, ,  and  one  of  the  ablest  and 


sw 

most  hnnest  Malesniei;  lliat  France  ever  bad 
Hedird  in  1641,  dg(  d  kO. 

SIU.PICIA,  a  Kiimaii  poetess,  who  lived  un- 
der \Ui'  reign  ol  Doniiiian,  and  lias  been  called 
the  Ri)niaii  r!n|jpli<i. 

STLPICIU.-,  SeveruB.  an  eminent  ecclesias 
lical  historian,  born  in  Aquitaiiie,  in  the  5lh  cen- 
turv. 

SI"i,ZER,  John  Georpe,  an  eminent  Swis.- 
philfisopher  andccclfsias;ic,  professor  of  maili- 
eniaiics  at  Berlin,  died  in  1779.  He  wrmij 
"Moral  Conteniplaiions  on  the  Works  of  Na- 
ture," &.<■. 

SUMMEKFIKLD,  John,  A.  M.,  a  very  elo- 
quent and  iKjpnlai  presclnr  o>  die  mctlmdist 
episcopal  church,  died  at  Ntw-York,  in  It^OS, 
aged  27,  Iiavine  been  a  preachnr  8  years. 

SUMNER,  Increase,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Massachu 
setis,  di(d  in  1707. 

SI'MOROKOF,  Alexander,  the  founder  of 
the  Rii.><;iaii  theatre,  and  a  poet.  He  died  in 
1777,  n-pd  .50. 

Sl'P'lRVILLE,  Daniel  de,  a  protestant  min- 
ister at  the  Walloon  church,  in  Uutierdam,  and 
a  theological  writer,  died  in  1728. 

SI'RK.MUSirs,  William,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Anisti-nlani,  in  the  li^th  century. 

Sl.'ltl  \i\,  John  Baptist,  a  pious  and  benevo- 
lent prela'p,  and  an  eloquent  preaclier,  of  Prov- 
ence, hfianieliisliop  of  Vence,  and  died  in  1754. 

Sl'RIl'S,  Lawrence,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Co- 
logne, and  a  flienlogicni  writer,  died  in  1578. 

J^I'RVII.LK,  Margaret  Eleanor  Clmilde  de, 
a  French  poetess  of  ilie  15th  century.  Her  lan- 
guage is  now  almost  obsolete,  but  her  writings 
display  great  vigour  of  mind,  and  a  fertile  ima- 
gination. 

SL'TCLIFFE,  Matthew,  a  learned  Enclish 
divine,  and  controversial  writer,  was  dean  of 
Exeter,  and  founder  of  Chelsea  college ;  he  died 
about  UllO. 

Sl'TTON,  Thomas,  a  patriotic  English  gen- 
tleman, died  in  1611,  aged  71). 

SUTTON,  Samuel,  an  English  soldier  and 
ingenious  mechanic,  died  in  1732. 

SUWAROKF,  Alexander,  count  Riminiski, 
a  Ru.ssia^i  general,  celebrated  for  his  inliuinani- 
ty,  was  born  in  1730,  and  died  in  ISOO. 

3UZE,  Henrielte  de  Coligne,  countess  de  la, 
a  celebrated  French  elegiac  poetess,  died  in 
167:t. 

SWAMMERDAM,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch 
naturalist,  dii  d  in  1680. 

SWANEFELI),  Herman,  aii  eminent Flemis^h 
landscape  painter,  whose  works  are  scarce  and 
valuable,  died  in  1680. 

SWF.nENl!OR(;,hon.  Emanuel,  an  eminent 
mathematical, philosophical, and  mystical  writer, 
died  in  1772,  age<i84.  He  was  the  Ibunderof  a 
sect  which  has  become  very  numerous,  and  is 
called  the  New-Jerusalem  church. 

SWIETEN,  Gerard  Van,  an  eminent  German 
physician  and  medical  author,  died  in  1772, 
aged  72. 

SWIFT,  Dr.  Jonathan,  dean  of  St.  Patnck's, 
in  Dublin^  an  illustrious  political,  satirical,  and 
roiscellaneons  writer,  and  poet,  died  in  174.5, 
aged  78.  He  was  author  of  several  singular 
books. 

SWIFT,  Deane,  a  near  relation  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Life, 
Writings.and  Character  ofDr.  Jonathan  Swift," 
Jicd  in  1783. 

SWIFT,  Job,  D.  P  ,  a  congregational  minis- 
ter, of  Bennington,  Vermont,  died  in  1804. 


SY 

SWIFT,  Zephaniah,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer,  of  ("omiecticut,  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  that  stale,  and  afterwards  a  judge 
and  chief  ju^tlce  of  the  supreme  court.  He 
published  a  "  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  ConneVti- 
cut."  and  other  valuable  proicssional  works, 
and  died  in  Ohio,  in  IKi3. 

SWINIIURNK,  Henry,  a  judge  of  the  prero- 
gative couil  of  the  archbishop  of  York,  author 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  Testaments  and  Last  Wills," 
&c  ,  died  in  lti20 

]  SWINBl  KNK.  Henry,  an  English  traveller, 
■  author  of  "  Travels  in  Spain,''  and  "  Travels 
jin  the  Two  Sicilleo  "  died  in  1803. 
I  S\V1NI)F^',  Tobias,  an  Englii-h  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  curious  "  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  anti 
Place  of  Hell,"  died  about  1720. 

SWINNDCK,  George,  an  eminent  English 
non-coiitorniist  divine,  and  writer,  died  in  )67;' 
I  SWINTON,  John,  B.  D.,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
[lish  antiquarv.  died  in  1777. 
I  SYRREUHT,  .Tohn,  a  Flemish  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1703. 

SYDENHAM,  Thomas,  an  exeelknt  English 
physician,  and  medical  writer,  died  in  111.'-'!!. 

SYDENHAM,  Floyer,  a  learned  and  diligent 
man,  but  for  want  of  patronage,  he  lived  long 
in  indigence,  a  di.«grar(!  to  English  opulence  ana 
humanity,  and  died  in  1787.  His  late  is  con 
nectcd  with  the  literary  fund  of  Great  Britain, 
which  has  since  risen  to  creat  celebritv. 

SYDNEY.     See.='lDNEY. 

SYLBURGIUS.Frederick, a  learned  German, 
born  in  1540.  He  wrote  some  Greek  poems 
published  editions  of  Herodotus,  Aristotle,  &c.i 
and  died  in  15',I6. 

SYLLA,  LuciTis  Cornelius,  n  renowned  Ko- 
man  gener.il  and  dictator,  but  tlie  srourjjc  of  iiis 
countrv,  dinl  7S  B.  C. 

SYI'.VESTER,  Matthew,  an  English  dissent- 
ing clergyman, settled  in  London,  and  died  theie 
in  17a«. 

SYLVESTER,  Joshua,  an  English  poet,  died 
in  1618. 

SYLVIUS,  Francis,  professor  of  eloquence, 
and  principal  of  the  college  of  Tournay,  at  Paris, 
died  ill  1531). 

SYLVIUS,  Lambert,  or  VANDEK  BOSCH, 
a  Dutch  writer,  author  of  the  "Theatre  of 
Illustrious  men,"  "History  of  his  age,"  and 
other  works,  died  in  1688. 

SYLVIUS  Francis  de  Ic  Boe,  professor  of 
medicine,  at  Iicydcu.  In  his  lecturre,  he  ably 
demonstrated  the  truth  of  Harvey's  discovery 
of  I  he  circulati(>nof  the  blood.  He  died  in  1672. 

SYLVIUS,  James,  or  DUBOIS,  an  eminent 
French  phvsirian  and  professor,  died  in  1555. 

SYMMACHUS,  Q.  Aur.  Avianus,  a  citizen 
and  senator  of  ancient  Rome,  and  consul  in 
the  year  391.  He  was  a  pagan,  and  a  wuroi 
opposer  of  the  Christian  religion. 

SYMMES,  William,  D.  D.,  a  minister,  of  An 
dover,  .Mass.,  died  in  1807. 

SYMNUS,  Thomas,  a  minister,  of  Bradford. 
Mass.,  and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1725. 

SYNCELLUS,  a  monk,  of  Constantinople, 
in  792,  author  of  a  chronography  in  Greek  and 
Latin. 

SYNESIUS,  of  Cyrene,  an  ancient  fnther  and 
bishop  of  the  Christian  church,  who  flourished 
at  the  beginning  of  the  5th  century.  He  wrote 
about  ISO  epistles  on  philosophical  and  polemi- 
cal subjects,  which  are  in  high  esteem  with  the 
learned. 

SYNGE,  Edward,  an  eminent  Irish  prelate, 
bishop  of  Raphoe,  and  archbishop  of  Tuam ;  he 
381 


TA 

died  in  1741.    His  father,  uncle,  and  two  sons, 
wen;  bishops  in  Ireland. 

SYl'H.AX,  a  king  of  Numidia,  who  revolted 
from  the  Romans  to  the  Carthii^inians,  and  to 
Astirnbal,  whose  daugliier  he  had  married.    Fl 
was  defeated  by  Massinissa,  and  died  in  prison, 
201  B.  C. 


T,\DOU,  John  Otlio,  a  native  of  Lusatia,  be 
came  counsellor  to  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Darin 
staiit ;  he  wrote  several  worlts  on  law,  and  died 
at  Frankfort,  in  1674. 

TABCXJROT,  Stephen,  called  Sieur  des  Ac- 
cords, a  French  writer,  born  in  1549,  and  died 
in  1.590. 

TACCA,  Peter  James,  anativeofCavrara,dis 
tinruislied  as  an  eminent  sculptor,  died  at  Flo 
rencc,  in  1640.  His  son,  Feidiiiand,  was  also 
an  oxcellont  sculptor. 

TACHARI),  Guy,  a  French  Jesuit,  sent  as  a 
missionary  to  Siam,  in  1686.  He  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyages  to  that  place,  and  died  in 
1694. 

TACITUS,  Cains  Cornelius,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man historian,  orator,  and  statesman,  who  flour- 
ished under  Vespasian,  Titu.':,  and  Domitian.i 
He  was  born  A.  D.  56,  but  the  time  of  his  deathj 
is  uncertain.  j 

TACITUS,  Marcus  Claudius,  emperor  ofj 
Rome,  in  275,  was  a  wise,  benevolent,  and  pa-l 
trioiic  monarch,  and  died  in  076.  j 

TACK.ANASH,  Joini,  an  Indian  minister,  of 
Martha".-;  Vineyard,  cotemporary  and  colleague 
with  Haacoomes,  died  in  1684. 

T.\CO.\XET,  Touissant  Gaspard,  an  eccen- 
tric character,  of  Paris,  known  as  a  player  and 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1774. 

TACaUET,  Andrew,  a  Dutch  Jesuit,  emi- 
nent forliis  knowledge  of  mathematics,  died  in 
1660. 

TAFFI,  Andrew,  an  artist,  of  Florence,  emi 
ncnt  for  his  designs  in  Mo.saic,  which  he  learned 
and  introduced  from  some  Greeks.  He  died  in 
VJfM. 

T.VLUERT,  Francis  Xavier,  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  canon  of  Besancon,  author  of  several  ele- 
gies, and  some  poetical  pieces;  he  died  in  1803. 

TALBOT,  John,  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  a  brave 
and  warlike  Englishman,  who  distinguished  him 
self  in  Ireland,  and  in  the  wars  with  France.  He 
was  called  the  Achilles  of  England,  and  died  in 
14.53. 

T.ALBOT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  almo 
ner  to  Catherine,  wife  of  Ch.irles  II.,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin,  died  in  1C8-2. 

TALBOT,  Richard,  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  bro 
thcr  to  the  preceding,  was  made  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land by  James  H.,  and  died  in  1692. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  earl  and  duke  of  Shrews 
bury,  was  distinguished  as  the  warm  promoter 
of  the  revolution.  He  was  afterwards  viceroy 
of  Ireland,  and  high-treasurer  ef  England,  and 
died  in  1717. 

TALBOT,  William,  an  English  divine,  was 
dean  of  Worcester,  and  successively  bishop  ol 
Oxford,  Sarum,  and  Durham  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  lord,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  lord 
chancellor  of  England ;  he  died  in  1737. 

T.'VLHAIARN.  a  Welsh  bard  of  the  6th  cen 
tury,  who  retired  to  the  solitude  of  a  hermitage, 
where  he  was  visited  and  reverenced  as  a  saint. 

TALIACOTIUS,   Caspar,  or  TAGLIACO- 
BBI,  a  professor  of  medicine  and  surgery,  at 
382 


TA 


Bologna,  famous  as  an  anatomist,  and  chiefly 
c<^lebrated,  by  his  skill  in  restoring  lost  paruof 
the  face,  particularly  the  nose.  He  died  in  1553, 
aged  tvl. 

TALIE3IN,  a  celebrated  Welsh  bard  of  the 
6th  century.  Some  of  his  compositions  are  still 
preserved. 

TALLARD,  Caniille  D'Hostum,  count  dc, 
usually  styled  marshal  Tallard,  a  brave  French 
general,  who  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  duke 
of  Marlborough,  in  1704.  Hediedin  1728,  aged  76. 

TALLIN,  Thomas,  one  of  the  greatest  mu- 
sicians that  England  ever  br»fd,  died  in  1585. 

TAMERLANE,  or  TIMURBEG,  or  TIMUR 
the  Lame,  cliani  of  the  Tartars,  who  became 
formidable  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  shepherd,  and  raised  him- 
self by  his  courage  and  prudence.  He  obtained 
so  many  victories,  that  he  boasted  that  he  had 
three  partti  of  the  world  under  his  power.  He 
died  in  J 105. 

T.-\NAUUIL,  wife  of  Tarquin  the  Elder, 
I>ersuailcd  her  husband  to  settle  at  Rome,  where 
lie  was  elected  king. 

T.ANEVOT,  Alexander,  first  commissary  of 
the  finances  of  France,  died  in  1773.  He  wrote 
two  tragedies,  besides  fables,  songs,  epistles,  Slc. 

TAN.VEK,  Thomas,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  and 
a  learned  antiquary,  died  in  1735,  aged  61,  leav- 
ing a  very  valuable  work,  which  employed  him 
40  years. 

TANSILLO,  Luigi,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
author  of  "  Tears  of  St.  Peter,"  and  other  works, 
died  about  1596. 

r.^VNUCCI,  Bernard,  marquis  de,  a  native 
of  Tuscany,  was  professor  of  jurisprudence  at 
the  university  of  Pisa,  and  prime  minister  of 
Naples.  For  50  years,  he  sustained  that  office 
with  dignity,  ability,  and  integrity,  after  whicjj 
he  resigned,  and  died  in  1783. 

TAPLIN,  William,  a  veterinary  surgeon, 
and  author  of  several  publications  connected 
with  hi.--  profession ;  he  died  in  1807. 

TAPPAN,  David,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
American  clergyman,  and  professor  of  theology 
in  Harvard  college,  Mass.,  died  in  1803. 

TAROE,  I.  B.,  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
author  of  a  General  History  of  Italy,  and  other 
works,  died  at  Orleans,  in  1788. 

TARIN,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  and  me- 
dical writer,  whose  works  are  much  esteemed, 
died  in  1761. 

TARLETON,  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
jester  and  actor,  and  a  dramatic  writer,  died  in 
1589. 

TARPA,  Spurius  McEtius,  a  learned  Roman, 
who  was  appointed  with  others,  by  Augustus,  to 
examine  the  compositions  of  cotemporary  poets. 

TARPEIA,  daughter  of  Tarpeius,  the  go- 
vernor of  Rome  under  Romulus;  she  betrayed 
the  city  to  the  Sabines,  and  was  killed  by  the 
bucklers  of  the  enemy,  which  were  thrown  upon 
her  as  they  entered  the  city. 

TARQUIN  the  Elder,  fifth  king  of  Rome, 
was  elected  on  the  death  of  Ancus  Martius. 
He  was  a  benevolent  prince,  highly  distinguished 
for  his  improvements  of  the  city,  and  for  the 
dignity  and  importance  he  attached  to  the  sen- 
ate and  magistrates.  He  was  assassinated  573 
B.  C. 

TARdUIN  the  Second,  or  the  Proad,  king 
of  Rome,  a  tyrant  and  usurper,  died  at  the  age 
of  90. 

TARRAKANOFF,  N.,  princess  of,  daughter 
of  Elizabeth,  empress  of  Russia.  She  was  seized 
at  the  age  of  12,  carried  to  Rome,  and  after 


TA • 

wards  brought  back  to  St.  Petersburg  in  cliains, 
and  conliiied  in  a  prison,  where  she  was  drown- 
ed by  the  sudden  rise  of  the  Neva,  in  1777. 

TARRANTILfS,  Lucius,  a  Roman,  the  friend 
ef  Cicero. 

T.ARTAGLIA,  Nichola-s,  an  eminent  inathe- 
raatician,  of  Brescia,  and  author  of  an  Italian 
translation  of  EucUd,  &c.;  he  died  in  1557. 

TARTINI,  Joseph,  an  admirable  musician, 
distinguished  for  his  perfurinances  on  the  violin, 
died  at  Padua,  in  1770. 

TARUFFI,  Emilias,  a  distinguished  land- 
scape painter,  of  Bologna,  died  in  161)4. 

TASKER,  William,  an  English  divine  and 
poel,  died  in  1800,  aged  60.  He  was  author  of 
several  works. 

TASMAN,  N.,  a  Dutch  navigator,  who  dis- 
covered New  Holland  and  New  Zealand,  in 
104-2. 

TASSO,  Bernardo,  an  Italian  poet,  author  of 
Aniadis,  in  100  cantos,  and  some  letters  which 
are  highly  regarded  by  the  Italians  ;  he  died  in 
1575, 

TASSO,  Torquato,  the  prince  of  Italian  po- 
ets, son  of  the  pioceiling,  died  in  1595,  aged  51. 
His  works  show  him  to  have  been  a  philosopher, 
orator,  logician,  critic,  and  poet,  and  excel- 
lent in  every  kind  of  composition.  His  life  was 
a  chain  of  miseries  and  woes. 

TASSONI,  Alexander,  a  distinguished  Italian 
poet,  author  of  "the  Rape  of  the  Bucket,"  a| 
mock  heroic  poem,  admired  in  Italy  for  its  Cle- 
gunce  and  delicate  humour.     He  died  in  1U35. 

T.\TE,  Nahum,  a  dramatic  poet,  born  at 
Dublin,  in  10.5'2,  succc^^led  Shadwcll  as  pwct- 
laurcat,  and  died  in  1715.  He  and  Dr.  Brady 
wrote  a  version  of  the  Psalms. 

TATI.\N,  a  native  of  Assyria,  a  writer  in 
defence  of  the  Christians  of  the  primitive 
church,  flourished  A.  D.  170. 

TATISCHEF,  Vassili,  a  Russian  historian, 
who  was  employed  thirty  years  in  collecting 
materials  for  the  history  of  his  country,  and 
died  before  his  labours  were  completed,  in  1750. 

T.\TIUS,  kinpofthoHabines,  took  possession 
of  the  Roman  capital,  but  afterwards  shared  the 
kingdom  with  Romulus.  He  was  murdered  at 
Lanuvium,  742  B.  C.  j 

T.\TIUS,  Achilles,  an  ancient  Greek  writer 
«n  mathematics,  and  author  of  a  romance.        1 

TAUB.MA.N,  Frederick,  professor  of  helles' 
lettres  and  of  poetry  at  Wittomberg,  and  a! 
favourite  of  the  prince  of  Saxony,  died  in  1613.  I 

TAVANES,  Gaspard  de  Sauly  de,  a  French 
general,  who  became  an  ornament  to  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  particularly  distinguished; 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Rentis,  and  at  the  victo- 
ries of  Jamac  and  Moncontonr.  He  saved  the 
king  of  Navarre  and  the  prince  of  Condi;  from 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  died  in 
IST3.  Ilis  son,  William,  was  governor  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  died  in  16.33. 

T.W.VRONE,  Lazarus,  a  distinguished  Ge- 
noese painter,  died  in  1031. 

TAVRRNER,  William,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1731. 

TA  VERNIER,  John  Baptist,  a  Frenchman, 
famous  for  his  travels,  died  in  1689,  aged  84. 

T.WLOR,  John,  an  eminent  English  critic 
and  d'viuc,  died  in  1766.  His  works  are  nume- 
rous and  respectable. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  Jeremy,  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor,  in  Ireland,  and  a  very  eminent  theolo- 
gical writer  and  controversialist,  died  in  1667, 
Qged  54. 

TAYLOTl,  John,  usually  called  the  water 


TA 

poet,  from  his  Lting  bred  a  waterman,  wrote 
eighty  books,  and  died  in  ]6il. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  Brook,  a  very  able  English 
mathematician,  died  in  1731,  aged  46. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  dissenting 
divine,  who,  among  other  works,  published,  a 
"  Hebrew  and  English  I'oncordance,"  a  valua- 
ble work ;  he  died  in  1761. 

TAYLOR,  John,  a  learned  English  divine, 
a  writer  on  civil  law,  and  an  antiquary.  He 
died  in  1706. 

TAYLOR,  William,  of  North  Carolina,  re- 
markable only  for  longevity  ;  be  died  in  1794, 
aged  114. 

TAYLOR,  George,  a  member  of  congress 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
tlie  declaration  of  Independence. 

TEILO,  a  British  saint  in  the  5th  century. 
It  is  said  that  he  erected  the  church  at  Landaif 
into  a  bishopric,  and  founded  a  college  at  tliat 
place. 

TEISSIER,  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  who 
left  France  for  Russia  at  tlie  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes ;  he  died  at  Berlin,  in  1715, 
leaving  numerous  and  valuable  writings. 

TEKELI,  Emmeric,  a  noble  Hungarian,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  brave  and  continued  oppo- 
.sitioa  to  the  encroachments  of  Austria,  died  in 
1705. 

TELFAIR,  Edward,  a  revolutionary  patriot, 
and  governor  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  died  in 
ISO?. 

TELL,  William,  an  illu.strious  Swis.«  patriot, 
and  chief  instrument  of  the  revolution  which 
delivered  the  Swiss  cantons  from  the  German 
yoke,  in  1307.  He  shot  an  apple  olT  the  head 
of  his  son  with  an  arrow,  and  soon  after  shot 
the  tyrant  who  compelled  him  to  do  it.  He  died 
in  1354. 

TELLIER,  Michael  le,  an  eminent  French 
Sawyer,  and  secretary  of  state  under  Lewis 
Xlli.,  and  afterwards  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom. He  is  known  as  a  zealous  enemy  of  the 
protestante,  and  by  his  influence  caused  the  re- 
vocation of  the  edict  of  Nnntes,  and  the  violent 
measures  that  followed.     He  died  in  1685. 

TELLIER,  Francis  Michael  le,  marquis  de 
Louvois,  son  of  the  chancellor  of  France,  was 
made  minister  of  war  at  the  age  of  23,  and 
afterwards  secretary  of  state.  He  was  a  slates- 
man  of  splendid  talents,  who  devoted  himself  to 
the  glory  and  prosperity  of  France,  and  died  in 
165)1. 

TFLLIER,  Adrian  le,  a  French  lawyer,  and 
member  of  the  national  as.seinbly  and  conven- 
tion. He  was  sent  to  Chartres,  in  1795,  to  en- 
courage a  more  free  circulation  of  corn,  but 
met  with  such  indignities  from  the  populace, 
that  he  shot  himself  soon  after. 

TELLIER,  N.  le,  a  faithful  servant  and 
constant  attendant  of  the  minister  Barthtilemy, 
in  his  exile  and  misfortunes,  during  the  French 
revolution. 

TEMPEST.^,  Antonia,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Florence,  died  in  1630. 

TEMPLE,  sir  William,  an  eminent  English 
statesman,  and  political  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, died  in  1700. 

TE.MPLEMAN,  Dr.  Peter,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  died  in  1709. 

TEMPLEMAN,  Thomas,  an  English  writing 
master,  who  published  engraved  tables  con- 
taining calculations  of  the  number  of  square 
feci  and  population  in  the  several  kingdoms  of 
the  world. 
TENCf  N,  Peter  Guerin  de.  a  French  ecclesi 

2m 


Tt 

aslic,  who  was  grand  vicar  of  Sens,  the  envoy 
of  France,  at  Rome,  arclibishi>p  of  Lnibruii, 
and  ol  Lyons,  a  cardinal,  ana  prime  niinuier  oi 
France;  Jie  died  in  1758. 

TF.NCIN,  Claudine  Alexandrine  GuorsI  do, 
sister  ot  the  prei*diiig,  was  a  member  of  the 
monastery-,  of  Monttieuri.  She  exchaTiged  the 
convent  for  the  dissipations  of  Pari^,  and  died 
in  1749.  She  wrote  the  "  Siepe  of  Calais,"  a 
romance,  &.c. 

TEMERS,  David,  a  much  admired  Flemieh 
)  ainter,  died  in  ltVI9 

TE.MSON,  Dr.  Thomas,  arclibisliop  of  Can 
tcrbury,  and  a  celebrated  polemic  writer  against 
jopi'rv,  died  in  1715. 

TENNENT,  John,  a  physician,  of  Virginia, 
author  of  an  Essay  on  Pleurisy,  and  the  Vir- 
tues of  the  gnakf-  Root,  lived  about  1736. 

TENNENT,  \\'illiam,  adistiiiguislied  divine, 
of  Ireland,  dit'd  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1743. 

TENNENT,  (Jilbert,  a  native  of  Irt-land,  son 
of  the  preceding,  wlio  came  to  America,  win  n 
young,  and  became  a  highly  distinguished  and 
useful  clergyman  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

TENNENT,  William,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  also  a  re.'jpectable  and  useful  clergy- 
man in  yew  Jersey  ;  he  died  in  1777. 

TENTZELirS,"  Andrew,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man plivsician,  in  the  17tli  century. 

TENTZELIUS,  William  Ernest,  an  eminent 
writer,  of  Thnringla,auth')rof"Sa.\ouiaNuniiB 
matica,"  and  "Supplimentum  Hisioriff  Goth 
ana,"  both  works  of  great  merit,  died  in  1707 

TERBURGII,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  and 
a  magistrate  of  Deventer,  died  in  11)81. 

TERENCE,  Publius,  a  dramatic  writer  among 
the  Romans,  born  at  Carlhace,  in  the  year  of 
Rome  5r>0.  being  brought  early  to  Rome  among 
other  slaves,  lie  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  generous 
master,  Terentiiis  Liicanus,  who  gave  him  a 
good  education  and  his  liberty.  Hewasdrowned 
i59  B.  C 

TERPANDER,  a  poet  and  musician,  of  Les- 
lios,  who  added  three  to  the  four  strings  of  the 
lyre,  075  B.  C. 

TERRAS30N,  John,  a  French  writer,  author 
of  a  critical  dissertation  on  Homer's  Iliad,  died 
in  1750,  with  the  reputation  of  having  been  one 
of  the  best  practical  pliilo.sophers  of  his  age. 

TERRA  Ss?ON,  Anthony,  son  of  the  pi  eceding, 
was  also  a  distinguished  advocate,  and  professor 
10  the  royal  college.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Roman  Jurisprudence,"  and  other  worlis,  and 
died  in  1782. 

TERR  AY,  Joseph  Marie,  comptroller-general, 
minister  of  state,  and  director-general  of  build- 
ings, in  France ;  and  was  a  man  of  great  in- 
tegrity, lovalty  and  patriotism.  He  retired  from 
office,  in  1774,  with  the  respect  of  the  virtuous 
and  died  in  1778. 

TERTRE,  Francis  Joachim  Duport  du,  a 
French  writer,   and  professor  of  the  learned 
languages  among  the  Jesuits,  died  in  1759.     He 
wrote  a  "History  of  Famous  Conspiracies, 
and  several  other  works. 

TERTRE,  John  Baptist,  a  Frenchman,  who 
after  serving  as  a  soldier  and  sailor,  joined  the 
Dominicans,  and  came  to  America  as  amission- 
ar\'.  He  died  in  1678,  leaving  a  "  History  of 
the  Antilles,  belonging  to  the  French." 

TERTUELIAN,  Quintus  Septimius  Flo- 
rus,  a  celebrated  father  and  defender  of  the 
primitive  Christian  cliurch,  who  flourished  un 
der  the  reigns  of  the  emperors  Severus  and 
C'aracalla. 
TERWESTEN,  Augustin,  an  eminent  Dutch 
384 


TH 

painter, died  in  1711.  Hi»  two  brothers,  Matthew 
and  1  lias,  aino  e.xcelled  as  painters 

TJ-.t>TA,  Peter,  an  lialian  pairiler  and  engra- 
ver, who  was,  drowned  in  the  Tiber,  in  1650. 

TES'l'ELlN,  Efcwib,  an  emiiKiit  F'rench  his- 
torical painier,  died  ai  Paris,  in  1655.  His  bro- 
ther Henry  also  exitiled  as  a  painter,  and  die4 
m  I6<K,. 

TESTI.Fulvio,  an  Italian  poHt,  and  prime  mi- 
nister to  Francis,  duke  oiMooena,  died  in  1&46. 

TESTZELL,John,  a  Uominiran,  oi  (Jeiniany. 
He  was  commissioned  to  publish  the  indulgences 
of  the  holy  see  ;  and  the -/.cal  with  which  lie 
executed  the  duties  c^f  the  cflice,  caused  the  ani- 
niadversioiis  of  Luther,  and  constqurntly,  the 
refornation.  When  charged  with  being  the 
cause  of  the  disasters  ii  the  church,  he  was  so 
afflicted  with  the  imputation,  that  he  died  of  a 
broken  heart,  in  1519. 

TEXTOR.     See  TEXIEI. 

THACKER,  Thomas,  a  minister  in  Boston, 
and  eminent  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  died  in  1678. 

THACllER,  Peter,  minister  of  Millon.  Mass., 
and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1727.  There 
were  two  other  clersymen  of  the  same  name , 
one  miiiisier  in  Boston,  in  1723,  the  other  «f 
Middlcb* rough,  Mass.,  in  1709. 

THAt'HER,  Oxenbridge,  a  learned  man,  aivJ 
an  author,  died  at  Boston,  in  1765. 

THACHFR,  Peter,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  minister  of  great  celebrity  in  Boston, 
and  author  of  sermons,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1S02. 

THAIS,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  of  Corinth, 
who  persuaded  Alexander  the  Great  to  set 
Persepolis  on  fire.  She  afterwards  married 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt. 

THALES,  the  chief  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece,  born  at  IMiletus,  640  B.  ('.,  founded  the 
Ionic  f-ect  of  philosophers,  and  died  545  B.  C. 

THELLl  SSON,  Peter,  a  native  of  France, 
who  settled  as  a  merchant  in  London,  where  he 
made  an  iipmeiise  fortune.     He  died  in  1707. 

THEMISrUS,  a  Faphlagoiiian  philosopher, 
prefect  of  Constantinople,  died  in  410. 

THEMTSON',  a  physician,  who  lived  before 
the  Christian  era,  and  founded  a  sect  called  Me- 
thodists in  Medicine. 

THEMISTIUS,  a  Greek  orator.  Peripatetic 
philosopher,  and  critic,  died  in3S6. 

THEMISTOCLES,   a   renowned   Athenian 

neral,  admiral  and  patriot,  who  gained  the 
battle  of  Salamine  against  the  Persians,  was 
born  in  .  TO  B.  C.     Being  banished  by  his  un- 

ratefnl  fellow  citizens,  he  fled  lo  Artaxcrxe.i, 
king  of  Persia ;  but  to  avoid  taking  up  arms 
a;;ainst  his  country,  he  slew  himself  465  U.  C. 

THEOBALD,  Lewis,  an  English  dramatic 
poet  and  critic,  died  in  1742. 

THEOCRITCS,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet,  born 
at  t'vracuse,  and  flourished  about  260  B.  C. 

THEODATIUS,  king  of  the  Goths,  was  de- 
feated by  Belisarius,  and  put  to  death  by  his 
own  soldiers,  in  536. 

THEODORE  I.,  king  of  Corsica.  See  NEW- 
HOFF. 

THEODORET,  bishop  of  Cyprus,  an  illustri- 
ous ecclesiastical  historian,  died  m  457,  aged  71. 

THEODORIC,  king  of  the  Goths  in  Italy, 
a  renowned  warrior  and  legislator,  died  in  526, 
aged  71. 

THEODORUS,  a  bishop  of  Cilicia,  who  died 
in  428.  His  works,  some  of  which  are  extant , 
were  condemned  as  heretical  by  a  general  coun- 
cil. 

THEODOSIUS  the  Great,  the  last  Romau 
emperor,  a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  a  re- 


ft 


^ 


__^ TH 

nownfed  general  and  legielator,  died  in  3^^5.  His 
ioiis  Arcadiiis  and  Honorius,  made  a  division 
of  the  empire  into  east  and  wrst ;  Arcadlus  bc- 
inr  tUe  first  emperor  of  tlie  East,  and  Honorius 
of  the  West. 

TUF.ODOSIUa  the  Younger,  son  of  Arcadi- 
II?,  whom  he  succeeded  in  llie  empire  of  the 
Fast,  and  famous  for  a  code  of  laws  styled  tlie 
Theodocian  code,  died  in  450. 

THKODOTUS,  a  tanner,  of  Byzantium,  who 
apostatized  from  the  Christian  faith,  to  save  hi? 
life,  and  founded  a  new  sect,  which  denied  the 
divinity  of  Christ.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
was  tlic  head  of  a  sect,  wliicli  maintained  that 
the  Messiah  was  inferior  to  Melchisedeck. 

TIIP:ogNIS,  an  eminent  Greek  poet,  who 
flourished  al)out  550  B.  C. 

THEON,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  a  Trea- 
tipe  on  Rhetoric. 

THEON,  a  mathematician,  of  Alexandria,  in 
the  ngv.  of  TlieodoEius,  wrote  a  Commentary  on 
Euclid. 

THEOPHANES,  George,  a  hiotorian  and 
ecciesiaslic,  of  Constantinople,  who  was  ban- 
ished into  Saniothrace,  and  died  there  in  818. 

THEOPH.ANES.Prokopowilch, metropolitan 
of  Russia,  and  a  historian  :  he  died  in  1T3G. 

THEOPHILl'S,  a  writer,  and  bishop  of  the 
primitive  church,  born  and  educated  a  heathen, 
and  afterwards  converted  to  Christianity;  he 
died  in  183.  He  was  the  first  who  applied  tlie 
term  Trinity,  to  express  the  three  persons  in 
the  Godhead. 

THEOPHRASTUS,  a  Greek  Peripatetic  phi- 
losopher, and  moral  writer,  of  Lesbos,  died  288 
B.  C. 

THEOPHYLACT,  a  native  of  ConstanUno- 
Tile,  metropolitan  of  Bulgaria  in  the  11th  century. 
He  wrote  a  "  Conimentarv  on  the  Gospels,"  &c. 

THERAMEiNES,  an  Atlienian  pliilosopher, 
one  of  the  30  tyrants  appointed  by  Sparta  over 
Athens.  He  refused  his  assent  to  the  cruel  acts 
of  his  colleagues,  for  which  he  was  condemned 
to  death,  and  took  poison,  403  B.  C. 

THERMES,  Paul  de  la  Berthe,  lord  of,  a 
celebrated  French  general,  who  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  his  country.  He  was 
ambassador  to  Enjland,  and  died  iii  1563. 

THEPPIS,  a  famous  Greek  tragic  poet,  and 
the  first  representor  of  tragedy  at  Athens.  He 
rarried  his  troop  from  village  to  village  in  a 
wagon,  from  which  they  performed  th«ir  pieces. 
Alcastus  was  the  first  tragedy  they  performed 
at  Athens,  530  B.  C. 

THEVENOT,  John,  a  French  traveller.  It 
is  said  that  he  was  the  first  person  wiio  brought 
coffee  into  Paris.     He  died  in  1607. 

THEVENOT,  Melchisedeck,  librarian  to  the 
king  of  France,  and  a  celebrated  writer  of 
travels,  died  in  1C91. 

THIELIN,  John  Philip,  anobleman  of  Mech- 
lin, distinguished  as  a  paintor,  was  born  in  1G18 

THIENY  I.,  king  of  France,  ascended  the 
throne  in  fiTO,  and  died  in  691,  aged  39. 

THIERRY  II.  or  IV.,  son  of  Dagobert  KI., 
was  taken  from  a  cloister  to  ascend  the  throne 
of  France  ;  he  died  in  737,  aged  25. 

THIERRY  I.,  son  of  Clovis  1.,  king  of  Au9- 
trasia,  his  reign  was  disturbed  by  invasions  of 
the  Danes,  and  quarrels  with  his  brother ;  he 
died  in  ,534,  after  a  reign  of  23  year.<!. 

THIERRY  II.,  king  of  Burgundy  and  Aus- 
trasia,  and  con  of  Childeberl,  was  engaged  in 
quarrels  with  his  brother,  whom  he  sulfered 
to  be  put  to  death.  He  was  poisoned  by  bis 
inoihw-in-law,  in  f)13 


Ccc 


TH ^ 

THIERRY,  of  Nicm,  secretary  lo  several  of 
ihc  popes,  and  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Schisms  of  the  Popes,"  died  in  1417. 

THIERRY,  Henry,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
Paris,  in  tlic  15th  century.  His  family,  for 
several  generations,  were  celebrated  as  printers. 

THIERS,  John  Baptist,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
hnniie,  and  professor  of  belles  lettrcs  at  Paris, 
died  in  1703. 

THIRLHV,  Dr.  Styan,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  English  critic,  and  editor  of  the  works 
of  Justin  Martyr,  died  in  17.53,  aged  CI. 

THO.MAS,  St.,  suriiamed  Didynius,  was  a 
Galilean,  and  one  of  the  apostles  of  our  Saviour 
It  is  said  that  lie  suffered  martyrdom  in  India. 

THOM.\S,  ail  obscure  individual,  who  from 
a  conmion  soldier,  obtained  the  command  of 
the  troops  of  Loo.  the  Armenian,  and  on  his 
death,  caused  himself  to  bo  proclaimed  empe- 
ror, but  was  e.Tccutcd  in  623. 

THO.M.AS,  James  Ernest,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  of  Haglesttiii,died  in  ir)53. 

THO.MAS,  William,  D.  D  ,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  Worcester,  died  in  1689. 
He  wrote  an  "  Apology  for  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land," and  other  works. 

THOM.-V3,  William,  an  English  clergyman, 
grandfon  of  the  preceding,  distinguished  aa  a 
man  of  learning,  a  writer,  and  an  antiquary, 
died  in  1738. 

THOMAS,  Anthony  Leonard,  professor  in 
the  college  at  Bouvais,  was  distinguished  as  a 
writer  and  poet.  He  was  secretary  to  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  died  in  1785. 

TIIOM.^S,  Elizabeth,  an  English  poete«, 
known  to  the  world  by  the  name  of  Corinne, 
died  in  1730. 

THOMAS,  John,  an  Indian,  of  Natich,  one  of 
the  first  converts  to  Christianity  from  that  tribe, 
died  in  1727,  aged  110. 

THOMA.S,  sir  George,  governor  of  the  col- 
ony of  Pennsylvania,  and  afterwards  of  tie 
Leeward  West  India  islands,  died  in  London, 
in  1775. 

THO.MAS,  John,  a  distinguished  American 
officer,  in  the  wars  with  the  French  and  Indi- 
ans, aflerwards  a  major-general  in  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  died  soon  after  his  appointment 
to  that  office,  in  1776 

THOMAS,  Josiah,  an  English  divine,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1820. 

THOMASIUS,  James,  professor  of  elo- 
quence, belles  letters  and  philosophy,  at  Leipsic, 
wed  in  1084.  His  son  Christian,  profeesur  of 
law  at  Halle,  died  in  1728. 

THOMPSON,  Edward,  an  English  naval  offi- 
cer and  poetical  writer,  author  of  "  The  Sol- 
dier," "  The  Courtezan,"  and  other  licentious 
poems,  died  in  1786. 

THOMPSON,  Benjamin,  count  Rumford, 
was  born  in  New-Hampshire,  became  a  colonel 
in  the  British  army,  and  after  peace,  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  In  the  Bavarian  ser- 
vice he  was  lieutenant-general,  and  a  count  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  died  near  Paris, 
in  18!4.  He  was  a  member  of  many  scientific 
institutions,  and  did  much  to  promote  com- 
fort and  convenience  by  his  mechanical  inven- 
tions and  philosophical  discoveries. 

THOMPSON,  William,  a  minister,  of  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.,  died  in  1C06. 

THO.MSOX,  James,  an  excellent  British  dra- 
matic and  pastoral  poet,  born  at  Ednam,  in  1700, 
and  died  in  1748.    Hi.""  "  Seasons,"  and  other 
works,  are  jusllv  admired. 
THOMSON,  Dr.  VVilliaiiJ,  a  miscellaneou* 
3f?  385 


1 


TI 

writer  and  f  iliior,  of  Scotland,  died  in  181' 
teavinp  stvrral  valuable  books. 

THOBESnY,  Ralph,  an  eminent  English  to- 
pographer and  antiquary,  died  ni  17i5. 

THORILS,  Raphael,  an  eminent  French 
physician  and  medical  writer,  died  of  the 
plague  in  London,  in  1620. 

THORNDIKE,  Herbert,  an  English  divine, 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  and  author  of 
a  Treatise  on  Weights  and  Measures,  &c.,  died 
in  1672. 

THORNHILL,  sir  James,  an  English  histor- 
ical painter,  died  in  iV.^i. 

THORNTON,  r.cinncl,  an  ingenious  English 
poet,  essayist,  mi.scellancouB  WTiter,  and  trans- 
lator of  Piautiis,  died  in  1768. 

THORNTON,  Mathew,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme cotH-t  of  New-Hampshire,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  that  state,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  lie 
died  in  1803. 
THOU.  See  THUANUS. 
THOYNARIi,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French- 
man, eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  history  and 
medals,  died  in  1706. 

THRASYBULUS,  arcnowned  Athenian  gen- 
eral and  patriot,  who  delivered  his  country 
from  the  yoke  of  the  30  tyrants,  was  killed 
3(>4  B.  C. 

THCANUg,  Jacobus  Augustus,  or  THOU, 
an  eminent  magistrate  and  historian,  of  France, 
died  in  1617,  leaving  behind  him  a  "  General 
History  of  the  World,"  written  in  very  clear 
and  e.Tccllent  Latin. 

THUC'YDIDES,  a  celebrated  Greek  historian, 
of  Athens;  he  wrote  a  "  History  of  Grecian 
Affairs  in  his  own  Times,"  and  died  391  B.  C 
THUILLIER,  Dom.  Vincent,  a  celebrated 
French  preacher,  author  of  "  Letters  on  the  Bull 
Unigfnitus,"  &c.,  died  in  1736. 

THUNBERG,  Charles  Peter,  an  eminent 
Swedish  botanist,  the  friend  and  pupil  of  Lin- 
na!us.  After  spending  several  years  in  Japan, 
Ceylon,  and  ai  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  mak- 
ing botanical  researches,  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Upsal,  and  died  about  1799. 

THURLOE,  John,  secretary  of  state  to  the 
two  protectors,  Oliver  and  Richard  Cromwell, 
died  in  1668.  He  was  a  man  of  very  amiable 
character,  and  exercised  all  possible  moderation 
toward  persons  of  every  party. 

THURLOW,  Edward  lord,  an  eminent  En- 
glish lawyer,  was  attorney  and  solicitor  general 
to  the  kiiig,  a  member  of  parliament,  and  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England.  He  possessed  a 
vigorous,  and  active  mind,  added  to  close  appli- 
calion,  which  gave  him  a  high  rank  among  the 
professional  men  of  his  dav-  He  died  in  1806. 

THYSIUS,  Anthony,  aUulch  philologer,  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  and  eloquence  at  Leyden,  and 
librarian  to  the  university,  died  in  1670. 

TIARINI,  Alexander,"  an  eminent  portrait 
and  historical  painter,  of  Bologna,  died  in  1668. 
TIBALDI,  Pelegrino,  an  eminent  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect,  of  Bologna,  was  enno- 
bled by  the  king  of  f^pain  for  his  merit,  and  died 
in  1592.  His  son  Uominico,  was  also  distin- 
guished as  an  architect,  and  died  in  1583. 

TIBERIUS.  Claudius  Nero,  emperor  of  Rome, 
after  Augustus.  He  disgraced  himself  by  de- 
bauchery and  cruelty,  and  died  A.  D.  37. 

TIBERIUS,  Constantine,  raised  by  his  merit 
to  the  throne  of  the  Eastern  empire,  became  the 
father  of  his  people,  and  is  equally  extolled  for 
Ills  valour,  his  love  of  justice,  and  lii8  clemeucy ; 
he  died  in  5f^. 
SS6 


TI^ 

TIBULLUS,  AulusAlbius,  a --elebrated  Latin 
elegi.ic  poet  and  critic,  died  A.  D.  17. 

TICK  FLL,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  and 

oneof  the  writers  in  the  Pi)eclator,  died  In  1710. 

THT<ELL,  Richard,  grandson  of  the  former, 

a  distinguished  wit  and  poet,  and  author  of 

several  works,  dird  in  1793. 

TIDEMAN,  Philip,  a  painter,  of  Hamburg, 
died  in  170.5. 

TIEDEMANN,  Dietrich,  a  native  of  Bremen, 
was  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Cassel, 
and  afterwards  of  philosophy  at  Marpurg.  His 
writings  jiossess  great  merit,  and  indicate  deep 
erudition.     He  died  in  1803. 

TIGNY,  G.  de,  a  French  naturalist,  author 
of  a  valuable  "Natural  History  of  Insects," 
died  in  1803. 

TIGRANES,  king  of  Armenia,  who  was  con- 
quered by  the  Romans,  but  preserved  his  donii- 
.nions  by  a  bribe.  Pompey  afterwards  conquered 
him,  and  sent  him  in  chains  to  Rome. 

TILINGIUS,  IMatthias,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, and  medical  writer,  of  W  estphalia,  died 
in  1615. 

TILLEMANS,  Peter,  a  distinguished  land- 
scape painter,  of  Antwerp,  who  went  10  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  patronised  by  the  great, 
land  died  there  in  1734. 

i  TILLEMONT,  Sebastian  de  Nain  de,  a 
French  writer,  born  in  1637,  author  of  "  Histoirc 
(ks  Empereurs,  et  Ecclcsiasiique ;"  he  died  in 
i  1(198. 

I  'J'lLIiET,  N.  du,  a  distinguished  French  agri- 
culturalist. He  wrote  several  valuable  WKjrks  or. 
jagriculture,  and  died  in  1791. 
I  TILLI,  John  Tzcrclaes,  count  de,  a  German 
I  officer,  who  distmguishcd  himself  in  the  wars 
with  the  Turks,  and  with  Denmark.  He  was 
at  the  head  of  the  imperial  armies,  and  was 
I  mortally  wounded  at  Ingoldstadt,  in  1632. 

TILLIjMichael  Angelo, physician  to  the  grand 
duke,  and  professor  "in  the  university  of  Pisa, 
died  in  1740. 

TILLOTSON,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  the  son  of  a  clothier,  and  died  in 
1694.    He  published  many  valuable  sermons. 

TIBL'EUS,  a  philosopher,  of  Locris,  the  pupil 
of  Pythagoras,  and  author  of  a  Treatise  on  the 
Nature  of  the  Soul. 

TLMAGENES,  a  historian,  of  Alexandria. 
He  was  a  slave,  in  the  Eer\'ice  of  Augustus,  and 
tburnt  his  history  of  the  reign  of  that  emperor, 
I  when  discarded  from  his  protection. 

TIMOLEON,  arenowned  Corinthian  general, 
land  the  deliverer  of  Syracuse  from  the  yoke  of 
Dionvsiusthe  tyrant,  died  337  B.  C. 
I  TliviON,  an  Athenian  misanthrope,  who  de- 
[clarcd  himself  the  enemy  of  the  human  race. 
'and  said  he  loved  Alcibiades,  because  he  would 
one  dav  prove  the  ruin  of  Athens. 

TIMOTEO,  da  Urbino,an  eminent  landscape, 
historical,  and  portrait  painter,  of  UrbinOidieJl 
in  1524. 

TIMOTHEUS,  a  musician,  of  Miletus,  au 
thor  of  a  poem  in  honour  of  Diana  of  tKi 
EphrsianB,  died  557  B.  C. 

TIMOTHY,  the  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  andon* 
of  the  primitive  heralds  of  the  cross.  He  was 
made  first  bishop  of  Ephesus,  and  is  said  to  liavc 
been  stoned  to  death  for  opposing  tho  worship 
of  Diana,  A  D.  97. 

TINDAL,  Dr.  Matthew,  a  most  celebrated 
English  polemical  writer,  died  in  1733. 

TINDAL,  Nicholas,  nephew  to  the  preced- 
ing, chaplain  to  Greenwich  hospital,  a  miscel- 
laneous writer,  &c  ,  died  in  1774. 


TO 

TINOALL,  William,  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  and  a  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in 
1804. 

TINELLI,  Tiberio,  an  eminent  historical  and 

Sortrait  painter,  of  Venice,  made  a  knight  of  St. 
(ichael,  bv  Louis  XII.,  anddltd  in  Itilid 
TINTORETTO,  James,  so  called  because  he 
was  a  dier's  son,  for  his  real  name  was  Giaco- 
nio  Kobusti,  a  famous  Venetian  historical  paint- 
er, died  in  I5y4. 

TIPPOO  SAIB. succeeded  his  father  Hydcr- 
Ally,  as  king  of  Mysore,  and  of  the  Mahrutlai*. 
distir,!;uislied  by  his  Inutility  and  opixisition  to 
the  Groat  Mogul,  and  to  the  English.  He  was 
the  patron  of  literature  and  the  arts,  and  was 
killed  by  the  Britieh,  in  the  storming  of  Seringa- 
patain,  alxmt  1799. 

TIR.\BOSrHI,  Jerome,  a  learned  Jesuit,  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Milan,  and  librarian  to 
the  duke  of  Modeiia.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Italian  Literature  from  the  days  of  Augustus," 
a  work  of  grtHt  merit,  and  died  in  1794. 

TIRACiUli.AU,  Andrew,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Bour-||master  of  a  school  at  Bishop  Slor'tford,  wliichj 
deaux,  and  afterwards  of  Taris  ;  he  was  a  vo-  |under  his  care,  gained  great  celebrity  ;  he  died 
lumiiious  writer,  and  died  in  1574.  in  1721. 

TISSOT,S.  A.  D.,  a  celcbratid  physician  and  TOOKE,  John  Home,  an  English  politician 
niedii  ill  writer,  of  Switzerland, died  in  1797.  and  writer,  author  of  "  Diversions  of  Purlev,"' 

TITIAN,  or  TITIANO,  a  celebrated  Italian  &c.;  he  died  in  iyi'3. 
liainier,  died  m  1576.  |    TOOKE,  Andrew,  a  learned  English  divine, 

TITLY,  Walter,  an  Eiiglish  writer,  and  an ^and  professor  of  geometry  in  Gresham  college, 
ainhas^-ador  to  Copeiihaseii,  died  in  1754.  ||died  in  1731. 

TITO.V  DU  TILLET,  Evcrard,  a  French j|  TOOKE,  William,  F.  R.  S.,  was  bred  a 
Jesuit,  distinguished  for  his  learnlns,  and  for  ai|prinler,  but  at  '27  obtained  ordination,  and  be- 
brazen  I'ainassus,  which  he  planned  and  erected  came  chaplain  to  the  British  factory,  at  St.  Pe 


TO 

TOMKIKS,  Thomas,  a  most  eminent  and 
illstinguished  artist  in  ornamental  penmanship, 
died  ill  1816. 

TOMPION,  Thomas,  a  most  eminent  English 
watchmaker,  died  in  1696. 

TOMPKINS,  Daniel  D.,  for  manv  years 
governor  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  ;ificr- 
wards  vice-president  of  the  L'nited  Slates  dur- 
ing the  administration  of  Mr.  Monroe.  He  may 
justly  be  ranked  among  the  greatest  and  best 
friends  of  his  country  ;  and  his  zeal  and  services 
in  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  deservedly  ac- 
jquircd  for  him  the  esteem  of  every  section  of  the 
lunion.     He  died  in  June,  1825. 

TONST.ALL,  Cuthbert,  an  Enplisli  scholar, 
disliiiguishcd  for  his  knowledge  of  niathemaiics 
[and  divinity,  was  made  bishop  of  London,  and 
of  Durham,  and  lord  privy  seal,  by  Henry  VIH., 
and  died  in  1559. 

TOOKE,  George,  an  English  soldier,  who, 
during  the  civil  wars,  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits,  and  to  poetry  ;  he  died  in  1675. 

TOOKE,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  teacher, 


in  honour  of  Louis  XiV.  ;  he  died  in  1762. 

TITL'S,  a  Greek  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  con- 
verted by  him  to  Christianity,  and  made  bishop 
of  Crete,  where  he  died. 

TITUS  VESPASIAN,  a  Roman  emperor, 
son  of  Vespasian,  who  once  exclaimed,  "  I  have 
lost  a  day !"  because  he  could  not  recollect  that 
he  had  done  any  remarkable  good  action  on  that 
day.     He  died  A.  D.  81 

TIXIER,  John,  lord  of  Ravisy,  called  also 
RAVISIC'S  TEXTOR.  an  elegant  French  scho 
lar,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1522. 

TO.ALDO,  Joseph,  an  Italian  physician,  and 
teacher  of  inathenialics  in  the  university  of 
Padua  ;  he  published  Journals  on  Astronomy 
and  .Meteorology,  and  died  in  1797. 

TOBi.X,  John,  a  solicitor  in  London,  and  a 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1804. 

TODD,  Hugh,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  a  ■'  Description  of  Sweden,"  and  other  works, 
died  about  1710. 

TOIRAS,  John  Caylard  de  St.  Bonnet,  mar- 
quis de,  a  distinguished  French  general,  was 
marshal  of  France,  and  afterwards  a  geueral  in 
the  army  of  ilie  duke  of  Savoy ;  he  was  killed 
in  the  Milanese,  iu  163G. 

TOL.\ND,  John,  a  very  famous  political, 
polemical,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  and  anti- 
quary, died  in  1722. 

TOLLET,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  emi- 
nent for  her  knowledge  of  mathematics,  and 
the  languages ;  she  wrote  some  poems,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1754 

TOLLIUS,  Jacobus,  a  learned  physician,  of 
Utrecht,  became  professor  of  Greek  and  elo 
qucnce,  at  Brandenburg,  and  died  in  1696.  His 
brother  Cornelius  was  professor  of  the  same 
Tiranches  at  Harderwyck 

TOLEMMEl,  Claudio,  bishop  of  Corsala,  was 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  orator,  and  as  a 
learned  man ;  be  died  in  1557. 


tersburgh.  Aller  many  years'  residence  there, 
he  returned  to  his  own  country,  and  passed  a 
literary  life  ;  he  died  in  1820. 

TOPH.\.M,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  cele- 
brated for  great  personal  streiigtli,  died  in  1749. 

TOPIIAM,  Edward,  an  English  writer,  pr,. 
prietor  of  a  periodical  paper  called  the  "  World," 
and  author  of  "  Letters  from  Edinburgh,"  some 
dramas,  &.C.;  he  died  in  1820. 

TOPLADY,  Augustus  Montague,  a  zealous 
and  able  Calvinistic  divine,  died  in  1778. 

TORF.^US,  Thormodus,  historiographer  to 
the  king  of  Denmark,  author  of  a  History  of 
Norway,  and  other  works,  died  in  1720. 

TORRE,  N.,a  native  of  the  Milanese,  distin- 
guished as  a  chymisi  and  a  pyrotechnist.  It  is 
said  that  he  discovered  a  method  of  preparing 
an  unextinguisliable  lire.     He  died  in  1780. 

TORRENTIl'S,  Lu  vinns,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
eminent  as  a  scholar,  and  as  an  aniba.ssador, 
was  made  bishop  of  .\iitw.!rp,  and  died  in  159.'). 

TOURENTIUS,  John,  a  very  fine  but  im 
moral  painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1640. 

TORREY,  Samuel,  minister  of  Weymouth, 
for  5li  years,  died  in  1707. 

TORRICELLI,  Evangeliste,  an  ilhislriniis 
mathematician  and  philosopher,  of  Italy,  died 
in  1647. 

TORY,  Geoffrey,  a  professor  of  philosophy  in 
the  college  of  Burgundy,  was  afterwards  a 
printer,  and  greatly  improved  the  art ;  he  died 
in  1550. 

TOSCANELLA,  Paul,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer, who  is  supposed  to  have  formed  the  first 
idea  of  a  passage  to  the  East,  by  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ;  he  died  about  1490. 

TOST  ATI'S,  Alphonso,  a  doctor,  of  Sala- 
manca, and  bishop  of  Avilla,  distinguished  for 
his  eloquence  and  his  writings,  died  in  M.";!. 

TOTILA,  king  of  the  Goths,  defeated  ihr 
troops  of  tbe  emperor  Justinian,  obtained  po.- 


IR 

seesion  of  Italy,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily, 
and  sacked  Rome ;  he  was  afterwards  killed  iti 
battle,  in  552. 

TOTTIN,  John,  an  eloquent  and  popular 
English  preacher,  died  in  1775. 

TOULMIJJ,  Joshua,  an  English  Unitarian 
clergj'iuan,  author  of  the  "  Life  of  Socinus,'" 
"  Biography  of  Dr.  Priestley,"  and  other  works; 
he  died  in  1815. 

TOIJP,  Jonathan,  a  divine,  and  a  very  learned 
critic  in  the  cla.ssics,  died  in  1785. 

TOURNEFORT,  Josepli  Pilton  de,  a  famous 
French  botanist,  arid  natural  liisiorian,  died  in 
1708. 

TOURNELY,  Honore,  a  distinguished  French 
ecclesiastic,  was  professor  of  theology  at  Douay, 
and  8  popular  iireacher  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

TC  URRETTE,  Mark  Anthony  Lewis  Claret 
de  la  an  eminent  French  naturalist,  who  formed 
a  val  jable  collection  of  insects  and  herbs,  and 
cultivated  not  less  than  3000  rare  and  choice 
plants  in  his  garden.     He  died  in  1793. 

TOURVILLE,  Anne  Hilarion  de  Coetentin 
de,  a  celebrated  French  admiral,  who  distin 
guished  himself  against  the  Algerines  and  Span 
iards,  and  afterwards  defeated  the  combined 
fleets  of  England  and  Holland.  He  was  made 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  died  in  1701. 

TOUSSAINT  LOUVERTURE,  a  mulatto. 
of  Bi.  Domingo,  who  rose  to  command  in  the 
French  army  under  Rochanibeau.  He  possessed 
unbounded  influence  over  the  blacks  of  that 
islar.d,  and  became  the  head  of  all  power,  civil 
and  military,  among  them.  In  the  exercise  of 
his  authority  he  formed  a  constitution,  and 
adopted  the  wisest  and  most  humane  regula- 
tions. He  was  treacherously  betrayed,  and  im- 
prisoned by  the  French,  and  died,  not  without 
suspicion  of  violence,  in  1803. 

TOWERS,  Dr.  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
dissenting  minister,  and  an  able  writer  in  the 
various  departments  of  theology,  criticism,  biog- 
raphy, politics,  and  law  ;  he  died  in  1709. 

TOVVNLEY,  Charles,  an  eminent  English 
antiquary,  celebrated  for  his  collection  of  verses, 
medals,  and  other  antiquities,  and  for  the  taste 
and  zeal  he  displayed  in  collecting  them.  He 
died  in  1805. 

TOWNSEND,  Joseph,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  a  "Journey  througli  Spain,"  "A 
Guide  to  Health,"  andseveral  other  works;  he 
died  in  1816. 

TOWi\SON,Thomas,  D.D.,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  celebrated  for  his  discourses  on  the 
four  Gospels,  and  other  religious  works,  died  in 
1792. 

TOZZETTI,  John  Targioni,  an  eminent  bo- 
tanist and  physician,  of  Florence,  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  that  place,  and  a  member  of 
several  learned  societies  of  Europe.  He  was 
the  first  who  introduced  inoculation  into  Tus- 
cany, and  died  in  1780. 

TRACY,  Uriah,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Con- 
necticut, and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  from  that  state,  died  in  1807. 

TRADESCANT,  John,  a  -Dutchman,  who 
settled  in  England,  as  superintendent  of  the 
gardens  of  Charles  I.,  and  known  as  one  of  the 
first  collectors  of  medals,  and  objects  of  natural 
history.    He  died  in  1652. 

TRAJAN,  M.  Alpir.us  Crinitus,  a  Roman 
emperor,  celebrated  in  history  for  his  mild  and 
equitable  government,  and  for  his  valour  in  the 
field,  died  in  117. 

TRALLIAN,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  Greek! 
writer  on  physic,  flniuisbed  about  550. 
388 


TR 

I  'I'KAPEZUNTIUS,  Georgius,  a  Greek  and 
iLatin  critic  and  commentator,  born  in  Crete, 
and  died  in  1485. 

TRAPP,  Joseph,  an  English  divine  and  poet ; 
|hc  translated  Virgil's  if^neid  in  blank  verse,  and 
;died  in  1747. 

TR.WERSARI,  Ambrose,  a  monk,  born  near 
Florence,  in  1386.  He  translated  Diogenes  La- 
ertius  into  Latin,  which  is  acknowledged  to  po8 
se.ss  some  merit. 

TRAVIS,  George,  an  English  divine  and  con- 
troversial writer,  was  archdeacon  and  preben- 
dary of  Chester,  and  died  in  1797. 

TREADWELL,  John,  LL.  D.,  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut, died  in  1823.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  sound  judgment,  strict  integrity,  and  ar 
dent  piety,  and  was  a  good  citizen  and  an  up- 
right magistrate. 

TREAT,  Robert,  deputy  governor  in  1670,  and 
afterwards  governor  of  the  colony  of  Connec- 
ticut ;  he  died  in  1710. 

TREAT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  clergyman,  of 
New-England,  son  of  the  preceding,  died  hi  1717. 

TKEMAAE,  Nicholas  and  Andrew,  twins, 
born  in  Devonshire :  they  were  alike  in  features, 
and,  though  at  a  distance,  and  without  any  in- 
telligence given,  they  equally  desired  to  walk, 
sit,  eat,  and  drink  at  the  same  times,  and  were 
both  slain  together  in  battle,  in  France,  in  1562. 

TREMBLEY,  Abraliam,  a  native  of  Geneva 
author  of  "  Instructions  on  Natural  Religion," 
and  other  works,  died  in  1784. 

TREMELLIUS,  Imroanuel,  a  Jew,  who  was 
converted  to  Christianity,  and  became  a  protest- 
ant  divine,  and  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Heidle- 
berg,  and  afterwards  at  Sedan.  He  published 
a  translation  of  the  Bible,  and  died  in  1580. 

TREMOILLE,orTRIMOUILLE,Louisdela, 
viscount  de  Thouars,  a  French  general,  who 
was  dislinjruished  no  less  by  his  valour  and  suc- 
cess in  the  held,  than  by  his  ability  as  a  nego- 
tiator and  ambassador ;  he  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia.  in  1525. 

TREMOLLIERE,  Peter  Charles,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  died  at  Paris,  in  1739. 

TRENCHARD,  John,  an  illustrious  English 
patriot  and  political  writer,  died  in  1723. 

TRENCK,  Francis,  baron  de,  a  Prussian  no- 
bleman, who  was  imprisoned  for  his  imprudent 
conduct,  and  afterwards  published  his  memoirs, 
containing  an  account  of  his  sufferings  and  ad- 
ventures. He  was  guillotined  in  France,  in 
1794. 

TRESHAM,  Henry,  a  painter  and  poet,  born 
in  Ireland.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  ■ 
Academy,  in  London,  and  wrote,  among  other 
pieces,  "  The  Sea-Sick  Minstrel ;"  he  died  in 
1814. 

TREVISANI,  Francis,  an  eminent  landscape 
and  historical  painicr,  of  Trieste.  He  settled, 
and  died  at  Rome,  in  1746. 

TREVISI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Trevisi,  dis 
tinguished  as  a  painter,  died  in  1544. 

TRIMMER,  Sarah,  an  English  lady,  eminent 
for  her  exertions  in  support  of  Sunday  schools, 
and  other  rjligious  institutions,  died  in  1810. 

TRISSINO,  John  George,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  died  in  1550. 

TRIVULCE,  John  James,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who  being  banished  his  country,  entered  into 
the  service  of  Charles  VIII.,  king  of  Franct, 
and  was  made  a  marshal  of  the  kingdom.  He 
repeatedly  distinguished  himself  in  battle,  and 
died  in  1518. 
TROGUS  POMPEIUS,  author  of  a  History  of 


TV 

the  World,  to  the  age  of  Augustus,  lived  about 

41  B.  C. 
TROMMIUS,  Abraham,  n  native  of  Gronin- 

pen,  author  of  a  Greek  Concordance  of  the  Old 
Testament,  died  in  1719. 

TROMP,  .^lartin  Happertz,  a  native  of  Brille, 
who  signalized  himself  in  the  naval  service  of 
his  country,  and  was  made  adtniral  of  Holland. 
He  fouffht  more  than  30  naval  hattle?,  and  was 
killed  in  an  action  with  the  English,  in  1653. 

TROMP,  Cornelius,  son  of  the  preceding,  also 
distinguished  himself  in  the  naval  service  of 
the  rc|iuhljc,  and  in  1770  succeeded  Ruyter,  as 
admiral  of  the  fleets  of  the  United  Provinces. 
He  died  in  1G91. 

TROXCHIN,  Theodore,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  rjrifva.  a  pupil  of  Boerhaav( ,  died  in  Paris, 
in  \~^'^.    He  wrote  some  medical  books. 

TROOST,  Cornelius,  a  historian  aiui  painter, 
of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1750. 

TROTT,  Nicholas,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  and  afterwards  a  judge  in 
South  '"arolina :  he  died  in  1740. 

TROWBRIDGE,  Edmnnd,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  lawyers  of  New  England,  was 
attorney-general,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of  tlie 
colony  of  Massachusetts;  he  died  in  1793. 

TROY,  Francis  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Toulouse,  and  a  professor  and  director  of  the 
acad.vmy  of  painting,  died  in  1~.!0. 

TUOY,  John  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  distinguished  as  a  painter.  He  died  at 
Rome  in  17.'i2. 

TROYE\,  Rombrud,  an  excellent  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1650. 

TKI  BLET,  Nicholas  Charles  Joseph,  a 
French  writer,  author  of  "  Essays  on  Litera- 
ture and  Morality, "  and  other  works;  he  died 
in  1770. 

TRUCHET,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  geometry  and  hy- 
(iiaulics,  died  in  17'29. 

TRUMBULL,  William,  LL.  D.,  an  Enghsh 
statesman,  was  ambassador  to  France,  and 
.itterwards  secretary  of  state  ;  he  died  about 
1700. 

TRUMBULL,  Jonathan,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished patriots  of  the  revolution,  was  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  Connecticut,  and  held  suc- 
cessively the  offices  of  chief-justice  of  the  su- 
preme court,  lieutenant-governor,  and  governor 
of  that  state.    He  died  in  1785. 

TRUMBULL,  Jonathan,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  aid  and  secretary  to  general  Washington,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution  ;  was  af- 
terwards a  member  of  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives in  congress,  and  speaker  of  that  body ;  a 
member  of  the  United  States  senate,  and  iieu- 
tenant-governor  of  the  state  of  Connecticut. 
He  died  in  1809,  respected  by  all  who  knew 
him,  for  his  mild  and  amiable  deportment,  and 
for  his  integrity  and  independence. 

TRUXTON,  Thomas,  an  American  naval 
officer,  born  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1755,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  services  during  the  revolution, 
and  afterwards  in  the  war  with  Fi;jince ;  he 
died  in  IS'22. 

TRUSLER,  Dr.  John,  an  English  bookseller 
and  compiler,  died  in  1820. 

TRYPHIObORUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
the  time  of  his  death  unknowa. 

TUCKER,  Abraham,  a  curious  and  original 
thinker,  and  author  of  "  the  Light  of  Nature 
Pursued,"  died  in  1775. 

TUCKER,  Dr.  Josiah,  dean  of  Gloucester, 
died  in  17S9.    He  was  tmhiently  diitineuiahed 

33* 


TU 

by  a  vigorous,  comprehensive,  and  indtpendect 
mind. 

TUCKER,  John,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Newbury, 
Mass..  and  author  of  sennons,  died  in  1792. 

TUCKEY,  James  Hingston,  an  English  na- 
val otBcer.  and  nautical  writer,  died  in  Africa, 
while  exploring  the  river  Congo,  in  1810. 

TUDELA,  Benjamin,  of,  a  celebrated  Rabbi 
of  the  12th  century,  and  an  author  of  travels. 

TULDEN,  Theodore  Van,  an  eniincni  paint- 
er and  engraver,  of  Bois-le-duc,  died  in  1676. 

TULL,  Jethro,  a  gentleman  of  Oxford,  in- 
ventor of  the  drill  plough,  and  the  tirst  writer 
perhaps,  ancient  or  modern,  who  ever  success- 
fully alieinpled  to  reduce  agriculture,  to  certain 
and  uniloini  principles;  he  died  in  1740. 

TULLU8  HOSTILIUS,  the  third  king  of 
Rome,  a  renowned  warrior  wlio  was  destroyed, 
with  his  whole  family,  by  a  tire,  pretended  to 
come  from  heaven,  but  in  reality  the  elTects  of  a 
conspiracy  of  Ancus  Marlins,  his  successor, 
640  B.  C. 

TULLY,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  was  made  head  of  St.  Ed- 
mund hall,  and  dean  of  Rippon  ;  hediid  in  167C. 

TULLY,  George,  a  relative  of  the  preceding, 
author  of  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Government  of 
the  Thoughts,"  and  several  other  works,  died 
in  1695. 

TULLY.    See  CICERO. 

TUNSTALL,  James,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, and  a  writer  on  religious  and  other  subjects, 
died  in  1772. 

TUKBIDO,  Francis,  a  distinguished  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Verona,  died  in  1581. 

TURELL,  Ebenezer,  a  minister  of  Medford, 
Mass.,  died  in  1778. 

TURENNE,  Henry  de  la  Tour  d'  Auvergne, 
viscount  de,  a  renowned  marshal  of  France  un- 
der Louis  XIV.,  was  killed  at  Saltzbach,  in  1675. 

TURCOT,  Michael  Stephen,  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  1751.  He  con- 
tributed much  to  adorn  Paris,  and  to  promote 
the  comfort  of  its  inhabitants. 

TURCOT,  Anne  Robert  James,  an  eminent 
French  statesman,  was  intendant  of  Limoges, 
and  afterwards  comptroller  general  of  finances 
In  both  stations,  he  excited  all  the  energies  of 
his  powerful  mind,  for  the  puWic  good  ;  but  his 
plans  were  frustrated  by  his  enemies,  and  caused 
his  resignation.     He  died  in  1781. 

TURNEBUy,  Adrian,  a  French  critic,  distin- 
guished for  his  Icarnuig  and  critical  knowledge, 
was  professor  of  Greek  at  Paris ;  he  died  in  1565. 

TURNER,  William,  an  eminent  English  cler- 
gyman, who  at  the  period  of  the  reformation 
warmly  embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  reformers, 
for  which  he  was  imprisoned  by  Gardiner,  but 
was  afterwards  released,  and  raised  to  eccle- 
siastical honours  under  Ehzabelh  ;  he  died  in 
1568. 

TURNER,  Thomas,  an  able  divine,  chaplain 
to  Charles  I.,  and  dean  of  Rochester,  aud  of 
Canterbury,  died  in  1672. 

TURNER,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
bishop  of  Rochester,  and  afterwards  of  Ely.  At 
the  revolution,  he  refused  to  take  the  oaths  to 
William,  ami  was  deprived  of  his  preferment. 
He  died  in  170O. 

TURNER,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  who 
left  the  kingdom  on  account  of  his  attachment 
to  the  Romish  church,  and  was.  afterwards 
-made  canon  of  Breslaw,  and  died  in  1S97. 

TURPIN,  F.  H.,  professor  of  belles  lettre*  at 
Caen,  and  afterwards  at  Paris,  died  in  1799.  He 
wrote  the  lives  of  the  great  Conde,  of  Marshal 
389 


UB 

Choiscul,  and  of  Mahomet,  a  Universal  History, 
and  several  other  works 

TURRETIN,  Benedict,  professor  of  theology 
at  Geneva,  and  author  of  a  defence  of  the  (ie- 
nevese  translation  of  the  Bible,  died  in  H'Sl. 

TURRETIN,  Francis,  sou  of  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Geneva,  and  after- 
wards an  ambassador  from  the  republic  to  Hol- 
land. He  died  in  1737.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  theological. 

TURRETIN,  John  Alphonsus,  son  of  the 
preceding,  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  at 
Geneva,  was  distintruished  for  his  great  learning, 
and  died  in  1737.  He  wrote  an  "  Abridgment  of 
Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  other  works. 

TUSSER,  Thomas,  a  writer  on  agriculture, 
died  in  15d0. 

TVVEDDELL,  John,  an  accomplished  scho- 
lar, of  Northumberland,  born  in  1769,  and  died 
at  Athens,  in  1799. 

TWINING,  Thomas,  a  worthy  divine,  and 
enlightened  scholar,  born  in  London,  in  1735, 
and  died  in  1804.  He  was  also  a  great  proficient 
in  music. 

TWISS,  William,  a  distinguished  presbyte- 
rian  divine,  was  president  of  the  Westminster 
assembly  of  divines,  and  rector  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Holborn.  His  writings,  were  on  theological 
subjects.     He  died  in  1645. 

TYE,  Christoplier,  a  celebrated  composer  of 
church  music,  in  tlie  16lli  century. 

TYERS,  Tiiomas,  a  political  and  miscellane 
ous  writer.  He  published  a  series  of  "  Politi' 
cal  Conferences,"  which  are  very  highly  es- 
teemed, and  died  in  1787. 

TYLE-H,  John,  a  distinguished  revolutionary 
patriot,  of  Virginia,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
tliat  slate ;  he  died  in  1813. 

TYND.\LL,  William,  a  most  zealous  Eng- 
lish reformer,  memorable  for  having  made  the 
first  English  version  of  the  Bible.  He  suftered 
dcatli  as  a  heretic,  in  1530. 

TYNTE,  Edward,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
South  Carolina,  died  in  1710. 

TYRANNION,  a  surname  of  Theophrastus, 
a  celebrated  grammarian  and  critic,  of  Pontus 
who  flourished  about  50  B.  C. 

TYRT.,EI'S,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at  Miletus, 
flomislied  about  the  2oth  Olympiad. 

TYRWHITT,  Thomas,  "a  celebrated  critic 
and  antiquary,  author  and  editor  of  several 
learned  works,  and  one  of  the  raanycommen- 
tatorson  Shakspcare.     He  died  in  178G. 

T YSILIO,  a  Welsh  bard  of  the  7th  century, 
author  of  a  Chronicle  of  Britain. 

TYSON,  Edward,  a  distinguished  English 
physician,  settled  in  London,  became  physician 
to  Bethlcliem  and  Bridewell  hospitals,  and  died 
in  1708. 

TYTLER,  James,  a  learned  Scotchman,  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia 
and  author  of  several  valuable  works.  He  died 
at  Salem,  Mas."!.,  in  1804. 

TYTLER,  William,  a  Scottish  writer  on  vari- 
ous subjects  of  the  belles  lettres.  He  died  in  1792 

TYTLER,  Dr.  Henry  William,  author  of  se 
veral  works,  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1808. 

TZETZES,  Johannes,  a  celebrated  gramma- 
rian, of  Constantinople,  who  died  about  the 
end  of  the  12th  century.  He  wrote  some  valu- 
able books. 

U 

UBALDINA,  Petruccio,  a  celebrated  illumi- 
nator on  vellum,  who  iflouiiihed  early  in  tb« 
i6th  century. 
390 


UR 

UDINO,  John  d',  an  Italian  painter,  the  dis- 
ciple of  Raphael,  was  admired  for  his  landscapes 
and  animals  ;  he  died  in  1364. 

UGHELLI,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Florence, 
distinguished  for  his  learning  and  bis  virtue, 
published  some  works,  and  died  at  Rome,  in 
1670. 

UL.\CCl,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Ghent,  author 
of  a  Treatise  on  Trigonometry  in  Latin,  lived 
in  the  17th  centurv. 

ULFELD  CORNIFIX,  count  de,  a  Danish 
nobleman,  who  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
Frederic  III.,  and  in  his  flight  from  Copenha- 
gen, perished  of  cold,  in  16t)4. 

ULLOA,  Dom  Antonio  de,  an  eminent  Span- 
iard, died  in  1796.  When  only  18  years  old,  he 
was  sent,  with  other  gentlemen,  to  Cluito,  in 
South  America,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing the  figure  of  the  earth ;  on  his  return  to 
Europe,  he  was  taken  prisoner  and  carried  to 
England,  where  he  was  elected  F.  R.  S.  He 
was  again  sent  to  America,  as  governor  o! 
Louisiana. 

ULLOAY  PEREIRA,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish 
poet,  governor  of  the  province  of  Leon,  died  in 
1060. 

ULPIAN,  Domitius,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
minister  of  state  to  the  emperor  Alexander 
Severus.  He  was  very  hostile  to  the  Christians, 
and  was  assassinated  in  226. 

ULRICA,  Eleonora,  daughter  of  Charles  XI. 
of  Sweden,  born  in  1G88.  She  wiis  proclaimed 
queen  in  1719,  and  died  in  1741,  much  respected. 

ULUG-BEIG,  a  Persian  prince,  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  and  as  a  learned 
author.  He  was  killed  by  his  own  son,  in  1449, 
after  a  rei<in  of  40  years. 

UNDEKHILL,  John,  one  of  the  first  colonists 
of  New  England,  distinguished  for  his  bravery 
and  good  conduct,  in  the  expedition  against  tlie 
Pequot  Indians,  in  which  he  accompanied  cap- 
tain Mason.     He  died  in  1726. 

UPTON,  James,  an  English  scholar,  head  of 
Taunton  grammar  school,  in  Somersetshire, 
published  some  valuable  works,  and  died  in 
1749.  His  son  James  was  rector  of  Rissington, 
and  prebend  of  Rochester ;  he  wrote  "  Obser- 
vations on  Shakspeare,"  and  published  some 
otlier  works,  and  died  in  1760. 

URBAN  I.,  pope  after  Calistus  I.,  in  223,  and 
beheaded  7  years  after. 

URBAN  II.,  Oddon,  was  elected  pope  in  1088, 
and  died  in  1099,  respected  for  his  wisdom, 
moderation,  and  courage. 

URBAN  UI.,  Hubert  Crivelli,  was  chosen 
pope  in  1135.  and  died  two  years  after. 

URBAN  IV.,  James  Pantaleon,  a  native  of 
Troyes,  was  made  pope  in  1261,  and  died  in 
1264. 

URBAN  v.,  William  de  Grimoald,  elected 
pope  in  1362  after  Innocent  VI.  He  was  the  first 
pope  wlio  resided  at  Rome,  and  v/as  the  patron 
oflearned  and  religious  bodies,  founded  churches 
and  colleges,  and  corrected  abuses.  He  died  at 
Avignon,  in  1370. 

URBAN  VI.,  Bartholomew  Prignano,  was 
elevated  to  the  popedom  by  the  populace,  in 
1378,  and  died  in  1389. 

URBAN  VII.,  John  Baptist  Castagna,  was 
elected  pope  in  1590  .and  died  twelve  days  after. 

URBAN  VIU.,  Maffeo  Barberini,  elected 
pope  in  1623 ;  he  was  an  excellent  poet,  and 
died  in  1644. 

URCjEUS,  Codrus  Anthony,  a  most  learned 
and  unfortunate  Italian,  who  died  in  1500.  Hid 
works  consiBt  of  speeches,  letters,  and  poems. 


r 


VA 

UK.SINS,  Anne  Mary  de  la  Treiiiouille,  lady 
<f  lioiioiir  to  the  qtieen  of  Spain,  and  a  woman 
jCgrtat  powers  of  mind,  di€<]  at  Rome,  in  lTi22. 
UKijlJVUS,  Zacliary,  a  nalive  of  Kreslau,  was 
a  disciple  of  R](?lancllion,  and  divinity  profeasor 
at  iloideiberg,  and  alXerwards  at  Neustadt;  lie 
died  ill  1583. 

URSINUS,  John  Henry,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
criiliieiit  for  liis  learning  in  aacred  and  profane 
JiiMory,  dird  al  Katibbon,  in  l(j67. 

IJRSIMJS,  George,  a  Danisli  divine,  author 
of  "  Hebrew  Antiquities,"  a  work  of  merit, 

ITRSUS,  Nicliolau  Kaymarus,  a  very  famous 
Danisli  a^itrononiic:)!  writr.r,  died  in  UiOO. 

USilER,  .laineH,  archbishop  of  Armagh, 
Irelaiul,  illustrious  for  piety  and  learning,  died 
in  lt°i5(>. 

UvSIIER,  John,  lieutcnant-povernor  of  New 
Humpohire,  retired  to  New  York  at  the  com- 
iiiencemcnt  of  the  revolution,  as  a  friend  to  the 
Brifiuli,  and  died  there. 

UTKNBOGAERT,  John,  one  of  the  chief 
supporters  of  the  Remonstrants,  author  ot  an 
Krclesiastical  History,  &c.  ;  he  died  at  the 
lltisuc,  in  l(i'14. 

UTKNHOVIUS,  Charles,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
author  of  Latin  poems,  died  in  IfiOO. 

UXELLE!?,  Nicholas  Chalons  du  Ble,  mar- 
quis de,  a  French  general,  distinguif^hed  for  his 
defence  of  Mayence,  during  a  seige  of  5<i  days, 
was  afterwards  marshal  of  France,  and  died  in 
1730. 


VACHER.  N.,  a  French  surgical  writer,  died 
in  1760. 

VACHET,  John  Anthony  le,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, distinguished  for  his  piety  and  charity, 
died  in  1081. 

VACHET,  Peter  Joseph  de,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, known  as  the  author  of  some  Latin 
poetrv,  of  merit,  died  about  1655. 

VACaL'ERIE,  John  de  la,  first  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris.  He  is  celebrated  for 
his  firmness  in  opposing  some  unpopular  mea- 
sures of  Louis  XI. 

VACQITETTE,  John  sieur  du  Cardonnrty,  a 
Frenchman,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of 
jurisprudence,  and  for  his  poetical  writings ;  he 
died  in  17.i9. 

VADE,  John  Joseph,  a  distinguished  French 
poet,  died  in  1757. 

VADL\N,  Joachim,  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
philosophy,  medicine,  and  literature  generally  ; 
lie  died  in  1551. 

VAILLANT  DE  GUELLIS,  or  VALENS, 
bishop  of  Orleans,  died  in  1587.  He  wrote  a 
Latin  poem,  and  other  works. 

VAILLANT,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished 
French  botanist  and  botanical  writer  Ho  was 
director  of  the  royal  gardens,  and  died  in  17iK;. 

VAILLANT,  Walleran,  an  eminent  French 
painter  and  engraver,  who  died  at  Amsterdam, 
in  1677. 

VAILLANT,  John  Foy,  an  antiquary  and 
medalist,  to  whom  France  was  indebted  for  the 
science  of  medals,  and  Louis  XIV.  for  one 
half  of  his  cabinet ;  he  died  in  1706.  His  son 
John  was  also  a  medalist  and  an  author  ;  he 
died  in  1708. 

VAISSF-TTE,  don  Joseph,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, author  of  a"  History  of  Languedoc,"  and 
several  other  works  :  he  died  in  1756. 

VALAHE,  James  Francis,  an  intelligent 
French  printer  and  bookseller,  died  in  17M. 


VA       

I  VALART,  Joseph,  a  translator  of  the  New 
Testament,  and  of  Cornelius  Nepos,  &c. :  he 
di.d  in  1779. 

VAL.\'/E,  Charles  Eleonore  Dufriche,  a 
French  soldier  and  lawyer,  who  was  a  member 
of  the  convention,  and  distinguished  for  his 
hostility  to  Lewis  XVI.  He  was  marked  by 
Marat  for  execution,  and  condemned,  but  killed 
himself,  in  1793. 

VALDO,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  who  in  1160, 
became  the  founder  of  a  seel,  called  Vaudois. 
Lewis  VII.  atten^pied  in  vain  to  rettoie  them  to 
the  Catholic  churoii,  and  liisson  Philip  Augus- 
tus, with  the  same  pious  view,  put  'lOW  to  the 
sw(ird.  His  followers  though  scattered,  still 
exist. 

VALENS,  Flavius,  son  of  Gratian,  shared 
the  inipeiial  throne  with  his  brother.  He  was 
defeated  and  burnt  to  death  in  a  tower,  where 
he  had  taken  refuge,  by  the  Goths,  in  378. 

VALENTIN,  a  pope  of  Rome,  died  in  827. 

VALENTIN,  a  heresiarch  ofthe  2d  century, 
an  Egyptian  by  birth,  and  a  follower  of  Plato's 
philosophy  ;  he  died  in  IflO. 

VALENTIN,  IJasil,  the  assumed  name  of  a 
Benedictine  of  the  16th  ceruury,  distinguished 
as  an  able  chymist.  His  works  have  br<!n  trans- 
lated into  Latin  and  English,  from  tho  German. 

VALENTIN,  Moses  le,  a  painter,  celebrated 
for  hiscoTicerts,  players,  and  low  scenes,  died  at 
Rome,  in  lti32. 

VALENTIN,  Michael  Bernard,  a  botanist, 
and  profcs-oor  of  medicine  al  Gressin.  He  wrote 
on  botanical  and  medical  subjects,  and  died  in 
1729. 

VALENTINE,  daughter  ofthe  duke  of  Milan, 
and  wife  of  Lewis,  duke  of  Orleans,  died  in 
1408. 

VALENTINIAN  I.,  a  son  of  Gratian,  and 
possessor  with  his  brother  Valens,  of  the  impe- 
rial throne.  He  defeated  the  Germans,  and 
other  neighbouring  nations,  and  died  in  375. 

VALENTINIAN  II.,  son  and  successor  of 
the  prrcedinc,  was  dethroned  by  Maximus,  re- 
instated by  Theodosius,  emperor  of  the  East, 
and  cftrrwaids  strangled  by  one  of  his  own  ge- 
nerals, in  392. 

VALENTINIAN  III.,  Flavius  Placidus,  was 
acknowledged  emperor,  when  only  six  years 
old  ;  during  his  minority,  his  mother  ably  main- 
tained the  dignity  ofthe  empire,  but  afterwards 
hisdissipations  led  to  his  destruction  in  455. 

VALERI.'\NUS,PubliusLicinius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  in  253.  After  persecuting  the  Christians, 
and  fighting  the  Goths  and  Scythians,  he  was 
defeated  and  taken  by  the  Persians,  and  ftayed 
alive,  ill  2(i3. 

V.^LERIANUS,  Pierius,  an  ingenious  Ita- 
lian philosopher  and  critic,  died  in  1558. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  a  Latin  historian. 
His  works  are  dedicated  to  Tiberius,  in  whose 
age  he  flourished. 

VALESIO,  Francis,  a  Spanish  physician  and 
medical  writer,  who  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  17th  century. 

VALESIUS,  an  Arabian,  who,  in  the  3d  ten 
tur\'  became  the  founder  of  a  new  sect. 

VALESIUS,  Henricue,  or  HENRY  DE  VA- 
LOIS,  a  French  critic,  of  great  abilities  and 
learning,  died  In  1676. 

VALESIUS,  Adrian,  or  ADRIEN  DE  VA- 
LOIS,  brother  of  the  preceding,  ar.d  a  very 
learned  critic  and  historian ;  he  died  in  1692. 

VALETTE  PARISOT,  John  dc  la,  grand 
master  of  Malta,  in  1557.    He  is  distinguished 
for  his  brave  and  successful  defence  of  Maita, 
391 


*# 


VA 

against  Solyman  II.,  with  80,000  men.    He  dii'd 
in  1568. 

VALETTR,  Jolm  Lewis  de  Nogarct,  dukp 
d'Epennon,  a  celebrated  French  ijener^l,  tht 
friend  and  faitliful  servant  of  Ilenrj'  111.  aiiri 
IV.,  and  of  LewiB  XIII.,  by  whotii  he  was  re- 
spected and  honoured,  ia  the  highest  degree. 
He  died  in  KA-2. 

VUI.GULIO,  Charles,  an  Italian,  known  a 
a  translator  of  some  of  Plutarch's  works,  lived 
about  1507. 

VALIN,  Rene  Joshua,  a  learned  writer,  of 
Kochelle,  died  in  1765. 

VALINCOUll,  John  Baptist  Henry  duTrous- 
eet  de,  a  French  writer,  born  in  1653  ;  he  was 
successor  to  Racine  as  historiographer  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  and  died  in  1730. 

VALKENBURGH,  Theodore,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1721. 

VALLA,  George,  professor  of  medicine  and 
belles  lettres  at  Venice,  died  in  1460. 

VALLA,  Laurentius,  an  Italian  critic,  of  great 
parts  and  learning,  died  in  1465. 

VALLE,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Rome,  who 
published  a  very  interesting  account  of  his 
"Travels  in  Egypt, Turkey, Tersia,  and  India." 
He  died  in  1652. 

VALLEE,  Geofroi,  a  French  writer,  author 
of  a  work  entitled  "  Beatitude  des  Chretiens," 
which  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  the  in- 
quisition.    He  was  burnt  at  Paris,  in  1574. 

VALLEE,  Simon,  an  eminent  French  en 
graver,  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV. 

VALLEMONT,  Peter  le  Lorraine  de,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  author  of  "  Elements  of  History,'' 
and  other  works ;  he  died  in  1721. 

VALLIERE,  Louise  Francoise,  duchesse  de 
la,  wife  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  mistress  of 
Lewis  XIV.  She  spent  the  last  35  years  of  lier 
life  in  a  cloister,  in  acts  of  piety  and  devotion 
and  died  in  1710. 

VALLISNIERRI,  Anthony,  an  Italian  natu 
ralist,  and  professor  of  medicine  at  Padua.  He 
wrote  several  medical  works,  and  died  in  1730 

VALOIS.    See  VALESIUS. 

VALOIS,  Yves  de,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Bour- 
deaux,  in  1694,  was  professor  of  hydrography  at 
Rochelle.    The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

VALSALVA,  Anthony  Marie,  an  eminent 
physician  and  anatomical  writer,  died  in  1723. 

VALVERBA,  John,  a  Spanish  physician 
distinguished  as  having  introduced  anatomy 
into  Spain,  from  Italy.     He  lived  about  1580. 

VANAKEN,  Joseph,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  died  in  1749. 

VANBRUGH,  sir  John,  an  excellent  English 
dramatist,  and  architect,  died  in  1726. 

VAN-CEULEN,  Ludolph,  a  distinguished 
mathematician,  of  Leyden,  in  the  17th  century. 

VAN-CLEVE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  died  in  1733. 

VANCOUVEUR,  George,  a  captain  in  the 
English  navy,  who  performed  a  voyage  of  dis 
covery  to  the  north  Pacific  ocean,  and  round 
the  globe,  in  1790-95,  to  ascertain  the  existence, 
if  any,  of  a  navigable  communication  between 
the  North  Pacific  and  North  Atlantic  Oceans, 
He  died  in  1797. 

VANDALE,  Anthony,  a  learned  Dutch  phy- 
cian  and  critic,  died  in  1708. 

VANDEN-ECKOUT,  Gerbrandt,  a  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  of  great  merit,  at  Amster- 
dam, died  in  1674. 

VANDEN-VELDE,  Adrian,  a  painter,  of 
Amsterdam,  died  in  1672. 

VANDEN-VELRE    Isaiab,    an    emineml 
392 


VA 

Flemish  painter,  died  about  1640.  His  brothers, 
John  and  William,  were  also  eminent  artists. 
The  former  excelled  as  an  engraver,  and  the 
latter  as  a  painter. 

VANDEU-DOE!?,  J.ncob,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  who  died  at  the  Hague,  in  1673. 

VAiNDER  HEYDEN,  John,  an  eminent 
painter,  died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1712. 

VANDER  KABEL,  Adrian,  a  painter  and 
engraver,  who  excelled  in  sea  views,  and  land- 
scapes ;  lie  died  at  Lyons,  in  1095. 
VANDERLINDEN.  John  Antonides,  a  learn- 
ed professor  of  medicine,  at  Leyden,  died  in 
1614,  having  written  many  medical  books. 

VANDER-MEER,  John,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  who  excelled  in  battles  and  sea  pieces ; 
be  died  in  1690. 

VANDER-MERSCH,  general  of  the  insur- 
gents of  Brabant,  in  1789,  againiJt  the  imperial 
forces.  He  distinguished  liiniself  by  his  valour 
and  prudence,  and  died  in  1792. 

VANDER-MEULIN,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
distinguished  painter,  of  Brussels,  who  accom- 
panied Lewis  XIV.,  in  his  n.ilitary  expeditions, 
and  gave  accurate  representations  of  his  sieges 
and  battles.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1690. 

VAJSDER-MONDE,  Charles  Augustin,  a  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  censor  royal  of 
the  university  of  Bologna,  and  died  in  1762. 

VANDER-MONDE,  N.,  a  French  mathema- 
tician, died  in  1796. 

VANDER-NEEB,  Eglon,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1G97. 

VANDER-SPIEGEL,  an  eminent  and  useful 
Dutch  statesman,  died  in  1800. 

VANDER-ULFT,  James,  a  painter,  and  bur- 
gomaster of  Gorcum,  his  native  town,  born  in 
1627. 

VANDER-VELDE.  See  VANDEN-VELDE. 

VANDERWEBF,  Adrian,  an  eminent  Dutch 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1727. 

VANDTEST,  Adrian,  aDutch  landscape  paint- 
er, who  settled  in  England,  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.,  and  died  in  1704. 

VANDYCK,  sir  Anthony,  an  illustrious  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,  bom  at  Antwerp,  in 
1599.  He  travelled  much,  but  flourished  chiefly 
in  England,  in  the  service  of  Charles  I.,  who 
knighted  him,  and  gave  him  his  own  picture  set 
round  with  diamonds  ;  he  died  in  1641. 

VANDYCK,  Peter,  an  eminent  Dutch  histo- 
rical and  portrait  painter,  died  at  the  Hague,  in 
1758. 

VANE,  sir  Henry,  a  famous  English  states- 
man, and  a  political  and  theological  writer,  was 
beheaded  on  a  charge  of  treason,  in  1662. 

VAN-EFFEN,  Just,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
known  as  the  translator  of  "  Robinson  Crusoe," 
and  other  works ;  he  died  in  1735. 

VAN-EVERDINGEN,  Albert,  an  eminen: 
landscape  painter  and  engraver,  of  Alkmaer 
died  in  1675.  His  brothers,  John  and  Cssar, 
were  also  excellent  artists. 

VAN-EYCK,  John,  called  John  Bruges,  a 
Flemish  painter,  and  inventor  of  the  art  of 
mixing  colours  with  oil,  flourished  in  the  15tli 
century. 

VAN-HUYSUM.Jolm,  aDutch  painter,  fam- 
ous for  landscapes,  flowers,  and  fruit  pieces  ; 
he  died  in  1749. 

VANIERE,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  fam 
ous  Latin  poet,  died  in  1739. 

VANINI,  Lucilio,  a  most  determined  Atheist, 
who  settled  in  France,  and  was  burnt  for  blas- 
phemy, in  1619. 

VAN-KEULEN,  John,  a  Dutctauan,  wh^ 


VA 

edited  the  "  Fl^ibeau  de  la  Mer,"  at  AmEter 
dam,  in  1687. 

VANLOO,  John  Baptist,  a  French  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1745. 

VANLOOjCliaries  Andrew,  a  native  of  Nice 
who  &ettlc<l  at  Paris,  where  he  was  highly  dis- 
tinguished as  a  painter ;  he  died  in  17ti5. 

VAN-MEN UER,  Cliarlcj,  a  Flemish  histori- 
cal and  landscape  painter,  died  in  1606. 

VAN  NESS,  William  W.,  a  very  eminent 
lawyer,  of  New-York,  and  a  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  that  state,  died  at  Charleston 
S.  C,  in  1823,  aged  48. 

VANNI,  Francis,  a  painter  and  architect,  of 
Sienna,  died  at  Ronio,  in  1G09. 

VANNRiS,  or  VANNI,  Francisco,  an  Italian 
historical  painter,  died  in  1610. 

VANNIUS,  Valentin,  a  native  of  SwabiL 
distinguished  for  his  writings  in  defence  of  the 
Lutheran  tenets,  in  1557. 

VAN-OBSTAL,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Flem 
ish  sculptor,  died  in  1068. 

VAN-OORT,  Adam,  a  Flemish  painter,  of 
•eminence,  died  in  lf>41. 

VAN-OOST,  James,  a  Flemish  historical, 
landscape,  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1713 

VAN-ORLAif,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1550. 

VAN-OSTADE,  Adrian,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Lubeck,  died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1689  His 
brother  Isaac  was  also  an  artist. 

VANSOMER,  Paul,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
known  as  a  painter.  lie  resided  for  some  time 
in  England,  and  died  in  1C21. 

VAN-SWIKTEN.     See  SWIETEN  VAN. 

VAN  TULDEN,  Theodore,  a  painter  and  en 
graver,  born  at  Bois  le  Due,  in  1620;  he  was  a 
pupil  of  Rubens. 

VAN-UDEN,  Lucas  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1660. 

VARCHI,  Benedict,  professor  of  morality  at 
Padua,  was  distinguished  for  the  purity  and  ele 
gance  of  his  language,  and  for  bis  writings 
tie  died  in  1666. 

VARDES,  Francis  Rene  du  Bee,  marquis  de, 
«me  of  the  favourites  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  indis 
creetly  betrayed  the  secret  debaucheries  of  his 
master,  for  which  he  was  disgraced,  and  exiled  ; 
but  was  afterwards  pardoned,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1688. 

VARENIUS,  Augustus,  an  eminent  Luthe 
ran  divine,  of  Lunenburg,  celebrated  for  his 
profound  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew.  It  is  said 
that  he  could  repeat  the  Hebrew  bible  by  heart. 
He  died  in  1684. 

VARENIUS,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Dutch 
geographer,  whose  "  Geographia  Universalis" 
was  translated  into  English,  by  sir  Isaac  New- 
ton ;  he  died  in  1660. 

VARENNE  DE  FENILLE,  P.  C,  a  distin- 
guished French  agriculturalist,  was  guillotined 
during  the  revolution,  in  1794. 

VARGAS,  Aiphonso,  a  native  of  Toledo,  and 
archbishop  of  Seville  ;  he  died  in  )3t*. 

VARGAS,  Francis,  an  eminent  Spanish  law- 
yer, was  ambassador  at  several  courts,  under' 
Charles  V.,  and  Philip  II.,  and  afterwards  a 
counsellor  of  state  in  Spain  ;  he  died  in  a  mon-i 
astery, in  1560. 

VARGAS,  I,ewis  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of  I 
Leville,  died  in  1590. 

VARIGNON,  Peter,  a  distinguished  French 
MChitect  and  mathematician,  was  professor  of 
mathematics,  at  the  college  of  Mazarine,  and 
an  able  writer  on  that  science ;  he  died  in  1722.| 

VARILLAS,  AnthoDy    »  V'PDcb  Iilitorical, 


VA 

and  political  writer,  died  in  1696.    He  was  con- 
sidered unworthy  of  credit. 

VARIUS,  a  latin  poet,  the  friend  of  Horace. 
Some  fragments  of  his  poetry  remain. 

VARNl'M,  James  Mitchell,  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  the  American  revolutionary-  army,  after- 
wards a  member  of  congress,  and  a  judge  of 
the  north  western  territory  of  the  United  Slates ; 
he  died  in  1789. 

VARRO,  a  poet  of  Gaul,  who  wrote  a  poem 
on  tlie  war  of  the  Sequani,  and  some  other 
works. 

VARRO,  Marcus  Tcrentius,  usually  styled 
the  most  leanied  of  the  Romans,  was  born  28 
B.  C.  He  was  80  years  old  when  he  wrote  his 
three  books,  "  De  Re  Rustica,"  which  are  still 
extant. 

VASA.    SeeGUSTAVrS. 

VASARI,  George,  a  Florentine  painter,  died 
in  1578.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  lives  of 
the  most  excellent  painters,  sculptors,  and  ar 
chitccts  from  1300  to  1570. 

VASCONCELLOS,  Michael,  a  Portuguese 
statesman,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  Spain, 
was  murdered  during  a  political  convulsion, 
and  his  hndy  treated  with  ignominy,  in  1640. 

VASCOSAN,  Michael  de,  an  eminent  French 
printer,  settled  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1576. 

VASSELIER,  Joseph,  a  licentious  French 
poet,  died  in  1800. 

VASS(.)R,  Michael  le,  a  French  writer,  dietl 
in  England,  in  1718,  aged  71. 

VATABLU8,  Francis,  a  native  of  Plcardy, 
and  professor  of  Hebrew,  in  the  royal  college, 
died  in  1.547. 

VATER,  Abraham,  an  eminent  German  phy- 
sician and  anatomist,  famous  for  his  anatomical 
preparations,  which  form  a  curious  cabinet  at 
Wirtemburgh.     He  died  in  1751,  aged  67. 

VATTEL,  N.,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  dis- 
tinguished lor  his  valuable  writings  on  juris- 
prudence and  metaphysics.  His  "  Right  of 
Nations,"  has  given  him  great  celebrity,  and  a 
rank  with  Grotius  and  Pufl'endorf,  among  the 
writers  iin  Natural  Law.    He  died  in  1770. 

VATTEL,  Emerde,  a  celebrated  Swiss  writer 
on  metaphysics  and  jurisprudence  ;  he  died  in 
1767. 

VAVASSEUR,  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  teacher  of  rhetoric  and  belles 
lettres,  at  Paris,  and  as  a  lecturer  on  the  Scrip- 
tures; he  died  in  1681. 

VAUBAN,  Sebastian  le  Pre.otre,  seigiuur  de, 
a  famous  French  engineer,  who  wrote  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Fortification  ;"  he  died  in  1707. 

VAt'CANSON,  James  de,  a  native  of  Greno- 
ble, distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  me- 
chanics, died  in  1782. 

VAUDREUIL,  marquis  de,  a  brave  and  ener- 
getic French  officer,  governor  of  Canada,  died 
in  1725. 

VAUGEIiAS,  Claude  Favre,  lord  de,  a  most 
accurate  and  elegant  French  writer  and  critic, 
died  in  1650. 

VAUGHAN,  sir  John,  lord  chief  justice  of 
the  common  plieas,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
died  in  1674. 

VAUGHAN,  George,  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  colony  of  New  Hampshire,  died  in  1724. 

VAUMORIERE,  Peter  Dortique  Sieur,  de,  • 
native  of  France,  author  of  romances,  tec,  died 
ir.    S&3. 

VAUVENARGUES,  Luke  Chapier  de,  a 
French  writer,  author  of  "  Introduction  to  the 
Knowledge  of  the  Human  Mind,"  a  work  of 
tncr^i ;  be  died  in  1747. 

398 


Ddtl 


VE 

"^VAUVILLIERS,  Jolm  Francis,  professor  of 
Urcek  in  the  royal  college  of  France,  for  20 
years.  Being  opposed  to  the  revolution,  lielnfi 
liis  country  and  went  to  Russia,  where  he  died, 
in  1800.  He  published  "  Letters  on  Horace," 
"  Essay  on  Pindar,"  &c. 

VAUX,  Nicholas,  lord,  an  Englishman,  who 
was  kniirhted  for  his  valour  at  the  battle  of 
Stoke.  He  wrote  some  |>oems,  and  died  in  152Q. 
VAtTX,  Thomas,  lord,  contributor  to  a  me- 
trical miscellany,  called  the  "Paradise  of  Dain- 
ty Devices;"  he  died  in  15.55. 

VAUX,  Noel  .lord.in  d<:,  a  celebrated  French 
general,  made  governor  of  Corsica,  in  171)9,  and 
completed  the  conquest  of  that  isl.ind  ;  he  was 
afterwards  raised  to  the  dignity  of  marshal  of 
France,  and  died  in  1788,  having  been  present 
at  1!'  sieges  and  14  baltles. 
VAYER.  See  MOTUE  LE  VAYER. 
VECELLI,  Francis,  an  able  Italian  artist, 
brother  of  Titian. 

VEEMNX,John  Baptist,  of  Amsterdam,  dis 
tinguished  as  a  painter,  died  in  IWiO. 

VEG.\,  Lopez  Felix  de,  a  Spanish  divine,  and 
a  dramatic  poet  of  great  fertility  of  genius  ;  he 
died  in  16:35. 

VEGETIUS,  Flavius  Renalus,  a  Roman, 
who  flourished  in  the  4th  century,  aullior  of 
"  Mili'ary  Institutions." 
VEGIO.  See  MAFF/EUS. 
VEIL,  Charles  Marie  de,  a  Jew,  of  Metz 
was  converted  to  Christianity  by  Bossuet,  and 
made  canon  of  St.  Genevieve.  After  lecturing 
on  theology  at  Angers,  he  went  to  England 
where  he  joined  the  anabaptists,  and  bec.iuie  a 
preacher  of  that  persuasion.  He  wrote  Com- 
uientaries  on  the  Scriptures,  and  died  about 
1700. 

VELASaUEZ,  Don  Diego  de  Sylva,  a  dis- 
tinguished Spanish  painter,  the  pupil  of  Herre- 
ra  and  Pacheco ;  he  died  in  1C60. 
VELLEIUS.  See  PATERCULUS. 
VELLI7TELLO,  Alexander,  of  Lucca,  au- 
thor of  some  commentaries  on  the  works  of 
Dante,  and  of  Petrarch,  died  about  1600. 

VELLY,  Paul  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Nismes, 
who  wrote  a  "  History  of  France,"  a  candid 
and  accurate  work  ;  he  died  in  1759. 

VELSERUS,  Mark,  a  distinguished  civilian, 
of  Aucsbnrc,  author  of  "  Reruni  Augusto-Vin- 
delicaruni  ,"  he  died  in  1614. 

VELTHEIM,  A.  F.,  count,  a  native  of  Bruns- 
wick, an  eminent  miner;tlogist,  and  author  of 
several  valuable  works  on  iniueraiogy ;  he  died 
in  1801. 

VELTHUVSEN,Lambert,of  Utrecht,  known 
as  the  defender  of  the  opinions  of  Descartes 
against  Voct.  He  wrote  on  philosophy,  theolo- 
g}',  and  medicine,  and  died  in  1685. 

VENCE,  Henry  Francis  de,  a  French  ecclesi 
astic,  author  of  "  Dissertations  and  Analysis  on 
the  Old  Testament,"  deservedly  commended  by 
Calmet ;  he  died  in  1749. 

VENDftME,  Cscsar,  duke  de,  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  governor  of  Bretagne.  and  a  brave  and 
virtuous  prince  ;  he  died  in  1605. 

VEXDOME,  Lewis  Joseph,  duke  de,  a  fa 
mouE  French  general,  who,  in  consequence  of 
liis  great  victories,  was  created  a  prince  of  the 
Olood,bv  Philip  V.  ;  he  died  in  1712 

VENDOME,  Philip  de,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, distinguished  himself  in  tiie  army  under 
Lewis  XIV.,  and  died  in  1737. 

VENEfi,  Gabriel  Francis,  of  Pc/.enas,  an 
able   physician,  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpcllier.  where  he  died  in  1776 
394 


VE 

VENERONI,  an  Italian  granunarian  and  lei- 
icographer,  in  the  17th  century. 

VENETIANO,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  histori- 
cal painter,  who  was  assassinated  by  Andrea  del 
Castagno,  to  whom  he  had  communicated  the 
art  of  painting  in  oil,  in  1476. 

VE.NETTE,  Nicolas,  a  French  physician,  au- 
thor of  some  medical  treatises,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
1698. 

VENIERO,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  poet,  some 
of  whose  works  were  of  an  immoral  tendency, 
died  in  1581.  His  three  brothers,  Jerome,  Fran- 
cis, and  Lewis,  were  poets,  and  prose  writers. 
VENIUS.  SecOTHO. 
VENN,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  author  of 
the  "  Complete  Duty  of  Man,"  "  Sermons  on 
Various  Subjects,"  &C. ;  he  died  in  1796. 

VENNER,  Tobias,  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  "  Via  Recta  ad  Longam  Vitam,"  and 
other  medical  works,  died  in  1660. 

VENNER,  Thomas,  a  noted  fanatic  in  the 
time  of  Cromwell  and  Charles  II.,  was  origin- 
ally a  winecooper.  His  followers  were  called 
fifth  monarchy  men.  He  was  executed  with 
12  of  his  associates,  in  1661: 

VERDIER,  Anthony  du,  a  native  of  Mont- 
brisson,  historiographer  of  France,  and  author  of 
a  "  Biography  of  French  Authors,"  died  in  1600. 
VERDIER,  Cssar,  "f  Moliers,  near  Avignon, 
was  eminent  as  an  anatomist,  and  wrote  on 
anatomical  and  medical  subjects;  he  died  iu 
1759. 

VERDUO,  Lawrence,  an  able  surgeon,  of 
Toulouse,  died  in  1695.  His  son,  John  Baptist 
was  a  pnysician,  aud  author  of  "Operations  of 
Surcery." 

VERE,  Edward,  earl  of  Oxford,  was  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  unfortunate  Mary  of  Scotland, 
and  a  conspicuous  actor  in  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada.  lie  wrots  some  poetry,  and 
died  in  1604. 

VERE,  sir  Francis,  a  renowned  English  gen 
eral  under  queen  Elizabeth,  who  defended  Os- 
tend  for  the  Dutch,  with  1700  men,  against  the 
Spanish  army  of  12000 ;  he  died  in  1608. 

VERE,  Horace,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
also  a  general  iu  the  English  army,  was  creattd 
baron  Tilbury  by  Charles  I.,  for  liis  meritori- 
ous services,  and  died  in  1635. 

VERKLST,  Simon,  a  French  painter,  who  ex- 
celled in  flower  pieces  and  fruits,  died  iu  1710. 

VERGENNES,  Charles  Gravier,  count  de, 
an  eminent  French  statesman,  died  in  1787.  Aa 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  atl'airs  to  Louis 
XVI.,  he  assisted  the  Americans  in  their  strug- 
gle for  independence. 

VERGER  DE  HAURANE,  John  du,  abbe  de 
St.  Cyran,  an  eminent  French  ecclesiastic,  who 
formed  a  new  system  of  faith,  which  becoming 
popular,  drew  on  him  the  resentment  of  Riche- 
lieu. He  died  in  1643.  Jausen,  Arnauld, 
Pascal,  &c.,  were  among  his  pupils  and  friends. 
VERGIER,  James,  of  Lyons,  possessed  great 
poetic  talents,  but  was  too  dissipated  and  licen- 
tious to  obtain  distinction.  He  was  killed  by 
robbers,  at  Paris,  in  1720. 

VERGIL,  Polvdore,  an  Italian  priest  who 
settled  in  England,  became  an  author,  and  died 
in  1,555. 

VERGNE,  Louis  Elizabeth,  de  la,  a  French 
general,  who  served  under  Lewis  XV.  in  Flan- 
ders, with  great  reputation,  was  the  friend  of 
learned  men,  and  author  of  numerous  works. 
He  died  iu  1782. 

VERGNI/VUD,  Peter  Victorin,  an  advocaje. 
(»f  Bourdeaux,  was  a  roembcr  of  the  national 


VE 


VI 


assembly,  and  active  in  icciiiumoiKliiig  violent 
measures.  He  foil  under  the  displeasure  of 
Rohef^pierrc,  and  suflered  on  the  scallbld,  in 
1793. 

VKRUF.YEN,  Philip,  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  rotlejre  at  Louvain,  and  author  of  some 
nieilical  works,  died  in  1710. 

V  F".KKOI..IE,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter 
end  engraver,  died  in  ltW3. 


VT.SPASI.'VN,  TliusFlavius,  a  general  in  the 
Roman  army,  was  proclaimed  emperor,  A.  I) 
fi9;  his  reien  was  marked  by  wisdom,  modera- 
tion and  lirnmoss.     lie  died  A.  D.  T'J. 

VKSri  TIUS.     See  AMKRKTS. 

VI(,'.\RS,  John,  an  Rnsli.'ih  divine,  who  wrote 
in  I'avonr  of  the  presbyterians ;  he  died  in  165'2. 

VICAW,  ThoniHs,  of  London,  the  tir.st  ana- 
tomical writer  in  the  English  language,  lived 


VERMANDER,  Charles,  a  Flemish  painter  almut  m.V). 
and  poet,  died  in  1007.  ||     VICENTE,  Giles,  a  famous  dramatic  poet, 

VEIOIEVEN,  John  Cornelius,  snrnamed  Ihej^of  Lislion,  in  llie  llUh  century. 
l'eardid,a  Dutch  historical  and  portrait  painter,  h     VK'O,  Jilm  Itaptlst,  professor  of  rhetoric,  in 
who  attended  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  drew |  the  -iniviMsity  at  Naples,  died  in  1740. 
his  encampments,  sieges,  and  hattles  on  the      .VICU  I I'.VZIR,  Felix,  a  very  celebrated  phy- 
spot;  he  died  in  I.W.t.  siciaii,  of  Paris,  died  in  17".I4. 

VERNl'S,  Jacob,  a  divine,  and  an  aut!ior,  of]      VI(.!TOR  1.,  pope  aftiT  Eleutheriis,  in  1P3, 
Geneva,  died  in  1788.  ilsuft'ored  niartyrdcun,  in  20-2.     During  his  age, 


\'I",RNET,  Joseph,  a  most  eminent  marine 
antl  landscape  painter,  of  France,  died  in  1789. 

VERNEIJIL,  Catherine  Henrietta  de  P.al/.ac, 
marquise  do,  a  French  lady,  who  captivated  the 
heart  of  Henry  IV.,  and,  after  his  marriage  to 
Mary  de  Medici.-^,  conspired  to  dethrone  him. 
She  was  exiled,  and  died  in  Kilin 


violent  disputes  arose  about  the  proper  t'me  for 
Easter. 

VICTOR  II.,  Gibehard,  elected  pope  after 
Leo  IX.,  in  105.'i,  atid  died  two  years  alter;  he 
was  an  active  ponlilf. 

VICTOR  HI.,  Didier,  was  elected  pope  in 
lOPfi,  and  died  1087. 


\ERNEV,  Gnicliard  Joseph  du,  professor  of  j  VICTOR,  Pextu.<!  Aurelins,  a  Roman  hisfo- 
an-iiomy  at  Paris,  of  great  celebrity,  died  inJrIan,  who  flourished  under  the  emperors  Con- 
1730.  slantius  and  Julian. 

VERNON,  Edward,  a  renowned  English  ad-l|  VICTOR,  Amadous,  duke  of  Savoy,  and  first 
niiral,  died  in  17.>7.  ||  king  of  Sardinia.    Ho  ahdicatod  the  throne  in 

VERNCE.EUS,  Nicholas,  professor  of  belles  [favour  of  his  ton,  and  died  in  1732. 
lettres,  at  I.ouvain,  and  an  author,  died  in  1649.  |     VICTOR,  Benjamin,  a  dramatic  WTiter,  died 

VERONESE,  Paul  Caliari,  a  native  of  Vero-:  in  1779. 
na,  greatly  distinguished  as  a  painter,  died  at1    VIC'TORIUS  or  VETTORIN,  Peter,  a  very 
Venice,  in  }h^f.  |!Ieariied  Florentine,  died  in  l.Vo. 

VERONESE,  Alexander  Turclii,  a  painter,  of  |1  V'ICTORRS,  Henedict,  was  professor  of  me- 
Verona,  died  at  Rome,  in  ir>70.  j  dicine  at  Bologna,  aiid  a  medical  writer;   he 

VERONESE,  Carlo,  a  Venetian,  respectable  died  in  1,552.  His  uncle  Lionel,  was  also  pro- 
as an  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  at  Paris,  died  lessor  of  medicine  at  Bologna,  and  died  in  l.WO. 
in  17()0.  Ij     VID.A,  Mark  Jerome,  an  illustrious  Latin 

VERROCHTO.  Andrew,  a  Florentine  sculp-'  poet,  died  in  1506. 
tor  and  painter  the  first  who  found  out  the  art'      VIETA,  Francis,  master  of  requests  to  queen 
of  taking  and  preserving  the  likeness  of  the   Margaret,  born  in  1540,  and  died  in  1G03.     He 


face,  by  moulding  oiY  the  features  iu  plaster  of 
Paris ;  he  died  in  1488. 

VERSCHURING,  Henry,  a  Dutch  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  was  drowned  in  1G90. 

VERSE,  Nool  Anherl  do,  a  theological  writer, 
of  Mans,  who  embraced  the  tenets  of  Calvin, 
and  afterwards  became  a  Roman  catholic  ;  he 
died  in  1714. 

VERSKOV'ES,  James  Francis,  a  Flemish 
artist,  who  settled  in  England,  and  died  in  1749. 
His  vases  atid  figures,  in  wood  and  ivory,  were 
much  admired. 


was  celebrated  as  a  mathematician,  and  was 
the  first  wild  used  letters  in  algebra. 

VIEI'SSENS,  Raymond  de,  a  distinguished 
French  physician  and  medical  autlior,  died  in 
1715. 

VIGAND,  or  VVIGAND,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  wlio  was  ensiagc^d  in  the  publication  of 
"  The  Centuries  of  Sladgeburgh,"  an  important 
work  ;  he  died  in  1587. 

VIGILICS,  an  African  bishop,  about  484.  He 
ably  opposed  the  heretics  of  his  age. 

VI(;ILIUS,  made  pope  by  the  wife  of  Jus- 


VEliSTEGAN,  Richard,  a  writer  on  English  Itinian,  in  .'»37.     He  was  afterwards  banished 
antiquities,   and  the  etymology  of  old  English;  from  Rome,  and  died  in  ."i.lS, 


words :  he  died  in  1625. 

VERT,  Dom  Claude  de,  an  Italian,  ecclesi-j 
astic,  devoted  himself  to  the  corenionics  of  thel 
church  of  Rome,  of  which  he  wrote  a  history  ;1 
he  died  in  1708.  | 

VERTOT  D'AUBOEFF,  Rene  Anbert  de,' 
an  agreeable  and  elegant  French  historical  wri-j 
fer,  died  in  1735.  | 

VERTUE,  (>eorge,  a  celebrated  engraver  andj 
antiquary,  of  Westminster,  died  in  1757. 

VERUS,  Lucius  Ceionins  Commodus,  soul 
of  yElius,  distinguished  hiiuself  against  the 
barbarians  m  the  East,  in  the  time  of  Marcus] 
Aurelius,  with  whom  he  shared  the  throne.  Hej 
died  at  the  ace  of  39. 


VI(;NLS,  Peter  des,  of  Capua,  rose  from  ob- 
scurity to  be  chancellor  of  the  German  empire. 
He  was  accused  of  an  attempt  to  poison  his 
sovoriign,  for  which  his  eyes  were  put  out.  He 
killed  himself  in  prison,  in  1249. 

VI(;N0LE,  James  Baroggio,  an  eminent 
Italian  architect,  died  in  1573. 

VIGNOLES,  Stephen  de,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  la  Hire,  was  one  of  the  ablest  ge- 
nerals in  the  service  of  Charles  VII.;  lie  died 
in  1447. 

VIGNOLES,  Alphonsode,  a  French  theologi- 
cal writer,  who,  as  aCalvinist,  fled  to  Prussia  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  was 
made  director  of  the  royal  academy  at  Berlin ; 


VERWEV,  ,Tohn,  a  learned  Dutch  author,  I  he  died  in  1744. 
died  at  the  Hague,  in  1600.  l|     VILLALPANDCS,  John  Baptist,  ajosuit,  of 

VESALIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Flemish  Corduba,  author  of  "Desultory  CommJ«tariei 
anatomist  and  physician,  died  in  1G74.  ||Ou£zekiel,"  died  in  1608. 

395 


VI 

VILLARET,  Claude,  an  aclorou  the  French 
r.ag;e,  author  of  a  "History  of  France,"  anJ 
oilier  works ;  he  died  in  1766. 

VILLARS,  Andrew  de  Brancas  de,  a  French 
general,  who  espoused  the  interests  of  the  league 
against  Henry  IV.,  but  afterwards  abandoned 
it ;  he  was  taken  prisoner  aad  murdered,  in 
1595. 

VILLARS,  Louis  Hector,  marquis  and  duke 
of,  marslial  of  France,  and  ono  of  the  greatest 
generals  of  his  time,  died  in  1734. 

VILLEFOKE,  Joseph  Francis  Bourgoin  de, 
a  Frenchman,  devoted  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
publisher  of  various  works  on  history  ;  he  died 
in  1737. 

VILLENA,  marquis  of,  a  Spanish  poet,  who 
translated  Virgil's  yEneid  into  Spanish  verse, 
and  died  in  1434. 

VILLENEUVE,  Gabrielle  Susanne  Barbot 
de,  a  celebrated  French  novel  writer,  died  in 
175.5. 

VILLERS,  Charles  Francis  Dominic  de,  a 
distinguished  French  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Gotlingen,  and  a  refugee  during  the 
revolution,  died  in  1815. 

VILLETTE,  Charles,  marquis  de,  a  French 
writer,  and  a  member  of  the  convention,  died  in 
1793. 

VILLIERS,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham,  a 
great  statesman,  and  the  favourite  of  two  kings, 
»vas  assassinated  inlG28. 

VILLIERS,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham, 
son  of  the  preceding,  a  very  distinguished  states- 
man, poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1668. 

VILLOISON,  John  Baptist  Gaspard  d'Ansse 
do,  a  learned  French  critic  and  antiquary,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  in  France,  died  in  1605. 

VILLOTTE,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
travelled  into  Armenia,  and  published  Commen- 
taries on  the  Gospels,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

VINX'ENT,  Thomas,  an  English  non-con- 
formist divine,  author  of  an  "  Explanation  of 
the  Catechism,"  and  other  religious  tracts,  died 
in  1671; 

VIiS"CENT,  Nathaniel,  an  English  dissenting 
divine,  and  author  of  sermons,  &c. :  he  died  in 
1697. 

VINCENT,  William,  D.  D.,  a  very  learned 
English  divine,  died  in  1815. 

VINCI,  Leonaril,  an  illustrious  Italian  paint- 
er, died  in  1520. 

VINER,  sir  Robert,  a  goldsmith  and  banker, 
of  London,  who  lent  the  administration  or 
«  haries  II.  considerable  sums  of  money. 

VINER,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  law 
writer,  died  in  1757. 

VINES,  Richard,  one  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
vines, under  the  prcsbyterian  government,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  Greek  scholar  and  philologist, 
•ind  was  very  eminent  as  a  preacher  ;  he  died 
ill  1655. 

VINNIUS,  Aniold,  professor  of  law  at  Ley- 
den,  and  author  of  Commentaries  on  the  Insti- 
tutes of  Justinian  ;  he  died  in  1657. 

VIOT,  Marie  .Ann  Henrietta  Payan  de  I'Es- 
tang,  of  Dresden,  a  lady,  so  distinguished  for 
leaining  and  wit,  and  for  ihe  versatility  of  her 
genius,  that  she  was  honoured  with  a  seat  in 
the  academy  of  Nisines.  and  died  in  1802. 

VIRGIL] US,  Publius  Maro,  the  most  excel- 
lent of  all  the  ancient  Roman  poets,  was  born 
at  Andes,  near  Mantua,  70  B.  C,  in  the  consul- 
ship of  Ponipey  and  Crassus,  and  died  18  B.  C. 

ViRGI.MA,  daughter  of  Virciniiis,  was  stab- 
bed 10  the  heart  by  her  father,  to  prevent  the 
Tiolence  which  Appius  meditated  against  her 
396 


VO 

person.    This  created  a  revolution,  about  450 
B.  C. 

VISCONTI,  Ennius  Quirinus,  an  eminent 
Italian  antiquary,  and  writer  on  antiquarian 
subjects,  keeper  of  the  museum  at  Paris,  died 
in  1S18. 

VITELLIO,or  VITELLO,  of  Poland,  author 
of  a  Treatise  on  Optica,  in  the  middle  of  the 
13lh  century. 

VITELLI,  Paul,  an  excellent  general,  was, 
by  the  Florentines,  ungratefully  put  to  death, 
in  1499. 

VITELLItJS,  Aulus,  a  Roman  emperor 
whose  reign  was  marked  by  every  species  of  li 
centiousness  ;  he  was  assassinated,  A.  D.  69. 

VITRINGA,  Campegio,  a  native  of  Fries 
land,  was  professor  in  the  university  of  Frane 
ker,  and  a  learned  author  ;  he  died  in  1722. 

VITRUVIUS,  Marcus  PoUio,  aRoman  archi 
tect,  who  flourished  about  15  B.  C. 

VIVALDI,  Antonio,  a  famous  Italian  niusi 
cian,  died  in  1743. 

VIVARES,  Francis,  a  most  ingenious  and 
celebrated  landscape  engraver,  died  in  17n0. 

VIVEiNS,  Francis  de,  a  French  physician, 
and  an  author,  died  in  1780. 

VIVES,  John  Lewis,  a  learned  Spaniard,  who 
wrote  some  theological  and  other  works,  and 
died  in  1540. 

VIVI ANI,  Vincent,  a  famous  mathematician, 
of  Florence,  and  author  of  many  valuable 
works.  He  was  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Galileo, 
and  died  in  1703. 

VIVIEN,  Joseph,  a  painter,  of  Lyons,  diet 
in  1735. 

VLOHOMIR,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  was  de 
bandied  in  his  youth,  but  in  989  he  embracer 
Cliristianiiy,  and  was  regarded,  after  his  death 
by  tiis  subjects,  as  an  apostle  and  a  saint. 

VOETUJS,  Gisbert,  a  learned  divine,  profes 
sor  of  theology  and  of  oriental  languages  a 
Utrecht,  for  40  years,  died  in  1677.  His  son 
Paul,  was  prnl'essor  of  law  at  Utrecht,  and  au 
ihnr  of  some  valuable  works  ;  he  died  in  1667- 
.lolin,  the  sou  of  Paul,  was  professor  of  law  at 
Lifvden,  and  died  in  1714. 

VOGLERU.S,  Valentine  Henry,  a  physician, 
and  medical  writer,  of  Helmstad't,  died  in  1677. 

VOIGT,  Godfrey,  a  learned  Lutheran  di- 
vine, born  at  Misnia,  and  died  at  Hamburgh,  in 
1682. 

VOISENON,  Charles  Henry  de  Fusee  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  who  left  his  profession  and 
became  a  dramatic  writer  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

VOISIN,  Joseph  de,  of  Bourdeaux,  a  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1G85. 

VOISIN,  Daniel  Francis,  counsellor  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  chancellor  of  France, 
eminent  for  his  talents,  integrity,  and  virtue ;  he 
died  in  1718. 

VOITURE,  Vincent,  a  polite  and  elegant 
French  miscellaneous  writer,  and  poet,  died  in 
I64S. 

VOLDER,  Burchel  de,  of  Amsterdam,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Ley- 
den,  where  he  died  in  1709. 

VOLKOF,  Feodor,  a  most  excellent  actor, 
the  Garrick  of  Russia,  whose  talents  for  the 
stage  were  as  great  as  those  of  Sumorokof  for 
dramatic  composition  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

VOL.M.VR,  Isaac,  a  German  statesman,  who 
was  ambassador  at  the  conferences  before  the 
peace  of  Westphalia;  he  died  in  1662. 

VOLNEY,  Constantine  Francis  Chassebeuf 
(ie,  a  distinguished  and  voluminous  French  wri- 
ter, died  i;i  lii02. 


WA 

VULTAIUE,  Mai  ,t  Francis  Arc^iiel  dc,  gen 
lleman  of  the  bedchaiiibei,  and  liisioiiographer 
to  llie  king  of  France,  a  most  celebrated  French 
iiisiorian,  philosopher,  dramatic  writer,  and 
epic  poe;,  died  in  1788. 

\0.\DI'.L.  Justus,  or  Josse  du,  a  Dutch  poet, 
of  veiv  coiiiiiderable  eminence,  died  in  1679, 
as-'ed  91. 

VCiPlSCUS,  Flavius,  aSyracusan,  who  lived 
in  the  reign  of  Dioclesian,  author  of  the  lives 
of  Aurelian,  Taciiiii',  &c. 

VOK:?TlUS,  Conrad,  a  learned  German  pro- 
testani  divine  and  polemic  writer,  died  in  16iH. 
VORr^TrUS,  if;'ius  Everard,  professor  of 
uiedirine  al  Leyden,  died  in  1624. 

VOKlKiKRN,  a  renowned  British  chief, 
who,  lor  his  valour,  was  elected  king  of  South 
Britain.  He  was  burnt  in  a  ca.slle  which  he  had 
built  in  North  Wales,  in  484. 

VOS,  Martin  de,  a  historical  painter,  of  Ant- 
werp, died  in  1C04. 

VdSSIUS,  Gerard  John,  a  very  learned  pro- 
fessor of  chronology  and  eloquence,  al  Leyden, 
and  of  history,  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died 
in  1649. 

VOSSIl^S,  Francis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
author  of  a  poem  on  a  naval  victory  obtained 
by  Van  Tronip,  died  in  1645. 

VOSSirS,  Dionysius,  son  of  Gerard  John, 
celebrated  for  his  learning,  though  he  died  at 
Uicageof  M,  inl633. 

VOSSIUS,  Isaac,  younger  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  a  man  of  great  learning,  died  in  1688. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard,  another  brother,  was  emi- 
nent as  a  critic,  and  died  in  1640.  Matthew, 
also  a  brother,  wrote  a  valuable  "  Chronicle  of 
Holland,"  and  died  in  164G. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard,  a  Roman  catholic  divine 
died  at  Liege,  in  1609.  He  edited  and  enriched 
with  notes,  the  works  of  Gregory  Thaumatur- 
gus,  Fphrem  Syrus,  and  some  pieces  of  Chry 
sostom  and  Theodoret. 

VOSTERMAN,  a  famous  Diitnli  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1693. 

VOdF.T,  Simon,  a  celebrated  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Paris,  died  in  1641. 

V'ROON',Henry  Cornelius,  acelebratcd  Dutch 
painter.    The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

W 

WAGE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Jersey,  canon  of 
Bayeux,  and  a  poet,  flourished  in  the  I'.'th  cen- 
tury. 

WADING,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who 
joined  the  Jesuits,  and  was  professor  of  theology 
•t  Prague,  and  at  Louvain  ;  he  died  in  1644. 

WADING,  Luke  de,  an  Irish  cordelier,  au- 
thor of  "  Annals  of  bis  Order,"  &c.,  died  in 
1655. 

WADSWORTH,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
respected  for  hie  learning,  piety,  and  charity, 
died  in  1676. 

WADSWORTH,  Benjamin,  an  American 
clergyman,  distinguished  for  his  piety  and  learn- 
ing, was  president  of  Harvard  college.  He  died 
in  1737. 

WADSWORTH,  Jeremiah,  an  active  and 
energetic  officer  of  the  revolution,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  Connecticut ;  he  died  about 
1804. 

WAFFER,  Lionel,  an  English  surgeon,  who 
published  an  account  of  his  voyages  to  the  South 
Seas,  in  1699. 

WAGENSEIL,  John  Christopher,  a  very 
learned  German  polemical  writer  died  in  1705. 


WA 

\\'A(;N!',R,  John  Janus,  a  hwiss  p'i\sii  iiui, 
author  of  "Historia  Naiutalis  Helvetia-  tutio 
sa,"  di(d  in  1695. 

WAGSTAFFE,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate, 
.ind  an  author,  died  in  1712. 

WAILLEY,  Noel  Francis  de,  adistinguibhed 
French  philologist,  died  in  1801. 

WAKE,  Isaac,  English  amba.csador  to  Ve- 
nice, Savoy,  and  France;  he  died  in  1632. 

WAKE,  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of  Cantcr- 
burv,  and  a  most  celebrated  polemical  writer, 
died  in  1737. 

WAKEFIELD,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  was  Hebrew  professor  at  0.\ford,  and 
author  of  some  theological  works ;  he  died  in 
1537. 

WAKEFIELD,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  poleani 
cal  and  classical  writer,  died  in  1801. 

WALDECK,  Christian  Augustus,  prince  of, 
a  distinguished  Austrian  general,  died  in  179S. 

VV.\LI)0,  Peter,  a  merchant,  of  Lyons,  was 
the  founder  of  the  sect  called  Waldcnses,  in  the 
12lh  century. 

W.^l.ES,  William,  a  very  distinguished  wri- 
ter on  inathemaiics,  aud  secretary  to  the  board 
of  lonsiliide  ;  he  went  round  the  world  with 
rapiain  Cook,  in  bis  firGt  voyage,  and  died  ui 
17<'9 

WALES,  Samuel,  D-  D.,  a  distinguished 
.■\mcrican  clergyman,  professor  of  divinity  in 
Yale  college  ;  he  died  in  1794. 

W  A  LKER,  Clement,  celebrated  for  his  deter- 
mined opposition  to  Cromwell's  authority.  He 
lied  in  the  tower,  in  1651. 

WALKER,  Edward,  an  English  author,  was 
made  secretary  at  war  to  Charles  I.,  in  1C39, 
and  at  the  restoration,  a  clerk  of  the  privy 
ouncil ;  he  died  in  1676. 

W.^LKER,  Adam,  a  lecturer  in  philosophy, 
born  in  Westmoreland,  and  bred  a  weaver.  Ho 
passed  some  time  as  writing-master  and  ac 
countant  at  Macclesfield,  and  afterwards  tra- 
velled as  a  lecturer.     He  died  in  1821. 

WALKER,  Robert,  principal  painter  to  Oli- 
ver Cromwell,  died  just  before  the  restoration. 

WALKER,  George,  a  celebrated  Irish  divine 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in 
ItiUO. 

WALKER,  George,  F.  R.  S.,  a  dissenting 
minister  of  eminence,  who  published  the  first 
part  of  a  Treatise  on  Conic  Sections,  and  died 
in  1807,  Of  a  petition  for  recognising  Ameri- 
can independence,  drawn  up  by  him,  Mr-  Burke 
leclared,  that  he  would  rather  have  been  the 
author  of  that  piece,  than  of  all  his  own  com- 
positions. 

WALKER,  John,  an  eminent  writer  on 
English  grammar  and  elocution,  and  author  of 
"  A  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage ;"  he  died  in  1807. 

WALKER,  John,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Exeter,  where  he  died,  in 
1725. 

WALKER,  William,  an  English  divine,  the 
preceptor  of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  author  of 
several  useful  works  on  grammar,  logic,  &c.; 
he  died  in  1684. 

WALKER,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  au 
thor  of  some  sermons,  died  in  1761. 

WALKER,  Obadiah,  an  English  papist,  who 
wrote  a  violent  pamphlet  against  Luther ;  be 
died  in  1698. 

WALL,  Martin,  M.  D.,  an  English  phjrsiciao, 
and  a  medical  writer,  died  in  1776. 

WALLACE,  sir  William,  a  gallant  general 
of  the  Scots,  who  endeavoured  lo  rescue  his 
397 


WA 

country  from  the  English  yoke,  but  being  be- 
trayed into  tlie  liands  of  tlie  English,  by  sir  John 
MonteitI),  in  whom  he  had  confided,  he  was 
condemned  and  executed  as  a  traitor,  in  1303. 

WALLER,  Edmund,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  and  political  writer,  died  in  1687. 

WALLEY,  Thomas,  an  English  clerpyman, 
who  came  to  America,  in  16G3,  and  was  settled 
in  Barnstable,  Mai-a.,  where  he  was  eminently 
useful.     He  died  in  1G79. 

WALLEY,  John,  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  died  about 
1700. 

WALLIS,  John,  an  eminent  English  mathe- 
matician, died  in  1703. 

W.'iLLIS,  Dr.  Gt'or^e,  an  English  medical 
writer,  poet,  and  satirist,  died  in  1802. 

W.\LL1L"S,  James,  a  native  of  Courtrai, 
celebrated  ainong  the  Jesuits  for  his  learning 
and  his  talents  as  a  Latin  poet,  died  in  1680. 

WALPOLE,  sir  Robert,  earl  of  Orford,  a  very 
eminent  statesman  and  political  writer,  was 
prime  minister  under  George  I.  and  II. ;  he  died 
in  1745. 

WALPOLE,  Horace,  earl  of  Orford,  youngest 
son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1797.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  publications. 

WALSH,  William,  an  English  critic  and 
poet,  the  friend  of  Dryden,  and  the  patron  of 
Pope  ;  he  died  in  1708. 

WALStNGHAM,  Thomas,  a  Benedictine 
monk,  historian  of  France,  in  the  15th  ceiiturv. 

WALSTEI.V,  Albert,  duke  of  Friedland,'a 
distinguished  German  officer,  remarkable  for 
his  popularity  among  his  soldiers.  He  was 
inurdered  by  order  of  the  emperor,  in  1634. 

\V.\LSYNGHAM,  sir  Francis,  a  great  states- 
man in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  author  of 
an  excellent  treatise,  called  "  The  Complete  Am- 
bas.-iador:"  he  died  in  1589. 

WALTER.    See  ROBINS. 

W.VLTER,  Thomas,  a  popular  American 
clergyman,  in  Massachusetts,  died  in  1725. 

WALTER,  Nehemiah,  came  to  America 
from  Ireland,  when  young,  was  educated  at 
Harvard  college,  and  afterwards  ordained  as 
pastor  of  a  church,  at  Roxbury,  Mass. ;  he  died 
in  1750. 

WALTER,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  botanist, 
of  South  Carolina,  author  of  "  Flora  Carolini- 
ana :"  he  died  about  1799. 

WALTERS,  John,  M.  A.,  a  Welsh  divine, 
rector  of  Llandocan,  and  author  of  an  English 
and  Welsh  Dictionary,  and  some  other  works  ; 
he  died  in  1797. 

WALTHER,  N.,  a  native  of  Nuremberg, 
known  as  the  first  who  discovered  the  astro- 
nomical refraction  of  light ;  he  flourished  in  the 
16th  century. 

WALTHER,  Michael,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Helmstadt,  and  author  of  "  Harmonia  Bibli- 
ca,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1062. 

WALTHER,  Christopher  Theodosius,  a  Ger- 
man missionary  to  Tranquebar,  and  an  author ; 
he  died  at  Dresden,  in  1741. 

WALTHER,  Augustin  Frederic,  |)rofessor 
of  anatomy  at  Leipsic,  and  author  of  some 
medical  treatises ;  he  died  about  1735. 

WALTON,  Brian,  bishop  of  Chester,  and 
editor  of  the  Polyglott  Bible  in  6  volumes  ;  he 
died  in  1C61. 

WALTON,  Izaak,  author  of  the  "  Complete 
Angler,"  and  other  works,  died  in  1G83. 

W.^LTON,  sir  George,  an  English  admiral, 
died  in  1740. 

WALTON,  George,  a  distinguished  and  active 
398 


,  WA 

patriot,  of  Georgia,  during  the  revolution.  W9 
a  member  of  congress,  in  1776,  and  one  of  thi 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence.  Ho 
was  afterwards  ehief-jiistice  of  Georgia,  a 
member  of  the  senateof  the  United  States  from, 
and  governor  of,  that  state.    He  died  in  1804. 

WAN  LEY,  Nathaniel,  vicar  of  Trinity 
church,  in  Coventrj',  author  of  a  curious  bool^ 
entitled  "The  Wonders  of  the  little  World  ;" 
he  died  about  1690. 

WAN  LEY,  Humphrey,  son  of  the  preced 
ing,  was  librarian  to  Lord  Oxford  He  tra- 
velled through  England  in  search  of  Anglo 
Saxon  MSS.,  and  died  in  1726. 

WA.NSLEB,  John  Michael,  a  German,  whe 
was  employed  by  Ludolf,  to  print  his  iEtbiopic 
dictionary.  He  afterwards  visited  Egypt  on  a 
christian  minsion,  and  published  an  account  of 
that  country.     He  died  in  1679. 

W.\NTON,  William,  governor  of  the  colo- 
ny of  Rhode  Island,  died  in  1737. 

WANTON,  John,  succeeded  the  preceding, 
as  govprriorof  Rhode  Island,  in  1734. 

WANTON,  Gideon,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  in  1767. 

WANTON,  JosepI),  also  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  in  1780. 

WARBI;rTON,  Willlam,  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester, a  very  eminent  theological  writer,  critic, 
and  controversialist ;  he  died  in  1779.  His 
works  are  very  numerous. 

WARD,  (^amuel,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
who  suffered  great  persecution  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  died  in  consequence  of  hard  treat- 
ment, in  1643. 

WARD,  Seth,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  famous 
for  his  skill  in  mathematics  and  astronomy ;  he 
died  in  1G89. 

W.ARD,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
critic  and  antiquary,  died  in  1758. 

WARD,  Samuel,  author  of  a  "Modern  Sys- 
tem of  Natural  History,"  a  work  of  merit ;  he 
died  in  1790. 

WARD,  Edward,  generally  called  Ned,  a  bur- 
lesque writer,  of  England,  died  in  1731. 

WARD,  Nathaniel,  first  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  was  a  native  of  England,  and  came  to 
.America  to  avoid  religious  persecution.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  England,  and  died  there, 
in  16.53. 

W.-VRD,  Richard,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Rhode  Island,  in  1740. 

WARD,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
secretary  of  Rhode  Island,  and  a  distinguished 
scholar ;  he  died  in  1760. 

W.\RD,  Samuel,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
chief-justice  and  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
a  member  of  the  continental  congress  •  he  died 
in  1776. 

WARD,  Henry,  one  of  the  most  active  revo- 
lutionary patriots  of  Rhode  Island,  and  secre 
tary  of  the  colony  ;  he  died  in  1797. 

WARD,  .^rtemas,  a  member  cf  congress  in 
1774,  and  one  of  the  oldest  major  generals  in 
the  American  army ;  he  died  in  1800. 

W.\RD,  William,  a  distinguished  English 
missionary,  in  the  East  Indies,  who  died  there 
in  1823. 

WARE,  sir  James,  a  celebrated  antiquary 
and  historian,  of  Ireland,  died  in  1660. 

W.ARE,  James,  a  very  eminent  oculist  in 
London,  died  in  1815.  His  success  in  extract- 
ing the  cataract  has  very  rarely  been  equalled. 

WARGENTIN,  Peter,  a  learned  Swede,  who 
published  Tables  for  computing  the  Eclipses  of 
Jupiter's  Satellites,  and  died  in  1783. 


WA 


WA 


WARHAM,  Wiihaiii,  urclibishnp  of  Canter- 
bury, and  lord  chancellor  tif  England,  under 
Hetirv  VII.  and  VIU   ;  he  died  in  IXVJ 

VVARFIA.M,  Joliii,  first  iiiiiiisterof  the  church 
in  Windsor,  ('.)mii.,  died  in  lfi70. 

WAlUi\.  Jolin,  a  native  of  Liece,  fanrwiiB  as 
an  engraver  and  sculptor,  his  Two  busts  of 
Henry  \IV.  in  bronze,  ai:d  of  cardinal  Riche- 
lieu in  gold,  arc  greatly  admired.  He  died  in 
1G7-2. 

>VARING,  Kdward,  an  eminent  EnRlish  nia- 
tliematician.  audior  of  "  Miscellanea  Analy- 
tica,"  and  otlier  works  ;  lie  died  in  1798. 

W.ARNKK,  William,  auilinr  of  a  historical 
poen),callrd  .Mhiou's  Kntrland  ;  he  died  in  IGOt) 


WASHINGTON,  George,  a  most  consum- 
mate peneral,  statesman  and  patriot ;  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  republic;  tlie  first 
president  of  the  federal  •.'ovcrnnient  ;  and  one 
of  the  few  who  have  been  gnat,  without  beint; 
criminal.  He  died  in  171itl,  aged  nearly  6i^.  His 
lame  is  im|>erisliable. 

W.ASIH.Nt^TO.N",  William,  a  remote  rela- 
tive of  the  preceding,  was  also  a  distinguished 
otficer  of  the  revohition.     He  died  in  1810. 

W.APSE,  Christopher,  autlior  of  a  translation 
of  Grolius'  Catechism  into  Greek  verse;  he 
died  in  l(>90. 

WATEI.ET,  Claude  Henry,  a  French  au 
Ihor,  member  of  the  academy,  and  of  several 


W.ARNKR,  Pcrdinaiido.  L!..  1).,  an  KnglishI' foreign  learned  societies ;  he  died  in  1786. 


diviue.  celi'hrated  for  his  theological,  biographi 
cul,  historical,  and  medical  writings  ;  he  died  in 
17l>. 

V\'A  RN  RR,  John,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  cliHpUiin  to  the  English  embass}'  at  Paris, 
and  diejl  in  IciOO.  He  wrote  a  learned  Treatise 
oil  the  pronunciation  of  Greek,  and  translated 
the  "  Life  of  Friar  Gerard"  from  the  Spanish. 

WARNER,  Kicliard,  a  learned  English  bo- 
tanist and  botanical  writer,  died  iv  Iwo. 

WARREN,  .lames,  a  distinguished  and  effi- 
ciciit  friend  of  the  American  revolution,  presi 


WATERLAND,  Dr.  Daniel,  an  eminent 
F.n:;lisli  divine  and  polemical  writer,  died  in 
17-)(l. 

WATERLOO,  Anthony,  a  native  of  TTtrccht, 
eminent  as  a  painter  in  the  IGih  century. 

W.ATRIN,  Henriette,  Helen,  and  Agatha, 
three  sisters  of  Verdun,  who  perished  on  the 
scaffold,  in  17!i3.  for  strewing  flowers  in  the 
way  of  the  king  of  Prussia  us  he  entered  their 
town. 

WATS,  Gilbert,  D.  D.,  of  Yorkshire,  trans- 
lated  into  English    "  Davila's   History  of  the 


dent  of  the  piovincial  congress,  after  the  death:  (.'ivil  Wars,"  and  died  in  1657 
of  general  Warren,  and,  for  a  short  time,  pay-||  W.'\TSON,  John,  auEnglislidivincauthorof 
niaster-c.-iirral  of  the  army.  He  died  in  lt<Oy.  J  a  Latin  tracedy  callf:d  Ali.saloni;  he  died  inl.5gy. 
WARKEA,  Joseph,  au  eminent  phj-sician,  of'l  WATSON,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  an  English  non- 
lioston,  was  early  distinguished  as  one  of  the  [conformist  divine,  and  theological  writer,  died 
most  vigilant  and  energetic  friends  of  .\mericaiillin  1073. 

rights  ill  the  colonies,  and  is  revered  for  his  serll     WATSON,  James,  anativeof  Aberdeen, emi- 
vices  at  the  trying  period  previous  to  the  revo-   ncnt  as  a  painter,  died  in  1728. 
lution.     He  was  appointed  major-general  in  the  I     WATSO.N,   David,  M.  A.,  of   Brechin,  in 
American  army,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  1  Scotland,  was  professor  of  philosopy  at  St.  An- 
Uunker's  Hill,  in  the  35th  yi'ar  of  his  age.  drews,  and  author  of  a  prose  translation  of 


WARREN,  Mercy,  of  Massachusetts,  wife 
of  the  preceding,  authoress  of  a  "  History  of 
the  .Vmerican  Revolution,"  and  some  poetical 
pieces  ;  she  died  in  1814 


l  Horace.    He  died  a  victim  to  licentious  habits, 
in  1756. 

WATSON,  Robert,  was  professor  of  logic, 
rhetoric,  and  belles  letters,  at  St.  Andrews,  and 


WARREN,  John,  M.  D.,  brother  of  gencra![| afterwards  principal  of  the  college.  He  wrote 
Joseph  Warren,  was  a  distinguished  physician,'!  a  History  of  the  Reign  of  Philip  ill.  of  Spain, 
ef  Boston,  and  professor  ofsurgery  and  anatomy,  land  died  in  1780. 


in  Harvard  college  :  he  died  in  1815. 

W.'MUJEN,  sir  John  Borliise,  baronet,  an  am- 
bassador from  England  to  Russia,  and  a  distin- 
guished English  admiral :  he  died  in  181*3. 

W.VRTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
professor  of  poetr\'  at  O.xford  :  he  died  in  1745. 

WARTON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  Eiiglish 
biographer,  annoiator,  antiquary  and  poet,  be- 
came poet  laureat  of  England,  in  1785,  and 
died  in  1790. 

WARTO.V,  Dr.  Joseph,  brother  of  the  pre- 


WATSON,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Halifax,"   died  in  1783. 

WATSON,  colonel  Henry,  a  celebrated  eng.- 
ncer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company, 
and  of  eminent  skill  in  naval  arcliitecture,  died 
in  1786. 

W.\TSON,  Henry,  a  native  of  London,  emi- 
nent as  a  lecturer  in  anatomy,  and  as  a  medical 
writer :  he  died  in  1793. 

WATSON,  sir  William,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, of  London,  author  of  various  tracts  en 


cediiie,  a  learned  divine,  and  an  ingenious  poet)  electricity  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

and  critical  writer,  died  in  IHMJ.  ',.     WATSON,   Richard,   a  celebrated  English 

WARWICK,  Richard  Nevil,  earl  of,  a  fam-ll  prelate,  who  became  bishop  of  Llandatl';  he 
ous  general  and  statesman,  who  acquired  the:;  wrote,  among  other  works,  an  answer  to  Paina's 
title  of  King-maker,  from  the  versatility  of  his  !  Age  of  Reason,  called  an  Apology  for  the  Bible, 
conduct,  and  the  success  that  attended  it,  in  the|iaiid  died  iu  18)6. 

civil  war  between  Henry  VI.  and  Edward  IV.'i     WATT,  James,  F.  R.  S.,  LL.  D.,  born  at 
Hedied  in  M71.  |! Greenock,  was  bred  a  mathematical  instrument 

WARWICK,  sir  Pliilip,  an  eminent  Englisli|i maker.  He  improved  the  steam  engine,  and 
writer  in  the  time  of  the  civil  wai-3.    Hisprinci  ilinveiited  a  new  micrometer  .ind  machine  for 


pal  work  is  "  Memoirs  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
1.    He  died  in  1682. 

WASER,  I.  H.,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Zurich, 
was  beheaded  for  some  strictures  on  the  admi- 
nistration of  public  affairs,  in  1780. 

W.\SER,  Anna,  daughter  of  a  senator  at 
Zurich,  a  miniature  painter ;  she  died  in  1713. 

WASIiniTRN,  Joseph,  minister  of  a  Church 
in  Farraiugtuii,  Conn,  died  in  1805. 


drawing  in  perspective ;  he  died  in  1810. 

WATTEAU,  Anthony,  a  famous  French 
painter,  died  in  1721. 

WATTS,  Isaac,  a  dissenting  divine,  philoso 
pher,  poet,  and  mathematician,  of  uncomnMn 
genius,  and  celebrity,  died  in  17-18. 

W.WNE,  Anthony,  a  major-general  in  the 
.\merican  army,  during  the  revolution,  distin- 
guished for  his  patriotism,  bravery,  and  skill, 
399 


■4^ 


WE 

and  for  bis  important  services  ;  he  afterwards 
liad  command  of  the  western  army,  and  in  a 
contest  with  the  Indians,  gained  a  complete 
victory.     He  died  in  1796. 

VVEARE,  Me.<heck,  a  judge  and  chief-justice 
of  New-Hampshire,  and  afterwards  president 
of  that  state;"  lie  died  in  1786.  , 

WEAVER,  John,  a  famous  Enelish  dancinc 

master,  and  writer  on  his  art,  died  about  17.'!0. 

WEBB,  Philip  Carteret,  a  very  distinguished 

English   antiquarian  and  law  writer,  died  in 

1770. 

WEBB,  Daniel,  an  Englishman,  author  of 
some  esteemed  "  Dissertaiioiis  on  Music,  Poetry 
and  Puiutiii!.- ;"  he  died  in  1798. 

WEBB,  .lohn,  an  American  clergyman,  set- 
Uid  at  Boston  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

WEBB,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  and  inge- 
nious penmnn,  of  England,  died  in  1774. 

WEBBE,  Samuel,  a  most  admirable  compo- 
uer  of  music,  died  in  1816. 

WEBBER,  Samuel,  1).  D.,  a  native  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, professor  of  mathematics  and  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  Harvard  University,  and 
afterwards,  president  of  that  institution;  be 
died  in  1810. 

WEBSTER,  William,  an  able  English  wri- 
ting master,  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Arithme- 
tic, &c.  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

WEBSTER,  Dr.  Charles,  an  eminent  physi 
cian  and  medical  writer,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1759,  and  died  in  1795. 

WEBSTER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Sal- 
isbury, .Mass.,  died  in  1796. 

WEBSTER,  John,  one  of  the  principal  set 
tiers  of  Hartford,  was  governor  of  Connecticut, 
in  1056 ;  he  removed  to  Massachusetts,  and 
died  there  in  l<k<5. 

WECHEL,  Christopher,  an  eminent  printer 
at  Paris,  died  in  1531. 

WEDGWOOD,  Josiah,  F.  R.  and  A.  SS.  to 
whose  indefatigable  labours  England  is  indebt- 
ed for  the  establishment  of  the  pottery  of  Staf- 
fordshire.   He  died  in  1795. 

WEEVER,  or  WEAVER,  John,  an  English 
antiquary,  and  an  author  of  worth ;  he  died  in 
1632. 

WEIMAR,  Bernard,  duke  of  Saxe,  a  distin 
guished  general  under  Lewis  XIII.;  he  died  in 
1639. 

WELBY,  Henry,  a  noted  eccentric  charac- 
ter, of  Lincolnshire,  who  confined  himself  in  an 
obscure  house  in  London,  where  he  remained 
unseen  by  any  one,  until  his  death,  in  1636,  a 
period  of  44  years. 

WELDE,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  England,  while  there  as  an  agent 
uf  Massachusetts. 

WELLENS,  James  Thomas  Joseph,  was 
lii&hop  of  Antwerp,  and  distinguished  for  his 
learning  and  virtues  ;  he  died  in  1784. 

WELLER,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Freyberg,  the 
friend  and  favourite  of  Luther,  and  a  theologi- 
cal writer ;  he  died  in  ].'>72. 

WELLER,  James,  professor  of  theology  at 
Wittembers,  where  he  died,  in  16(54. 

WELLES,  Samuel,  W.  A.,  an  English  divine, 
distinguished  for  his  usefulness  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher  ;  he 
died  after  the  restoration. 

WELLES,  Noali,  D.  D.,  an  American  divine, 
and  controversial  writer,  settled  at  Stamford, 
Conn.;  he  died  about  1776. 

WELLES,  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  colonists 
of  Hartford,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con- 
nwticut ;  he  died  in  1660. 
400 


WE 

WELLS,  Edmund,  D.  D.,  professor  of  Greek 
n  the  university  of  O.xford.  He  wrote  nume- 
rous pamphlets  against  the  dissenters,  and  a 
work  of  merit  on  the  Geography  of  the  Bible, 
&c.,  and  died  in  17J0. 

WELLS,  William  Charles,  an  American 
physician,  who  joined  the  British  in  tbe  revolu 
lion,  and  died  in  England,  in  1817 

WELLS,  John,  an  eminent  lawyer,of  New- 
York,  died  in  IS23. 

WELLWOOD,  James,  M.  A.,  a  native  of 
Pertli,  author  of  several  religious  tracts,  died 
in  1680. 

WELLWOOD,  Dr.  Tliomas,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  published  "  Memoirs  uf  England, 
from  1588  to  1688  ;"  he  died  in  1716. 

WELSTED,  Leonard,  an  English  poet,  dra 
matist,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1747. 

WENCESLEUS,  son  of  Charles  IV.,  empe- 
ror of  Germany,  succeeded  his  father  in  1378  ; 
he  was  deposed  in  1400,  and  died  king  of  Bohe- 
mia, in  1419.  His  character  was  that  of  a  de- 
bauched, capricious,  and  cruel  prince. 

WENTWORTH,  Thomas,  earl  of  Stafford, 
a  celebrated  statesman  under  Charles  I.,  was 
beheaded  on  a  false  charge  of  treason,  in  1641. 

WENTWORTH,  Bennif)g,  first  governor  of 
the  colony  of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1770. 

WERDMULLER,  John  Rodolph,  a  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  of  Zurich,  was  drowned 
in  1668. 

WERENFELS,  John  James,  a  German  di- 
vine, author  of  some  sermons  and  homilies ;  he 
died  in  1655.  His  son  Peter,  was  professor  of 
Uieology  at  Basil,  and  died  in  1703. 

WERENFELS,  Samuel,  son  of  Peter,  was  a 
professor  at  Basil,  highly  respected  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  virtues;  he  died  in  1740.  His  works 
are  chiefly  on  theology,  philosophy,  and  philo- 
logy. 

WERFF,  Adrian  Vander,  a  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Rotterdam,  died  in  1727. 
His  brother  Peter,  was  also  eminent  in  histori- 
cal pieces,  and  died  in  1718. 

VVERNER,  Abraham  Gottlieb,  a  very  emi- 
nent mineralogist,  born  in  L'pper  Lusatia,  in 
17.50,  and  died  in  1817. 

WESENBEC,  Matthew,  professor  of  law,  at 
Jena,  and  at  Wittembcrg,  where  he  died  in  1586. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  died  in  1735. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
a  poet  also,  died  in  1730. 

WESLEY,  John,  brother  of  the  foregoing, 
celebrated  as  the  founder  of  the  sect  called 
methodists  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

WESLEY,  Charles,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  minister  also  among  the  methodists,  and  of 
respectable  talents  as  a  scholar  and  a  poet ;  he 
died  in  1788. 

WESSELLUS,  John,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
of  Groningen,  who  was  regarded  by  many  astlic 
forerunner  of  Luther ;  he  died  in  1489. 

WEST,  Dr.  Gilbert,  a  learned  English  writer, 
author  of  several  valuable  works ;  he  died  in 
"56. 

WEST,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1779. 

WEST,  Benjamin,  a  very  eminent  painter, 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1738.  His  parents 
were  quakers.  Going  to  England,  be  met  with 
great  encouragement  in  his  art,  and  became 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  London. 
He  died  in  1820. 

WEST,  John,  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir 
gioia,  in  1635. 


\VH 

WEST,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American  clerg>'- 
niaii,  Sfltled  ai  Bosion  ;  he  died  in  lri)d. 

WKtfT,  .losepli,  was  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  lt)71,  and  in  subsequent  years. 

WEST,  Francis,  a  maL'istrate,  and  governor 
of  the  colony  ol  Virginia,  in  16i6. 

WEST,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American  minis- 
ter, settled  at  New-Bedford,  died  in  1><07. 

WEST,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
member  of  congress  from  the  state  of  Kew- 
Ilauipsliire;  he  died  in  1S17. 

WEST,  Benjamin,  l.L.  D.,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics and  natural  philosophy  in  the  col- 
lege at  Providence,  Rhode  Island ;  he  died  in 
1813. 

WEST,  James,  M.  A.,  was  one  of  the  joint 
secretaries  to  the  British  treasury,  for  about  20 
years,  and  some  time  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  Me  died  in  1772. 

WEST,  Richard,  an  English  lawyer,  was 
made  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  in  i725,  and 
died  the  year  after. 

WEST,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
wlu)  became  known  for  her  eccentricities  and 
mvsiical  opinions  ;  she  died  in  1735. 

"WESTERLO,  Eilardus,  U.  D.,  a  native  of 
Holland,  came  to  .America,  in  17ti0,  as  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  church  in  Albany,  and  was  highly 
esteemed  and  distinguished  as  a  preacher ;  he 
died  in  1790. 

WESTFIELD,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ely, 
was  m:tde  archbishop  of  St.  Albans,  and  soon 
alter,  Inshup  of  Bristol.  He  was  so  eloquent 
and  pathetic  a  preacher,  that  he  was  cailcJ  tiie 
weepinL'  rrupliet ;  he  died  in  Ui44. 

WESTON,  Richard,  an  English  thread  ho- 
<ier,  who  became  eminent  as  a  horiiculturalist, 
tnd  published  some  useful  tracts  on  that  feub- 
eel ;  he  died  in  1806. 

WESTi:iN,  John  Rodolphus,  a  native  of 
B,isil,  where  he  was  proiessor  of  Greek  and  of 
iheolopv.  He  published  several  valuable  works, 
and  died  in  1711.  His  brother  John  Henry,  was 
celebrated  in  Holland  as  a  printer,  and  a  man 
of  i-rudition  ;  he  died  in  l?2ti. 

WESTEIN,  John  James,  a  very  learned  di- 
vine and  author,  bom  at  Basil;  he  died  in  175^. 

WHALLEY,  Peter,  an  Enalish  divine,  and 
eminent  critic,  and  commentator  on  Shaks- 
peare  aiul  Ben  Jonson  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

WHAKTO.N,  George,  an  Englishman,  who 
lost  extensive  property  in  the  civil  wars,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause, 
was  made  a  baronet  at  the  restoration,  and  died 
in  liif^l. 

WHARTOX,  .\nne,  an  English  lady,  distin- 
guished for  her  learning,  and  for  her  poetical 
productions;  site  died  about  16.S."i. 

WHAKTON,  Henry,  an  English  divine  and 
historian  of  uncommon  abilities,  died  in  KiOj. 

WHARTON,  Philip,  duke  of,  an  English 
nobleman  of  most  eccentric  character,  went  to 
France,  and  engaged  in  the  Pretender's  interest, 
for  which  he  was  attainted  of  high  treason,  but 
died  in  Spain,  in  ]7:tl. 

WHATELEY,  William,  an  English  divine, 
who  wrote,  among  other  things,  an  exposition 
of  the  ten  commandments;  he  died  in  1C13. 

WHEARE,  Degory,  master  of  Gloucester 
Hall,  Eng.,  and  author  of  a  "  Dissertation  de 
Rnllone  et  Methodo  legend!  Historias."  He 
died  in  1647. 

WIIE.VTLEY,  Charle.-",  an  English  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1742. 

WHE.ATLEY,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  in  London,  in  1747,  and  died  in  1801. 


WH 

WHEATLEY,  PhUlis,  an  African  girl,  who. 
while  a  slave,  wrote  a  volume  of  poems  o(  con 
siderable  merit ;  she  died  in  1784. 

WHEELER,  sir  George,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  a  journey  into  Greece,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1724. 

WHEELOCK,  Eleazar,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  first  president  of  Dartmouth  college, 
died  in  1779. 

WHEELOCK,  John,  LL.  D.,  son  of  tlie  pre- 
ceding, Was  an  officer  in  the  army  of  the  revo- 
lution, and  served  with  reputation.  He  was  af- 
terwards for  many  years  president  of  Dartmouth 
collegr,  and  died  in  1817. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  John,  the  founder  and 
first  minister  of  the  church  at  Exeter,  Mass., 
greatly  distinguislied  for  his  learning  and  piety  ; 
he  died  in  16KI. 

WHELPIiEY,  Samuel,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can cli-rjyman,  settled  at  New-York,  and  died 
in  lt<17.  He  wrote  a  "  Compend  of  Ancient 
and  M(-«lern  Hisiorv,"  and  other  works. 

WHELPLEV,  Philip  Melsncthon,  a  distin 
guished  presbyterian  clergyman,  who  settled  at 
New-York,  and  died  in  lf?2-l. 

WHK'IICOT,  Benjainin,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  theological  writer,  died  in  1(>83. 

WHIPPLE,  William,  a  member  of  congress 
fnmi  New  Hampshire,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence;  he 
di(?d  in  1  ",-(>. 

WmSTON,  WUIiam,  an  English  divine  and 
nKiilicinatician,  successor  to  sir  l.«aac  Newton, 
as  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge  ;  he 
died  in  17.">2. 

WHITAKER,  William,  an  English  polemic 
divine,  and  controversial  writer  against  popery, 
died  in  1595. 

WHITAKER,  John,  an  able  Enilish  histo- 
rian, theologist,  critic,  politician  and  poet ;  he 
died  in  1808. 

WHIT.\KER,  Edn:«rd  W.,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  was  principally  instrumental  in  es- 
tablishing "  The  Refuge  for  the  Destitute."  He 
died  in  1818;  leaving  some  valuable  theological 
works,  and  an  "  Abridgment  of  Universal  Hig- 
torv." 

WIirrnREAD,  Samuel,  an  English  politi- 
tician,  and  member  of  Parlinment,  highly  dis- 
tinguished for  his  talents  and  eloquence ;  he 
died  in  1815. 

WHITBY,  Daniel,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  more  than  40  works,  which  display  a  fund 
of  sense  and  learning;  he  died  in  1726. 

WHITE,  Henry  Kirke,  aver)-  ingenious  poet, 
the  son  of  a  butcher,  at  Nottingham,  was  taken 
into  the  office  of  an  attorney,  where  he  studied 
Latin  and  Greek.    He  died  in  1806. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  divine, 
the  founder  of  Sion  college,  London,  and  a  hos- 
pital, at  Bristol ;  he  died  in  16-22. 

WHITE,  sir  Thomas,  burn  at  Reading,  was 
apprenticed  to  a  tradesman  in  London,  and 
afterwards  became  lord  mayor,  in  15.'53.  aced  61, 
when  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood 
The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

WHITE,  Joseph,  a  learned  English  divine, 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Oxford  university ;  he 
died  in  1814.  His  writings,  which  are  nume- 
rous, indicate  great  talents  and  erudition. 

WHITE,  Peregrine,  the  first  descendant  of 
the  Pilgrims  in  New  Enp'and  ;  he  was  born  at 
Plymouth,  in  1620,  and  died  in  1704. 

WHITE,  Anthony  Walton,  an  ofBcer  of  the 
army  during  tlie  American  revolution,  died  in 
1803. 


E  e  e 


3»' 


401 


'HM^'! 


WI 

WHITE,  John,  b  bisbop  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
sabeth,  deposed  for  preaching  a  eedilious  ser- 
tnoQ ;  he  died  in  1559. 

WHITE,  Richard,  an  English  miscellaneous 
writer,  died  in  1612. 

WHITE,  Francis,  biBhop  of  Ely,  under  James 
1.,  and  author  of  some  sermons  and  tracts  ,  he 
died  in  1637. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  lecturer  of  St.  Andrew's, 
and  author  of  the  "  Art  of  Divine  Revelation  ;" 
be  lived  about  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  or  Albliis,  a  Rnmaa  ca- 
tholic priest,  principal  of  a  college  at  Lisbon, 
and  esteemed  as  au  able  scholar ;  he  died  in 
1676. 

WHITE,  Jeremy,  chaplain  to  Cromwell,  and 
celebrated  for  his  wit  and  vivacity.  He  wrote 
in  favour  of  universal  salvation,  and  died  in 
1707. 

WHITE,  Robert,  an  eminent  engraver  of 
portraits,  died  in  1704. 

WHITE,  NathanacI,  pastor  of  a  dissenting 
congregation  in  London,  and  a  pupil  of  Dodd- 
ridce ;  hu  died  in  1783. 

WHITEHEAD,  Paul,  an  English  poet  of  con- 
«*  '-Table  talents,  died  in  1774. 

sVHITEHEAD,  William,  author  of  the  "Ro- 
man Father,"  "Creusa,"  and  other  writings: 
he  died  in  1785. 

WHITEHEAD,  John,  was  first  a  methodist 
preacher,  then  a  quaker,  and  at  last  applied 
himself  to  physic,  at  London.  He  published  a 
Life  of  Wesley,  and  died  in  1804. 

WHITEHURST,  John,  F.  R.  S.,  a  most  in- 
genious writer  on  mechanics,  hydraulics,  &c.  ; 
he  died  in  1788 

WHITELOCK,  sir  James,  an  able  English 
lawyer,  was  chief-justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
and  eminent  as  a  Latin  scholar ;  be  died  in 
1632. 

WHITELOCK,  Bulsttode,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  statesman,  under  Oliver  Crom- 
well ;  he  died  in  1676. 

WHITFIELD,  Henry,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  who  was  for  some  time  settled 
in  Connecticut,  but  returned  to  England,  and 
died  there,  about  1650. 

WHITFIELD,  George,  a  native  of  England, 
celebrated  as  a  preacher  among  the  methodists ; 
he  died  in  1770. 

WHITGIFT,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, died  in  1604. 

WHITING,  Samuel,  an  American  clergy- 
man, settled  at  Lyme,  Mass.,  died  in  1679. 

WHITTINGHAM,  William,  an  English  pre- 
late, dean  of  Durham  ;  he  translated  the  Ge- 
neva Bible  into  English,  and  died  in  1579. 

WHITTINGTON,  Robert,  author  of  several 
U«eful  Enalish  school  books,  died  in  1560. 

WHITTINGTOxN,  sir  Richard,  a  wealthy 
citizen  of  London,  sheriff,  in  1393,  and  after- 
wards lord  mayor  of  that  city.  He  is  celebrated 
for  his  extensive  charities,  and  also  for  various 
amusing  stories  fabricated  of  him. 

WHITTLESEY,  Samuel,  an  American  cler- 
eyman,  settled  at  Walliogford,  Conn.,  died  in 
1752. 

WICKAM,  William.    See  WYKEHAM. 

WICKLIPFE,  John  de,  professor  of  divinity 
in  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  father  of  the 
reformation  of  the  English  church  from  popery ; 
he  died  in  1384 

WICaUEFORT,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  states- 
man and  historian,  famous  for  bis  embassies 
and  his  writings;  he  died  in  1682. 

WJDA,  Herman  de,  a  German  divine,  the 
482 


WI 


associate  of  Luther,  Melancthon,  and  Rucer,  ia 
elTecting  the  reformation;  he  died  in  1552. 

WIEL.AND,  Christopher  Martin,  a  German 
poet,  whose  works  made  42  volumes ;  be  died 
in  181.3. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  Edmund,  D  D.,  a  di»- 
itinguished  ,\nierican  clergyman,  and  professor 
of  diviiiilv  in  Harvard  college;  he  died  In  1765. 
I  VVIGGLESVVOR'IH,  Edward,  D.  D.,  son  of 
I  tlif  preccdins,  was  alr^o  professor  of  divinity  in 
'  Harvaril  c.oilrjro  ;  hedicd  in  1794. 
I  VVIGt;l,ESWORTH,  Michael,  a  minister  of 
Maiden,  Mass.,  distinguished  as  a  poet ;  be  died 
in  170.). 

WILD,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  EngliPh  ejected 
non-contbrniist,  and  a  tniscellaneous  writer  ;  he 
died  in  1679. 

WILD,  Henry,  a  journeyman  tailor,  bom  at 
Norwich,  England,  who,  from  a  strong  desire  of 
knowledge,  and  love  of  study,  became  a  pro- 
digy of  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew  and  Arabic  learn^ 
ing ;  he  died  in  1733. 

WILDBORE,  Charles,  an  eminent  selftaught 
English  mathematician,  who,  in  1780,  became 
the  editor  of  the  "Gentleman's  Diary;"  he 
died  in  1803. 

WILDE,  William,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, created  a  baronet,  made  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  common  pleas,  and  afterwards  promoted 
to  the  king's  bench.  He  published  "  Yelver- 
ton's  Reports,"  and  died  in  l')79. 

WILDMAN,  John,  an  able  political  writer 
and  negotiator,  in  the  service  of  Cromwell. 

WILKES,  "Thomas,  an  Augustine  monk,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  England  from  William  I. 
to  the  end  of  the  first  Edward's  reign." 

WILKES,  John,  a  famous  English  politician, 
and  an  elegant  scholar.  He  was  a  member  ffl' 
parliament,  lord  mayor  of  London,  and  after- 
wards held  the  office  of  chamberlain.  He  dietf 
in  1797. 

WILKIE,  William,  a  Scotch  divine  and  poet, 
died  in  1772. 

WILKINS,  John,  bishop  of  Chester,  a  most 
ingenious  and  learned  theologian,  critic  and 
mathematician  ;  he  died  in  1672. 

WILKINS,  David,  D.  D.,  F.  A.  S.,  keeper  of 
the  archiepiscopal  library,  at  Lambeth,  and  aa 
eminent  antiquary;  he  died  in  1745. 

WILKINSON,  Henry,  one  of  the  assembly 
of  Westminster  divines,  was  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  Oxford,  and  ejected  at  the  restoration, 
for  non-conformfty;  he  died  in  1675. 

WILKINSON,  Henry,  espoused  the  popular 
cause  daring  the  civil  wars,  and  was  appointed 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Oxford,  from 
which  he  was  ejected  at  the  restoration  ;  he  died 
in  1690. 

WILKINSON,  Jemima,  a  religious  enthu- 
siast, founder  of  the  sect  called  Shakers,  died  in 
1819.  She  claimed  that  she  had  been  raised 
from  the  dead,  and  that  she  was  invested,  by 
divine  authority,  with  the  power  of  workinj 
miracles,  and  the  authority  of  teaching  in  re- 
ligion. 

WILLAR,  Robert,  an  English  physician,  and 
writer  on  medical  and  other  subjects ;  he  died 
in  1812. 

WILLARD,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  settled  at  Boston ;  be  wat 
vice  president  of  Harvard  college,  and  died  In 
1707. 

WILLARD,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a  popular 
and  learned  preacher,  of  Massachusetu,  after- 
wards presideot  of  Harvard  college:  he  died  in 
18«4. 


WI 

WILLARD,  Josiah.  a  native  of  Massacliu- 
•etts,  and  secretary  of  tbat  colony ;  he  died  in 
1756. 

WILLEMBT,  Ri-mi  Peter  Francis,  a  French 
physician,  who  died  in  1700,  at  Seringapatam, 
whfre  he  resided  as  first  physician  to  Tippoo 
Saib. 

WILLIAM  L,  eurnamed  the  Conqueror,  was 
the  soil  of  Robert  I-  of  Aoimandy.  He  asctndtd 
the  Enghsh  throne  on  the  death  of  IMward  the 
Cdnfeasor,  in  1066,  and  after  the  batile  of  Has- 
rings,  in  wliich  was  sluin,  Harold,  his  conipeti- 
lor,  with  50,000  Enghsh.  His  reipn  «a«  at  liisl 
oppressive  and  unpopular,  but  before  his  di^lh 
in  I0t*7,  he  was  regarded  more  favourably  by 
his  people. 

WILLIAM  IL,  surnamed  Rufiis,  succeeded 
bis  faiher,  William  L,  in  the  absence  of  his 
elder  brother,  and  became  a  persecutor  of  tlie 
clergy,  and  an  oppressor  of  his  subjects.  He 
Tvaa  accidentally  shot  by  one  of  his  courtiers, 
while  hunting,  in  1100. 

WILLIAM  in.  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Orange. 
He  acquired  the  English  crown  by  the  defeat  of 
his  failier-in  law,  James  II.,  In  1689,  and  died 
rfl  170-2.  He  was  great  as  a  politician,  and  for- 
midable as  a  general. 

WILLIAM  son  of  Florent  IV.,  count  of 
Holland,  crowned  king  of  the  Romans,  in  1-247 
He  was  assassinated  in  1355. 

WILLI .\M,  St.,  diitinguished  himself  by  his 
valou  r  against  the  Saracens  under  Charlemagne, 
and  died  in  612. 

WILLIAM  LON'GSWORD,  oon  and  suc- 
cessor of  Rollo,  first  duke  of  Normandy,  and 
had  the  reputation  of  being  an  able  and  active 
general ;  he  waa  murdered  in  942. 

WILLIAM  PE  NANGIl'S.  a  monkish  his- 
torian of  Si.  Denys,  in  the  14th  century. 

WILLI.\M  of  Malmsbury,  a  monk,  and  an 
English  historian,  flourished  in  1140. 

WILLIAM  of  Newbury,  a  monk,  and  an 
English  historian  of  his  own  time,  flourished  in 
1197. 

WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS,  duke  of  Cumber- 
land, second  son  of  George  II.,  and  a  very  dis- 
tinguished general,  died  in  1763. 

WILLIAMS,  .lolin,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
lord  keeper  under  James  I  ;  he  was  an  eminent 
theolocic.ll  writer,  and  died  in  1650. 

WILLIAMS,  sir  Charles  Hanbury,  an  Eng 
lish  minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  court  of  Ber 
lin,  who  published  various  poems,  remarkable 
for  ease  and  vivacity ;  he  died  in  1759 

WILLIAMS,  Anna,  a  poetess  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  born  in  South  Wales ;  having  lost 
her  sieht,  she  was  supported  by  Dr.  Johnson  till 
she  died,  in  1783. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  an  in'enioua  mineralo- 
gist, and  author  of  a  '  History  of  the  Mineral 
Kingdom,"  Sic;  he  died  in  1795.  | 

WILLI.\MS,  John,  an  able  divine,  wasi 
bishop  ot  Cnicnester,  and  wrote  several  con- 
trover.-iial  tracts  ;  he  died  in  1709.  I 

WILLIAMS,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  an  English  cler-' 
gyman,  who  settled  nt  Dublin,  and  after  re- 
maining there  20  years,  returned  to  London ; 
he  died  in  1716.  i 

WILLIAMS.  William,  a  distinguished  min- 
ister, of  Hattirld,  Mass.,  died  about  1746.  I 

WILLIAMS,  Solomon,  D.  D.,  a  minister  of  j 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  died  iu  1769.  ; 

WILLIAMS,  Francis,  a  native  of  England, 
was  the  first  governor  of  the  infant  colony  of  ^ 
New-Hampshire :  he  died  after  1641. 


•      "  Wl 

nists  of  New-England,  afterwards  the  foander 
of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  of  which  he  be- 
came president ;  he  was  an  eminent  clergyman, 
a  man  of  strong  intellect,  great  learning,  ana 
uncdiiimon  energy,  and  died  in  1683. 

WILLIAMS,  William,  a  meraber  of  cnr»- 
gress  from  Connecticut,  in  1776,  and  one  of  th« 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he 
died  in  1811. 

WILkl.NMS,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  professor  of 
matlirmalics  and  natural  philosophy  m  Harvard 
college,  and  author  of  a  "History  of  Vermont;" 
lie  died  in  1x17. 

WILLIAMS,  David,  an  English  deislical 
preacher,  and  author  of  "  Lectures  on  Lduca- 
cation, "  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1816. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  a  clergyman,  of  Deerfield, 
Massachusetts.  He  with  his  family,  and  many 
of  his  parishioners,  were  taken  prisoners  by  the 
Indians  in  1704 ;  his  wife  and  two  children  were 
murdered,  and  the  remainder  of  the  party  car- 
ried to  Canada,  and  after  two  years  of  privation 
and  suffering  were  ransomed.  He  returned  to 
Deerficid,  and  died  there  in  1729. 

WILLIAMS,  Elisha,  an  American  clerey- 
Iman,  and  president  of  Yale  college ;  he  die  ■  S» 
1750. 

WILLIAMS,  Ephraim,  an  officer  of  the 
American  army,  in  the  French  war,  wm  killed 
in  a  skirmish  with  the  enemy  in  1755.  He  wa9 
the  founder  of  WUIiaais'  college  in  Massachu- 
setts. 

WILLIAMS,  Otho  Holland,  an  officer  of  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  and  dis- 
tinguished lor  his  services,  particularly  at  the 
h.ittlcs  of  Guilford  and  Euraw  Springs;  he  waa 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  a  brigadier-general,  and 
died  in  1794. 

WILLIS,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  physician, 
of  London.  He  wrote  several  works  on  th» 
science  of  medicine,  and  died  in  1675. 

WILLIS,  Browne,  LL.  D.,  an  English  an- 
tiquary, who  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in 
1700. 

WILLOUGHBY,  Francis,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist,  died  in  1672. 

WILMOT,  John  Eardley,  an  English  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  died  in  1815. 

WILSON,  Florence,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
who  taught  philosophy  in  the  college  of  Navarre, 
at  Paris  :  he  died  in  1557. 

WILSON,  John,  an  English  stocking- weaver, 
who  became  a  popular  lecturer  on  botany  ;  ha 
died  in  1750. 

WILSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  land- 
scape painter,  who  was  called  the  English 
Claude;  he  died  In  1782. 

WILSON,  .\rthur,  an  English  historian  and 
dramatic  writer  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

WILSON,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  an  excellent  prelate,  and  an  eminent 
writer  in  theology  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

WILSON,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  an  author :  he  died  in  1784. 

WfLSON,  Benjamin,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent 
English  painter,  and  writer  on  subjects  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  ;  he  died  in  1788. 

WILSON,  John,  one  of  the  early  scttleri  of 
New  England,  and  first  minister  of  Boston, 
Ma.s8achii3ctt»  ;  he  died  in  1667. 

WILSON,  Matthew,  D  D.,  a  distinguished 
Presbyterian  cleig>-man,  of  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware ;  he  died  in  1790. 

WILSON,  Alexander,  a  dlsfingnished  natu- 
ralist, author  of  "American  Ornithology,"  to 


WILLIAMS,  Roger,  one  of  the  earl;  CQle-il7  volumes  4to;  he  iked  in  1S13 


40S 


wt 

WILSON,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  a  member  of  conpress  from 
tliat  3iato,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  decla- 
ration of  Independence.  He  was  afterwards 
8  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
yiriiKs,  and  professor  of  law  in  the  university 
of  Pennsylvania.     He  died  in  1798. 

VVIMPINA,  Conrad,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Frankfort.  He  wrote  in  defence  of  the  papal 
power,  asainst  Luther,  and  died  in  1531. 

WINCH EL9EA,  Anne,  countess  of,  author 
of  sotne  poenia,  which  are  written  in  an  elegant 
Jnannor  ;  she  died  in  17i!0. 

WJ.VCHESTER,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  author  of 
a  tract  on  the  17th  article  of  the  church  of  Enj;- 
land  ;  he  died  in  1T80. 

WI.VCHESTER,  Elkanah,  an  American  di- 
vine, of  the  18ih  century,  author  of  a  work  in 
defence  of  the  doctrine  of  universal  salvation. 

WIXCKELMANN,  John,  a  German  polemic 
writer,  died  in  1626. 

WI.VCKELMANN,  Abhe  John,  an  eminent 
Oerman  writer  on  subjects  of  taste  and  art,  was 
assassinated  in  1768. 

WINDHAM,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquarian, died  in  1810. 

WINDHAM,  William,  a  celebrated  English 
orator  and  statesman,  was  secretary  at  war, 
and  afterwards  secretary  of  state  for  the  war 
department,  in  the  British  cabinet,  and  a  niem- 
ber  of  parliament ;  he  died  in  1810. 

WINDER,  William  H.,  a  lawyer,  of  Slary 
land;  and  during  the  second  war  with  Great 
Britain,  a  brigadier  general  in  the  army  of  the 
Unitnd  States ;  he  died  in  1824. 

WINDER,  Levin,  a  soldier  of  the  revolution, 
and  sul>sequentl  v  governor  of  the  state  of  Mary- 
land ;  he  died  iii  1819. 

Wi.NG, Vincent, a  famous  astronomer  and  as- 
trologer, who  published  "  The  Cele:-tial  Har- 
mony of  the  Visible  World,"  and  other  works ; 
he  died  in  1668. 

WINGATE,  Edmund,  an  English  writer  on 
arithmetic  and  the  mathematics  ;  he  died  in 
lo.v;. 

WING  FIELD,  Edmund  Maria,  a  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  soon  alicr  its  settle- 
ment: he  returned  to  England  in  1608. 

WrXSCHOMB,  John,  commonly  called  Jack 
of  Newbury,  an  English  clothier,  in  the  time 
of  Henry  VIII.,  famed  for  his  opulence  and  toy 
altv. 

WfNSEMIUS,  Peter,  historiographer  to  the 
states  of  Holland,  and  professor  of  history  and 
eloipience  at  Franeker ;  he  died  in  16-14. 

WINSLOW,  James  Benignus,  an  eminent 
Danish  anatomist.  He  wrote  several  anatomi- 
cal and  other  works,  and  died  in  1760. 

WINSLOW,  Edward,  one  of  the  pilgrims 
Who  landed  on  Plymouth  rock,  in  1620.  He  was 
afterwards  governorof  the  colony  of  Plymouth, 
End  particularly  instruinental  in  its  preserva- 
tion. His  marriage  was  the  first  that  was  cele- 
brated in  New  Ensland.    He  died  in  16.').5. 

WINSLOW,  Josiah.a  son  of  the  precedins;, 
was  also  governor  of  the  colony  of  Plymoutli, 
Rnd  was  distinguished  for  his  talents,  energy, 
and  iispfiitnfss  in  the  colony  ;  he  died  in  1680. 

WlNSLOW,  John,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, had  a  high  military  reputation  in  the 
colonies,  and  was  a  major-general  in  the  British 
colonial  service.     He  died  in  1774. 

WINSTANLEY,  William,  an  English  bio- 
Brapbor,  was  originally  a  barber,  and  lived  in 
file  reJL'ns  of  Charles  It.  and  James  H. 

WINSTON,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
4^4 


VVI      

tinit  professor  at  Gresiiam  college ;  he  died  in 
16.i5. 

WINTER,  George  Simon,  a  German  writer 
on  the  veterinary  art,  in  the  17th  century. 

WINTHKOP,  John,  emigrated  from  Great 
Britain,  with  the  first  colonists  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  w:is  chosen  the  first  governor  of  that 
colony  He  was  a  man  of  strong  mind,  strict 
integrity  and  prudence,  and  of  great  wealth, 
and  was  devoted  to  the  prosperity  and  service 
of  the  infant  settlenieiit.     He  died  in  1649. 

WIN'l'llROP,  John,  F.  R.  S.,  a  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con- 
necticut, died  in  1676.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  talents,  and  an  independent  and 
uprisilit  magistrate. 

WINTHROP,  Fitz  John,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  distinguished,  like  his  father,  for 
his  learning  and  piety.  He  was  governorof  the 
;olonv  of  Connecticut,  and  died  in  1707. 

WINTHROP,  John,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  iu  Connecticut  for  his  ta- 
lents and  acquirements.  He  went  to  England, 
ai;d  died  there  in  1747. 

WINTHROP,  John,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in 
Harvard  college ;  he  died  in  1779. 

WINTHROP,  James,  LL.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  for  his  devotion  to  literary 
pursuits.  He  was  librarian  of  Harvard  college, 
and  died  in  1821. 

WlNTIiE,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine, and  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  j814. 
His  writings  were  numerous. 

WINTOWN,  or  WYNTOWN,  Andrew, 
anon  of  vSt.  Andrew's,  and  author  of  a  curious 
chronicle  of  Scotland;  hedieil  about  1400. 

WINTRINGHAM,  sir  Clifton,  baronet,  an 
eminent  English  physician  and  medical  writer; 
he  (lied  in  1794. 

WINWOOD,  sir  Ralph,  secretary  of  state  in 
the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  an  author;  he  died 
in  1617. 

VVIRLEY,  William,  Rouge  croix  pursuivant, 
an  English  antiquary  and  heraldic  writer,  died 
in  1618. 

VVIRSfTNGlTS,  John  George,  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Padua,  where,  in  1642,  he  disco- 
vereil  and  explained  the  pancreatic  duct. 

WISCHART,  William,  D.  D.,  a  Scotch  di 
vine,  was  principal  of  Eilinhurgh  university,  in 
1716.  His  "  Thenlogia"  is  n-iarili'd  as  a  valuable 
system  of  divinity.     He  died  in  1727. 

WISCMIE.^RT,  an  enlightened  and  benevo- 
lent prelate,  of  Scoiland  :  he  became  bishop  of 
Erliiihnrah,  and  died  there  in  1669. 

WISCflEK,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  engraver,  in 
the  17th  century.  His  brother  John,  and  his 
relations  Lambert  and  Nicholas,  wci<;  also  emi- 
nent ariists. 

WISE,  Francis,  an  eminent  English  divins 
and  antiquary,  died  in  1767. 

WISE,  John,  an  American  dorsyman,  who 
settled  at  Ipswich,  Mass  ,  died  in  172.5. 

WISSING,  William,  an  e-iicelleiit  Dutch  por- 
trait painter,  died  in  1687. 

W1SSOWAT1U3,  Andrew,  grandson  of 
Faustus  Socinus,  and  head  of  the  the  Sociiiians 
in  Poland,  died  in  Holland,  in  1668. 

WISTER,  Caspar,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  Ame- 
rican physician,  was  professor  of  chymistry 
and  physiology,  and  afterwards  of  anatomy  and 
surgery,  in  the  college  at  Philadelphia.  fie 
wrote  a  "System  of  Anatomy,"  and  other 
works,  and  died  in  1818. 
!    WITASSE,  Charles,  a  French  ecclMiaslif, 


wo 

arid  |)ri)tessorol"tli(K)logy  at  I'aris,  and  aullior  ol 
se\uial  works:  heditdin  ITlti. 

WITHF.US,  George,  a  pastoral  poet,  and  a 
partisan  of  Cromwell ;  ht;  died  in  1G67. 

\ViTHERlN(;,  Dr.  William,  ao  eminent 
phvslrian  and  hotanisi,  died  in  1799. 

WITHKRSPOON',  John,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  a  very  distinguinlied 
clcrjryman  of  that  country.  He  accepted  the 
pre.sidency  of  Princeton  college,  and  came  to 
i^nicrica,  in  1768.  Here  he  entered  zealously 
into  the  views  and  intere.sls  of  the  rolonistf, 
was  sent  as  a  dnleiiatt  to  conpre.as  in  1776,  and 
si'.'ned  the  declaration  of  Independence.  When 
a  decree  of  public  tranquillity  was  restored,  he 
resumed  the  station  of  president  of  the  cullepe, 
the  exercises  of  which  had  heen  interrupted  by 
the  war,  and  retained  the  office  until  his  dentii 
in  1794. 

WITSIUS,  Herman,  a  very  learned  and  emi 
nent  Dutch  divine;  he  died  in  1708,  havinj! 
publi.shi^l  several  important  works. 

WITT,  John  de.    See  DE  WITT. 

WITT,  Emanuel  de,  an  eminent  Flemisli 
painter  of  architecture  ;  he  died  in  lGfl2. 

WlTTICFUTr?,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Si- 
lesia, professor  of  mathematics  and.  theolo^'y 
at  different  periods,  in  four  universities.  Hi 
died  at  Levdon,  in  lt)87. 

Wonili'I. I,,  Michael,  an  Englisli  writer  of 
poems,  died  in  If'IG. 

WOFFI.NfiTON,  Margaret,  an  eminent  Irish 
actress  celebrated  for  beauty  of  countenance, 
and  elegance  of  form,  as  well  as  good  sense  and 
general  merit  in  her  profes.«ion  ;  shedied  in  1760. 

WOIDK,  Dr.  Charles  Go<lfrey,  a  native  of 
Polaiid,  one  of  the  librarians  of  the  British 
•nuseum,  a  most  learned  grammarian  and  lexi- 
cographer of  the  Egyptian  language,  and  editor 
of  the  famous  Alexandrian  New  Testament. 
He  was  chaplain  of  the  Dutch  cha|>el  in  i^uvoy, 
and  died  in  1790. 

WOLCOT,  John,  M.  D.,  of  Devons,  in  Eng., 
a  very  eminent  and  ingenious  stitirist,  who  pub 
lished  his  works  under  the  name  of  Peter  Pin 
dar.     He  died  in  1819. 

WOLCOTT,  Roger,  chief  judge  of  the  supe- 
rior court,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con- 
necticut :  lie  died  in  1767. 

WOLCCiTT,  Krastus,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  brigadier-general  in  the  American  revohi- 
tionar)-  army,  and  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
of  Connecticut :  he  died  in  179.^. 

Wni.COTT.  Oliver,  LL.  D.,  a  son  of  Roger, 
was  a  distinguished  patriot  of  the  revolution,  a 
member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer  ol  tin 
declaration  of  Independence,  and  ni'ierward 
lieutenant-governor  and  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut ;  he  died  in  1797. 

WOLFF,  Jamei",  a  renowned  English  officer, 
who  was  slain  at  the  conquest  of  Quebec,  in 
17.'>9,  aeed  34.  At  the  decisive  moment  which 
assured  victory  to  his  troops.  Roused  fro.i 
fainting  in  the  last  agonies,  by  the  sound  of 
"They  run  1"  he  eagerly  ask eii  who  ran?  and 
being  told,  the  French,  and  tliat  thev  were 
defeated,  ho  said.  '•  Then  T  thank  (Jod  I  die 
contented  ;"  and  almost  instantly  evjiired. 

WOLFF,  Christian,  an  eminentGerman  law- 
vcr,  philosopher,  and  political  writer ;  he  died 
In  17.T4. 

WOLFF,  Jerome,  a  native  of  the  Orisons, 
principal  of  the  college  of  Au^burgh,  and  an 
author ;  he  died  in  15fll. 

WOLLASTON,  William,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, distingiiiEhed  u  a  writer,  by  a  treatise 


WO 

entitled  "  The  Religion  of  Nature  delineated;' 
one  of  the  best  written  books  in  the  English 
language.     He  died  in  1724. 

WOLLERirs.  John,  a  divine  of  Basil,  au- 
thor of  "  Conip<;nd!nm  Theolngia:,"  a  work  of 
merit  ;  he  died  in  1("2<). 

WOLMAR,  Melrhior,  a  native  of  Switzer- 
land, celebrated  as  the  teacher  ol  Calvin  and 
|Be7,a,  in  the  Greek  language:  he  died  in  1561. 

WOLSELEY,  Robert,  an  English  author, 
was  a  supporter  of  Croniwell,  and  an  envoy  to 
Hrnssels,  and  died  in  1693. 

WOLSEY.  Thomas,  prime  minister  of  Henry 
vni.  who,  from  being  the  son  of  a  butcher  at 
Ipswich,  rose  !♦  be  archbishop  of  York,  chan- 
cellor of  England,  cardinal  of  St.  Cicily,  and 
legate,  a  latere.  He  died  in  1530. 
•WOLSTONECRAFT.    See  GODWIN. 

WOLTERS,  Henrietta,  a  lady  of  Amster- 
dam, eminent  as  a  miniature  painter ;  she  died 
in  1741. 

\A'OLZOGE\,  Lewis  de,  a  divine  of  Am- 
sterdam, and  a  zealous-  partizan  of  the  Socini- 
ans  :  he  died  In  1690. 

WOMACK,  Lawrence,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  St. 
Davids.  He  wrote  various  tracts  against  the 
Calvinists,  and  died  in  16f-5. 

WOOD,  Isaac,  an  English  painter  in  oil,  and 
black  lead  on  vellum  :  he  died  in  1752. 

WOOD,  James,  professor  of  divinity,  and 
provost  of  the  college  at  St.  .Andrews  :  he  wrote 
against  the  independents,  and  died  in  1Gfi4. 

WOOD,  Anthony,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, and  biographer ;  he  died  in  1695,  leav- 
ing some  valuable  works. 

WOOD,  Robert,  under  secretary  of  state  and 
an  author,  died  in  177). 

WOOD,  Jnmes,  an  officer  of  the  American 
army,  during  the  revolution,  nnd  afterwards 
covernor  of  the  state  of  Virginia  ;  he  died  in 
181,3. 

WOOD  ALL,  John,  an  eminent  English  sur- 
geon ai'd  writer  :  he  died  in  16.38. 

WOODBRIDGE,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  a  native 
of  England,  and  a  distinguished  clergyman  in 
that  country,  was  the  fir.=t  graduate  at'Hanard 
college,  Mass.  After  leaving  colleee,  he  return- 
ed to  Encland,  and  died  there  in  K'^i. 

WOODCOCK,  Elizabeth,  a  poor  inhabitant 
of  Impington,  near  Cambridge,  remarkable  for 
having  existed  eijrht  days  and  nichts  withoitt 
lood.  and  buried  in  snow,  in  February,  1799. 
She  died  in  July,  aeed  42. 

WOODCOCK,  Robert,  an  eminent  Englisli 
nnisician,  and  composer  of  music,  who  excelled 
also  as  a  painter  of  sea  pieces,  died  in  1728. 

WOODFORD,  Samuel,  an  English  divine, 
and  a  writer  of  stirred  poetrv,  died  in  1700 

WOODHEAD.  Abraham,'  an  English  divine 
who  was  converted  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith,  and  wrote  several  pamphlets  in  favour  of 
ithe  teiie'^  he  had  adopted  ;  he  died  in  1678. 

WOODMOI'SK,  Jnnies,  a  professor  of  ch\in- 
istrv.  in  the  Cniversiiy  of  Pennsylvania,  died 
in  1809 

WOODVtLT.F,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  sir  John 
Orey,  captivated  the  he.nrt  of  Edw  ard  IV  ,  who 
inarried  her.  Shedied  in  a  ninnnslery,  where 
she  was  confined  by  her  son-inl,TW,  Henrt'  VII 

WOODVILI.E,  William,  an  eminent  Fn- 
|glish  physician,  and  medical  wrif^r.  rlipd  in  180.S. 

WOODWARD.  Hezaleel,  professor  of  math- 
ematics and  natural  philosophy,  in  Dartmouth 
college,  died  in  1,804. 

WOODWARD.   John,  an    Enelish  natural 
philosopher  and  physician,  died  in  1728. 
405 


WR 


WY 


WOODWARD,  Henry,  a  very  celebrated 
English  comedian,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1717,  and  died  in  1777.  He  was  the  auUiorof 
a  farce,  called  "  Marplot  in  Lisbon,"  and  the 
"  Man's  the  Master,"  a  cnniedy. 

WOOLLKTT,  William,  a  most  eminent  En- 
gli^^h  hiHtorical  and  landscape  engruver,  dc 
serv(;d!y  eeieemed  the  first  in  his  proft;ssion  ; 
he  died  in  1785 

WOOLSTOiV,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  several  works  filled  with  heterodox 
Fentiments  and  absurdiiies.  He  died  in  prisim, 
in  1733,  where  he  had  been  gtaienccd  lor  pub- 
lishlni;  a  blasphemous  work. 

WOOSTER,  David,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  revolutionary  army,  was  killed  by  tlie 
British  troops  in  an  invasion  of  Connecticut,  in 
1777. 

WOOTON,  John,  a  famous  English  painter 
of  landscapes,  horses,  and  dogs,  lor  the  latter 
of  which  he  was  often  paid  40  guineas.  He 
died  in  1705. 

WORCESTER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  settled  in  Masi^acliusetts,  particular- 
ly distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  activity  in  pro- 
moting the  Crtuse  uf  missions.  He  died  in  1801. 
WORLIDGE,  Thomas,  an  engraver  and  por- 
trait painter,  who  died  in  1766. 

WORMIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  physician  and 
medical  writer,  of  Denmark,  died  in  1634. 

WORMIUS,  William,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  professor  of  medicine,  historiographer  to 
the  king,  counsellor  of  state,  tec. ;  he  died  in 
V2i. 

WORSDALE,  James,  an  English  painter  and 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1767. 

WORSLEY,  sir  Richard,  a  native  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  He  purchased,  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,  a  fine  collection  of  statues,  and  other 
antiques,  of  which  he  published  a  description ; 
he  died  in  1805. 

WORTHINGTON,  John,LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
'awyer,  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1800,  aged  81 
WORTHINGTON,  William,  an  English  di- 
vine and  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1778, 
aged  75. 

WORTHINGTON,  John,  D.  D.,  an  English 

divine  and  theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  lii"] 

WOTTON,  Edward,  an  eminent  physician, 

of  London,  died  in  155.5. 

WOTTON,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
statesman  and  poet ;  he  died  in  1639,  leaving 
many  writings. 

WOTTON,  William,  an  English  divine,  cri 
He,  historian,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  of  great 
learning;  lie  died  in  1720. 

WOTY,  William,  a  very  ingenious  English 
poet ;  he  died  iu  1791. 

WOUTERS,  Francis,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  whose  pieces  were  greatly  admired  ; 
he  died  in  IK59. 

WOUVER.MANS,  Philip,  an  excellent  Dutch 
landscape  painter  ;  he  died  in  1688,  aged  68. 

WOWER,  John,  of  Hamburgh,  distinguish- 
ed as  a  politician,  and  aa  a  man  of  literature 
he  died  in  1612. 

WRaGG,  William,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
South  Carolina,  who  left  the  country  at  the 
ronimenocmentof  the  revolution,  and  perished 
on  his  voyage  to  England,  in  1777. 

WR^NGEL,  Charles GustavuB,  marshal  and 
constable  of  Sweden,  and  highly  distinguished 
for  his  valour ;  he  died  about  1676. 

WRAY,  Daniel,  a  learned  English  antiqua 
ly,  died  in  1783. 
WREN,  Matthew,  an  Vuif^iA  prelate,  was 
406 


bishop  of  Hereford,  and  author  of  tome  con- 
troversial tracts  ;  he  died  in  1067. 

WREN,  Matthew,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
secretary  to  James,  duke  of  York  .and  au  au- 
thor ;  he  died  in  1672. 

WREN,  sir  Christopher,  a  most  illuatriouB 
Engli^ti  architect  and  mathematician,  died  m 
1723,  aged  91.  Under  his  direction,  and  from 
his  d»  sicns,  were  rebuilt  the  cathedral  of  St 
Paul,  the  parochial  churches,  and  other  public 
building.-i,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  tlie  con- 
fl.iuratioii  of  the  citv  of  London. 

WRIGHT,  Nathan,  a  learned  English  law- 
yer, who  became  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
and  died  in  1721. 

WRIGHT,  Samuel  an  eloquent  dissenting 
minister,  who  settled  in  London  ;  he  wrote  some 
sermons,  &c.  ,and  died  in  1746. 

WRIGHT,  sir  James,  chief-justice  and  go- 
vernor of  the  colony  of  Georgia,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  ;  he  was  th«  last  royal  governor 
of  that  colony. 

WRIGHT,  Joseph,  a  very  distinguished  En- 
glish painter,  who  died  in  179"  Hewas  particu- 
larly famous  for  producing  extraordinary  effects 
of  licht. 

WRIGHT.  Edward,  a  mathematician,  of 
Cambridge,  who  wrote  various  works  on  Navi- 
gation ;  he  died  about  1620. 

WRIGHT,  Edward,  an  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  an  account  of  Lord  Macclesfield's  trav- 
els, in  1720. 

WRIGHT,  Abraham,  an  English  clergyman, 
and  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1690. 

WRIGHT,  Paul,  an  English  divine,  and  au- 
thor, wlio  died  in  1785. 

WURM.SER,  Dagobert  Sigismund  count, 
field  marshal  in  the  service  of  Austria ;  he  wm 
an  olhcer  of  distinguished  valour  and  abilities, 
and  died  in  1797. 

WYAT,  sir  Thomas,  one  of  the  most  learn- 
ed and  accomplished  persons  of  his  time,  and 
much  in  favour  with  Henry  VIH.,  who  employ- 
ed him  on  several  embassies.  He  wrote  poetry, 
and  was  the  first  of  his  countrymen  who  versi- 
fied any  part  of  the  book  of  Psalms.  He  died 
in  1541,  aged  38. 

WY.ATT,  sir  Francis,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Virginia,  in  1621. 

WYATT,  James,  an  eminent  English  archi 
tect,  for  some  time  president  of  the  Royal  aca- 
demy, died  in  1813. 

WYCHERLEY,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish comic  poet,  was  born  in  Shropshire,  in  1640, 
and  died  in  1715. 

WYCKE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Haerlera,  em- 
inent as  a  painter  of  marine  views  ;  he  died  iu 
1686.  His  son  John  excelled  in  painting  battluii 
and  horses  :  he  died  in  London,  in  1702. 

WYKEHAM,  William  of,  was  bishop  of 
Winchester  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  IU..  Rich- 
ard II.,  and  Henry  IV.,  and  secretary  of  state 
to  the  fust  of  these  monarclis.  He  was  like- 
wise an  eminent  architect,  founder  of  St.  Mary 
of  Wincliesler's  college  at  Oxford,  and  of  a  no- 
ble school  at  Winchester,  and  died  in  1404. 

WYLLYS,  George,  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  Connecticut  in  1638,  was  elected  a  ma 
gistrate,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony; 
he  died  in  1644. 

WYLLYS,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  magistrate  in  the  colony  of  Connecticut, 
and  a  useful  and  pious  man  ;  he  died  in  1709. 

WYLLYS,  Hczekiah,  son  of  Samuel,  a  mer 
chant,  of  Hartford,  was  elc-cted  Becrvtary  o( 
Comjeoticst,  a«d  died  in  1734. 


XI 

WYLLVS,  Oeorgfi,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  secretary  of  the  colony  of  Connecti- 
cut, for  nearly  60  years.    He  died  in  1796. 

WYLLYS,  Samuel,  »on  of  the  preceding, 
was  an  officer  of  the  American  army  during 
iJio  revolution,  and  afterwards  secretary  of  Con- 
necticut ;  he  died  in  1823. 

WYNANTZ,  John,  an  eminent  Flemish 
fandscape  painter;  he  died  in  1070. 

WYNDHAM,  sir  William,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish statesman,  was  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer, in  171.'),  and  died  in  1740. 

WYNDH.AM,  Henry  Penruddoch,  an  English 
antiquarian,  author  of  a  "  Tour  through  Mon- 
mouthshire, and  Wales,"  and  other  works;  he 
died  in  1819. 

WYNTOWN,  Andrew,  a  Scottish  writer  of 
the  14th  century,  who  published  a  "  Chronicle 
of  Scotland"  in  rhyme. 

WYTHE,  George,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  of  Virginia,  and  one  of  the  most  ar- 
dciM  patriots  of  the  revolution.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and 
afterwards  chancellor  of  his  native  state.  He 
died  in  I80«i. 

WYTMAN,  Matthew,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter  of  landscapes,  animals,  and  conversa- 
tions ;  he  died  in  1687. 

WYVIL,  Robert,  bishop  of  Salisbury  ;  he 
presided  over  big  see  46  years,  and  died  in  1375. 


ZA 

XYLANDF.R,  Wilham,  a  German,  translator 
of  several  Gretli  authors ;  he  died  in  1576. 

XYPHILIN,  John,  a  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, died  in  1075. 


XACCA,  an  Indian  philosopher,  who  flour- 
ished, it  is  said,  a  thousand  yearn  before  the 
Christian  era.  His  memory  is  held  in  great 
veneration  in  China. 

XACCA,  Erasmus,  a  Sicilian  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, known  as  a  Latin  author. 

XANTIPPE,  wife  of  Socrates,  remarkable 
for  her  moroseness  and  violence  of  temper. 

XAXTIPPUS,  a  Lacedemonian  general,  who 
rendered  imporiant  services  to  the  Carthagiiijans, 
by  whom  lie  was  afterwards  basely  destroyed. 

XAUPI,  Joseph,  a  French  ecclesiastic  and 
author,  who  died  in  1778. 

X.WIER,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  who  was  a  mission- 
arv  in  the  East  Indies,  and  died  at  Goa,  in  1617. 

XENOCRA TES,  a  celebrated  Greek  philoso- 
pher, who  died  314  B.C. 

XEXOPHANES,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Socrates. 

XENOPHON,  an  illustrious  Athenian  philo 
sopher,  soldier  iind  historian;  he  died  in  the 
lOSih  Olympiad,  leaWiig  behind  him  many  ex- 
cellent works. 

XENOPHON  of  Ephesus,  the  author  of  a 
romance  in  5  books;  he  flourished  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  4th  century. 

XERXES  I.,  king  of  Persia,  memorable  for 
the  great  army  with  which  he  entered  Greece, 
aniountini;  to  5,'283,'220  souls,  c.\clu»ivc  of  wo- 
men, eunuchs,  and  other  attendants.  This 
multitude  was  stopped  at  Thermopyla;  by  the 
valour  of  300  Spartans  under  king  Leonidas. 
He  was  murdered  in  his  bed,  464  B.  C. 

XIMENES,  Francis,  archbishop  of  Toledo, 
eminent  as  a  statesman,  warrior,  and  patron  of 
learning;  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  Spanish  go- 
vernment many  years,  and  died  in  1517. 

XIMENES,  Roderick,  a  native  of  Navarre, 
and  author  of  a  Spanish  history  was  archbishop 
of  Toledo,  about  1250. 

XIMENES,  Joseph  Albert,  a  Spanish  eccle- 
siastic, prior  general  of  ttre  Carmelites :  be  died 
in  1744: 


YALDEN,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  died  in  1736. 

Y.4LE,  Elihu,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  who 
accumulated  a  large  fortune,  in  tlie  Eaal  Indies, 
went  to  England,  and  became  governor  ol  Uio 
East  India  company.  He  was  a  liberal  bene- 
factor of  the  college  in  New  Haven,  that  bears 
his  name,  and  died  in  1721. 

YART,  Anthony,  a  French  divine  and  a  poet, 
born  in  170s). 

Y.'VTE.s,  Robert,  chief-justice  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  died  in  1801. 

YBAMANS,  sir  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  South  Carolina  ;  was  removed  from  olhce, 
but  residrd  in  the  colony  until  his  death. 

YE.\RI)LY,  sir  George,  a  prudent,  humane, 
and  I'aithful  governor  of  the  colony  of  Virginia ; 
he  died  in  162ti. 

YEARSLEY,  Anne,  well  known  in  the 
poetic  world  as  a  self-instructed  votary  of  the 
Muses,  and  ns  the  Milkwoniaii  of  Bristol  ;  she 
died  in  1806,  leaving  manv  popms. 

YORh.E,  Plnlip,  earl  of  Haidwickc,  lord  high- 
chancellor  of  England,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  upright  lawyers  of  the  age ;  he  died 
in  1764,  aged  74. 

YORKE,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
made  lord  high  chancellor  in  the  room  of  lord 
Camden,  and  died  suddenly,  three  days  after, 
in  l/iO.  Hewas  an  elegant  and  profound  scholar. 

YOUNG,  Edward,  an  English  poet  ami  divine, 
died  in  1765.  He  wrote  "  Night  Thoughts," 
and  other  works. 

YOUNG,  sir  William,  a  member  of  the  Eng- 
lish parliament,  and  of  the  royal  academy,  and 
governor  of  the  Island  of  Tobago  ;  he  died  in 
1814.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Athens,"  the 
"  Rights  of  Englishmen,"  and  several  other 
works. 

YOUNG,  Arthur,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  distinguished  agriculturalist,  and  author  of  the 
"  Farmeis'  Calender,"  the  "  Annals  of -Agri- 
culture," &c. ;  he  died  in  1820. 

YOUNG,  Patrick,  a  Scotchman,  eminent  as  ■ 
Greek  scholar  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

YOUNG,  Robert,  an  eminent  printer,  of  Edin- 
burgh, died  in  1655. 

YRIARTE,  Don  John  d',  a  very  learned 
Spanish  author  and  librarian  to  the  king ;  he 
died  in  1771. 

YSE,  Alexander  de,  a  protestant  professor  of 
theology,  in  Daupliinc,  and  a  theological  writer  ; 
he  hvcd  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV. 

YVON,  Peter,  a  native  of  France,  celebrated 
.IS  a  preacher  among  the  Labadists,  and  a  wri- 
ter on  mystical  subjects. 

Z 

ZABARELLA,  Francis,  better  known  as 
cardinal  do  Florence,  was  greatly  resptcted  for 
his  learning  and  virtues,  and  died  in  1417. 

ZAB.\RELLA,  Bartholomew,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  professor  of  law  at  Padua,  and 
afterwards  archbishop  of  Florence  ;  be  died  in 
1442. 

ZARABELLA,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  protessor  of  philosophy  at  Padua,  and  pub- 
lished Commentaries  on  Aristotle's  works  h« 
divd  in  M89. 

407 


ZE 


ZO 


ZACAGNI.  Lawrence  Alexander,  a  native il  ZENO,  a  stoic  pliilosoplicr,  bom  in  Cyprus, 
of  Rome,  wlio  devoted  himself  lo  literature  ;  ''was  founder  of  that  sect,  which  took  i|j  Mariie 
he  died  about  17-20.  |!froin  a  portico  called  Stoa,  whence  lie  deUveiod 

ZACHIAS,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rome,  and  pliy-  ,|liib  harangues,  and  strangled  himself,  ^  B.  C, 
sician  to  |H)pe  Innocent  X.:  he  published  siime'iagcd  !I8. 
medical  works,  and  died  in  11159.  J    ZE.N'O,  the  Isaurian,  emperor  of  the  East, 

ZACUTUS,  or   LUSITANUS,  an  eminent  Idled   in  491,   detested  for  his  cruelty  and  de- 
Jewish  physician  and  medical  writer,  born  atllbauchery. 
Lisbon  ;  he  died  in  1041,  aged  Oii.  ;     ZENO,  Apostolo,  a  Venetian  of  illustrious 

ZALEUCUS,  a  legislator  of  Locris,  iu  Italy,  I  birth,  distinguished  for  his  learning;  he  was  a 
500  B.  C.  I  poet,  and  historian  to  Charles  VI.,  and  died  in 

ZALUSKI,  Andrew  Chryso.stnm,  wa.s  bishop   1750.  His  works  are  numerous  and  popular, 
of  Warniia,  and  grand  chancellor  of  Poland  ;■     ZENOBIA,  niieen  of  Palmyra,  and   by  her 


he  died  in  1711. 

ZAMOSKI,  John,  an  illustrious  statesman  | 
and  general,  of  Poland,  and  chancellor  of  thai ' 
kingdom.  On  the  death  of  Battori,  in  158(i,  hej 
declined  an  offer  of  the  crown,  and  died  in  I 

leoa. 

ZAMPINI,  Matthew,  known  for  Iiis  writings 
in  the  cause  of  the  lea<rue,  in  1581. 

Z.AN'CHIUS,  Basil,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Berga- 
mo, who  wrote  Latin  poems,  and  di>d  in  l-jfiO. 

ZANCHIUS,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Alzano,  ] 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Heidelber;.',  and  a  I 
learned,  benevulent,  and  pious  man  ;  be  died  I 
in  1590. 

ZANNICHELLI,  John  Jerome,  a  distin- 
guished physician  and  botanical  writer,  of  ! 
Venice  ;  he  di^d  in  1729.  | 

Z.ANNONI,  James,  a  physician,  of  Bologna,  j 
celebrated  also  as  a  botanist ;  he  died  about 
168-2.  I 

ZANOTTI,  John  Peter,  an  eminent  painter,  i 
of  Paris. 

ZANOTTI,  Francis  Maria  Garazzoni,  profes- 1 
Bor  of  mathematics  at  Bolo?na,  and  serreiary  to  i 
the  senate.  He  pubhshed  some  poetical  and  , 
philosophieal  works,  and  died  in  1777. 

Z.ANZ.ALUS,  James,  an  obscure  monk  in! 
the  6th  century,  who  became  founder  of  thei 
sect  of  the  Jacobites.  They  hold  the  perfection 
of  the  Gospel  to  be  the  strict  observance  of  fasts.  | 

ZAPOLSKI,  John  de,  vaivode  of  Transyl- 
vania, was  elected  king  of  Hungaria,  in  lo-26, 
and  died  in  1540. 

■  ZAPPI,  John  Baptist  Felix,  a  Roman  lawyer 
and  poet ;  he  died  in  1719. 

ZARATE,  Augustin  de,  a  Spaniard,  sent  to 
Peru,  in  154:^,  as  treasurer-general.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Con- 
quest of  Peru,"  a  work  of  merit. 

Z.\RLINO,  Joseph,  a  Venetian,  who  wrote 
with  great  skill  and  judgment  on  music;  he 
died  in  1599. 

ZATCH  LEEVEN,  Herman,  a  native  of 
Rotterdam,  was  an  eminent  painter  of  land- 
scapes ;  he  died  in  1685. 

ZAZIUS,  Hulric,  of  Constance,  known  for 
his  abilities  as  professor  of  law.  He  died  in 
1539. 

ZACHARIAH,  one  of  the  minor  prophets. 
who  prophesied  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystas- 
pes,  in  so  plain  a  manner  of  the  Messiah,  that 
his  language  appears  more  like  that  of  a  histo- 
rian, than  of  a  prophet. 

ZEGKDt.N ,  Stephen,  of  Hungary,  was  one  of 
the  first  disciples  of  Luther,  and  wrote  several 
theolosrical  works;  he  died  in  1572. 

ZEtLLER,  Martin,  a  German  author,  who 
died  in  1661. 

ZF;LL,  Ulric,  an  eminent  painter  at  Cologne, 
about  1477. 

ZELOTTI,  John  Baptist,  a  distinguished 
Italian  painter,  the  pupil  of  Titian  ;  he  died  in 
]5»2. 

40B 


valour,  empress  of  the  East,  in  opposition  to 
three  successive  Roman  emperors.  She  wa» 
subdued  by  Aurelian,  after  an  obstinate  de- 
fence, and  died  in  280. 

ZEPHANIAH,  one  of  the  12  minor  prophcti 
in  the  reign  of  king  Josiah,  died  624  B.  C. 

ZKIIUBB.'^BEL,  was  permitted  by  Cyrus  to 
n.huild  the  temple  at  Jerusalem.  He  restored 
the  plundered  vessels,  and  dedicated  the  ncv 
edifice.  51.)  B.  C. 

ZECXIS,  a  very  famous  painter,  of  Herac 
lea,  wlio  flourished  about  3.50  B.  C.  He  paint 
d  .some  grapes  so  natural,  that  the  birds  cama 
and  pi'cked  them. 

ZI.\NI,  Sfha.sfian,  doge  of  Venice,  who 
lived  in  the  12th  century,  and  is  celebrated  for  his 
luunificence  in  adorning  his  city  with  splendid 
edifices,  and  the  works  of  art. 

ZIEGLER,  James,  professor  of  theology 
and  mathematics  at  Vienna;  he  died  in  1549. 

ZIEtiLER,  Gaspar,  professor  of  law  at  Wit 
femherg,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1090. 

ZIKGLER,  Bernard,  professor  of  theologj'  at 
Leipsic,  and  much  esteemed  by  Luther  and 
Melancthon  ;  he  died  in  1556. 

ZIETTEN,  John  Joachim  Van,  a  distin 
giiished  Prussian  general,  who  died  in  1786. 

ZIMMER.MANN',  Matthias,  a  German  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1689. 

ZIMMERMANN,  John  George,  first  physi- 
cian to  his  Britamiic  majesty  for  Hanover,  but 
more  eminent  as  a  philo.sopher  ;  he  died  in  1795, 
leaving  several  valuable  writings  on  various 
suhiecfs. 

ZIM.MERMANN,  Eberhard  Augustus  Wil 
liam  Von,  a  learned  and  distinguished  German, 
was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  col- 
lege at  Brunswick.  He  wrote  a  "  Poetical  Sur- 
vey of  tite  Present  State  of  Europe  ;"  a  "  Gen- 
eral Survey  of  France,  and  of  the  United  Statas 
of  America;"  apd  numerous  other  works,  and 
died  in  1815. 

ZINEK,  Christian  Frederick,  an  admirable 
enamel  painter,  of  Dresden,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  patronised  by  the  royal  family  ; 
he  died  in  1T67,  aged  83. 

ZINGH.A,  queen  of  Angola,  in  Africa,  in  the 
17th  centurv. 

zr.N'ZEXDORF,  Nicholas  Lewis,  count,  a 
German,  who  was  chief  of  the  sect  called  Mo 
ravians  ;  he  died  in  1760. 

ZI.\'ZERLING,  Justus,  a  learned  antiquary, 
of  Holland,  in  the  17th  century. 

ZISCA  or  ZISKA,  John  de  Troeznou,  a 
I'aiBOus  Bohemian  patriot,  who  defended  hi« 
country  against  the  emperor  Sigisniund,  and 
performed  prodigies  of  valour,  after  he  had  lost 
both  his  eyes.    He  died  in  1424. 

ZIZI.M,  or  ZEM,  son  of  Mahomet  U.,  con- 
tended with  Bajazet  hig  brother,  for  the  Otto- 
man throne,  hut  being  defeated,  he  fled,  and 
died  at  Rome,  in  1497. 

ZOE,  fourth  wife  of  Leo  VI..  and  mother  of 


Constantine,  during  whose  minority  in  912,  shen     7-UBLKV,  .lohn  .loachini,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
ably  fioverned.  ||clerfrynian  of  Georgia,  was  a  native  of  Swilzer- 


ZOK,  daughter  of  Constantine  XI.,  a  cruel 
and  debauclit;d  princess  ;  she  died  in  1050.         \ 

ZOILUS,  a  Greek  rhetorician  and  critic, 
floiirisiied  about  'iTO  B.  C. 

ZOIXIKOFER,  George  Joachim,  a  protes- 
tant  (Hvine,  (if  Switzerland,  diod  in  IT08.  ni« 
devotional  exercises  and  sermons  have  been 
translated  into  English. 

ZONARAS,  John,  a  Greek  historian,  who 


land,  and  came  to  America  about  ITtjO.  He  died 
in  Savann.ili,  in  1781. 

ZUCCIILKO  Tadeo,  an  Italian  historica'l 
and  portrait  painter  ;  lie  died  in  l.llie. 

ZrcCHKKO  Frederic,  an  eminent  painter, 
and  brother  of  Taddeo ;  lie  died  iu  1G09,  aged 

ZUINGLIUS,  Ulricas,  of  Switzerland,  an 
able  and  zealous  reformer  of  the  church  ;  he 


wrote  "  Annals  from  the  Creation  of  the  World,  I  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with  his  popish  oppo- 

down  to  the  year  1818,"  about  which  time  hci  nenis  in  IXU. 

died.  I      /.UMBO,  Gaston  John,  a  sculptor,  of  Syra- 

ZONEA,  Victor,  an  Italian  mathematician'  cn-e  ;  he  died  ;il  Paris,  in  1701. 
in  the  17tli  century,  who  made  valuable  ini-       ZtfR-L.VUBEN,  Beat  dc,  known  as  an  able 
provem«nts  in  mechanics.  lineKotialor  from  the  canton  of  /.ug,  at  the  court 


ZOri'O,  Mark,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  of  Bologna,  who  died  in  1,517. 

ZOPVRUS,  a  I'triian  noble,  who  assisted 
Darius  in  tht-  comiuesi  of  Babylon. 

ZOROASTER,  or  ZKRDUSHT,  a  celebrated 
Persian  philosopher,  the  rei>uteil  founder  of  the 
Magian  religion.  He  predicted,  it  is  said,  the 
coming  of  the  Messiah,  in  plain  words;  aiuJ  the 


of  U-wis  XIII.;  he  died  in  1063. 

ZIJSTRUS,  Lambert,  a  painter  of  merit,  the 
pupil  of  Titian. 

ZVVINGER,  Theodore,  born  in  Zurgan,  in 
|.'>:M  ;  he  published  an  enormous  compilation, 
entitled  "  he  Theatre  de  la  Vie  llnniainc,"  in 
8  folio  volumes,  and  died  In  l.")88. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  grandson  of  the  last. 


wise  men  from  the  East,  who  saw  and  foHuwed  1  .""as  a  pastor  and  a  physician  at  Basil ;  he  diofl 


his  star,  were  his  disciples. 

ZOSIMUS,  St.,  a  Greek,  who  became  pope 
In  417,  and  died  the  year  after. 

ZOSIMUS,  an  ancient  Greek  historian  of  the 
Roman  empire,  flourished  about  410. 

ZOUCH,  Richard,  a  learned  civilian,  of  Wilt- 
shire, who  published  many  estee.nied  works,, 
and  died  in  1660. 

ZOUCH,  Thoni,ia,  D.  D.,  an  En;:lish  clergy- 
man, wliQ  Wius  offered  the  bishoprick  of  Carlisle, 
but  declined  it  on  account  of  his  age.  He  died 
in  1816,  leaving  numerous  works. 

ZOUST,  Gerard,  a  German,  celebrated  for  his 
accuracy  in  portrait  paintinj;;  be  died  in  1681.  I 


35 


n  ICtiO.    His  son  John,  was  professor  of  Greek 
there,  and  died  in  lt>96. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  son  of  John,  was  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  and  ( loquence  at  Basil,  where 
he  died  in  J7i?l. 

ZYLIUS,  Otho,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Utrecht,  au- 
thor of  "Lives  of  Saints,"  &c.;  he  died  in 
If.,").). 

ZVP^EUS,  or  VANDEN  ZYPE,  Francis,  a 
learned  theologian,  Rnd  writer  on  civil  law, 
was  bom  at  Malincs,  in  1570,  and  died  in  1650. 
His  brother  Henry  was  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
abbot  of  St.  Andrew,  near  Bruges  ;  he  died  in 
1C59,  leaving  several  works  of  merit. 
409 


F  f  f 


CONCISE  ACCOUNT 


THE    HEATHEN    DEITIES, 

A?(D    OTHl.R 

FABULOUS    PERSONS, 

WITH   THE 

HEROES  AND  HEROINES  OF  ANTIQUITY. 


iEN 


AN 


A  B'ARIS,  a  Scyihian,  priest  of  Apollo. 
■'*■,  ABEO'NA,  a  goddess  of  voyages,  &c. 

ABRETA'NUS,  a  surname  ol  Jupiter. 

A'BRON,  a  very  voluptuous  Grecian. 

ABY'LA,  a  famous  mountain  in  Africa. 
,  ACAN'THA,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Apollo. 

ACAS'TUS,  the  name  of  a  famous  hunter. 

ACE'TL'S,  one  of  the  priests  of  Bacchus. 

ACHif;'MENES,  the  first  king  of  Persia. 

ACHA'TES,  a  trusty  friend  of  ^Eneas. 

ACH'ERON,  a  son  of  Titan  and  Terra, 
changed  into  a  river  of  hell  for  astiisting  the 
Titans,  in  their  war  against  Jupiter. 

ACniL'LES,  son  of  Peleus,  king  of  Thrace, 
and  Thetis,  a  goddess  of  the  sea,  who,  being 
dipped  by  his  mother  in  the  river  Btyx,  was  in- 
vulnerable in  every  part  except  his  right  heel,  by 
which  she  held  him ;  after  signalizing  himself 
at  the  siege  of  Troy,  for  his  valour,  as  well  as 
cruelty,  he  was  at  length  killed  by  Paris  with 
an  arrow. 

ACIDA'LIA,  and  ARMA'TA,  names  of 
Venus. 

ACIDA'LUS,  a  famous  fountain  of  Boeritia. 

A'CIS,  a  Sicilian  shepherd,  killed  by  Polyphe- 
mus, because  he  rivalled  him  in  the  alTectious 
of  Galatea. 

AC'MON,  a  famous  king  of  the  Titans. 

AC'RATUS,  the  genius  of  drunkards  at 
Athens. 

AC'T.^.ON,  a  celebrated  hunter,  who,  acci 
dentally  discovering  Diana  bathing,  was  by  her 
turned  into  a  stag,  and  devoured  by  his  own 
hounds. 

ADME'TUS,  a  king  of  Thessaly. 

ADO'NIS,  the  incestuous  offspring  of  Cinyras 
and  Myrrtia,  remarkably  beautiful,  beloved  by 
Venus  and  Proserpine. 
.ADRAS'TEA,  the  goddess  Nemesis, 
c  .^'ACUS,  one  of  the  infernal  judges. 

iE'GA,  Jupiter's  nurse,  daughter  of  Olenus. 

iEGE'US,  a  king  of  Attica,  giving  name  to 
(he  .^pean  sea  by  drowning  himself  in  it. 

./EGt'NA,  a  particular  favuurite  of  Jupiter 
,  /E'OilS,  a  Gorgon,  whom  Pallas  slew. 
'.  jE'GLE,  one  of  the  three  ilesperides. 

JE'GON,  a  wrestler  famous  for  strength. 

/EC.YT'TUS,  son  of  Neptune  and  Lybia. 
,  /GL'LO,  one  of  llie  three  Harpies. 

A;NE'AS,  son  of  Anchises  and  Venus. 
410 


.  iE'OLUS,  the  god  of  the  winds. 
,  AiO'US,  oKC  of  the  four  horses  of  the  sun. 
..^ESCULA'NUS,  a  Roman  god  of  riches. 
.  .iEyfULA'PIUS,  the  god  of  physic. 

A;THALTDES,  a  son  of  Mercury. 
..I'E'THOX,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  the  sun. 

^T'Nii;L'S,  a  title  of  Vulcan. 

iETO'I.Oi^,  a  son  of  Endymion  and  Diana. 

AG.AMEM'NON,  brother  to  i\)enelau'^,  chosen 
captain-general  of  the  Greeks  at  th«  siege  of 
Troy. 

AGANIPTE,  daughter  of  the  river  Perraes- 
suS)  which  flows  from  mount  Helicon. 

AGE'NOR,  the  first  king  of  Argos. 
.  AGENO'RIA,  the  goddess  of  industry. 

AGELAS'TUS   and  AGESILA'US,  names 
of  Pluto. 
.  AGLA'IA,  one  of  the  three  Graces. 

A'JAX,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  princes 
and  heroes  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

ALBU'NEA,  a  famous  svbil  of  Tripoli. 

ALCl'DES,  a  title  of  Hercules. 

ALCTNOUS,  a  king  of  Corcyra. 

ALCrONEUS,  a  giant  slain  by  Hercules. 

ALCl'OPE,  a  favourite  mistress  of  Neptune. 

ALCME'NA,  the  wife  of  Amphitryon. 

ALEC'TO,  one  of  the  three  Furies. 

ALEC'TRYON,  or  GAL'LUS,  a  favourite 
of  Mars. 

AL'MUS,  and  ALUM'NUS,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

AliO'A,  a  festival  of  Bacchus  and  Ceres. 

ALQl^'US,  a  giant  who  warred  with  Jupiter. 

AM  ALTH.'E'A,  the  goat  that  suckled  Jupiter. 

A;\IB.'\RVA'LE,  a  spring  sacrifice  to  Ceres. 

AMBRO'SIA,  tiie  food  of  the  Gods. 

AM'MON,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

AMPHIARA'US,  son  of  Apollo  and  Hyperm- 
nastra,  a  verv  famous  augur. 

AMPHIME'DON,  one  of  the  suitors  of  Pa 
nelope. 

AMPHl'ON,  a  famous  musician. 

AMPHITRITE,  the  wife  of  Neptune, 

AMYN'TOR,  a  king  of  Epirus. 

ANAC'KEON,  a  lyric  poet  of  Greece. 
.  ANA'TIS,  the  goddess  of  prostitution. 

ANOCE'US,  a  king  of  Arcadia. 

ANDRO'GEUS,  the  son  of  Minos. 

ANDROMACHE,  the  wife  of  Hector. 

ANDROM'EDA,  the  daughter  of  Ccpheus 
land  Cassiope,  who,  contending  for  the  prize  of 


BA 

beauty  with  the  Nereides,  was  by  llieni  bound 
to  a  rock,  and  exposed  lo  be  rinvoured  by  a  sea 
niuiister ;  but  Perseus  slew  the  muiister,  and 
married  lier. 
,  ANliE  ROiN'A,  the  goddess  of  sik-nce. 

AS'SA,  the  sister  01' Py?niai«on  ai.d  Dido. 

ANTOEX'S,  a  giant,  foii  of  Neptune  and 
Terra  ;  he  was  squoc/.pd  lo  death  by  Hercules. 

A.V'TEROS,  oneof'lK;  hames  of  Cupid. 

AN'rKVER'T.\,agort(lcs801woinen  in  labour. 

AN'THIA,  and  ARGI'VA,  titles  of  Juno. 
.AN'UBIS,  an  Esyplian  yfxi  will)  adog'ehead. 

AOX'IDKS,  a  name  of  the  Muses. 

APATU'BiA,  and  APilROUlTIS  titles  of 
Venus. 

.A'l'lS,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Niobe  ,  called 
also  Serapis  and  Usiris :  he  first  taught  the 
Ijgyptians  to  sow  rorn  and  plant  vines:  at'ter 
hiK  death  they  worshipped  him  in  the  form  of 
an  nx,  a  syiihol  of  husbandry. 

.\RA(;irNE,  a  Lvdian  princess,  turned  by 
Minerva,  into  a  spider,  for  presuiuing  to  vie 
with  her  .it  spinninc. 

AKBTUrSA,  the  daughter  nf  Nereus. 
.  AR(;E.\TlNt:t<,  and  ^SCLTLA'NUS,  god?: 
ofwcalih. 

.\R  UO.  the  ship  that  conveyed  Jason  and  his 
roniiianioiis  to  Colchis,  and  reported  to  have 
been  the  first  man  of  war. 

,\R'GO.\'AUTS,  the  companions  of  Jason. 

AR'tiC'S,  son  of  Ari-^tor,  said  to  have  had  a 
hundred  eyes ;  also  an  architect,  who  built  the 
ship  Art;.). 

ARIAD'.VE,  daughter  of  Minos,  who,  from 
love,  gave  Theseus  a  clue  of  thread  to  guido 
hiui  out  of  the  Cretan  labyrinth  :  being  after- 
wards deserted  by  him,  she  was  married  to| 
Baci'hus,  and  made  his  prieste.ss. 

.•\RI>I  ASCI,  a  warlike  people  of  Scythia. 

ARI  i)\,  a  lytic  poet  of  Methymna. 

AlllSTETS.  son  of  Apollo  and  Gyrene. 

ARISTOME'NGS,  a  cruel  Titan. 

ARI.STDl'irAM'.y,  a  comic  poet,  born  ai 
Liiidiis,  a  town  of  Riiodes. 

ARTEMIS,  the  Delphic  sybil ;  also  Diana. 

AS('1.H'I'L'\,  festivals  of  VE?culapius. 

ASI.'iJ'LIA,  feasts  of  Bacchus,  celebrated  in 
Attira. 

ASTiyRrA.  daushterof  Ceus. 

A-TRAl'fErs.'aiidATABY'Rt^S;  Jupiter. 
.  ASTR  i;' A.  liie  ^■)d(less  of  justice. 

AS  TRf  )I/Oi;US,  a  title  of  Hercules. 

ASTY'AX  \X,  the  only  son  of  Hector. 

ASTVPALCEA.  daughter  of  PhiEnix. 
...A'TR,  the  goddess  of  revenge. 

A'rf.,A.\"TE:?,  a  savage  people  of  Ethiopia. 

AT'I,  \S,  a  king  of  Mauritania. 
.  AT  Ri  M'lis,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 

AVER'MTS.  a  lake  on  the  borders  rrf  hell. 
.AVEIlRJJNC'trs,  a  :rnd  of  the  Romans. 

An«iB'.\S,  a  king  of  Elis,  whose  stable  of 
300D  o\-en  was  not  cleansed  lor  30  years,  ycl 
llercnles  cleansed  it  in  one  day. 

A  Vl-srUPER,  n  title  of  Priapus. 

Al'KE.\,  a  n.ime  of  Fortuna. 
.  .M'KOR  \,  the  goddess  of  the  morning. 

.Al.  ro  f.EOV,  a  ceneral  of  the  Crotoniana. 
.  AUTUM  NUS,  the  god  of  fruits. 


B 

B  \f;'PIItTS,  the  god  of  wine. 
B  \I"TA,  the  goiidess  cf  shame. 
BARBA'T  \,  a  title  of  Venus  and  Fortuna. 
'B'ka^ARECrS,  a  title  of  Bacchus. 


____^ CA 

BAT'TU;^,  a  herdsman,  turned  by  Mercury 
into  a  loadstone. 

B.VU'Cl:?,  an  old  woman,  who,  with  hr.r  hui- 
band  Philemon,  enlortamed  Jupiter  and  Mer- 
cury, travelhng  over  Phrygia,  when  all  others 
refused. 

BKLLER'OPHON,  son  of  Glaucue,  king  of 
F>phyra,  who  underwent  numberless  hardsliipa 
lor  refusing  an  intimacy  with  Sthenobtea,  the 
wife  of  Prretus,  king  of  Argos. 

•BEIjLO'N.V,  the  jroddeBc  o:  war. 

BERECYN'THIA  MA'TEK,  atitlcof  Cybele. 

BERENl'CE,  a  Grecian  lady,  who  was  the 
only  person  of  her  sex  permitted  to  see  llje 
Olympic  games. 

HEll'OIO.N,  a  giant,  siR'.n  by  Jupiter. 

BIBLI  A,  the  wile  of  Duilliu.-,  who  fir?1  InsU- 
luted  a  triumph  for  naval  victory. 

HI'CEPS,  and  BI'KRO.NS,  names  of  Janud. 

BIdUL'TOll,  a  name  of  .Mai.H. 

BI'THON,  a  remarkably  strong  Grecian. 

BOLI'N.X,  a  nymph  rendere;!  ininiorial  fCf 
her  modesty  and  resistance  of  Apollo. 

B(yN.\  DE'A,  a  title  of  Cybele  and  Fortuna. 

BOM.S  D/E'MO.V,  a  title  of  Priapus. 

BO'RE.A;^,  tn  of  .-Estra'us  and  Ueribeia, 
generally  put  for  the  north  wind. 

BRE  VIS,  a  title  of  Fcrtuna. 

BRl'.lREl^S,  a  monstrous  giant,  son  of  Titan 
and  Terra  :  the  jtoeis  fei::n  him  to  have  had  a 
hundred  arms  and  titiv  heails. 

BRI'MO,  and  lUfBASTIS,  names  of  Hecate. 

BRISE'l.-l,  dnughlcr  of  BriseJ,  priest  of  Ju- 
piter, given  lo  A<■hllle^^  upon  the  taking  of  Lyr- 
nossus,  a  city  of  Troas,  by  the  Creeks. 

BRONTE.-?,  a  maker  of  Jupiter's  thunder. 

BRiVTHECS,  a  son  of  Vukan,  who  threw 
himself  into  mouut  AUna,  on  account  of  his 
defortnity. 

BRIJMA'LIA,  fca,:!t>  nf  Bacchus. 

BCBi  (NA,  ihe  goddess  of  o.teii. 

BCSI'RIS,  a  son  tif  Neptune,  anda  most  cru«) 
tyr;int ;  he  was  slain  bv  Her"nles. 

BYB  LIS,  the  daughter  of  Miletus. 

C 

CABARNf,  priests  nf  Ceres. 

CAIil'Rr,  prit.-<ts  of  Cybele. 
■  CA'BI{CS,agodof  the  Pha.selil«. 

CA'CC"?,  a  son  of  Vulcan. 

CAD'MUS,  son  of  Acrntir  and  Telepbessn 
who,  searching  in  vain  for  his  sister,  built  the 
city  of  Tliebf  s^  and  invented  16  letters  of  iht 
Greek  alphabet. 

CADU'CEIJS,  Mercury's  golden  rod  or  wand. 

CfyCA,  and  CONSEKVATRIX,  titles  of 
Fortuna. 

C.'F.i.'T'r.T'S,  a  robber,  son  of  Vulcan. 

C.€'NEUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

CAL'CHAS.  a  famour;  Greek  soothsayer. 

CALIS'TO,  the  dauehier  of  Lyraon. 

CALEI'tiPE,  ilie  muse  of  heroic  poetrv- 

CALYP'tJO,  daughter  of  Oceanns  and  Thetis, 
who  reigned  in  the  island  nf  Ogygia.  where  she 
entertained  and  became  enamoured  of  Clyssci, 
on  his  return  from  Troy. 

CAM'BLES,  a  gluttonous  kins  of  Lydia. 

CAMBY'SES,  (he  son  of  Cyrus,  and  king  of 
the  .Medcs  and  Persians. 
•  C.VMOS'NA,  an.l  CARNA ,  goddess  of  infanti. 

CA'NE.S,  a  title  of  the  Furies. 
.  CANO'PrS,  an  Egvptian  god. 
•C.\R'DITA,  a  household  godd'ss. 

CARMEN'TA,  a  name  of  Themis. 

C.\&:S.\,  a  Roman  goddess 

4i; 


CY 

( ; A R Y  A'TIS,  a  tiTTe  of  Diana. 

CAS'nr,  a  people  ot'  Hyrcaiiia,  who  were 
said  to  starve  tlieir  parents"  to  deatli  when  70 
years  old,  and  to  train  up  dogs  for  war. 

CASSANDRA,  a  daughter  of  I'riani  and  He- 
cuba, eudoived  witli  the  gift  of  prophecy  by 
Apollo. 

CAHTAL'IDES,  the  Muses,  from  the  fountain 
Caslalius,  at  the  foot  of  Parnassus'. 

CA'TIUS,  a  tutelar  god  to  grown  persons. 

C-'.AS'TOK,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Leda,  between 
whom  and  liia  brotlier  Pollux  immortality  was 
filternalelv  shared. 

CE'CUOI'S,  the  first  khig of  Athens. 

CKLQ;'\0,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 

CEN'T.AIj'RS,  children  of  Ixion,  half  men, 
lialf  horses,  inhabiting  Tlitssaly. 

CKrir.AHTS,  the  i^on  of  Mercury  and  Ilersa. 

CK'THEU!?,  a  prince  of  Arcadia  and  Ethiopia. 

OKI!  AU'iMl'S,  a  tftlcof  Jupiter. 

CHK'HERUS,  a  dog  with  three  heads  and 
neckf,  who  guarded  the  gates  of  hell. 

CERE.A'Ll.A,  festivals  in  honour  of  Ceres. 
.  CF.'KES,  the  goddess  of  agricaiture. 

.CE'UIJS,  or  SE'Rl'S,  the  god  of  opportunity. 

Cfi.Ai>'(!KA,  festivals  in  honour  of  Vulcan. 

Cn.VR'IT ES,  a  nanic  of  the  Graces. 

CHA'KON,  the  ferryman  of  hell. 

C'HIME'RA,  a  strange  monster  of  Lycia, 
which  was  killed  by  Belltrophon. 

CHI'RON,  the  preceptor  of  Achilles. 

CHRO'MIS,  a  cruel  son  of  Hercules. 

CHRYSAO'RIUS,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

CHRY'SIS,  a  priestess  of  Juno  at  Argos. 

CIR'CE,  a  famous  ciichnntn^ss. 

CIR'RHA,  a  cavern  of  Phocis,  near  Delphi, 
whence  the  xvinds  issued  which  causi'd  a  divine 
raee,  and  produced  oracular  responses. 

CrrnciVUIDES,  a  title  of  the  IMuses. 

CL*\(''P'NA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

OLAU  'Sirs,  prCLU'SIUS,  anameofJanus. 

CLEOME'DE^,  a  famous  wrestler. 

CLl'O,  the  muse  presiding  over  history,  and 
tiatro!ios>  of  heroic  poets. 

CLOTHO,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 

CLYTEM^ES"rCA,d.^ughter  of  Jupiter  and 
I.eda,  killed  by  her  son  Orestes,  on  account  of 
Jier  adultery  with  iEgislhus. 

CO(  "Y'TUS,  a  river  of  hell,  flowing  from  Styx. 

COLIJ'NA,  the  godde;s  of  hills. 

COMl'ITA'LIA,  gauiesof  tlie  household  gods. 

CO'MUP,  the  god  of  festivals  and  ineriinicnt. 

CON'COR'DIA,  the  godde.-s  of  peace. 

COiNSERVA'TOR,  and  CUSTOM,  tiUes  of 
Jupitf^r. 

CON'STTS,  a  title  of  Neptune. 

COR'['l'N.4,  the  coverins  of  Apollo's  tripos. 

CORYBAN'TES,  atid  CURE'TES,  priestsof 
Cybele, 

CRF/ON,  a  king  of  Thebes. 

CBI'MS,  a  priest  of  Apollo. 

CRINIS'SUH,  a  Trojan  prince,  who  could 
change  himself  into  anv  shape. 

CRCF/SUS,  a  rich  king  of  Lydia. 

CRO'NIA,  festivals  in  honour  of  Saturn. 

CTKS'IBUS,  a  famous  Athenian  parasite. 

CU'XI.A,  the  goddess  of  new  born  infants. 

CU'PiO,  son  of  Mara  and  Venus,  the  god  of 
love,  mniles,  &c. 

CY'CLOPS,  Vulcan's  workmen,  with  only 
cue  eye  in  the  middle  of  their  forehead. 

CYB'EEE,  the  wife  of  Saturn. 

CYC'NUS,  a  king  of  Liguria ;  also  a  son  of 
Neptune,  who  was  invulnerable. 

CYLLE'NIUS,  and  CAM1L'LU^?,  names  of 
Mercury. 

412 


DI 


CYNOf  EPH'AH,  a  people  of  India,  said  to 
have  heads  resembling  those  of  dogs. 

CYN'TIJIA,  and  CYN'THIUS,  Diana,  and 
Apollo. 

(•YPARISS^E'A,  a  title  of  Minerva. 

CYP'KIA,  CYTHERE'A,  titles  of  Venus. 


DjT"-DA'LION,  the  son  of  I,urifer. 

D^EU'ALUS,  an  artificer  of  Athens,  who 
formed  the  Cretan  labyrintli,  and  invetited  the 
auger,  axe,  glue,plumbline,  saw,  and  masts  and 
sails  for  ships. 

D.A'MON,  the  sincere  friend  of  Pythias. 

Dyf.'MON  BO'NUS,  DITHYRAM'RUS,  and 
DK  ).\YS'nJS,  titles  of  Bacchus. 

DA'NAE,  the  daughter  of  Acrisius,  king  of 
A  igos,  seduced  by  Jupiter  in  the  form  of  a  golden 
shower. 

I'AN.VJDES,  or  BE'EIDES,  the  .''>0  daughters 
of  Danaus,  king  of  Argo)s,  al!  of  whom  except 
Hypcrmne.stra,  killed  tlieir  husbands,  the  sons 
of  their  uncle  A^gyptus,  on  the  marriage  night: 
they  were  therelbre  condemned  to  draw  water 
out  of  a  deep  well  with  shieves,  so  that  their 
labour  was  without  end  or  success. 

DAPIi'NE,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Apollo. 

DAR'D.ANUS,  the  founder  of  Troy. 

DA' RES,  a  very  ancient  liistoriau  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  Trojan  war. 

DE'A  SYR'IA,  a  title  of  Venus. 

DE'CIIMA,  a  title  of  Lachesis. 

DEIAM'RA,  the  wife  of  Hercules. 

DEID.A'jnA,  daughter  of  Lyconiedcs,  king 
of  Scyros,  by  whom  Achilles  Iiad  Pyrrhus, 
whilst  he  lay  concealed  in  women's  apparel,  in 
the  court  of  Lycomedes,  to  avoid  going  to  the 
Trojan  w.Tr. 

DEFOPE'A,  a  beautiful  attendant  on  Juno. 

DEIPH'OBE,  the  Cuniean  .sybil. 

DEIPH  OBUS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

DE'LIA,  DE'LIUS,  Diana  and  Apollo. 

DE'LOS,  the  island  where  Apollo  was  born. 

DEL'PHf,  a  city  of  Phocis,  famous  for  a  tem- 
ple and  an  orach;  of  Apollo. 

DEL'Pinrrs,  DIDYM^'/US,  titles  of  ApolJo. 

DEM'ADES,  an  Athenian  orator. 

DER'BICES,  a  people  near  the  Caspian  sea, 
who  punished  all  crimes  with  death. 

DEL'CA'LION,  son  of  Prometheus,  and  king 
of  Thessaly,  who,  with  his  wile  Pyrrha,  was 
preserved  from  the  general  deluge,  and  rei)topled 
the  world. 

DEVKR'R.A,  the  goddess  of  breeding  women. 

iJlAG't  »RAS,  a  Rhodian,  who  died  for  jcry, 
because  liis  three  sons  had  on  the  same  day 
gained  iirizes  at  the  Olympic  games. 

DI  A'NA,  the  goddess  of  hnHtiiig,  &c. 

DI'DO,  daughter  of  Belus,  the  founder  and 
queen  of  Carthage,  whom  Virgil  fables  to  have 
burnt  herself  through  despair,  bectiuse  .Eneas 
ieft  her. 

DI'ES,  and  DTES'PITFR,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

DIN'DYME.DINDYME'NE,  titles  of  Cybele. 

DIOME'DES,  a  king  of  iEtolia,  who  gained 
great  reputation  at  Troy,  and,  accompanied  by 
L'lysses,  carried  off  the  Palladium  also,  atyiaut 
of  Thrace. 
■^DIO'NE,  one  of  Jupiter's  mistres-scs. 

PIOMYS'lA,  feasts  in  humour  of  Bacchus. 

DIOSOU'RI,  a  title  of  Castor  and  Pollux. 

Dl'R/E,  a  title  of  the  Furies. 

DIS,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

D1!^C0R'DIA,  the  goddess  of  condition. 


FA 

UOMIUU  CA,  alillt  of  Jhiio. 
DOMIUU'CUS,    and    DOMI'TIUS,  nuptial 

gOllH. 

DOM'INA,  a  title  of  Proserpine. 
DRY'ADES,nyraplis  of  the  woods  and  forests. 


EeHI'ON,  a  companion  of  Cadmus. 
KC'HO,  dauxhlcr  of  Aer  and  Tellus,  who 
pined  away  for  love  of  Narcissus. 

KDON'IDES,  priestesses  of  Bacclni?. 

KDU'CA,  a  goddess  of  new  horn  infants. 

KGE'RIA,  atitlcof  Juno;  also  a  soddrsa. 

KLEC'TRA,  a  daus;litcr  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytcmnestra,  who  instigated  Orestes  to  revenge 
tlieir  fallier's  death  on  their  mother  and  her 
adulterer  iEgJstlnis. 

E'I.EUS,  and  ELEUTHE'RIUS,  titles  of 
Bacchus. 

Ei>EUsrN'I.\,  feasts  in  honour  of  Ceres  and 
Prosei  [)ine. 

KIA)'II)ES,  nymphs  of  Racchus. 

E.MPd'S.IC,  a' name  of  the  Gorgons. 

ENDY.M'LON,  a  shepherd  of  Caria,  who,  for 
Insoli'Htly  soliciting  Juno,  was  condemned  to  a 
steep  of  30  years  ;  Luna  visited  him  by  night  in  a 
cave  of  mount  Ealmus. 

EMA'UUS,  a  title  of  Rlai^. 

EN'YO,  the  same  as  Rellona. 

EPE'US,  the  artist  of  the  'J'rojan  liorse 

EPItj'ONE.'^,  the  sons  of  the  seven  worthies 
who  h.'sieged  Thebes  a  second  time. 

EPIL/E'NR.^,  sacrifices  to  Racchus. 

EPISTRO'PHIA,  and  ERYCI'NA,  titles  of 
Venus. 

EPIZEPU'RII,  a  people  of  Locris,  who  pun 
isbed  those  with  death  that  drank  more  wine 
than  physicians  prescribed. 

EI{.\'TO,  the  nmse  of  love  poetry. 

ER'EBU.S,  an  infernal  deity,  son  of  Chaos  and 
lV"ox  ;  a  river  of  hell. 

ER'E.ANE,  a  river  whose  waters  inebriated. 

EKIOTHO'NIUS,  a  kin?  of  Athens,  who, 
being  lame  and  very  deformed  in  his  feet,  in- 
vented coaches  to  conceal  his  lameness. 

ERIN'XYS,  a  common  name  of  the  Furies. 

]"HO.S,  one  of  the  names  of  Cupid. 

EROSTR.^TC?',  the  person  who,  to  perpetu- 
ate his  naim,  set  (ire  to  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Diuiia  at  Ephesus. 

ETEOCEES,  and  POLYNI'CES,  sons  of 
Oedipus,  who  violently  hated,  and,  at  last  killed 
each  other. 

EVAD'.NE,  dautjhler  of  Mars  and  Thelie, 
who  threw  herself  on  the  funeral  pile  of  her 
nushand  Cainneus,  from  alfection. 

Eirc'RATES,  a  person  remarkable  for  shuf 
6iiiu,  duplicity,  and  dissimulation. 

F.rMRN'lbES,  a  name  of  the  Furies. 

EI'I'HROS'YNE,  one  of  tlie  three  firaces. 
F.I'llO'P.\,  the  daughter  of  Agenor,  who  it 
Is  said  was  carried  by  Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  a 
w  hire  bull  into  Oele. 

lUniY'AEK.oiieof  the  three  Gorgons. 

KIJRYI)  rCE,  the  wife  of  Orpheus. 

EITRY.M/ONE,  an  infernal  deity. 
ErTEIl'Pr;,  the  muse  presiding  over  music. 
EUTHY'AIUS,  a  very  famous  wrestler. 


FAB't'EA,  the  god.less  of  lies. 
KABUI.rM'S.  a  KoJ  of  infant* 


GY ^^ 

FA'M.A ,  the  goddess  of  report.  &,c. 

FASCINUM,  a  lillc  of  Priapus. 

FATES,  the  three  daughters  of  Nox  and  Ere- 
bus, Clothes,  Larhcsis,  and  Atropos,  entrusted 
with  the  lives  of  mortals,  &.c. 

FAUNA,  and  FAT'UA,  names  of  Cybele. 

FAU'NUS,  the  son  of  Mercury  and  Nox,  and 
father  of  the  Fauns,  rural  gods. 

FEB'RUA,  FLORIDA,  FLUO'NIA,  titles  of 
Juno. 

FEB'RUA,  a  goddess  of  puiificalioii. 

FF.B'RUUS,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

FELl'CIT.'^S,  the  goddess  of  happiness. 

FER'CULI.'S,  a  household  goj. 

FERE'TRIUS,  and  FULMLVA'TOR,  titles 
of  Jupiter. 

FERO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  woods. 

FEs^.SO'iVIA,  a  goddess  of  wearied  persons. 

FID'IUS,  the  god  of  treaties. 

FLAM'INES,  priests  of  Jupiter,  Mars,  &.C. 

FLO'RA,  the  godd-.-is  of  flowers. 

FLUVIA'LES,  orPOTAJllUES,  nymphs-of 
rivers. 

FOR'N.\X,  a  goddess  of  corn  and  bakers. 

FORTU'aNA,  or  FORTUNE,  the  goddess  of 
happiness,  &.C.,  said  to  be  blind. 

FU  RIES,  or  EUMEN'IDES,  the  three  daugh- 
ters of  No\  and  Acheron,  named  Alecto,  Me- 
g;era,  and  Tisiphoi\e,  with  hair  composed  of 
snakes,  and  armed  with  whips,  chains,  Stc. 

G 

G.\LATE'A,  daughter  of  Nfreiis  and  Doris, 
passionately  beloved  by  Polyphemus. 

G.VL'II,  caslrateii  priests  of  Cvbcie. 

GAL'LU.-^,  or  ALEC'TRION," a  favourite  of 
Mars,  and  changed  bv  him  into  a  cock. 

GAME'LIA,  a  title  of  Juno. 

G.\N'GES,  a  famous  river  of  fndia. 

GAN'YMl'.DK,  the  cupbearer  of  Jupiter. 
■  GKLASI'NUS,  the  god  of  mirth  and  smiles. 

GKfiO'NI,  a  i>eo()le  of  Scythia,  who  used  to 
paint  tiiemsel vcs  in  order  to  appear  more  terrible 
to  their  enemies. 

GE'NH,  guardian  angels. 

GE'NIUH,  a  name  of  Piiapus. 

GER'YON,  a  king  of  Spain,  who  fed  hisoicn 
with  human  flesh,  at>d  was  therefore  killed  by 
Hercules. 

CLAUCO'PrS,  a  name  of  Minerva. 

GLAUCU.S.a  fisherman,  made  a  seagod  by 
eating  a  certain  herb :  also  the  son  of  liippoio- 
chus,  who  ejcrlianged  his  arms  of  gold  for  the 
brazen  ones  of  Diomedc. 

GNOS'SIS,  a  name  of  Ariadne. 

GOR'DIUS,  a  hnsliundman,  but  aflerwarda 
king  of  Phrysia,  remarkable  for  tying  a  knot  of 
;ord.s  on  which  the  empire  of  .^sia  de|iended,  in 
;o  very  intricate  a  manner,  that  Ale.vander  the 
Great,  unable  to  unravel  it,  cut  it  U>  pieces. 

(;OR'GO.\.S,  the  three  daughters  of  Phorcj-s 

and  Ceta,  Jledura,  Eurya!«,  and  Sthenn,  who 

could  change  into  stone  thi>se  whom  they  looked 

Perseus  slew    Medusa,  the    principal  of 

them. 

GORGOPH'ORUS,  a  title  of  Pallas. 
<IR.\'CES,  Aglaiii.  Thalia,  and  Eiiphrosyne, 
the  daughters  of  Jupitcrnnd  F.urynome;  atten- 
dants on  Venus  and  the  Mn>os. 

GR  Xnj'VUd,  a  title  of  Mais. 

G  Y'GES,  a  I/ydian,  to  whom  Candaules,  king 
lof  Lydia,  showed  hi.s  rjueen  naked,  which  so 
linceiised  her  that  she  slew  Candaules,  and  mar- 
ried Gyges ;  also  a  shepherd,  who  by  means  ot  a 
[ring  could  rciider  himself  invi.<ihlp. 
*■■  413 


HO 


H 


HA'DES,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

HAM  AXO'BII,  a  people  of  Scj'thia,  wholivcd 
In  cans,  and  removed  from  place  to  place,  as 
necessity  required. 

HARMO'MS,  a  famous  artist  of  Trov. 

HARPAL'YCA,  a  very  beautiful  inaid  of 
Argoa. 

HAR'PIES,  three  monsters,  Aello,  Cclocno, 
and  Ocypeie,  with  the  faces  of  virgins,  bodies 
of  vultures,  and  hands  armed  with  monstrous 
claws. 

HARPOC'RATES,  the  Egyptian  god  of  si- 
lence. 

ilE'nE,  the  eoddess  of  youth. 

HE'IJKUS,  a  river  in  Thrace. 

HECA'LIUS,  a  title  given  to  Jupiter  by  The- 
seus. 

HECATE,  Diana's  name  in  hell. 

HECTOR,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  and 
tlw  most  valiant  of  all  the  Trojans. 

HECtJBA,  the  wife  of  Priam. 

HECJE'J^IUS,  a  philosopher  of  Cyrene,  who 
drscribed  themiserieBof  life  with  such  a  gloomy 


LX 

HY'ADES,  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  and 
./Ethia;  A.tibrosia,  Eudora,  Coronis,  Pa.sitlioe, 
PIcxaris,  Pytho,  and  Tvthe.  They  were  changed 
by  Jupiter  into  7  stars. 

HY'BLA,  a  mouniaiu  in  Sicily,  universally 
famous  for  its  thyme  and  be«>s. 

HY'DRA,  a  serpent,  which  had  seven  heads, 
or  as  sonic  say,  nine,  others  lifiy,  killed  by  Her- 
cules in  the  lake  Lerna. 

HYGE'IA,  the  goddess  of  liealth. 

HYL'LUS,  the  son  of  Hercules  and  Oejanira. 

HY'MEN,  the  god  f^f  Tiarriage. 

HYPE'RION,  a  son  of  Caelus  and  Terra. 

HYPPIP'YLE,  a  queen  of  Leinnos,  who  wa« 
banished  for  preserving  her  father  when  all  the 
other  men  of  the  island  were  murdered  by  their 
kindred. 


themselves  through  despair. 

HEL'ENA,  the  wife  of  SfenelatiH.  the  most 
beautiful  woman  in  the  world,  who,  running 
aw.iy  with  Paris,  occasioned  the  Trojan  war. 

HEL'ENUS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

HEL'ICON,  a  famous  mountain  of  Bffiotia, 
dedicated  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

HF.KA'IA,  sacrifices  to  Juno. 

HER'CU  LE8,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena, 
remarkable  for  his  numerous  exploits  and  dan- 
t'jrous  eulerpriscs. 

HEHIBE'IA,  the  wife  of  Astreus. 

HER'MvE,  statues  of  Mercury. 

HER'MES,  a  name  of  Mercury. 

HERMPONE,  a  daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus, 
married  to  Cadnjus ;  also  a  daughter  of  Mene- 
laus  and  Helena,  married  to  Pyrrhus. 

EIE'RO,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Festos,  in 
Tlirace,  priestess  of  Venus ;  Leander,  of  Abydos, 
Joved  her  so  tenderly,  that  he  swam  over  tJir 
Hellespont  every  night  to  see  her  ;  but  being  ai 
length  unfortunately  drowned,  she  threw  her- 
self into  the  sea,  through  despair. 

HEROD'OTUS,  a  very  famous  historian  of 
Halicarnassus. 

HEROPH'ILA,  the  Erythrsean  svbil. 

HERSTIil'A,  the  wife  of  Rnmul\is. 

HES'PEHUS,  or  VESPER,  the  evening  star. 

HES'PERirsES,  the  daughters  of  Hesperus; 
A^gle,  Arethu.'^a,  and  Hesperethusa,  who  had  a 
garden  bearing  golden  apples,  watched  by  a 
dragon,  which  Hercules  slew,  and  bore  away  the 
fruit. 

HE'SUS,  a  name  of  Mars  among  the  Gauls. 

IHPTIAS.a  philosopher  of  Elis. 

HrrPOfAMTI,  Neptune's  horses. 

HfP'POCRENE,  a  fountain  at  the  bottom  of 
BROunf  Helicon,  dedicated  to  Apollo. 

HU'POL'YtlJS,  the  son  of  Theseus  and  An- 
tiope  or  Hippolyte,  who  refused  intimacies  with 
hi.-  sifpmother  Pha-dra.  At  the  request  of  Di- 
ana, yEr^culapius  restored  him  to  life,  after  he 
had  been  ilirown  from  his  chariot,  and  dragged 
ihroiiuh  ihe  wood.s  till  he  was  torn  in  pirc(-s. 
.  HIPPi  »'X.'\,  the  goddess  of  imrsesai'd  stables. i 

JHSTO'RrA,  the  goddess  of  histo;y.  i 

HORTEN'SIS,  a  num.;  of  Venus. 

HO'I<r3,  a  title  of  the  sun. 
.  KOS'J'U-I'NA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 
414 


lACCHUS,  a  name  of  Bacchus. 

lAiN'THE,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Ipliis. 

LAP'ETUS,  a  son  of  Coehim  and  Terra. 

lAR'BAS,  a  cruel  king  of  Mauritania. 

ICA'RIUS,  the  eon  of  Oebalus,  who,  having 

received  from  Bacchus  a  bottle  of  wine,  went 

loquence.    that  many  of  his   auditors    killed!  into  Attica,  to  show  men  the  use  of  it;    but, 

iniaking  some  shepherds  drunk,  they  thought  he 
jhad  given  them  poison,  and  therefore  threw  him 
into  a  well. 

I  ICARUS,  the  son  of  Daedalus,  who,  flying 
I  with  his  father  out  of  Crete  into  Sicily,  and 
■soaring  too  high,  melted  the  wax  of  his  wings, 
'and  fell  into  the  sea,  thence  called  the  Icarian 
sea. 

I'D  A,  a  mountain  near  Troy. 

n)ii;'A  MATER,  a  name  of  Cvbele. 

TD^'I  DACTYLf,  priests  of  Cybole. 

IDA'IJA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

ID'MON,  a  famous  soothsayer. 

HlO'THEA,  Jupiter's  mirse. 

IL'IONE,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Priam. 

ILIS'BUS,  a  river  in  Attica. 

rH'8,  tlie  son  of  Tros  and  Callirrhoe,  from 
whom  Troy  was  called  Ilium. 

IMPERA'TOR,  a  name  of  Jupiter. 

IN'ACHIS  and  I'SE.^,  names  of  lo. 

PN'O,  ilaughter  of  Cadmus  and  Hermionet, 
and  wife  of  Athamas. 

INTERCIDO'NA,  a  goddess  of  breeding  wo- 
men. 

IXTERDU'CA,  atid  .HI'GA,  names  of  Juno, 

IN'UUS,  and  INCUBUS,  nan-s  of  Pan. 

PC,  daughter  of  Inachus,  transformed  by  Ju- 
piter, into  a  white  heifer ;  but  afterwards, 
resuming  her  former  shape,  was  worshipped 
as  a  goddess  by  the  Egyptians,  under  the  name 
of  Isis. 

IPH'!CLUS,  the  twin  brother  of  Herctiles. 

IPHIGE'lNEA,  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytemnestra,  who,  atnnding  as  a  victim  ready 
to  be  sacrificed  to  appease  the  rage  of  Diana, 
was,  by  that  goddess  transformed  into  a  while 
hart,  carried  to  Tauris.  aii'i  made  her  priesless, 

ITHLS,  ^  prince  of  Cyprus,  who  hanged  him- 
self fur  love  ;  u'.^o  n  daiignter  of  Evgdas. 

IPIJ'ITUS,  son  of  Praxonides,  wlio  instituted 
Olyni]iic  games  lo  Hercules. 

i'RiS,  the  daughter  of  Thaunias ;  .she  was 
Juno's  favourite  companion,  and  her  messenger 
oil  atVairs  of  discoid;  &c. 

I'TYS,  the  son  of  Tereus  and  Progne,  mur- 
,iered  arwl  served  up  by  his  mother  at  a  banquet 
before  Tereus,  in  revenge  tor  his  having  forcibly 
ijdcfloureii  her  sister  Philomela. 

LXl'ON,  the  son  of  Phlcgyas,  wlio  was  fasten 


MA 


ed  III  hell  to  a  wticci  perpetually  turning  round, 
fur  boasting  that  lie  had  lain  with  Juno. 

J  AN'ITOR,  and  JITNO'NU'S,  titled  of  Janus. 

JA'i\US,  the  first  king  of  Italy,  son  of  Apollo 
and  tJreusa. 

J.^'SON,  a  Thessalian  prince,  son  of  /Eson, 
who  bv  Medea's  help  brought  a\vay  the  golden 
fleece  from  Colchis. 

JOCAS'TA,  the  daugliler  of  Crcon,  who  un- 
wittin;.'ly  married  her  own  son  CTklipus. 

JC'iVO,  the  sister  and  wife  of  Jniiiler. 

JU'NO  INFER'NA,  a  name  of  I'loserpine. 

JUNO'NESS,  guardian  angels  of  women. 

JUTITKU,  a  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  tlic  su- 
preme deity  of  the  heathens. 

JUI'lTERSKCUNDI'S,  a  name  of  Neptune 

JUPITER  TER'TIUS,  INFER'Nl^S,  or 
STY'tilUS,  several  appellations  given  to  Tluto. 

JUVEM'TA,  a  goddess  of  youths. 


.  LA'CHESrg,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 

LACIN'IA,  and  LUCIL'IA,  titles  of  Jnno. 

LACTU'RA,  or  l.ACTUCl'N  A,  a  goddess  of 
corn. 

L.€;STRIG'ONES,  cannibals  of  Italy,  who 
roasted  and  ate  the  companions  of  Ulysses. 

L.V'III:?,  a  kiiif:  of  Thebes,  killed  unwittingly 
by  his  own  son  CEdipus. 

LA'MI/^C,  a  name  of  the  Gorgons. 

L.VOC'OON,  a  son  of  Priam,  and  high-priest 
of  Apollo ;  he  and  liis  two  sons  were  killed  by 
serpents  for  opposing  the  reception  of  the  wooden 
horse  into  Troy. 

LAPIS,  or  LAPID'EUS,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

LA' RES,  sons  of  Mercury  and  Lara,  worship- 
ped as  household  sods. 

LATERA'NU.*,  a  household  god. 
•LAV'ER'JV.V,  a  goddess  of  thieves. 

LEAN'DER.    See  Hero. 

LE'DA,  daughter  of  Thestias,  and  wife  of 
Tyndarus,  seduced  by  Jupiter  in  the  shape  of  a 
ivvan. 
•  LEMONI'ADES,  nymphs  of  meadows,  &c. 

LE'NyE,  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

LER'NA,  a  marsh  of  Argos,  famous  for  a 
nydra,  killed  there  by  Hercules. 

LE'THE,  ariverof  hell,  wlKJse  waters  caused 
a  total  forgetfulness  of  things  past. 

LEVA'NA,  a  godde.ss  of  new  born  infants. 

■  LIBITI'NA,  the  goddess  of  funerals. 

LTNUS,  son  of  Apollo  and  Terpsichore. 

•LUBEN'TIA,  the  goddess  of  pleasure. 

LU'CIFER,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Aurora,  made 
llie  morning  star. 

LIJ'N.A,  Diana's  name  in  heaven. 

L(;PERC.\'LIA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Pan. 

LTIPER'CI,  priests  of  Pan. 

LYCA'ON,  a  king  of  Arcadia,  turned  by  Ju- 
piter into  a  wolf. 


M 


MA'IA,  loved  by  Jupiter,  and  by  him  turned 
Into  a  star  to  avoid  Juno's  rage. 

MANAGENETA,  a  goddess  of  women  in 
labour. 
•  MANTU'RA,  a  goddess  of  com. 

MANTUR'NA,  and   ME'iVA,  nuptial  god- 
Jesses. 

MARl'NA,  MEL'ANIS,  MER'ETRIX.  MI- 
GONITIS,  and  MUR'CIA,  lilies  of  Vcuus 
•MARS,  the  god  of  war. 


NO 

MAUSO'LUS,  a  king  of  Caria,  who  had  a 
most  niagiiitR'ent  tomb  erected  to  hnn  by  his 
wife  Artemisia. 

MEPE'A,  daughter  of  jEtes,  king  of  Colchis, 
a  fanuius  sorceress,  who  assisted  Jason  to  obtain 
the  jjolden  fleece. 

MKDl'I'Rl'M.'V,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

MEItl.''.S.A,  the  chief  of  the  three  Uorgona. 

MKG^E'R/V,  one  of  the  Ihr'jc  Furies. 

MRGALE.NSI.^,  festivals  in  honour  of 
Cybele. 

ME(;A'R.\,  the  wife  of  Hercules. 

MELAM'R.\,  a  name  of  Venus. 

ME'LI^/i'.,  nyntphs  of  the  fields. 

MlVLirS,  a  name  of  Hercules. 

Mr;L(,»'NA,  the  goddess  of  honey. 

MELPOM'ENE,  the  muse  of  tragedy. 

MEM'NON,  a  king  of  Abydos. 

MI-'i\.\L.\'l,'S,  a  famous  Centaur. 

MI:NELA'LTS,  the  hushand  of  Helena. 

MF.N'THA,  a  mistrr.ss  of  Pluto. 

MF.N'TOR,  the  governor  of  Teleinachus. 

MER'CURY,  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  in- 
ventor of  letters,  atid  god  of  eloquence,  mer- 
chandise, and  robbers. 

MER'OPE,  one  of  the  seven  Pleiades. 

Ml'DAS,  aking  of  Phrygia,  who  entertaining 
Bacchus/or,  as  some  say,  Sileiius,'  had  the  power 
given  him  of  turning  whatever  he  touched  into 
jold. 

MI'LO,  a  wrestler  of  remarkable  strength. 

MIMAL'EONES,  attendants  on  Bacchus. 

.MINER'VA,  the  goddess  of  wisdom. 

Ml'NOS,  a  king  of  Crete,  made,  for  his  extra- 
ordinary justice,  a  judge  of  hell. 

MI.N'OTAUR,  a  monster,  half  man,  half  beast 

Ml.N'Y.C,  a  name  of  the  Argonauts. 
.  MN  EMOS'YN  R,  the  goddess  of  memory. 

^l()'Mi;s,  the  pod  of  raillery,  wit,  &.c. 

MOXE'TA,  a  title  of  Juno. 

•  MoirpHEUS,  the  god  of  sleep,  dreams,  tec. 

•  MORS,  the  goddess  of  doath. 
MITL'CIBER,  a  title  of  Vulcan. 
JklU'rfF.S,  nine  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnc- 

iiosyiie,  born  on  mount  Pierius,  mistresses  of  all 
the  sciences,  presidents  of  musicians,  and  poets, 
and  governesses  of  the  feasts  of  the  gods  ;  Cal- 
liope, Clin,  Erato,  Euterpe,  Melpomene,  Poly- 
hyninia,  Terpsichore,  Thalia,  and  Urania. 
.  MU'TA,  the  goddess  of  silence. 


NiENIA,  the  goddess  of  funeral  pongs. 

NA'I.MJES,  nymphs  of  rivers,  &c. 

NARCIS'SUS,  a  very  beautiful  youth,  who/ 
falling  in  love  with  his  own  shadow  in  the 
water,  pined  awav  into  a  daffodil. 

-NA'TIO,  and  NUi\DI'.\A,  goddesses  of  in- 
fants. 

NEM^.'A,  a  countrj'  of  Elis,  famed  for  a 
terrible  lion  killed  there  by  Hercules. 

.NEM'ESIS,  the  goddess  of  revenge. 
•  NEP'TU.NE  the  god  of  the  sta. 

JVE'REIDES,  sea  nymphs. 

NE'RIO,  the  wife  of  Mars. 

NICEPH'ORUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

Nl'NUS,  the  first  king  of  the  .Assyrians. 

NI'OBE,  daughter  of  Tantalus  and  wife  of 
.'Vmphion,  who,  preferring  herself  to  Latona, 
had  her  14  children  killed  by  Diana  and  Apollo, 
and  wept  herself  into  a  statue. 

NO'MIUS,  a  name  of  Apollo. 

NOX,  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  deities;  she 
was  ev«n  reckoned  older  than  Chaos. 
415 


PH 


OB'SEQUEXS,  a  title  of  Fortuna. 
.  OCCA'TOR,  the  god  of  harrowing. 

OCE'ANUS,  an  ancient  staged. 
•  OCYP'ETE,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 

CEO'IPUS,  son  of  Laius  and  Jocasla,  and 
kiiip  of  Thebes,  who  soived  tlie  riddle  of  tlie 
Sphinx,  unwittingly  killed  his  father,  marrieii 
tais  mother,  and  at  last  ran  mud,  and  tore  out 
liis  eyes. 

OM'PHALE,  a  queen  of  Lydia,  with  whom 
Hercules  was  so  enamoured,  that  she  made  him 
Eubniit  to  spinning  and  other  unbecoming  offices. 

OPEK'TUS,  a  name  of  Pluto. 

OPIGENA,  a  name  of  Juno. 

OPS,  a  name  ofC'ybele. 
■  ORBO'NA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

ORES'TES,  the  son  of  Agamemnon. 

OR  TON,  a  great  and  mighty  hunter. 

OR'PHEL'S,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Calliope,  who 
had  great  skill  in  music,  and  was  torn  in  pieces, 
by  the  Ma'nadcs,  for  dislikinc  the  company  of 
women  after  the  death  of  his  wife  Eurydice. 

OEYTHP A ,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons. 

OSIRIS.    See  Apis. 


k 


PAC'TOLUS,  a  river  of  Lydia,  with  golden 
sands  and  medicinal  waters. 

Pxt'AN,  and  PHCE'bUS,  names  of  Apollo. 
•PA'LES,  the  goddess  of  shepherds. 

P.'VLIL'I.'\,  feast.s  in  honour  of  Pales. 

PALLA'DILM,  a  slatue  of  Minerva,  which 
the  Trojans  imagined  fell  from  heaven,  and  that 
their  city  could  not  be  taken  whilst  that  remain- 
ed in  it. 

PAL'LAS,  and  PYLOTIS,  names  of  Mi- 
nerva. 
•  PAX,  the  god  of  shepherds. 

PANDO'RA,  the  first  woman  made  by  Vul- 
can, and  endowed  with  gifts  by  all'the  deities  ; 
Jupiter  gave  her  a  box  containing  all  manner 
of  evils,  war,  famine,  &c.  with  hope  at  the 
bottom. 

PAN'OPE,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

PA'PHIA,  a  title  of  Venus. 

FAK'CJE,  a  name  of  the  Fates. 

PAR'IS,  or  AL'EXANUER,  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  a  most  beautiful  youth,  who  ran  away 
with  Helena,  and  occasioned  the  Trojan  war 

PARN  AS'SITS,  a  mountain  of  Phocis,  famous 
for  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  being  the  favourite 
residence  of  the  Muses. 

.PAR'Tl'NDA,  a  nuptial  goddess. 

PASTOPH'ORI.  priests  of  Isis. 

PAT'ARECS,  a  title  of  Apollo. 
.PATELl'NA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

PATULA'CIUS,  a  name  of  Janus. 

PATULE'IUS,  a  name  of  Jupiter. 

PAVEN'TIA,  and  POLI'NA,  goddesses  of  in 
fants. 

PEG'ASUS,  a  winged  horse  belonging  to 
Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

.PELLO'NI.^,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

FEN'A'TES,  small  statues  or  household  gods 

PENEL'OPE,  daughter  of  Icarus,  celebrated 
for  her  chn?tity  and  fidelity  during  the  long  ab-l 
sence  of  Ulysses.  I 

FER'SEUS,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Dnnae,  who 
performed    many    extraordinary    exploits    by 
means  of  Medusa's  head. 
PH.a^CA6lA'KJ,  ancient  gods  of  Greece. 
416 


PY 

PHA'ETON,  .<on  of  Sol  (Apollo)  and  ciy- 
mene,  who  asked  the  guidance  of  his  father's 
chariot  for  one  day,  a^  a  proof  of  his  divine  de- 
scent ;  but  unable  to  manage  the  horses,  set  the 
world  on  fire,  and  was  therefore  struck  by  Ja 
piter  with  a  thunderbolt  into  the  river  Po. 

PHAL'LICA.  fea.-ls  of  IJacrhus. 

PHILA.M'MON,  a  skilful  musician. 

PHILOME'LA,  daughter  of  Pandion,  kingof 
Athens,  who  was  ravished  by  her  brother-in- 
law,  Tereus,  and  was  changed  inte  a  nightin- 
gale. 

PHLN'EAS,  son  of  Agenor,  and  king  of  Pa- 
phlagonia,  who  had  his  ejes  torn  out  by  Dorea'^, 
but  was  recompensed  with  the  knowledge  of 
fulurity  :  also  a  king  of  Thrace,  turned  into  a 
stone  by  Perseus,  by  the  help  of  Medusa's  head. 

PHLEG'ETHOX,  a  boiling  river  of  hell. 
.  PHLE'GON,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  Sol. 

PHLEG'Yj-E,  a  people  of  Bceotia,  destroyed 
by  Neptune,  on  account  of  their  piracies  and 
other  Crimea. 

PHCE'UAS,  the  priestess  of  Apollo. 

PHCE'BUS,  a  title  of  Apollo. 

PHQ^'NIX,  son  of  Amyntor,  who,  being  false- 
ly accused  of  having  attempted  the  honour  of 
one  of  his  father's  concubines,  was  condemned 
to  have  his  eyes  torn  out ;  but  was  cured  by 
Chiion,  and  went  with  Achilles  to  the  siege  of 
Trov. 
.PiCUM'NUS,  a  rural  god. 

PILUM'NUS,  a  god  of  breeding  women. 

PIN'DI'S,  a  mountain  of  Thessaly. 
•  PI'THO,  a  goddess  of  eloquence. 

PLEIADES,  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas 
and  Pleione  ;  Mala,  Electra,  Taygete,  Asterope, 
Merope,  Halcyone,   and   Celoeno;   they  were 
changed  into  stars. 
.  PLUTO,  the  god  of  hell. 
■  PLU'TUS,  the  god  of  riche.-. 

POLLUX.    See  CASTOR. 

POLYD'AMAS,  a  famous  wrestler. 

POLYD'IUS,  a  famous  prophet  and  physi- 
cian. 
.  POLYHYM'NIA,  the  muse  of  rhetoric. 

POLYPHE'MUS,  a  monstrous  giant,  son  of 
Neptune,  witii  but  one  eye  in  the  middle  of  his 
I'orehead. 
.  POMO'NA,  Uiegoddessof  fruits  and  autumn. 

POSE'IDON,  a  name  of  Neptune. 

PRiENESTI'NA,  a  name  of  Fortuna. 

PRyES'TES,  a  title  of  Jupiter  and  Minerva. 

PRAXIT'ELES,  a  famous  statuary. 

PRI'AM,  son  of  Laomedon,  and  father  of  Pa- 
ris, Hector,  &c. :  he  was  the  last  king  of  Troy. 

PROG'NE,  wife  of  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace, 
and  sister  to  Philomela  ;  she  was  turned  into  a 
swallow. 

PROME'THEUS,  son  of  lapetus,  who  anima- 
ted a  man  that  he  had  formed  of  clay,  with  fire, 
which,  by  the  assistance  of  Minerva,  he  stole 
from  heaven,  and  was  therefore  chained  by  Ju- 
[  piter  to  mount  Caucasus,  with  a  vulture  coBti- 
nuallv  praying  on  his  liver. 

PROPYhJE'A,  a  name  of  Hecate. 

PROS' ERPINE,  the  wife  of  Pluto. 

PRO'TEUS,  a  seagod,  who  could  transform 
himself  into  any  ehape. 
,  PSY'CHE,  the  goddess  of  pleasMre. 

PYL'ADES,  the  constant  friend  of  Orestes; 

PYR'A.MUS,  and  THIS'BE,  two  lovers,  of 
r.abylon,  who  killed  themselves  with  the  same 
sword,  and  occasioned  the  turning  the  berries 
(Of  the  mulberry-tree,  under  which  they  died, 
ifrom  white  to  red. 
I    PYROE'TISjoneoflhefourhorscBoftheSUn. 


SY 

PYK'RIIL'S,  son  of  Achilles,  remarkable  for 

bis  fruclty  at  tlif  siege  of  Troy. 
PY'THON,  a  huge  serppnl,  produceil  from  the 

mud  of  the  deluge,  wliic.h  Apollo  killed,  and, 

In    memory    thereof,    instituted    the    Pyiiiian 

games. 
PVTHONIS'SA,  the  priestess  of  Apollo. 


Q 


QUAD'RIFRONS,  a  title  of  Janus. 
QUl'ES,  a  g<jddpss  of  grown  persons. 
aUlETA'LlS  and  QUIE'TL'S,  names    of 
Fluio. 
QUINaUATRIA,  feasts  of  Pallas. 


R 


REC'TUP,  a  title  of  Bacchus. 
HE'DUX  and  RE'GIA,  titles  of  Fortune. 
REdl'NA,  a  title  of  Juno. 
.RHAPAMAN'THUS,  one  of  the  three  infer 
Hal   judges. 
Rlll"/A,atitleof  CybnI6. 
RHK'A  HYL'VIA,  the  mother  of  Romulus. 
R0BI'(;L'S,  a  god  of  com. 
RO.MU'LUe,  the  first  king  of  Rome. 
RU'.MIN.\,  agoddessof  new  born  infants. 
•  RU.\'C1'N  A,  tile  goddess  of  weeding. 
BUSI'NA,  a  rural  deity. 


SABA'ZIA,  feasts  of  Proserpine. 

SA'LII,  the  12  frantic  priests  of  Mare. 

SALMONE'US,  a  king  of  Elis,  struck  by  a 
thunderbolt  to  hell  for  imitating  Jupiter's  thun- 
der. 

•  SA'LUS,  the  godile.<^  of  health. 
.SANO'US,  a  god  of  theSablnes. 

SA'TOR  and  SORRITOK,  rural  gods. 

SATURNA'LIA,  feasts  of  Saturn. 

SATrRWUS,  or  SAT'URN,  the  son  of  Cce- 
lum  and  Terra. 

S.\T'YRS,  the  attendants  of  Bacchus,  homed 
monsters,  half  men,  half  goats. 

SCV'RON,  a  famous  robber  of  Attica. 
,SE'IA,  and  SEGI'/TIA,  goddesses  of  corn. 

i=EI/Iil,  priests  of  Jupiter. 

•  PEN'TA,  a  goddess  of  married  women. 
SERA  PIS.    See  APIS. 

-SII.E'NUS,  the  foster-father  and  companion 
of  Bacchus,  who  lived  in  Arcadia,  rode  on  an 
ass,  and  was  drunk  every  day. 

SI'MIS,  a  famous  robber,  killed  by  Hercules. 

SIS'YPHUS,  the  son  of  Aeolus,  killed  hy  The- 
seus, and  doomed  incessantly  to  roll  a  huge 
stone  up  a  mountain  in  hell  for  his  perfidy  and 
numerous  robberies. 

SOL,  a  name  of  Apollo. 

•  SOM'NUS,  the  god  of  sleep. 

SPHINX,  a  monster,  born  of  Syphon  and 
Echidna,  who  destroyed  herself  because  CTIdi- 
pus  solved  the  eiiisma  she  proposed. 

STA'TA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

ST1;N'T0R,  a  Grecian,  whose  voice  is  report- 
ed to  have  been  as  strong  and  as  loud  as  the  voi- 
ces ot  .SO  men  together. 

.STIIE'NO,  one  of  the  three  Gorgons. 

STYX,  a  river  of  hell. 
.SIIA'DA,  a  nuptial  goddess. 

srMMA'.VUS,  a  name  of  Pluto. 

J5YLV.\'NU9,  a  god  of  woods  and  forests. 

SY'RRXS,  seamonsteiH. 


VU 


.  TA'CIT.A,  a  goddess  of  silence. 

TAN'TALUS,  a  king  of  Paphlagonia,  who, 
serving  up  to  table  the  limbs  of  his  son  Pelnps, 
to  try  the  divinity  of  Uiegods,  was  plunged  to 
the  chin  in  a  lake  of  hell,  and  doomed  to  ever- 
lasting thirst  and  hunger,  as  a  punishment  for 
his  barbaritv  and  impiety. 

T.\RT.'\'RUS,  the  place  of  the  wicked  in  hell. 

T.VU'RUS,  the  bull  under  whose  form  Jupi- 
ter carried  away  Europa. 

TELCIH'NES,  priests  of  Cybele. 

TEEEMA'CHUS,  the  only  son  of  Ulysses. 

TEM'PE,  a  most  beautiful  valley  in  Thessaly, 
the  resort  of  the  gods. 
,  TIOR'MINTS,  the  god  of  boundaries. 

•TERPSICilO'RE,  the  muse  of  music,  &c. 

•  TERROR,  the  god  of  dread  and  fear. 
.TH.A'El.A,  the  muse  of  comedy. 

•  THE'MIS,  the  daughter  of  CiTlura  and  Terra, 
the  godiless  of  laws,  oracles,  &c. 

Tlir.S'PIS,  the  first  tragic  poet. 

.THETIS,  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris,  add 
goddess  of  the  sea. 

THYR'SIS,  the  rod  of  Bacchus. 

Tl'PHYS,  the  pUotof  tJie  ship  Areo. 
.TISIPH'ONE,  one  of  the  three  Furies. 

TITAN,  son  of  Coelnm  and  Terra,  and  tUa 
elder  brother  of  Saturnus,  or  Saturn. 

TMA  Rirs,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

TRrT()N,  Neptune's  trumpeter. 

TRrTONI.A,a  name  of  Minerva. 

TRO'ILCS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

TROY,  a  city  of  Phrygia.  famous  for  holding 
out  a  siege  of  ton  years  against  the  Greeks,  but 
Ihey  at  last  raptured  and  destroyed  it. 

■  Tl'TKLI'NA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

.TY'RO,  one  of  the  Nereids. 


U 

ULYS'fiES,  son  of  Laertes  and  Anticlea,  and 
king  of  Ithaca,  who,  by  his  subtlety  and  elo- 
quence, was  eminently  serviceable  to  the  Greek*, 
in  the  "Trojan  war. 

I'NX'I.A,  a  title  of  Jimo. 

URA'MA,  the  muse  of  astronomy. 


•VACU'NA,  the  goddess  of  idle  persons: 

•  VAGITA'NUS,  a  god  of  little  infants. 
.V.M.I.O'NIA,  a  goddess  of  valleys. 

VENi'LlA,  a  wife  of  Neptune. 
.VE'Nl't?,  the  goddess  o»f  love,  beauty. 
VERGIL'IA;,  a  name  of  the  Pleiades. 
VERTKOR'niA,  a  name  of  Venus. 
ATRTl'MMS,  the  god  of  the  spring 
•VES'TA,  Ihe  goddess  of  fire. 
VIA'LES,  deities  of  the  highwiirs. 
•VIBIL'IA,  the  goddess  of  wanderers. 
•VIRG.'MEN'SIS,  a  nuptial  goddess. 
VIU'GO,  a  name  of  .AStrea  and  Fortune. 
VIRILIS,  and  VIPCA'TA,  titirs  of  Fortune. 

•  VIRI'PL.-VC.A,  an  iuforior  nuptial  goddess, 
who  reconciled  husbands  to  iheir  w  ives ;  a  tem- 
ple, at  Rome,  was  dedicated  to  her,  whither  the 
inarried  couple  repaired  after  a  quarrel,  and  re- 
turned together  friendly. 

•  VITU'LA,  the  goddess  of  mirth. 

•  VOLU'SIA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

'  VIIL'C.AN,  the  goU  of  subtetraneous  fire. 
417 


1 


ZA 


ZE 


XtVN'THUS,  one  of  the  horses  of  Achilles, 
born  of  the  harpy  Celoeno,  a  river  near  Troy, 
called  also  Scamander. 


ZA'GREUS,.atitieof  Bacctntf) 


ZEFH'YRUS,  sonof /Tolusand  Aurora,  who 
passionately  loved  Uie  goddess  Flora,  and  is  put 
for  the  west  wind. 

ZE'TES  and  CA'LAIS,  sons  of  Boreas  and 
Orythia,  who  accompanied  the  Argonauts,  and 
drove  the  Harpies  from  Thrace. 

ZE'TUS,  a  80n  of  Jupiter  and  Antiope,  very 
expert  in  Music. 

ZE'US,  a  title  of  Jupiter, 


418 


A  SHORT 
BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


OF  SOME  OP  THE  MOST 


MmM^  Mfm^  QisUiiS^im'M'mt 


IN  VARIOUS  PARTS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

1825. 


AL 


AN 


A  DAMS,  Juhn,  late  presideat  of  tlie  United 
■**■  States,  wa8  born  at  Boston,  about  1735,  and 
bred  to  the  bar,  at  wliicli  he  became  a  dietinguish- 
ed  member.  He  was  conspicuuiis  as  one  of  the 
tiret  and  most  decided  opponents  ot  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  British  govcrnmeiii,  on  the  rights 
and  hberties  of  the  colonies,  and  as  one  of  the' 
most  energetic  friends  of  tlie  revolution.  He! 
was  a  member  of  the  continental  congress  m 
1770,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration 
of  Independence.  He  was  afterwards  sent  as 
minister  from  the  congress  to  Holland,  and  was 
acknowledged  in  that  character  by  the  states. 
\Vhile  he  retained  that  station,  he  rendered  im- 
portant services  to  his  country  by  procuring 
loans,  and  concluding  treaties  of  amity  and  com- 
merce. Toward  the  close  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  lie  was  appointed,  together  with  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, Mr.  Jay,  and  Mr.  Laurens,  commissioner 
for  nuu'oliating  a  peace  with  Great  Britain  ;  witlil 
this  view  he  repaired  to  Paris,  where  with  his 
colleagues,  he  had  the  high  honour  of  procuring 
the  rucoguitioii  of  the  entire  independence  ol  | 
the  colonies  by  that  power,  and  of  signing  a 
treaty  of  peace  to  thalelfect.  He  was  afterwards; 
tiie  first  ambassador  from  the  United  States  to; 
Great  Britai.i.  On  the  adoption  of  the  constitu-i 
tion  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Adauis  waschoscni 
first  vice  president,  and  on  the  rairement  ol  ge  I 
neral  Washington  at  the  close  olnis  second  pre-| 
sideniial  term,  he  succeeded  Uini  as  predident 
of  tlie  United  Stales.  Mr.  Aflains  has  resided 
as  a  private  citizen  on  his  estate  at  Quincy,' 
■-.ince  his  retirement  from  the  presidency.  He! 
ftas  written  an  able  defence  vi  the  coiiEtitution' 
of  the  United  States.  I 

AD.-VMS,  John  Quincy,  is  the  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  was  bom  atUuincy,  about  17ti5.  lie 
has  long  been  engaged  in  public  life,  .is  the  re- 
pre.'^enialive  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  United  I 
States  senate,  and  of  his  country,  as  her  am- 1 
bassador  at  several  of  the  European  courts.  He 
was  one  of  the  commissioners,  who  signed  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  at  Ghent,  in 
1815.  The  following  year  be  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state  under  Mr.  Monroe,  and  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  that  office,  for  eight  years, 
with  (iisiiiiguistied  reputation  and  ability.  Mr. 
Adams  is  now  president  of  the  United  States, 
for  the  term  of  lour  years,  from  the  4th  day  of 
March,  Wi5. 

ALli.K.^NDER,  Paulowitz,  emperor  of  Uus- 
,<ia,  IS  the  eldt:st  son  of  Faul  I.  He  was  born 
December  !K,  1777,  and  married  to  Elizabeth 
AlexuAvna,   princess  oi    Baden,  in    1793.      He 


at  Moscow  the  same  year.  The  first  acts  of  his 
reign,  were  distinguished  for  their  wisdom  and 
lenity.  He  ordered  the  recruiting  for  the  army 
to  be  discontinued,  the  public  taxes  to  be  dimin- 
ished, the  situation  of  the  e.viles  to  be  examined, 
and  their  miseries  alleviated  ;  he  abolished  the 
cen.Morship  of  writings,  and  gave  liberty  to  the 
press  ;  he  corrected  llie  adminisiratiun  of  jus- 
tice; established  a  uniformity  of  weights  and 
measures,  throughout  his  empire ;  encouraged 
learning  and  .icience,  and  patronized  literary 
men ;  and  also  liberally  endowed  schools  and 
univcrsitie.s,  in  different  parld  of  the  empire. 
The  invasion  of  Kussia  in  1812,  by  Napoleon, 
and  the  subsequent  events  which  resulted  in  the 
defeat  and  deilironement  of  that  emperor,  are 
familiarly  known  ;  they  were  such  as  greatly 
to  elevate  the  character  and  influence  of  Alex- 
ander, and  to  place  him  first  on  the  list  of  Euro- 
pean sovereigns.  Later  events,  however,  have 
contributed  farther  to  develope  his  character ; 
they  have  shown  him  haughty,  ambitious,  and 
lyrannical ;  the  champion  of  legitimacy  ;  the 
enemy  of  liberal  principles  of  civil  government, 
and  the  decideil  opponent  of  reform.  He  is  now 
the  mast  Qtlicimt  member  of  the  Holy  Alliance. 
ANGOULEME,  Louis  Anthony  de  Bourbon, 
due  d',  dauphin  of  France,  is  the  oldest  son  of 
(.'harles  X.,  king  of  France,  and  of  Maria 
Theresa,  princess  of  Savoy.  He  was  born  at 
Versailles,  in  1  <  /5,  and  in  early  life  was  distin- 
guished for  his  mild  and  amiable  di.<position, 
and  for  his  studious  habits.  .At  the  beginning 
of  the  French  revolution,  he  emigrated  with  his 
father  to  the  court  of  Turin,  where  for  some 
tinie  he 'devoted  himself  to  his  studies.  He 
afterwards  commanded  a  corps  of  eniigrants  in 
Germany.  In  1799,  he  married  the  only  daugh- 
ter and  surviving  child  of  Louis  XVI.,  his  pa- 
ternal uncle.  For  several  years  he  resided  at 
different  European  couru:,  as  the  ijiterest  or  in- 
clinations  of  the  sovereigns  permitted,  until  1800, 
when  he  visited  England,  where  lie  remained 
until  t!ie  accession  of  Louis  XVIH.  lo  rhe 
throne.  As  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom, 
ho  was  taken  prisoner  by  marshal  Grouchy, 
when  Buonaparte  returned  from  Elba,  but  was 
[lermitled  by  the  emperor  to  retire.  Since  that 
time  he  has  only  appeared  in  public,  as  com- 
mander of  the  French  armies,  in  the  late  inva- 
sion of  Spain.  He  is  heir  apparent  to  the  French 
throne.  The  duke  and  his  dutchess  are  said  to 
be  extremely  devout,  but  not  sufficiently  tolerant 
toward  the  protestantsof  the  kingdom. 

•— -■  •■- -     ' - I      ANGOULE.ME,   Maria  Theresa   Charlotte, 

HP  iii.|.-d  the  throne  in  1»0I,  arid  was  crowned  lldutchesa  d'.  is  the  sole  surviving  child  of  Louia 

419 


XVI  and  bU  queen  Maria  Antoinette  ;  she  mar 
tied  0^e  duke  iii  1799.  The  unparalleled  niits 
fortunes  of  her  early  lile,  have  rendered  her 
jiielancboly,  both  in  appearance  and  in  reality  ; 
Bhc  has  diank  too  deep  of  the  bitter  cup  of 
attiiction,  ever  to  forget  it ;  and  the  iracrs  of  her 
unexampled  misery,  are  probably  indelible.  She 
is  however  distinguished  for  her  piety,  benevo 
lence  and  humanity.  The  events  of  her  life, 
are  idcntilled  wiih  the  history  of  FrarKe,  and 
nf  the  revolution.  On  the  return  of  Buonaparte 
Irom  Elba,  she  retired  to  Bourdtaux,  where  she 
was  received  with  acclaination.'i ;  but  bcinp  af- 
terwards deserted  by  the  inhabitants,  she  em- 
barked on  board  an  En^^Iish  vessel  for  London, 
from  which  place  she  joined  Louis  XVIII.  at 
Ghent ;  she  returned  to  Paris  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo  ;  she  ba^  bad  no  cliildreu. 
B 

BADEN,  Charles  Louis  Frederick,  duke  of, 
was  born  in  1786,  and  married  in  I8O0 10  a  cousin 
oftlie  empress  Josephine,  and  the  adopted  dun  jili- 
terof  Napoleon.  He  succeeded  10  the  dukedom 
of  Baden,  in  1810.  During  the  vars  on  the  con- 
tinent, he  served  with  reputation,  in  several 
campaitnis  under  Buonaparte,  by  whom  he  was 
highly  esteeined.  The  misfortunes  of  the  em- 
peror, however,  and  the  disasters  of  the  Russian  | 
campaign,  led  him  to  form  new  connexions  with  1 
tlie  other  sovereigns  of  Kurope;  he  jfjined  the 
allies,  fought  against  the  emperor,  and  was  re- 
warded by  t!i€  allies,  with  an  accession  of  terri- 
tory. He  is  one  of  the  lew  German  princes,  who 
lias  given  a  constitution  to  his  people,  founded  on 
the  same  basis  as  that  of  the  kingdom  of  VVir- 
temburij. 

B.-^ILLIE,  Joanna,  is  a  single  lady,  who  re- 
sides chiefly  in  her  native  country,  Scotland. 
She  is  distinguished  forheria!entsaud  wriiinRs, 
and  has  published  a  series  of  plays  in  several 
volumes,  illustrative  of  the  stronj,'  passions  of 
the  mind.  She  has  also  written  a  collection  of 
meirict'.l  legends  of  eminent  ciiai-aciers  in  one 
volume. 

BARBAULD,  Anna  Letitia,  is  the  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  John  Aiken,  an  Engli-^h  dissenting 
clersyman,  and  wife  of  the  Rev.  R.  Barbauld,'  through  which  ihe-v 
master  of  a  school  in  Norfolk,    f  iie  was  born  in  i'and  contribui 


BE 

^iiice  so  much  distinguished.  In  1702,  he  was 
sent  by  the  elector  of  Cologn,  to  Vienna,  to 
Istudy  the  theory  of  music,  under  llie  cele- 
brated Haydn  ;  he  lias  continued  10  reside  in 
that  city  since,  under  the  patronage  of  several 
distinguished  noblemen,  by  whom  he  is  mum 
ticeiitly  supported.  His  works  are  far  too  nu- 
merous to  be  mentioned  here  ;  they  are  uni- 
versally known,  and  are  admitted  to  be  produc- 
Itions  of  the  highest  order :  many  of  iheiii  will 
he  heard  with  delight,  after  tlie  overtures,  even 
of  Mozart.  Beethoven  is  extremely  deaf:  this, 
together  with  a  degree  of  inattention  to  tne  or- 
dinary rules  of  politeness  in  private  lile,  has  de- 
jtracted  somewhat  from  bis  reputation.  He  is 
however,  said  to  possess  a  nice  sense  of  honour 
;i!id  ot'  moral  rectitude,  and  an  cxteiihive  ac- 
quaimance  with  literary  and  scientific  subjects. 
BERXADOTI'E,  John  Baptist  Julius,  now 
Charles  John,  king  of  Sweden,  is  the  son  of  a 
citizei!  ol  Pau,  in  liearn.  He  was  born  January 
•X,  1704,  and  alter  receiving  a  limited  education, 
commenced  his  career,  as  a  private  soldier  in  a 
regiment  of  roya!  marines,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  French  revolution.  His  activity  and  valour 
soon  raised  him  from  obscurity ;  in  179-,  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  colonel,  and  the  next  year, 
that  of  general  of  brigade.  From  that  lime,  hia 
reputation  as  an  officer  rapidly  increased,  and 
his  promotion  in  the  French  service,  conse- 
quently followed.  He  was  appointed  ambas- 
sador tioni  France  to  Vienna,  and  to  the  Hague ; 
connnander-in-cliief  of  the  army  ot  the  west, 
and  minister  of  war.  Buonaparte  made  liini  a 
marshal  of  the  empire,  and  g.tve  hiui  tile  princi- 
pality of  Ponte  Corvo.  He  was  also  decorated 
with  the  order  of  the  Eagle  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  with  the  insignia  of  several  otiier 
orders,  by  different  princes.  Until  1810,  he  wa« 
actively  and  successfully  engaged  as  a  general 
orticer,  under  Napoleon,  a:vn'P'in'a'n>'d  *''<;  '6- 
putation  of  a  brave,  skilfu^.^:  •'.  efficient  com- 
mander. He  WHS  also  distingutehed  no  less  for 
his  humanity  and  moderation,  than  for  bis  va- 
lour and  energy.  Tir  ,  n.ii„edi,i.cl>  .j  , 
characters  of  the  <•  .onarchy.    The  civil 

deared  him  to  lhe.l  r'le  interference  of 

.  .J  aie  present 


a|Mi 


in  a  gis-^ 


tlie  year  1734,  and  was  early  instructed  in  ihci^elevation.  OlUhedeposirn/n  of  Gustavus  Adol- 
Latin  and  Greek  languages  by  h-r  lather.  Thtsi  plius,  in  1810,  till  throne  of  Sweden  was  witii- 
lady  is  distinguished  for  her  learning,  as  well  ati  out  an  heir,  and  he  was  selected  by  tlie  principal 
for  her  numerous  writings,  which  have  gained!  inhabitants  of  that  country,  to  supply  the  va- 
Kr  great  celebritv.  She  isncw  far  advKinced  in  cancy.  He  was  accordingly  proclaimed  by  the 
life,  and  yet  retains  great  vigour  both  of  intellect  states  of  Sweden,  crown  prince  of  that  king- 
and  ot  body.  As  a  writei  of  prose,  she  has  sur-  dom,  August,  1811,  and  adopted  by  Charles XlJf 
pus-<-il  almost  every  female  of  her  time,  and  is  Has  his  ^on.  On  receiving  intelligence  of  that 
tqnailpd  for  elegance  of  diction,  and  soundness  ieveiit  at  Paris,  he  solemnly  renounced  the  calho- 
of  sen.^c,  by  few  of  the  other  sex.  |lic  religion ;  hastened  his  deparlnie  from  France, 

iJ.'^TIlURST,  Hehry,  earl,  was  fiorn  in  1762,|iaiid  made  his  public  entranre  into  Stockholm 
and  succeeded  his  lather,  wjio  was  several  yearsron  the  1st  of  Novenibfr  following.  From  lli.it 
Io>-d  chanculioi  of  England,  as  earl,  in  1794.  As  jtime  to  the  present,  he  has  been  devoted  to  ihe 
&  meiiiner  of  ibe  house  of  commons,  he  wasl|interesis  and  iirosperity  ol  his  adopted  countrj', 
fonourud  with  tin-  confidence  of  Mr.  Pitt.  Hehand  he  has  gained  the  confidence  and  esteem  of 
tva.'^  made  a  comniissioner  of  the  admiraily,  inlhis  subjects  by  his  exertion*  for  their  welfare. 
37t3.  and  lord  ot  tiie  tieasunr,  in  1788,  and  has'iln  1813,  Sweden  entered  into  the  coalition 
fjl-serjuently  held  several  otiierirnportantoffict.^'at»ainst  France,  and  the  crown  prince  was  ap- 
tlic  dntios  of  which,  he  has  discliaraed  with  pointed  to  command  the  right  wing  ot' the  allied 
Jibillty/  He  is  now  secretary  of  state  for  the' army,  consisting  of  nearly  one  hundred  thousand 
colonial  department,  atid  oiit  of  the  tellers  of  men  ;  with  this  force  he  gained  several  impor- 
litc  English  exchequer.  !  tant  victories,  and  contiibuted  to  the  overthrow 

BEETHOVEN,  Ludwig  Van,  was  bom  at  of  Napoleon.  On  the  death  of  Charles  XIII., 
Bonn,  in  the  electorate  of  Cologn,  in  1772,  Februaiy  3ih,  1818,  the  crown  prince  wa.s  ele- 
ft:id  ai  the  catly  age  of  eleven,  gave  evjd<'nte  vated  to  the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  has  since 
of  fitose  ?rtai  musical  talents,  both  as  a  com-  been  acknowledged  by  all  tlie  gnat  puwew  of 
pn»er  .uid  performer,  l«r  which  lie  /:a»  ix.tu  Europe,  us  sovereicii  of  that  kingdom. 
420 


BO 

BERTRAND,  roum  Henry  Gratian,  is  d&s- 
ceiided  from  a  respectable  faniity  in  Touraine. 
He  look  the  oath  ol  tiiielity  to  Napoleon,  and 
served  as  a  general  of  artillery  in  the  camp  of 
St.  Oincrs,  in  IflOO.  The  succeeding  year  lie 
was  aidde-cainp  to  the  emperor,  and  in  that  ca- 
pacity, aeted  a  distinguished  part  in  most  of  the 
cainpaicns  of  that  period.  In  the  battles  of  .\us- 
teriitz,  and  Frirdland,  he  signalized  himself  a.-^ 
a  brave  and  skilful  general,  and  as  a  firm  friend 
of  the  emperor  ;  and  lie  so  far  succeeded  to  his 
criiilidencc  and  favour,  that  he  was  named  grand 
uiaislial  of  the  palace.  Marshal  Bertrand  was 
engaged  in  the  memorable  campaign  of  Kussia, 
ami  llie  severe  actions  that  ensued.  lie  tln^n 
retired  with  the  emperor  lo  KIba,  and,  while 
there,  was  his  conlidenlial  friend  and  adviser, 
fill  the  return  of  Buonaparte  from  that  island, 
Herirand  accompanied  hiiii  as  his  lirst  minister, 
was  with  him  during  the  important  events  of 
the  "  One  hundred  days,"  and  after  the  battle 
of  Waterloo,  and  the  second  abdication  of  the 
emperor,  retired  with  him  on  hoard  the  Bellero- 
phou,  to  share  the  banishment  of  his  sovereign, 
to  the  island  of  St.  Helena.  Too  much  praise  can- 
not be  given  to  the  gratitude  and  tideliiy  which 
induced  this  noble  minded  man,  to  quit  his  native 
country,  and  all  the  prospects  of  aniliitioii,  that 
he  iiiigiit  soften  the  captivity  of  liis  fallen  sove- 
reign. 

RLOOMFIF.l.D,  Robert,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish poetical  writer,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
SulTolk,  in  the  year  177(i.  His  father  was  a 
mechanic  of  middling  circumstances,  and  with  a 
large  family  dependant  on  him  for  support;  he, 
of  course,  was  enabled  to  give  iiis  children  but  a 
liiniled  and  commou  education.  The  dcvMli  of 
this  parent  compelled  Mr.  Bloomfield,  when  a 
lad  of  eleven  years  old,  to  accept  the  employ- 
ment of  a  farmer's  boy.  In  the  intervals  of  liis 
labours,  Iii9  nativ  genius  prompted  him  to  pe- 
ruse such  hoc  i  newspapers  as  came  within 
his  reach,  am.  ^ .  en  then,  he  wrote  a  small  po- 
fn  which  was  published  in  the  hondon  Maga- 
'  his  attention  to  poe- 
n  ■  '"xation  from  labour, 
.i.iiir  ent  pieces  ;  the  prin- 
t.y^<  o\'  I,  |.,  •  .er's  Boy,"  as  a  de- 
scriptive (..—  .  Jgrcatmerit-  it  has  ful- 
ly established  the  Ciuim  of  the  author  to  the  ti- 
tle of  poet,  and  stamped  his  name  with  the  ho- 
nour of  genius.  '  Ue  has  also  published  song;?, 
ballads,  and  other  pieces ;  and  the  "  Banks  of 
VVye,"  a  poem. 

B0(<1VAR,  Siiuon,  is  the  most  brilliant  star 
in  Colombian  history,  and  indeed  in  the  history 
of  modern  revolutions  ;  and,  (o  whatever  it  may 
be  a.'iTibed,  whether  to  accident,  good  fortune, 
)H'  |>ersonai  merit,  or  to  all  combined,  he  has 
raised  himself  to  an  eminent  station  in  the  list 
of  successful  hernes  and  remarkable  men.  liej 
^va"!  burn  at  Caraccas,  about  the  year  1785,  and 
is  said  to  be  descended  of  a  noble  and  wealthy 
f;i.nily  of  that  place.  .After  completing  his  stn- 1 
dies  at  Madrid,  where  he  received  his  education,  | 
lit:  ri'Sided  for  some  time  at  Paris',  where  be  was 
intimate  with  Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  and' 
tiinii  travelled  through  England,  France,  and 
other  cotintries  of  Europe.  Before  he  returned | 
to  ,\murica,  he  had  formed  the  design  of  de- ' 
voting  himself  to  the  cause  of  South  American | 
independence,  and  he  returned  in  season  to 
join  .Miranda  and  his  a.ssociatcs.  just  as  he  had 
unl'nrled  the  standard  of  liberty  in  Venezuela. I 
Beinii  dis.«atis(ied,  however,  with  the  general, 
lyKteni  of  nkea.sureE  pursued  by  the  patriot  party,  i 


('he  for  a  time,  avoided  taking  any  active  part ; 
but  the  time  soon  arrived,  when  he  felt  it  his 
duty  not  to  be  kept  inactive  by  a  mere  dilterence 
of  opinion  ;  he  then  joined  thearmyaiid  engaged 
in  the  contest,  with  a  zeal  and  patriotism,  that 
raised  hi  in  to  popularity  and  influence.  From 
that  day  to  this,  his  history  is  before  the  world  ; 
it  has  been  a  succes«;ion  of  splendid  achieve- 
ments, which  have  gained  for  his  name  a  mer- 
ited place  on  the  same  tablet  with  that  of 
Washington.  The  brightist  records  of  ancient 
or  modern  fame,  have  nothing  prouder  to  offer. 
Time  must  show,  whether  he  will  complete  the 
parallel  with  his  illustrious  model,  which  may 
thus  I'ar  be  run  with  so  much  apparent  justice 
Uolivar,  was  in  his  early  carcfsr,  unfortunate  as 
a  soldier ;  he  has  however  triumphed  over  his 
disasters.  For  a  considerable  time  he  was  su- 
preme dict.ator,  with  all  tin.  .irmy  at  his  com- 
mand ;  but  when  a  favounule  opportunity  pre- 
sented, he  voluntarily  rollii^uisJied  his  power, 
and  returned  to  the^^nk  of  a  private  citizen. 
.\s  president  of  the  rep;:  iMc  ol  Colombia,  he 
lias  proved  himself  i-.jually  eminent  as  a  states- 
man, a.'i  well  as  a  soldier.  He  has  recently  ex- 
hibited his  magnanimity,  aiul  di-sinterestednes?, 
by  relimiuisliing  supreme  authority  in  an  adjoin- 
ing state,  for  whose  liberties  he  had  been  con 
tending  ;  and  by  declining  to  accept  a  present  of  a 
million  of  dollars,  which  had  been  voted  him,  by 
the  congress  of  Peru,  for  his  patriotic  services. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  lie  is  about  to 
attempt  the  liberation  of  Brazil  from  the  domi 
nation  of  a  Portuguese  dynasty. 

.\n  American  gentleman,  in  a  letter  from 
Lima,  thus  speaks  of  him  : 

"  General  Bolivar,  or,  as  he  is  alwa>'s  called, 
the  Libertador,  is  about  S  feet  7,  slender  in  lii.i 
person,  and,  a.s  the  "  Hero  of  the  Kipiator," 
which  the  Americans  call  him,  might  be  sup- 
posed to  he  rather  dark  in  his  complexion.  His 
countenance,  always  of  a  serious  cast,  yet  not- 
withstandiii';  the  moiiztachio  on  his  upper  lip, 
not  ferocious,  as  many  represent  him;  his  eyes, 
dark  hazel,  are  e.xpressive  and  penetrating  :  he 
reads  English,  but  does  not  speak  more  than  a 
few  words.  French  he  speaks  fluently,  though 
not  correctly.  Apologizing  one  d.iy  for  rnjr 
imperfect  knowledge  of  French  and  Ppanish  ; 
he  said,  "  O,  no  matter,  never  regret  it,  your  own 
fine  idiom  is  the  only  one  worth  speakini ;  all 
that  is  liberal,  all  that  is  nrthle,  is  to  be  found  in 
that.  It  is  the  language  of  liberty."  He  talks 
a  great  deal,  and  with  apparent  frankness,  and 
without  premeditation.  He  seems  fond  of  so- 
cial life,  and  never  balks  a  party  by  going  awajr 
prematurely,  &c.  On  two  occasions  I  have  lieen 
with  him  in  large  parties,  once  at  a  ball  and 
supper,  where  he  staid  Irom  eight  in  the  evening 
to  five  in  the  morning  talked  the  whole  time; 
at  supper,  gave  toasts  and  made  speeches,  anfl 
after  supper  danced  a  waltz  with  a  hand.-'omc 
girl.  At  a  breakfast  on  Washington's  biiMi  day, 
the  day  he  selecii-d  for  his  visit  to  llie  fri^af; 
United  Slates,  which  lasted  from  eleven  to  three, 
he  gave  several  toasts  and  siieeches,  in  one  of 
which  he  exalted  the  United  States  as  infinitely 
surpassing  eveiy  nation  of  ancient  and  modern 
times,  in  knowing  how  to  unite  the  most  entire 
liberty  with  the  most  perfect  order,  intelligence, 
and  liberality. 

His  ambliion  appears  to  he  of  a  lofty  and  fin" 
description.  He  wishes  to  go  down  as  t  he  assert ev 
and  fimnder  of  .South  .Vraerican  Independence, 
and  satisfied  with  .in  ample  private  fortune,  dis- 
dains Jill  accession  of  weal'.U.  Hia  favtmn'e 
36  421 


BO 


BU 


projeris  arc  a  canal  acioss  ilif  isihiuiis,  and  tliej  lemi,  was  born  at  Ajaccio,  Jan.  7,  1768,  and  re- 
c.^tablishnicnt  ol'  a  (•on;;ioss  nl  Canania,  to  con-|  niovml  with  his  I'aniily  to  France,  in  1793.  The 
Hst  01'  a  iirand  fwlcralive  cnnncii,  to  decide  on;  next  year  he  married  a  niademoisclle Clary, sis- 
all  disputes  between  the  ililferent  stales;  tu  ter  to  tlie  present  queen  ot  Sweden.  He  waa 
have  an  army  which  they  sliall  call  out  when  I  appointed  by  his  brother  a  conmiissary  in  the 
either  of  the  states  or  any  loreigTi  power  crun-i  army  ;  and  by  the  republic  ainbassador  to  Rome, 
mils  an  aggression.  After  settling  the  affairsof  ;:in  1797.  On  his  return,  he  was  chosen  a  depu- 
these  countries,  and  establishing  their  peace  and  |ty  to  the  council  of  Five  Hundred,  and  secreta- 


independence,  it  is  his  wish  to  travel  through 
the  United  Slates  and  Kngland,  for  both  of  i 
which  coiiiiiries  he  has  a  high  admiration.  His 
enmity  against  the  Spaniards,  nourished  in  the 
bloody  warof  Venezuela,  is  irreconcilable.  All 
his  connexions  were  murdered  by  them,  except 
an  uncle  whom  he  has  in  Spain." 

BOYER,  John  Peter,  president  of  the  island  of 
Ilayli,  is  a  native  of  St.  Domingo.  Of  his  birth 
and  early  life,  we  are  unable  to  give  any  par- 
ticulars. He  is  said  to  be  well  educated,  and  it 
appear.^  that  he  mu.st  long  have  possessed  con- 
siderable influence  in  his  native  island,  as  on 
the  death  of  I'etion,  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  republic,  without  opposition.  Since  the 
deatli  of  Christophe,  he  has  extended  his  au- 
thority over  the  whole  island,  and  united  all  the 
inhabitants  under  his  government.  Boyer  has 
recently  procured,  by  negotiation,  the  recogni- 
tion on  the  part  of  France,  of  the  independent 
sovereignty  of  the  whole  island.  So  far  as  vie 
are  acipiainted  with  the  acts  of  his  administra- 
tion, he  has  given  evidence  of  a  strong  mind, 
and  of  talents  for  governing,  which  might  be 
coveted  by  some  of  the  more  legitimate  sove- 
reigns of  Kurope. 

BRYANT,  William  Cullen,  a  poet  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  was  born  in  the  town  of 
Cornington,  Massachusetts.  His  father  was  a 
respectable  physician  of  that  place.  Alter  com- 
pleting his  preparatory  studies,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Williamslown  coUei'e,  and  re- 
mained there  two  years.  He  then  commenced 
liis  professional  studies,  read  law  in  an  office 
at  Noiihaniuton,  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 
Great  Barriiigton.  His  amiable  character,  and 
fiocial  qualities  have  obtained  for  iiiin  the  re- 
gard of  a  large  circle  of  friends ;  vifhile  his  pure 
taste  and  cultivated  genius  have  excited  admi- 
laiion  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  He  now 
resides  at  New  York,  and  is  an  editor  of  the 
Athenenni  Magazine  (1825.) 

BUONAPARTE,  madam  Letitia  Romalina, 
mother  to  the  late  emperor  of  France,  was  born 
at  Ajaccio,  in  Corsica,  1750,  and  in  1767  married 
an  assessor  to  the  tribunal  of  that  island.  On 
the  death  of  her  husband,  she  was  left  with  a 
numerous  family,  and  without  a  fortune.  8lie, 
however,  succeeded  in  gaining  powerful  friends 
and  protectors,  to  soine  of  whom  she  was  in- 
debted for  the  elevation  of  her  family.  On  the 
invasion  of  Corsica  by  the  English,  she  removed 
to  Marseilles,  and  from  thence  to  Paris,  where 
site  resided  \intil  the  downfall  of  the  emperor. 


ry  to  that  body.  After  the  revolution  of  the  18th 
Brnmaire,  his  brother  named  him  counsellor 
of  btatc,  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  of  amity  and  conmierce  with  the 
United  States.  He  signed  the  treaty  of  Lune- 
ville,  in  I8U1,  and  soon  after  concluded  a  peace 
with  Great  Britain,  at  Amiens.  He  was  nomi- 
nated president  of  the  seriate,  by  the  emperor, 
and  honoured  with  the  titles  of  prince  and  grand 
elector  of  the  empire.  This  was  hut  the  prelude 
to  farther  advancement;  he  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army  of  Naples,  and  lastly  named  lieutenant- 
general  of  that  kingdom,  which  he  had  invaded 
at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army.  On  the  13th  of 
Feb.,  1806,  king  Ferdinand  left  Naples  for  Sicily, 
and  the  next  day  Joseph  entered  tlie  city  and 
took  possessioii  of  the  palace.  He  was  soon  af- 
ter proclaimed  king  of  Naples,  and  formally 
elevated  to  that  dignity.  As  sovereign  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  he  became  subservient  to 
the  views  and  policy  of  Napoleon.  He  suppres- 
sed the  religious  orders,  seized  upon  their  pro- 
perty, and  converted  their  lands  to  the  public 
use.  Ho  also  abolished  the  feudal  rights,  and 
created  a  new  order,  called  the  order  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.  He  was  likewise  accused  of  resigning  to 
pleasure,  hours  which  should  have  been  devoted 
to  business,  and  of  preferring  a  voluptuous  and 
ostentations  life,  to  the  welfare  and  respect  of 
his  subjects.  His  administration,  however,  was 
far  from  being  either  tyrannical  or  cruel,  and  hi» 
people  complained  rather  of  his  prodigality  of 
expenditure,  and  the  burthen  of  the  public  tax- 
es, than  of  his  vices  or  injustice.  In  the  year 
180?,  he  was  proclaimed  king  of  Spain  and  th« 
Indies,  by  Napoleon,  and  h       -  '-■»>♦ 

ted  Naples,  for  his  new  n 
wars  which  ensued  in  Spam,  i . 
the  English,  and  the  victories  ui  »Vellington, 
caused  his  overthrow  in  that  kingdom,  and  hia 
retreat  from  it,  in  1813.  He  returned  to  France, 
and  on  the  invasion  of  Russia,  in  181-1,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  emperor,  lieutenant-general  of 
the  empire,  and  commandant-general  of  the  na 
tional  guards,  and  confidential  adviser  to  the 
empress  Maria  Louisa,  then  invested  with  tho 
regency.  Being  afterwards  overpowered  by  th* 
allied  army,  he  left  the  kingdom,  and  retired  to 
Switzerland  ;  and  on  the  final  abdication  of  Na 
poleon,  he  carae  to  the  United  States.  He  has 
since  resided  as  an  American  citizen,  in  the  stats 
of  New-Jersey,  and  has  acquired  the  confidencf 
and  esteem  of  the  inhabitants  of  th.it  state,  .inj 


During  the  greater  part   of  thai   period,  she;  of  the  country.     His  wife  resides  with  her  two 

■  ■  '  dauahlers  in  the  vicinity  of  Frankfort. 

BUONAPARTE,  Lucien,  was  born  in  1775, 
and  went  to  France  in  1793.  He  was  at  firs* 
employed  as  acommissary  of  stores,  in  Belgium 
and  did  not  commence  his  political  career  until 
1797.  He  was  then  sent  as  a  deputy  to  the  coun- 
cil of  Five  Hundred,  and,  while  a  member  of 
that  body,  was  distinguished  for  his  moderation 


lived  in  all  the  splendour  and  luxury  of  a  court, 
and  received  from  the  French  people,  that] 
honiace  which  was  due  to  the  mother  of  thciri 
soveroicn.  But  the  elegance  which  surrounded 
this  lady  had  no  charms  for  her,  and  it  was  said, 
that  she  was  constantly  advising  Napoleon  to 
recollect,  that  the  day  of  trial  might  come,  when 
th"  dazzling  slory  with  which  he  was  encircled 


might  pass  away.  Since  the  abdication  of  the  land  love  of  justice.  Perceiving  that  the  then 
emperor,  maiiani  Buonaparte  has  resided  in  the  govenmient  was  tottering,  and  that  a  change 
stau's  of  the  church,  with  her  sons  Lucien  and  !of  aftairs  was  approaching,  Lucien  wrote  to 
j.oiiis.  ]  his  brother,  then  in  Egypt,  advising  him  of  the 

BUONAPARTE.  Joseph,  brother  to  Napo^  Istaieof  parties  in  France,  and urgiiighisreturn 
422 


BU 

and  on  the  arrival  of  Napoleon,  he  acted  a  prin- 
cipiil  pait  in  the  revohition  which  elevated  his 
brotlier  to  tlie  first  conbiilsliip  His  services  on 
that  occai-ion  were  rewarded  by  an  appointment 
to  the  ministry,  and  by  embassies  abroad,  in 
which  he  amassed  immense  wealth.  He  was 
eaid  to  liave  been  opposed  to  the  elevation  ol' 
Napoleon  to  the  throne  ;  in  consequence  ol' 
which,  a  coolness  ensued  between  the  brothers 
which  was  so  far  increased  by  a  subsequent 
marriage  of  Lucien,  that  he  was  ordered  to  quit 
France.  He  retired  to  Milan,  and  afterwards  to 
Rome.  Subsequently  lie  embarked  for  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  taken  prisoner  by  a  British  fri- 
gate, and  sent  to  England,  where  he  continued 
until  1S14.  On  the  return  of  Buonaparte  from 
Elba,  be  repaired  to  his  assistance,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  affairs  of  that  period.  Since 
the  abdication  of  the  emperor,  he  has  resided  at 
Rome.  He  has  been  created  prince  of  Canine,! 
by  the  pope. 

BUONAPARTE,  Louis,  third  brother  of  Na 


CA 

the  bar,  where  he  rose  to  the  highest  rank  of 
professional  eminence.  He  was  afterwards 
chosen  a  member  of  the  United  Staits  :^enalc 
from  tlie  .«tate  of  New-York,  and  subsequently 
vice  president  of  the  United  Staiis.  A  d^.^pu^'■ 
of  a  political  nature,  led  to  a  personal  encounter 
between  colonel  Burr  and  general  Alexander 
Hamilton,  in  which  the  latter  was  mortally 
wounded.  This  event,  and  a  charge  of  higli 
treason  against  the  United  Slaiis,  for  which  )ic 
was  tried  and  acquitted,  have  destroyed  the  cha- 
racter and  influence  of  colonel  Burr,  and  cast  a 
stigma  upon  his  reputation.  For  several  years 
after  the  above  event,  be  resided  in  Europe. 
He  has  now,  however,  returned  to  America,  and 
resides  in  the  city  of  New- York. 


CALHOUN.  John  C,  is  a  native  of  South 
Carolina,  and  was  born  in  the  district  of  Abbe- 


poleon,  was  born  in  the  year  1778.  He  entered  ville,  about  the  year  1781.  His  father  cmigraled 
young  into  the  military  service,  was  with  his  from  Pennsylvania  to  South  Carolina,  anterior 
brother  in  the  campaigns  of  Italy  and  Egypt,   to  the  revolution,  and  was  an  ardent  whig  d\ir- 


and  returned  from  the  latter  courttry  wi'.b  di:s 
patches  for  the  directory.  When  Napoleon  was 
proclaimed  emperor,  he  was  made  a  constable 
of  the  empire,  and  governor-general  of  Pied- 
mont.    In  1805,  he  succeeded  Murat  in  the  go- 


ng that  struggle.  Mr.  Calhoun  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  his  classical  attainments  under  the  tuition 
of  tlie  Rev.  Dr.  Waddel,  after  which  he  became 
a  student  at  Yale  College,  and  graduated  with 
much  distinction  for  his  proticiency  in  meta- 


vcrnment  of  the  city  of  Paris ;  he  alterwardsl  physics,  mathematics,  and  the  sciences  gene- 
tnok  command  of  the  army  north,  and  on  the'  rally :  and  with  a  high  reputation  for  his  talents. 
4th  nf  June,  1806,  he  became  king  of  Holland.]  At  this  period.  Dr.  Dwiglit  foretold  the  political 
Louis  was  distinguished  for  his  mild  and  gentle  eminence  which  he  would  one  day  attain.  Mr. 
disposition,  and  for  his  love  of  justice.  He  made!  Calhoun  prepared  himself  for  the  practice  of 
his  administration,  so  far  as  was  in  his  power,]  law,  attended  the  lectures  of  judge  Reeve,  at 
benehcial  to  Ins  people;  he  diminished  the  tax-  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  soon  after,  rose  to  the 
PS  of  the  country,  secretly  encouraged  trade,  and'  first  grade  in  his  professiim.  In  a  short  time  he 
generally  adopted  such  measures  as  acquired  for]  became  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  his  native 


him  the  character  of  a  good  prince.  His  policy 
so  I'ar  interfered  with  the  views  of  Na|K>leon, 
that  he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  the  throne, 
and  he  retired  to  Gratz,  in  Styria,  and  afterwards 
to  Rome,  where  he  now  reside*.  He  has  recent 
ly  published  an  interesting  work,  relative  to  his 
reign  over  Holland. 

BUONAPARTE,  Jerome,  the  younger  brother 
of  Napoleon,  was  born  in  1784,  and  educated  in 
France.  He  went  to  St.  Domingo  with  Le  Clerc, 
as  a  lieutenant,  and  soon  afterwards  was  ap 
pointed  to  the  command  of  a  frigate.  Buona- 
parte had  so  high  an  opinion  of  his  nautical  ta- 
lents that  he  made  him  an  admiral ;  he,  how- 
ever, was  soon  dissatisiied,  and  transferred  him 
to  the  army,  where  he  rose  to  the  command  of 
a  division.  About  the  year  1801,  Jerome  visited 
the  United  States,  and  while  here,  he  married  a 
Miss  Patterson,  daiichter  of  a  very  respectable 
gentleman  of  Baltimore.      Napoleon  compelled 


state,  where  he  attracted  great  confidence,  and 
in  two  years  he  was  elected  to  congress.  Of  this 
body,  Mr.  Calhoun  was  an  able,  an  eloquent, 
and  a  leading  member,  until  the  close  of  the 
year  1817,  when  lie  was  appointed  secretary  at 
war.  In  this  capacity,  "  his  attention  was  ac- 
tively directed  to  the  great  and  important  object 
of  the  general  defence,"  and  his  active  mind 
seems  to  have  pervaded  and  analyzed  the  great 
and  complicated  mass  of  our  national  interests, 
and  to  have  formed  almost  a  new  creation  in 
the  military  department  of  the  government." 
In  March,  1825,  Mr.  Calhoun  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  lead- 
ing, decided,  and  able  advocate  for  the  late  war, 
and  has  ever  been  a  uniform  advocate  for  in- 
ternal improvements,  and  also  for  a  navy,  "  as 
the  appropriate  armour  for  a  free  people,  with- 
out endangering  their  liberty."  As  a  statesman, 


gentleman  of  Baltimore.  Napoleon  compelle'l  Mr.  Calhoun  is  an  ornament  to  his  country  ;  as 
iiiin  to  divorce  this  lady,  with  a  view  of  marry-  a  patriot,  he  is  ardent  and  independent ;  and  liis 
Ing  a  princess  of  the  house  of  Wertenibnrg.,', colloquial  powers  are  of  the  first  order. 
This  marriage  took  place  in  1807,  and  he  now!  CAMBACEKES,  John  James  Regis  dr,  was 
resides  with  his  family  in  the  territory  of  Wer-:  bom  at  Montpellier,  of  a  respectable  family,  in 
tcmburg,  under  the  title  of  count  of  Montfort.   [|  1753,  and  educated  for  the  bar.   His  talents  soon 


BURR,  Aaron,  late  vice-president  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  born  at  Fairfield,  in  Connecticut, 
in  1749,  and  educated  at  Princeton  college,  in 
New  Jersey,  of  which  his  father  was  president. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-five  he  was  aidde-camp 
to  general  Putnam,  and  he  was  afterwards  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  one  of  the  twelve  regiments 
of  the  new  \evy,  in  the  revolutionary  war. 
During  the  whole  of  that  war  he  was  distin- 
guished for  his  bravery,  talents,  and  liberality. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  applied  himself  to 


gave  him  reputation,  and  in  1792,  he  was  nam- 
ed a  deputy  to  the  national  convention,  and,  in 
that  capacity,  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king. 
He  was  afterwards  president  of  the  council  of 
Five  Hundred,  antf  minister  of  justice.  On  the 
elevation  of  Napoleon  to  the  first  consulship, 
Canibaceres  was  created  second  consul,  and,  iii 
that  office,  devoted  himself  to  tJte  oreani/aiinn 
of  the  courts  of  justice.  As  emperor.  Napoleon 
named  him  arch-chancellor  of  the  empire,  and 
a  member  of  the  legion  of  honour.     He  was  in- 


the  stu.ly  °f  **'^  '*^i  *'"*  **'*"  ^""^  called  tojdefatigablu  in  the  service  of  the  emperor,  who 

42. 


CA 


CH 


initialed  liiin  in  all  liis  secrets,  and  on  several Ijivas  born  in  1753,  and  educated  at  Cambridge, 


occasions,  in  the  absence  of  Napoleon,  he  wa 
intrusted  willi  tlie  conirol  of  affairs.  In  1814, 
he  was  created  grand  ilipiiitary  of  the  order  of 
the  iron  crown,  and  presideiu  of  the  council  ot 
regency,  during  the  campaign  of  Russia.  At'tei 
the  abdication  of  Buonaparte,  he  sent  in  his  ad- 
hesion to  the  king ;  but  on  the  return  of  that 
monarch  from  Elba,  ne  resumed  his  otti('e><  of 
arch-chancellor  and  minister  of  justice.  On  the 
final  return  of  Louis  XVUI.,  he  was  banished 
as  a  regicide,  but  has  been  since  suffered  to  re- 
turn to  Paris,  whi-re  ke  now  lives  in  a  very  re- 
tired manner.  He  published,  in  1791,  his  project 
for  a  civil  code,  which  has  since  served  as  a  ba- 
sis of  tiie  Napoleon  code. 

CAMBUIDGE,  Adolphus  Frederick,  duke  of, 
is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late  king  of  tJreat 
Britain,  and  was  born  in  1774.  lie  was  educa- 
ted at  Gottingen,  and  when  he  came  of  age, 
was  made  a  colonel,  and  created  duke  of  Cam- 
bridge, with  a  stipend  of  10,0001  a  year.  In 
1803  he  was  sent  with  14,000  men  to  defend 
Hanover,  but  not  succeeding,  he  returned  to 
England.  He  then  took  his  seat  in  the  house 
of  lords,  and  was  promoted  in  the  army  to  tlie| 
rank  of  field  marshal.  In  1818  he  married  the 
princess  .\ugusla,  niece  of  the  landgrave  of 
Hesse,  by  whom  he  has  a  son.  Since  his  mar- 
riage his  yearly  allowance  has  been  doubled 

C.^MPBELIi,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  poeti- 
cal and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Glas- 
gow, in  the  year  1777,  and  received  his  education 
at  the  university  of  thai  city.  In  1799,  he. pub- 
lished "The  Pleasures  of  Hope,"  a  poem  of 
great  merit,  and  which  has  passed  through  seve- 
ral (editions.  He  subsequently  travelled  on  the 
continent,  and  on  his  return  settleil  in  London. 
He  has  since  written  "  Gertrude  of  Wyomiiie," 
and  other  poems,  and  "  Annals  of  Great  Britain 
fro'ii  the  accession  of  George  Til.  to  the  peace 
of  '\ineiica.  Mr.  Campbell  is  the  author  of 
several  articles  on  poetry  and  belles  letlres  in 
the  Edinburgh  Encycloptedia,  and  is  now  editor 
of  the  London  New  Monthly  Magazine  (1825.) 

CA  iVNING,  Georee,  Rt.  Hon.  The  father  of 
this  •rentleman,  a  native  of  Ireland,  having  dis- 
pleased his  friends  by  marriage,  w.is  left  to  pro- 
vidi'  i"or  himself,  and  died  in  early  life,  leaving 
his  '.'ainily  destitute  Mr.  Canning  was  educated 
by  his  relations,  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  where  he 
gained  several  prizes.  He  afterwards  went  to 
the  Temple  to  study  law,  and  after  completing 
his  studies,  was  returned  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment for  Newtown,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The 
minister,  Mr.  Pitt,  soon  discovered  his  abilities, 
and  olTered  hirtfi  the  place  of  under  secretary  of 
st:ite,  in  the  administration,  which,  in  1796,  ho 
accepted.  From  that  time,  he  supported  Mr. 
Pitt  until  his  death  ;  he  then  joined  Mr.  Percival, 
and  was  made  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  ai- 
I'airs.  In  this  capacity,  his  conduct  to  lord  Cas- 
llereagli,  brought  on  a  duel  between  them,  in 
whii/n  he  was  wounded,  and  for  which  he  lost 
his  place.  He  afterwards  came  into  parliament 
from  Liverpool ;  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Lisbon,  and  on  his  return  was  made  president 
of  the  Board  of  Control  for  India  .\ffairs.  Mr 
Canning  is  now  secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs,  and  leader  of  the  administration  party 
in  the  house  of  commons.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  contributor  to,  and  perhaps  proprietor 
of,  the  dnarterlv  Review. 

CANTERBURY,  Charles  Manners  Sutton, 
archbishop  of,  is  the  grandson  of  John,  duke  of 
Rttiland,  and  son  of  lord  George  Manners.    He 
424 


'where  he  took  his  first  degree  in  1777.  He  waa 
soon  made  dean  of  Windsor,  and  in  1791,  raised 
to  the  bishopric  of  Norwich.  On  the  death  of 
the  late  primate,  Dr.  Sutton  was,  by  the  influ- 
ence of  the  king,  nominated  to  fill  the  vacancy. 
He  is  said  to  be  a  prelate  of  great  learning,  con- 
ciliating habits  of  life,  of  an  amiable  character, 
and  well  calculated  to  fill  the  highest  episcopal 
dignity  of  the  realm.  His  only  son,  is  now 
speaker  of  the  house  of  commons. 

CAREY,  William,  LL.  U.,  baptist  missionary 
at  Bengal,  was  originally  a  shoemaker.  In  his 
twenty-fourth  year  he  was  ordained  as  a  clergy- 
man, and  in  1793,  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
liidia.  On  his  arrival  there,  he  immediately 
made  himaclf  master  of  the  Bengalee,  Sanscrit, 
and  Maliratta  languages,  and  is  now  professor  of 
those  languages,  in  the  college  of  Fort  William, 
at  Bengal.    Dr.  Carey,  with  his  associates,  has 

en  assiduous  in  printing  and  publishing  the 
Scriptures,  in  different  languages  anddialcctsof 
India,  and  in  promoting  the  spread  of  the  Gospel 
in  thatcountry.  He  is  now  far  .advanced  in  life, 
yet  still  continues  his  labours  and  usefulniss, 
with  all  the  zeal  and  energy  of  an  apostle  of  the 
primitive  church. 

C.ATAL.'VNI,  Angelica,  madam,  is  probably 
tile  most  distinguished  female  singer  of  the  age. 
She  was  born  near  Rome,  in  1782,  and  educated 
in  a  convent.  Her  father  who  was  a  silversmith, 
becoming  embarrassed  in  his  pecuniary  affairs, 
his  daughter  became  a  public  singer  at  Milan, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  was  highly  applauded 
by  the  Italian  and  French  critics  and  joi'rnals. 
On  her  first  appearance  in  England,  in  IMijS,  she 
was  found  superior  to  all  the  continental  panc- 
Kvtics,  and  has  never  since  ceased  to  he  greatly 
admired.  Her  voice  is  singularly  powerful,  and 
equally  melodious  in  the  high  and  low  tones. 
Her  figure  is  finely  formed,  and  her  deportment 
majestic.  She  is  still  heard  with  delight,  both 
in  Great  Britain  and  on  the  continent. 

CHANTREY,  Francis,  an  eminent  English 
culptor,  was  bom  at  Norton,  in  Derbyshire,  in 
the  year  1782.  His  father  dying  when  he  was 
quite  young,  he  was  educated  by  his  mother, 
and  in  early  life  gave  indications  of  his  gc-iiius, 
by  making  models  in  clay.  Hi*  friends  had 
chosen  the  law  as  a  profession  for  him,  and  he 
was  on  his  way  to  Sheffield,  to  enter  an  office, 
when  he  chanced  to  look  at  some  figures  in  the 
shop  of  a  carver  and  gilder,  which  immediately 
nduced  liim  to  change  his  nursuits.  He  there- 
fore became  an  apprentice  to  the  carver,  and 
resided  with  him  three  years;  during  which  he 
devoted  himself  to  drawing,  modelling,  and 
tudying  from  nature.  He  then  went  to  London, 
where  he  soon  attracted  attention,  and  obtained 
extensive  employment.  His  first  public  work, 
was  a  statue  of  the  king  in  Guildhall.  He  has 
ince  established  his  reputation,  by  several 
splendid  specimens  of  his  genius.  In  1818,  Mr. 
Cliantrey  visited  Italy,  and  contracted  an  inti- 
mate friendship  with  his  great  rival  Canova. 

CHAPTAL,  John,  count  de  Chantcloup,  was 
born  at  Montpellier,  in  the  year  1755.  He  stu- 
died medicine  and  natural  philosophy  when 
young,  and,  before  the  French  revolution,  was 
distinguished  as  a  physician  and  chymist.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  revoluti  m  he  headed  a  mob 
in  Montpellier,  and  took  possession  of  the  citadel 
II  1791.  In  1793,  he  was  called  to  Paris  by  the 
committee  of  safety,  to  be  consulted  as  a  chy- 
mist, relative  to  the  production  of  saltpetre, 
and  the  making  of  gunpowder,  and  lie  so  far 


CL 

siiiio  of  tlie  army.  After  the  peace  with  France,, 
he  hail  an  interview  with  Napoltun,  and  repre- 
sented him  at  the  marriage  ceremony  with  the 
arch  dutchess  Maria  Loui2>a,  at  Vierma.  Prince 
Chaile'i  now  resides  at  Vienna,  devoted  to  mili- 
tary and  lltrrarv  studies. 

CHATEAi;URIAM),  Francis  Augustus,  vis- 
count de,  was  born  in  I7G9,  of  an  ancient  fami> 
ly  in  Brittany.  He  entered  into  the  military 
seivice  in  178C,  but  his  reffiment  revolting  at 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  came  to 
.\merica,  and  s|)ent  snnic  time  among  the  In- 
dians of  the  western  wild.?rne<>s,  studying  the 
character  of  that  people,  and  viewing  the  beau- 
ties of  nature  in  their  original  state.  He  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  1~'M,  and  from  a  sengc  of 
;duty,  enlialed  under  tlie  banner  of  the  French 
I|)rince5.  In  their  service  he  was  severely 
{wounded,  and  confined  to  his  bed  for  three 
years;  thi.^;  ruined  his  tinanres,  and  compelled 
him  to  resort  to  his  pen  for  su;ip«)rl.  He  puU- 
jlislied  his  Essay  on  Ancient  and  Modern  Bcvo- 
iliilions,  and  afterwards  his  (icniue  of  Chiis- 
tianily,  works  which  have  been  much  read  ant) 
n.lijiired.  Napoleon  wished  to  attach  him  to 
ihis  interests;  and  for  a  short  time  succeeded; 
I  but  on  the  death  of  the  duke  d'  Enghtin,  he  re- 
].«i'jned  his  employments. ■  He  thru  travelled  in 
;  Italy,  Greece,  and  the  Holy  Land;  and  has  since 
jpnhli;-hed  histrnvcls  in  those  rountries.  Unrinji 
I  the  residue  of  tlie  reign  of  Nat>oleon,  he  lived 
!a  private  life;  hut  on  the  rri^toration  of  the 
iBonrboiis,  he  w.x";  created  a  viscount,  and  nam- 
ed minister  to  Sweden.  He  was  afterwards 
I  minister  to  Berlin,  president  of  the  electoral 
I  college  of  llie  department  of  Loiret,  and  minis- 
ter of  stale  He  has  lately  resigned  his  ofticeiJ 
in  con.sequence  of  a  quarrel  with  the  ministry. 
Cf<ARENCE,  William  Henry,  duke  of,  is  the 
I  third  son  of  his  late  mnje.'ity,  George  HI.  He 
jw.is  horn  in  17fi5,  educated  for  the  iiavy,  and 
sent  to  sea  at  an  early  age  Having  scri'ed  his 
time  as  a  midshipman,  he  was  ;n'adnally  pro- 
moted to  the  command  of  a  frigate,  and  recently 
to  the  station  of  admiral  of  the  fleet.  In  1789, 
he  was  created  duke  of  Clarence,  and  St.  An- 
drews, with  an  income  of  12,0001.  per  annum. 
In  1814,  he  commanded  the  royal  yaelit,  which 
conveyed  Louis  XVIII.  to  France  and  a  throne. 
He  married  in  1818,  a  sister  uf  tlie  duke  of  Saie 
Meiningen. 

CLARKSON,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  En- 
glish philanthropist,  was  bom  in  the  year  1761, 
and  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  had  a 
high  reputation.  In  1785,  Mr  Clarkson  composed 
a  prize  essny  in  Latin,  on  the  question,  "  Is  it 
just  to  make  men  slaves  against  their  will?" 
a  translation  of  which  he  afterwards  published 
This  was,  probablythe  lirst  effectual  step  toward 
the  suppression  of  the  .\frican  slave  trade  ;  and 
seems  to  have  stimulated  its  author  to  those 
great  exertions,  which  ?o  materially  contributed 
to  the  English  act  of  abolition.  From  this  time, 
Mr.  Clarkgon  relinquished  his  professional  pur- 
suits, and  devoted  his  whole  time  to  this  great 
object.  Heconnectefl  himself  with  Mr.  VVilber- 
force  and  others,  and  formed  a  society  for  the 
abolition  ofthe  .African  slave  trade  ;  he  alio  wrote 
uud  published  several  works  on  the  subject ;  had 
several  interviews  with  Mr.  Fitt,and.the  privy 
council ;  and  a''ter  years  of  unwearied  exertion, 
has  accomplished  the  great  object  he  had  in 
view.  He  has  lived  to  wltnctfs  the  triumph  of 
and  he  was  made  minister  of  war.  '  In  1805,  be  i|  principle,  and  of  humanity,  and  to  see  his  name 
resumed  the  command  of  the  army  of  Italy,  and  placed  among  the  benefactors  of  the  human 
tiif  ncit  year  he  was  made  Austrian  gcneralls-llrace.  „  ^ 

H    h   h 


CH 

succeeded  in  improving  the  manufacture  of  that 
article,  as  to  produce  all  that  was  wanted  for  the 
use  of  the  French  army,  consisting  of  l,4OO,(iU0 
men.  It  may  safely  be  said,  that  if  any  man 
contributed  more  than  another  to  prevent  the 
republic  from  being  overrun,  at  that  time,  it  was 
M.  C'liaptal.  He  was  rewarded  for  his  servi- 
ces by  the  directory  with  the  professorship  of 
chyiiiistry,  in  the  university  of  Montpellter.  He 
was  al'icrwards,  under  Buonaparte,  made  minis- 
ter of  the  interior.  In  that  situation,  he  paid 
great  attention  to  the  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  France,  and  to  the  means  of  promoting 
education,  lie  was  a  devoted  friend  to  Napoleon 
during  his  reign,  and  since  his  abdication  has 
lived  as  a  private  citizen.  His  writings  liave 
,een  very  numerous,  principally  on  cliymical 
subjects. 

CHARLES  X.,  king  of  France,  v.as  born  Oct. 
9,  17."i7.  He  marri<^d,  in  1773,  Maria  Theresa, 
of  Savoy,  by  whom  he  h.td  three  children,  a 
dauuhler,  who  died  young,  the  pri?sent  due  d'An- 
gouleme,  and  the  late  due  d'Berri.  In  his  youth, 
the  king  was  gay  and  extravagant ;  he  was, 
however,  amiable  in  bis  disposition,  and  a  [-at 
ron  and  protector  of  men  of  letters.  From  the 
beginning  of  the  revoluti<iu  he  was  decidedly 
opposed  to  any  reform,  and  soon  emigrated  wiiii 
his  family.  lie  went  to  Turin,  and.  in  17J1, 
joined  his  brother,  the  late  king  Louis  XVIII. 
and  prepared  to  assist  in  invading  France.  Th^ 
events  of  this  period  of  hi-  life  are  matters  of 
'listory,  and  do  not  need  r<petition  here.  Fail 
'■•.\i^  in  Ills  tirojertcd  inv.i.sion  of  France,  he  re 
tir.-d  to  Westphalia,  and  afterwards  to  Great 
Britain,  where  he  resided  until  the  restoration 
of  his  t'amily.  In  IP  14,  he  returned  to  France 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  the  Thuilleries,  as 
lieutenant-general  of  the  kintrdom  in  the  aNence 
of  his  brother ;  and  by  his  affable  deportment  r.nd 
condescending  manners,  rontribnted  not  a  little 
;o  reconcile  the  French  to  a  change  of  govern 
ment.  On  the  death  of  his  brother,  he  succeed 
ed  to  the  throne  under  the  title  of  Charles  X. 
lie  was  recently  crowned  at  Rheiras,  with  all 
the  parade  and  splendour  of  modern  extrava 
eance.  The  general  policy  of  his  administra- 
tion has  been  the  same  as  that  of  his  predeces- 
■•01,  since  his  elevation  to  the  throne.  He  has, 
however,  abolished  the  censorship  of  the  press, 
and  done  some  other  acts  indicative  of  sounder 
views  of  government,  than  were  entertained 
during  the  last  rcien. 

CHARLES  Lf)UIS,  of  Lorraine,  archduke 
of  Austria,  was  born  in  the  year  1771.  He  be- 
gan his  military  career  under  the  prince  of  Co- 
bourg,  in  Brabant,  and  was  soon  afterwards 
made  governor  and  captain-general  of  the  low 
countries,  and  field  marshal  of  the  empire. 
This  prince  commanded  with  great  reputation 
and  glory  in  the  war  against  revolutiocary 
France,  and  in  a  succession  of  campaigns,  and 
during  a  series  of  severe  actions  with  the  first 
French  generals  of  the  age,  proved  himself  not 
only  a  match  for  them,'  but  almost  the  only 
general  capable  of  successfully  opposing  them. 
Our  limits  will  not  allow  us  to  recapitulate  his 
victories ;  we  can  only  say,  that  whether  oppos- 
ing Moreau  on  the  Rhine,  Buonaparte  in  Italy, 
or  Massena  in  Switzerland,  he  displayed  great 
military  talents,  and  acquired  great  glory.  Ow- 
ing to  the  intrigues  of  the  Austrian  court,  he 
was  induced  to  resign  his  military  command, 


CL 

CLAY,  Henry,  was  born  in  April,  1776,  and 
iiia  native  ofthKcountyof  Hanover,  in  Virginia. 
His  fattier,  a  re$p<  ctable  baptist  clerg>man, 
died  when  lie  wai^  very  voiinK,  leaving  his  lanilly 
in  pecuniary  mtaiis,  somewhat  limited.  His 
education  was  not  tlial  of  a  echolar;  hut  at  an 
early  age  as  a  cleric  in  the  chancery  otrice  at 
Richmond,  Mr.  day  attracted  the  attention  ol 
chancellor  Wythe,  in  whose  house  he  found  an 
asylum  and  a  home,  an  instructor  and  patron, 
under  wiiose  ai:spices  he  soor  acquired  a  pro- 
ficiency in  tiie  law.  He  removed  to  Lexington, 
Ky.,  in  I't'T,  and  tlieie  was  successful  in  his 
profea-ion.  and  soon  became  distinguished  as  a 
politician.  From  1799  until  l80f;,  he  was  a 
leading  and  eloquent  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  Kentucky,  al  which  time  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States.  After  this,  he  was  successively 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  his  adopted 
state ;  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  ;  and 
i-n  Xov.  1811,  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
seniatives  o(  the  United  States,  and  was  imme 
riiaiely  chosen  speaker  of  that  body.  This  oflke 
he  held  until  bis  recent  appointment  of  secre- 
tary of  state,  at  the  commencement  of  Mr. 
Adams'  administration.  Mr.  Clay's  political 
career  has  been  popular.  In  every  appointment 
which  he  has  held,  he  has  acquitted  hini^cli 
Willi  dignity  and  lirmness,  and  he  has  acquired 
the  reputation  of  a  zealous  patriot :  a  stHte.^iDan, 
sinind,  prompt,  and  sagacious;  and  a  brilliant 
and  forcible  orator 

CLINTON,  De  Witt,  son  of  James  Clinton, 
a  nip.jor-goueral  in  the  revolutionary  army,  was 
horn  ill  thecounty  of  Orange,  staie  of  New-York 
in  ibe  year  17fi9.  He  was  educated  at  Colwitibia 
College,  and  after  receiving  the  honours  of  the 
university,  commenced  the  study  of  the  law,  in 
1766.  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  se- 
cretary to  his  uncle,  governor  George  Clinton, 
who  appointed  him  secretary  of  the  university, 
and  of  the  board  of  fortifications  of  New-York. 
He  was  elected  a  number  of  the  legislature, 

from  the  city  of  New- York,  in  1797,  without!' a  princess  of  Saxe  Cobourc,  who  has  since  re- 
opposition,  and  soon  afterwas  chosen  a  member  Iturned  to  her  family.  In  1799,  he  served  under 
of  the  senate.  Mr.  Clinton  was  afterwards  ajlgeneral  Siiwarrow,  and  behaved  with  great 
member  of  the  council  of  appointment,  in  1802:1  bravery.  lie  was  in  the  battle  of  Austcrlitz, 
a  senator  in  congress,  and  was  from  1803  tot  opposed  to  Bernadotte,  and  distinguished  him- 
1607  mayor  of  the  city  of  New- York.  During  Iscif  by  his  gallant  resistance  to  the  French, 
this  time,  he  was  for  nine  months  a  senator  in   During  the  invasion  of  Russia,  he  was  actively 


t.U 

COBBETT,  William,  is  the  sonof  a  fanner 
in  Surrey.  His  faiJicr  taught  him  arithmetic, 
and  to  read  and  write,  and  educated  him  as  a 
farmer.  Karly  in  life,  he  lel'i  his  father  and 
went  to  London,  and  afterwards  enlisted  in  a 
regiment  destined  to  Nova  Scotia,  where  he  re- 
sided six  years.  During  this  time,  he  devoted 
all  his  leisure  to  the  cultivation  of  his  mind.  In 
1792,  he  came  to  .America,  here  he  commenced 
author,  and  under  the  name  of  feter  Porcupine, 
wrote  a  series  of  essays,  which  exhibited  his 
powers,  and  enraged  his  opponents.  Being 
prosecuted  for  a  libel  and  amerced  in  SOOO  dollars 
damages;  he  left  the  country  and  returned  to 
Kngland,  where  he  commenced  bis  Pnliiical 
Reuister,  which  hr"  extended  to  forty  volumes. 
In  this  paper  he  attacked  the  administration  witU 
his  whole  energies,  and  with  such  effect,  as  to 
incur  the  vengeanreof  the  ministry.  Mr.  Cobbett 
visited  America  again  in  1S17,  and  rcturmd  to 
England  in  1819.  lie  still  continues  his  writings, 
which  are  already  numerous.  In  dry  humour,  in 
pointed  sarcasm,  and  uithe  power  of  casting  ridi- 
cule upon  an  opponent,  he  is  almost  unrivalled. 
Mr.  C.  is  said  to  be  preparing  for  publication,  a 
History  of  the  Persecutions  of  the  late  Queen. 

COi\'(;REVE,  sir  William,  was  bom  in  the 
year  1760,  and  entered  young  into  the  artillery, 
of  which  his  fntbrr  was  an  officer  of  rank.  He 
applied  himself  assiduously  to  the  service,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  mechanical 
genius,  and  by  his  important  improvements. 
The  principal  of  these,  is  the  rocket,  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Congreve  Rocket,  which,  as  a 
formidable  means  of  military  annoyance,  is 
generally  admitted  to  be  more  efficient  than  al- 
most any  other.  This  he  invented  in  1808  ;  it 
is  now  adopted  generally  in  the  armies  of  the 
military  powers  of  Europe.  Sir  William  has  pub- 
lished several  scientific  works,  which  prove  him 
a  man  of  extraordinary  talents.  He  is  said  to  be 
high  in  favour  with  the  present  king  George  IV 

I'ONSTANTINE,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  is 
'the  second  son  of  Paul  I.     He  married,  in  1798, 


the  legislature,  and  member  of  the  council  of 
appointment.  In  1808  he  was  again  chosen 
mayor  of  the  city  of  New- York,  and  received 
the  appointment  of  regent  of  the  university. 
During  Mr.  f'linlon's  public  life,  much  of  his 


engaged,  and  in  the  subsequent  campaigns  ;  and 
he  entered  Paris  with  the  allies.  He  is  now 
viceroy  of  Poland,  under  his  brother  Alexander. 
COOPER,  sir  Astley  Paston,  F.  R.  S.,  is  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  surgeons  and  medical 


attention  has  been  bestowed  upon  subjects  rela-  i'writers  in  Creat  Britain.  Few  possess  an  equal 
live  to  the  public  health  and  internal  improve- j' share  of  science  and  practice,  and  none  enjoy  a 
ments  generally,  and  when  the  law  was  passed,  [[higher  reputation  for  that  spirit  of  liberality  and 
n  1317,  authorizing  the  junction  of  the  Western!] philosophy,  which  ought  to  characterize  the 
and  Northern  lakes  and  the  Hudson  river,  by  ca-!  member  of  a  learned  profession.  Heisamem- 
nals,  Blr.  Clinton  was  appointed  commissioner. ilber  of  the  Royal  Society,  a  surgeon  of  Guy's 
tn  1811  be  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  the 'I  Hospital,  and  president  of  the  Medical  and  Chi- 
Btate  of  New-York,  and  recommended  as  aijrurgical  Society.  His  writings,  which  are  nu- 
candidatefor  president  of  the  United  States,  by  inerous,  are  considered  standard  works  by  the 
a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  legislature,, members  of  the  profession.  He  has  lately  been 
and  from  that  time  until  1815,  was  again  mayor  appointed  surgeon  to  the  king,  and  created  a 
of  the  city  of  New- York.    He  was  elected,  in'  baronet. 

1817,  governor  of  the  stale  of  New- York,  almost  j  CUVIER, baron  de,  was  bom  at  Montbeliard 
without  opposition, and  was  re-elected  in  1824.  jl in  17fi9,  and  educated  at  Stutgard,  where  he  be- 
In  the  creat  and  growing  state  of  which  Ulr.  Clin-  I  came  acqu.iinrcd  %vith  the  language,  the  litera- 
ton  is  a  native,  his  name,  his  genius,  and  bis  ser-i|ture,  and  the  sciences  of  Germany.  He  arrived 
vices,  are  stamped  upon  many  monuments  of  iin  France  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  and 
public  munificence;  and  the  promptitude,  so-||was  soon  distinguished  among  scientific  men. 
lidity  and  talent  exhibited  in  his  public  career  He  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  French 
evfot»  that  his  energy  is  equal  to  an^QCCurreuce.U  Institute;  and  ia  perpetual  secretary  of  tbo 
4^6 


DE 

acade  ny  of  physical  science,  and  professor  of 
namrJl  liistory  to  the  coIIoro  of  France.  Karon 
CuvifT  is  one  of  the  most  distinguished  natural- 
ists o'.'  the  present  age  ;  and  to  prol'ound  know- 
ledge .  he  has  the  art  of  expressiiip;  his  ideas  with 
{•reiil  clearness  and  elegance.  His  writings  are 
very  liiumcrous,  on  scientific  and  iiiisc;;llaneous 
subjects.  He  is  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Jour- 
nal dcs  Scavants. 

»  D 

D' ArRI'AY,  madame,  is  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Bumpy,  and  is  heiter  known  by  her  maiden 
nani(t<  of  .Miss  Frances  Burnoy.  This  lady  has 
deser  [.edly  attracted  public  attention,  and  cained 
a  hig  1  rcpntaiion  for  herself,  by  her  wriiinsrs. 
She  iduiui.stioiiahly  ranks  among  the  lirst  female 
noveliwrjters  of  the  age.  Her  first  work  was 
Fiveli  )a,  published  in  1777.  To  this  succeeded 
Ceclll|i  and  Camilla;  she  has  also  written  a 
tragedy,  which  has  been  performed  on  the  Eng- 
lish stage,  and  recently  a  novel  called  the  Wan- 
derer, o."  Female  nifficulties.  IMadame  D'Arblay 
is  now  a  widow,  and  resides,  since  the  deatii 
of  her  husband,  in  England. 

DAVIU.  This  celebrated  French  painter  has 
been  grealy  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  atro- 
city as  a  tevolutioiiist.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  nationnl  convention,  and  voted  for  the  im- 
mediate d;"V'  of  Loui.s  XVI.;  and  he  was  the 
constant  as.^iciate  and  intimate  friend  of  Ifobes- 
pierre  and  A^ral.  After  the  fall  of  the  former, 
he  was  arre.Act>  and  imprisoned,  but  his  merit 
as  an  arti"!,  probably  saved  his  life.  He  is  ac- 
knowledged to  he  the  first  ■Trench  painter  of  the 
present  day.  His  pictures  of  the  "Death  of 
Marat,"  of  the  Sabines,  and  of  the  coronatiim 
of  Napoleon,  are  considered  as  admirable  speci- 
men? (it  the  art.  -Vs  a  regicide.  David  Ills  been 
banished,  since  the  return  of  Louis  XVIII.,  and 
now  reside.^  in  Bru.vellcs. 

D.WY,  sir  Humplirfy.  This  distinguished 
philosopher,  who  h;is  done  so  much  to  enlarge 
the  bounds  of  chyinical  science,  was  born  at 
Pencance,  in  the  year  1779,  and  received  the 
rudiments  of  education  at  the  school  in  that 
place.  At  the  age  of  1;'),  he  was  placed  as  a  pupil 
with  a  Mr.  Borlase,  an  excellent  surgeon  and 
accomplished  scholar,  with  whom  he  resided 
several  years,  during  which  time,  he  laid  down 
for  I'.lniself,  and  pursued  a  course  of  study, 
which  made  him  master  of  the  leading  princi- 
ples of  botany,  anatomy,  and  physiology,  the 
simple  mathematics,  natural  philosophy,  and 
chymislry.  The  latter  study,  however,  was 
most  congenial  to  his  taste,  and  some  early  dis- 
coveries ill  that  science,  drew  him  from  obscuri- 
ty, and  devoted  him  for  life,  to  the  pursuit  of 
liis  favourite  science.  He  soon  after  published 
liis  "  Researches  Chymical  and  F'hilosophical," 
and  was  chosen  professor  of  chymislry  in  the 
royal  institution.  His  most  brilliant  discoveries 
were  subsequent  to  this  period.  Our  limitk  will 
not  permit  us  to  mention  them.  Tiie  most  im- 
]iortant,  however,  to  the  cause  of  humanity,  as 
well  as  of  science,  was  the  invention  of  the 
safety  lamp,  which  has  proved  of  immen.>.c 
benefit  to  the  English  miners.  Sir  Humphrey 
is  now  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  a 
member  of  most  of  the  philosophical  societies 
of  Europe.  His  writings  are  numerous,  and  of 
great  importance  to  the  cause  of  science  and 
pliili>sophy. 

UECWZES,  duke,  was  born  in  1780.  At  an 
early  age  he  was  a  judge  of  the  tribiuial  of  Jhej 


EM 

Heine,  and  in  1810,  was  appointed  counsellor 
of  the  court  of  appeals.  In  18!o,  he  put  him- 
self at  the  head  of  a  company  of  national 
guards,  in  support  of  the  royal  cause,  and 
vehemently  oppcjsed  the  restoration  of  Buona- 
ptirie.  Onllie  return  of  the  king,  he  wasappoint- 
ed  prefect  (if  police  and  a  member  of  the  council 
of  state,  and  soon  at'icr,  he  was  made  minister 
of  police  in  the  room  of  Fouche.  He  was  after- 
wards created  a  count,  removrd  from  the  niiiii»- 
try  of  police,  to  that  of  the  home  department, 
and  in  1818,  created  a  duke,  and  sent  as  minister 
from  Louis  XVIII.  to  (ireat  Britain.  He  is 
now  one  of  the  ministry,  and  president  of  the 
council.  His  measures  have  been  generally  cal- 
culated for  the  prasperlty  of  France,  and  hia 
speeches  in  their  defence,  have  been  received 
with  respect,  by  the  patriot,  and  the  man  of 
letters. 

DE.SEZE,  Raymond,  the  intrepid  and  eloquent 
defeiulir  of  I.cmis  XVI.  at  the  bar  of  the  French 
:i;itional  coiivemion,  was  born  at  Rourdeaiu,  in 
1T.")1),  and  educatid  for  the  bar  from  his  earliest 
yrars.  His  proiessional  success  %vas  unusually 
rapiil.  Having  been  engaged  in  a  ilefence  which 
had  attracted  llie  attenti<m  of  the  fashionable 
world,  he  so  far  succeeded,  a.s  to  gain  theesteena 
and  patronage  of  the  count  de  Vcrgennes. 
With  his  influence,  he  removed  to  Paris,  where 
he  soon  gained  the  reputation  of  the  most  elo- 
quent advocate  of  France.  He  was  imprisoned 
for  his  defence  of  his  unfortunate  sovereign, 
and  narrowly  escaped  death  ;  lived  in  retirement 
during  the  reign  of  ^'apoleon,  and  was  only 
rewarded  for  his  loyalty,  on  the  restoration  (Jf 
the  Bourbons. 


£ 


EDGE  WORTH,  Maria,  is  the  daughter  of 
Richard  Lovell  Edgew  orth,  esq.,  of  Edgeworth- 
lown,  Ireland,  a  gentleman  distinguished  in  the 
literary  world  for  his  talents  and  writings.  The 
(l.iughier  is  said  to  excel  her  parent  in  talents  ; 
she  has  devoted  herself  to  literary  pursuits,  with 
zeal  and  ardour.  One  of  her  objects  has  been 
to  perfect  the  system  of  female  education,  in 
which  she  has  in  part  succeeded.  As  a  novel 
writer,  she  ranks  among  the  most  eminent ;  and 
the  Irish  character  has  never  been  drawn  with 
equal  truth  and  spirit  by  any  other  writer.  Her 
publications,  which  are  numerous,  have  been 
well  r<^ceived  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 

ELDON,  the  earl  of,  is  the  son  of  a  Mr.  Scott 
of  Newcastle,  and  was  born  in  1750.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  entered  at  Middle  Temple, 
in  17V2,  and  called  to  the  bar  at  the  usual  period. 
His  first  eftorts  were  far  from  successful,  but  the 
encouragement  he  received  from  lord  Timrlow, 
induced  him  to  proceed,  and  he  then  rose  into 
repute.  He  was  in  1783,  chosen  a  member  of 
parliament,  and  soon  after  attorney-general.  In 
1799,  he  was  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  and  raided  to  the  peerage.  Two 
years  after,  he  was  made  lord  chancellor  of 
Great  Britain,  an  office  which  he  still  retains, 
tie  has  accumniatcil  an  immense  fortune  by  his 
profession,  ami  has  been  created  an  carl. 

EMMET,  Thomas  .^ddis,  esq.,  is  a  native  of 
Dublin.  His  father  was  an  eminent  physician, 
of  that  city,  and  the  son  was  ediicaltd  for  thai 
profession,  and  took  a  doctor's  deL'n.'e  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  but  on  the  death  of  a  biotlier,  who  had 
risen  to  eminence  as  a  barrister,  he  quitted  the 
practice  of  medicine  for  that  of  the  law,  ami 
soon  obtained  great  celebrity  as  a  lawvcr  in  Dub- 
427 


FE 

liii.  Mr.  Emmet  whs  one  of  ttii;  leading  mem- 
bers of  ilie  society  of  united  Irishmen,  aud  was 
appointed  amcmberof  the  Irish  directory,  which 
was  to  be  substituted  for  tlie  existing  government. 
His  safety  being  stipulated  for  by  Itie  man  who 
heirayed  the  plot,  he  was  exiled  from  the  British 
<4onitiiionE.  lie  then  establisi  td  himself  in 
New- York,  where  he  now  practices  with  great 
reputation  and  success. 

KRSKINK,  Thomas,  lord,  is  the  third  son  of 
the  late  earl  of  Buchan,  and  was  born  in  Scot- 
land, in  1750.  After  completing  bis  education, 
under  the  care  of  one  ef  tlie  most  accomplished 
scholars  of  Scotland,  he  entered  the  na%'y,  which 
ric  soon  exchanged  for  the  army,  in  which  he 
serv'ed  several  years.  The  demands  of  an  in- 
cre;:sing  family,  and  the  scantiness  of  his  in- 
come, as  an  officer,  induced  him  to  make  choice 
of  a  profession,  and  in  1777  he  commenced  his 
I'-gal  studies.  The  next  year  lie  was  called  to 
file  bar.  Here  he  soon  had  an  opportunity  of 
displaying  his  transceiidant  talents,  and  his  first 
etforl  was  considered  a  masterpiece  of  forensic 
eloquence.  From  thai  moment  his  success  was 
certain,  and  his  subsequent  exertions  have  only 
realized  the  expectations  formed  by  those  who 
then  heard  hiiu.  As  an  eloquent  and  accom- 
plished advocate,  he  unquestionably  stood  first 
at  the  English  bar.  Lord  Erskine  became  a 
member  of  the  house  of  commons,  in  1783,  was 
created  a  peer  in  1606,  and  raised  to  tlie  difrnity 
of  lord  high  chancellor  of  the  realm  ;  which  of- 
fice he  resigned,  ou  his  friends  going  out  of  ad- 
miaistration. 


PELLENBERG,  M.,  a  celebrated  agricultu- 
ralist and  instructor,  was  born  at  Berne,  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  1771.  He  is  a  great-grandson,  by  the 
mother's  side,  of  admiral  Van  Tiomp.  He  was 
very  carefully  educated,  and,  in  early  life,  tra- 
velled in  France,  Switzerland,  and  fJermany,  as- 
suming the  garb  and  appearance  of  a  labourer, 
thathe  might  belter  acquuint  himfelf  with  men, 
and  their  wants.  He  was  uf  great  u-^e  i»  pre- 
serving tranquillity,  by  his  influence,  in  his  na- 
tive country,  after  the  conquest  of  the  French, 
in  1798.  He  soon  withdrew  from  public  afTaiis, 
and  having  formed  an  acquaintance  with  the 
(ielebraled  Pcslalozzi,  bought  a  larL'e  farm  at 
Hofwyl,  aboutti  miles  from  Berne,  which  he  cul- 
tivated in  the  ni'ist  approved  manner,  to  serve 
as  a  model  for  the  neighbourhood,  and  which  is 
tilled  by  the  scholars  in  his  tciiool  of  industry. 
He  also  established  a  bchool,  in  which  he  has 
very  successfully  attempted  a  new  system  of 
cdutation,  and  which  has  attracted  great  atten- 
tion in  Europe. 

FEKDLNAND  IV.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
the  third  son  of  Cliarles  III.  of  Spain,  was  born 
in  Naples  the  ICih  of  January,  1751.  His  natural 
disposition  was  miid  and  amiable,  and  in  early 
life  was  exhibited  in  acts  of  charity  and  beuevo- 
K-nce,  which  rendered  him  the  idol  of  the  people 
of  Naples.  His  father  succeeding  to  the  throng! 
«f  Spain  vf  1759.  Ferdinand  was  declared  kitt 
of  the  Two  Sicilies',  and  during,  his  uiinorityji 
was  placed  by  his  father  tiij,dej  la  regency.  He 
inarried  in  1708,  Mary  C:>r';^»T  „'?ister  of  the 
emperor  .loseph  II.,  vvlic  '  '♦,  ^ed  an  al- 
inost  unrontrellcd  asceiii  vo,   ,ira,  which 

she  used  to  effect  her  c  \ica)  purposes. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  *!  revolution, 

T"'  rdinaiid  has  been  involveu  .  .  disputes  and 
:i>;  with  one  or  another  i>f  the  powers  of 
4^5  T 


FE 

lEurope  ;  and  since  then,  has  experieiy;ed  all 
!lhe  vici^situdps  of  fortune,  from  victery  and 
■conquest  to  defeat  and  disgrace.  He  l.ag  re- 
Ipeatedly  been  driven  from  his  capital,  ar.d  toni- 
pelled  to  take  shelter  in  Sicily ;  he  ha-,  seen 
that  capital  threatened  with  hombardment  and 
kiillage,  by  a  foreign  foe,  and  saved  fror>j  that 
fate,  only  by  bribery  and  corruption;  i,e  has 
seen  his  empire  wrested  from  him  by  an  enemy, 
himself  dethroned,  and  Murut,  the  broiner  of 
that  enemy,  seated  on  his  throne:  he  lii'sspen 
himself  deserted  by  his  own  Bubjecls,  and.  at  the 
mercy  of  a  neighbouring  power  ;  and  v.l)en  re- 
stored to  his  throne,  and  to  the  plenitude  |of  his 
authority,  he  has  again  seen  his  people  tevolt- 
ing  against  a  reign  distingui.^hcd  only  lor  its 
tyranny,  bigotry,  and  oppression,  and  dt>mand- 
ing  of  their  sovereign  a  constitutional  f<knn  of 
government,  and  mild  and  equal  laws,  end  hasi 
found  himself  obliged  to  yield  to  their  demands. 
The  interference  of  the  Hoiy  Alliance  lip  j  rescu- 
ed him  from  the  influence  of  his  subjects,  and 
again  placed  him  on  an  .ibsolute  thrrne.  He 
now  holds  despotic  dominion  over  his  subjects, 
supported  by  an  Austrian  armed  forjc  within 
his  territory,  and  liable  on  the  remo'.al  of  that 
force,  to  the  vengeance  of  an  injured  oppressed, 
and  insulted  people. 

FERDINAND  VH.,  king  of  Sp-iin  and  the 
Indies,  is  the  son  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain,  and 
was  born  the  13th  of  October,  1784.  He  was 
created  prince  of  Asturias,  whcn^only  six  years 
of  age,  and  succeeded  to  the  thror>c  hy  the  abdi- 
cation of  his  father  in  his  favodi,  in  1808.  The 
incidents  of  his  eventful  reign,  have  been  marked 
by  the  stupidity  and  bi;j;olry,  which  so  eminently 
characterize  this  sovereign.  Soon  after  Jie 
ascended  the  tlirone,  he  wa.s  persuaded  to  leave 
his  dominions,  and  meanly  submit  himself  to 
the  power  af  Napoleon,  that  he  might  obtain 
from  that  emperor  a  recognition  of  his  title; 
when  in  hia  power,  he  was  made  a  prisoner  to 
France,  forced  to  relinquish  his  sceptre  nncon- 
ditioiftlly,  to  his  father,  by  whom  it  was  resign- 
ed to  Buonaparte,  and  for  five  years  kept  in 
c^^iody  in  tile  interior  of  France.  Ou  a  change 
of  affairs  in  France,  he  was  suflered  to  return 
to  his  dominions.  Before  he  left  his  kingdom, 
he  had  authorized  the  convocation  of  a  cortre, 
and  he  had  solemnly  promised  to  maintain  tbem 
in  their  privileges,  and  to  approvr  tht.ir  «cf  ■ 
No  sooner,  however,  had  he  icfitTn»d  to  Ppuin, 
than  he  refused  to  sign  a  coustiuiii'  n  enacted 
by  the  cnrtcs.  Iv    '  •  null  all  their  acts 

done  in  his  -  l  the  inquisition, 

ordered  the  jiiv-..  serving  in  the 

army  dnring  the  return  to  their 

monasteries,  am.  "hose  who  had 

taken  the  oath  oii,  '  .  iiuonaparte.  He 

even  went  farther,  .•'•'  omiemned  to  exile  and 
imprisonment  the  most  patriotic  members  of 
the  cortes,  who  hfid  struggled  during  his  im- 
prisonment, to  support  his  throne,  and  preserve 
it  unimpaired  until  his  restoration.  During  his 
reign,  the  inhabitants  of  his  South  .American 
colonics  have  disclaimed  allegiance  to  his  throne, 
|einerged  from  their  vassalage,  and  become  sove- 
fpign  and  independent  states.  His  subjects  too 
.t  liomc,  tired  of  his  despotism,  have  within  a 
few  years  resisted  his  authority,  convoked  anew 
the  ancient  cortes  of  the  kingdom,  and  re-estab- 
lished a  constitution,  to  which  Ferdinand  was 
obliged  to  swear  fidelity  or  lose  his  crown.  The 
principles  of  the  allied  sovereigns,  and  the  arms 
of  France  have  interfered,  to  check  the  progress 
of  correct  principles  of  civil  governraeM,  ^iid 


FR GE 

Ferdinand  is  mice  more  jicrniitted  to  triumph  [I  reign  has  alfiirdrd  an  cxainpl«  of  pnlitiral  and 
over  iho  wislies  of  his  subjects.  He  holds  liis  ircli<.'ious  lib<Tiy,  sinRuIar  in  u  country,  the  cmi' 
scopiru,  however,  by  a  precariovis  tenure;  he  jsiitution  of  wiiich  is  ahno<;t  wliolly  at  the  dis 
Jr.is  lost  the  conlidencc  and  ^ood  will  of  his  sub    posal  of  ilie  sf.veroij^n. 

jccta,  and  there  now  exists,  frnni  one  end  of  FKKDEIMCK  WILLIAM  III.,  king  of  rnia 
Spiiin  to  the  other,  at  tooted  distrust  of  him,  eia,  horn  in  .Aupiist,  17~U,  succeed' d  his  father, 
ivliich  is  but  too  well  justified  by  his  fornier|  Frederick  William  II.,  Noveniber,  1797.  Him 
rimduct ,  probably,  should  the  French  aruiy  be  early  life  was  inurh  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
withdrawn  from  his  kiap.l  m),  his  throne  would  |  Prussia  ;  but  since  his  aUianco  with  Alexander 
he  shaKen  to  its  loundaiion,  by  his  oppressedjof  Russia,  the  eliaracter  of  Frederick  seems  to 
subjpc's.  lliave  been  changed;  the  promises  made  to  hi* 

FRRDIN'.\N'D  III.,  prand  duke  of  Tuscany.  I  subjects  durint;  his  turbulent  wars  with  Fr.-ince. 
and  arclidukc  of  Austria,  was  born  in  the  year||have  been  broken,  and  Frederick,  hacked  by  the 
17159.  He  is  a  son  of  Ihc  laic  Leopold,  cniperorij  armies  of  the  "  Holy  .Mliance,"  dctics  thctli.T 
of  G<'rmany,  and  brother  of  tlie  present  enipivncontent  and  anger  ot  his  peoplp. 
lornf  Austria.  Tuscany  w.-»s  granted  him  byjl  FREDERICK.  AUGl'STUS  T.,9on  of  Frede 
his  father,  and  he  was  created  grand  duke  iu;|rick  Christian,  was  biirn  December,  1750  ;J|)p- 
1701.  I)istiu;iuished  by  his  [iroteclion  ol  letters, ijcame  elector  of  Saxony  in  1706,  and  in  1777, 
nnd  the  mildness  of  his  administration,  he  lias'j  elector  of  Bavaria,  by  the  death  of  Maximilinn. 
shown  himself  more  desirous  to  maintain  peace,!  In  17Jtl,  the  crown  of  Poland  was  proffered  him 
in  his  states,  than  to  involve  them  in  war,  for  'in  the  name  of  the  Polish  nation,  which  he  de 
what  are  now  styled  the  essential  principles  ofjjclined  accepting,  at  tlie  desire  of  his  subjects, 
governntent.  He  was,  therefore,  the  first  of  the;  In  1806,  Saxony  was  constituted  a  kingdom,  nnd 
princes  of  FiUrope,  to  reco!;nise  the  French  re- :  Frederick  elected  kine.  He  became  a  niemhe' 
public.  This  of  course  involved  him  in  dilTiculty  of  the  Germanic  body  in  I."*!'!.  Taken  prisoner 
Willi  ncigll^ouring  powers,  who  compdled  liim,  hy  the  armies  of  France,  Uussia,  and  Prussia 
to  change  his  policy,  and  adopt  a  system,  wliici'.  in  1813,  he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  large  por- 
rcsulled  in  his  expulsion  from  his  state.  He  has  linns  of  his  territory,  and,  by  order  of  the  iinz 
bieen  re-established  in  Tuscany,  since  the  abdi-  'of  Prussia,  he  acceded  to  the  "  Holy  A!lianc<i" 
cation  of  Ruonaparte,  and  yet  retains  his  aulho-jlin  1817. 
riiy  in  ihat  slate.  I 

FF.SCH,  cardinal,  uncle  of  Napoleon,  lalej 
rmp.Tor  of  France,  was  born  at  .Ajaccio,   in,  G 

Corsica,  in  170.1,  and  educated  lor  the  church. j 
An  ardent  parti/.an  of  French   revolutionary) 

jirinciples,  he  threw  of  his  clerical  dres.^,  and  I  GALL,  Dr.,  is  now  a  resident  of  Paris,  and 
enteriAl  the  army.  In  179C,  he  became  com-  was  b<irn  in  Werlemburg,  in  H.'JS.  With  hiiu 
mis<,lry  general  in  the  army  of  Italy,  under  Na-l  originated  the  science  of  craniology,  which  has 
polenn,  and  in  tliat  office  he  acquired  a  largeii  found  so  many  advocates  in  Germany,  Paris, 
fortune,  .\fierthis,  lie  resumed  the  ecclcsia.stical.j  Ensland,  and  the  L'nited  States, 
profession,  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Lyons,  G.ALL.ATIN',  Albert,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
and  in  IrtKl,  obtained  a  cardinal's  hat.  Uewa6|lcame  many  years  since  to  the  United  ^5|,■ltes. 
soon  after  sent  ambassador  to  Rome,  where  he;|  For  subsistence  he  became  a  French  teacher, 
n-sidcd  until  the  coronation  of  the  emperor,!;  but  afterwards  connecting  himself  with  Mr. 
when  he  accompanied  pope  Pius  V'll.  ir  "uris,!!  Jefferson,  ho  rose  to  high  employments  in  this 
to  assist  in  that  ceremony.  He  w.is  the  s.'tme|  country.  He  was  api«jinted  secretary  of  the 
year  .tppointed  grand  almoner  of  France,  anil  a;  treasury  ;  and,  in  1813,  was  sent  to  conclude  a 
'  piinripcd  orticcr  of  the  legion  of  honour.  In'l peace  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
18i)ii,  he  was  nominated  by  the  elector,  aich-lj  Britain  ;  failing  in  this  he  returned  in  1814;  in 
rlnnrellor  of  theGernianic  empire,  his  coadjut<)r'|lH15,  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Pari."",  and 
.iiid  snceossor.  He  afterwards  fell  into  disgrace'i  afterwards  went  to  I,ondou  on  public  business, 
with  Buonaparte,  for  opposing  his  violent  treat-       G.ALT,  John,   an  extensive  and  observant 


nient  of  the  pope,  ap"* 
where  he  resided  ' 
On  the  down*"- 
liis  sister  Mu 
where  he  live 
from  Elba.     i.. 
France  for  a  sht 


•  ired  tohissee  in  liyons, 
>"-''f)ur,  until  1911. 
■  '  Hie  wcHt  with 
-•iilijparh-  to  Rome, 
■   until  the  return 
:  w  his  dignities  in 
again  took  up  his! 


residence  at  Rome  alV  '"+te  battle  of  Waterloo 
FH\NCIS  It.,  emperor  of  Austria,  and  son 
of  I.eopold  H.  of  Spain,  was  born  in  February, 
17fiP.  In  June,  1790,  he  was  crowned  king  of 
Hungary  ;  in  July,  elected  king  of  the  Romans  : 
and  in  .August  of  the  same  year,  he  was  crown 


traveller,  and  an  author  of  considerable  t.nlcnt, 
was  born  in  Greenock,  177t).  He  has  publishe<i 
the  "  Life  of  Benjamin  West,  Esq.;"  the"Liru 
and  Administration  of  Cardinal  Wolscy  ;" 
"  Annals  of  the  Parrsh,"  and  many  other 
works. 

GEORGE  IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire 
land,  son  of  George  III.,  was  horn  .August  lilb, 
1700,  on  the  17th  of  that  month  was  created 
fitinccof  Wales,  and  earl  of  Chtstcr.  He  con- 
nected himself  with  Mr,  Fox  and  the  papular 
party,  in  1783,  and  in  the  same  year,  having 
taken  hie  seat  in  parliamcnt,suppnrted  Mr.  Fox',"> 


cd  king  of  Bohemia.  In  l.'W,  he  took  the  til  It  celebrated  India  hill.  In  1705  l.e  married  the 
of  Iiere<litary  emperor  of  Austria.  Francis  is^  nincess  Caroline  of  Brunswick,  and,  in  1810, 
rtot  willing  to  relinquish  the  rights  of  despotisi"  ■  ih  conseque.  e  of  the  king's  iadisposition,  he 
yet  his  mildness  of  temper,  and  his  attarhmeM.  jwas  appointei'  rcent,  and  cnntimiej  closely  at- 


to  his  subjects  are  remarkable.    He  is  an  effi 
cient  member  of  the  "Holy  .Alliance." 

FREDERICK  VI.,  king  of  Denmark,  son  of 
Christian  VII.,  was  born  in  J.tniiary.  1768.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  the  probity,  justice,  and 
publicity  of  his  administration  while  regent,  and 
siucc  leci?,  when  he  ascended  the  thronC;  hi? 


'inched  to  ti 
Ither  in  I  ,  ' 

linentfroti    ne 
!ry  feeling  of  ir 
I  which  only 
place  soon  aiil^r. 

!    GERARD,  Jl.  acclebrated  painter,  was  bori 
4'J9 


"tlrty.    He  succeeded  his  fa- 

'  tiiiplsto  procure  a  divorce- 

'^■produced  :in  extraordina- 

■  ..iXx  throughout  the  kingdom. 

^cd  at  her  death,  which  took 


^o 

atRohii:,iii  1770;  lieisiiowaresideuLof  France 
and  clii(  r  paiiilt r  to  ihe  king. 

Gil  FOli  n,  \Villiaiii.  tditor  of  the  "  London 
Quarterly  Review,"  was  born  in  1757.  \\  iien 
he  had  leuriicd  to  write  and  cipher,  he  was  put 
on  board  a  coaftin?  vessel,  where  he  remained  a 
year.  He  aiterwards  was  boiuid  an  apprentici 
to  a  shoemaker,  where  he  continued  till  he  was 
twenty  year.«  ol  age,  when  his  talents  were  dis 
covered,  and  he  was  sent  to  Oxford.  He  per- 
formed two  tours  afterwards  on  the  continent, 
as  tutor  to  lord  Bclgrave,  who,  on  his  return, 
placed  him  in  a  ^;lale  of  independence.  He  ha? 
published  a  translation  of  the  "  Satires  of  Juve- 
nal;"  the  "  Baviad;"  the  "  Jlieviad ;"  and 
some  other  works. 

GILLIKS,  John,  a  native  of  Brechin,  was 
horn  in  1750,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Glasgow.  His  great  work,  the  "  History  of  An- 
rient  Greece,"  and  the  "  History  of  the  World 
from  Alexander  to  Augustus,"  have  gained  him 
the  reputation  of  a  correct  historian.  He  lia.s 
also  published  other  works  of  merit,  and  now 
resides  in  Ijondnn. 

GISBOKNE,  Rev.  T.,  an  English  curate,  and 
distinguished  moral  writer.  Among  bis  work.* 
are  "  The  Principles  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  an 
"  Inquiry  into  the  Duties  of  the  Female  sex," 
and  "  A  Familiar  Survey  of  the  Christian  Re- 
ligion," &c. 

GLOUCESTER,  duke  of,  son  of  the  late  duke 
of  that  name,  was  born  at  Rome,  and  succeeded 
to  his  father's  title  in  1805.  In  politics,  the  duke 
lias  generally  voted  with  the  vvhigs,  and  during 
the  queen's  trial,  he  supported  her  as  a  niucli 
injured  and  oppressed  woman.  He  has  lately 
acted  much  in  public  life.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  is  now  chancellor  of  tliat  uni- 
versity. 

GOilOI,  Don  IManuel,  prince  of  peace,  was 
born  at  Badajoz,  in  Spain,  in  1764,  of  a  poor  fa- 
mily. Fromoiie  of  the  king's  body  guards,  liv- 
ing on  a  pay  of  twenty  cents  a  day,  he  became 
a  favourite  of  the  king  and  queen,  was  made 
prime  minister,  and,  besides  behig  invested  with 
all  the  titles  and  honours  his  majesty  could  be- 
stow, the  king  gave  him  his  cousin  in  marriage. 
His  ambition  and  influence  were  unlimited,  nor 
did  Godoi  finish  his  career  of  artifice  and  in- 
trigue, till  Buonaparte,  in  1808,  became  king  of 
Spain. 

GODWIN,  William,  son  of  a  dissenting  cler- 
gyman,was  himself  a  preacher  of  thi'l  persuasion 
lor  some  years.  In  1792,  as  the  autnor  of  "  Po- 
litical Justice,"  he  inculcated  some  doctrines, 
both  on  religion  and  politics,  which  gave  great 
o.Tence.  He  has  since  been  a  political  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  and  has  ncquircd  much  cele- 
brity by  his  masterly  examination  of  Malthus' 
"Theory  of  Population,"  "Fleetwood,""  Man- 
deville,"  "  Life  and  Age  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer," 
and  "  Caleb  Williams,"  are  from  his  pen.  Be- 
sides these,  he  has  written  many  useful  books 
on  education,  and  is  now  a  juvenile  bookseller 
in  London. 

GORTHE,  baron,  a  most  celebrated  German 
•writer  was  born  at  Frankfort,  in  1749.  In  1783, 
he  xvas  ennobled,  and  as  baron  Gorlhe  was  named 
president  of  the  ducal  chamber.  Gorthe,  in  his 
own  country,  is  almost  worshipped,  and  abroad 
his  reputation  is  high  as  a  poet,  and  as  a  scholar. 
His  works  are  voluminous,  the  first  of  which 
was  the  "  Sorrows  of  Werter."* 

GOOD,  Dr.,  a  man  of  distinguished  talents, 
and  eminent  as  a  physician,  he  resides  in  Lon- 
(fon..  Besides  raanyotherwoiks,  he  lately  pub- 
430 


HA 

lished  the  "Study  of  Medicine,"  and  a"Sy.si'm 
ol'  .N'osolotry,"  both  of  which  have  been  re- 
published in  this  country. 

GOUVlf)N,  St.  Cyr,  count,  one  of  the  best 
Frewch  tacticians,  was  an  officer  under  Louia 
XVI.,  and  acquired  great  reputation  as  a  soldier 
under  Buonaparte,  who  appointed  him  a  mar- 
tial. 'When  Louis  XVIli.  returned  to  France, 
he  created  him  a  peer.  He  is  now  at  the  lieod 
of  the  v.ar  department. 

GRAFTON,  duke  of,  was  horn  in  17C0.    He 
was  closely  attached  to  Mr.  Pitt,  is  now  one  of 
the  whig  party,  and  was  actively  engaged  forthe  , 
queen,  during  her  trial. 

GRANT,  Mrs.,  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  an 
.Vmerican  Lady,"  "  Letters  from  the  Moun- 
tains," &c.  She  was  born  at  Glasgow,  in  175(i ; 
and  when  a  child,  sjient  some  years  in  this 
country  with  her  father,  who  was  a  British 
lothcer  stationed  among  the  Mohawks. 

GRENVILLE,  lord,  was  born  in  1769,  and 
dncated  at  Oxford,  where  he  studied  law  for  a 
hort  time,  and  afterwards  devoted  his  life  to 
politics.  He  for  ."omc  time  supported  Mr.  Pitt 
in  his  administration.  He  was  afterwards  a 
mebiber  of  parliament,  and  for  a  short  time 
peaker  of  the  house  of  commons.  When  Mr. 
Pitt's  interest  declined,  lord  Grenville  joined 
Mr.  Fox  in  the  opposition,  and  has  since  acted 
mostly  with  that  body. 

GROS,  M.,  a  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of 
David,  and  one  of  the  best  masters  of  the  French 
ehool. 

GROUCHY,  marshal,  born  at  Paris,  in  17Cfi, 
was  once  a  lieutenant  of  the  body  guards  of 
lAiuis  X'VI.,  al'terwards  under  Ka)ioIeon;  he 
acquired  great  reputation  as  s  general,  and 
rendered  important  services  to  France.  By 
Buonaparte  he  was  made  a  count,  and  after- 
wards marshal  of  the  empire.  His  attachment 
t'.  '^'  )oleon  however  has  been  doubted,  and  it 
tain  that  during  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he 
J  within  hearing  of  the  canonade  with  40,000 
men.  Soon  after  the  return  of  the  king,  Groucliy 
came  to  the  United  States  but  lately  obtained 
Ijermission  to  return    to  France. 

GUSTAVUS  ADOLPHUS,  e.T-king  of  Swe- 
den, was  born  N>  vember,  1778,  and  succeeded 
his  father,  Gustavus  III.,  in  1792.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  his  reign,  he  resolved  to  follow 
the  pacific  system  of  his  father.  But  he  refused 
to  marry  Catharine  Panlowna,  of  Russia,  after- 
wards queen  of  Wertemburg,  although  he  went 
to  St.  Petersburgh  with  that  object;  this,  and  his 
refusal  to  recognise  Buonaparte  as  emperor  of 
France,  was  s.itTicient  to  involve  him  in  his 
after  difficulties.  A  coalition  of  France,  Russia, 
Prussia,  and  Denmark,  was  formed  in  1809, 
against  Sweden,  and  the  fear,  anxiety,  and  dis- 
content manifested  in  all  classes  of  the  Swedes 
on  this  account,  would  have  terminated  in  a 
civil  war,  had  not  Gustavus  been  seized,  and 
required  to  abdicate  the  throne.  He  now  re- 
sides at  Basle,  in  Switzerland. 

H 

HALL,  Rev.  Robert,  a  Baptist  minister,  and 
not  only  one  of  the  most  eloquent  dissenting 
ministers  of  his  time,  but  an  able  polemiciil 
writer,  was  born  in  England  in  1766.  He  was 
some  time  a  minister  at  Cambridge,  but  his  de- 
clining health  has  obliged  him  to  retire  to 
Leicester.'-hire. 

HARDENBERG,  prince  was  bom  in  Hano- 
ver, 1750.    After  tlie  Margravate  of  Anspa^li 


•f^Rfe. 


HO 


HY 


anil  Bareulh  was  sold  to  Prussia,  M.  Hardenberglniake  sundry  leu«rs  of  the  alphabet."  When 
vv;!s  eiHployed  lo  assiiiiilate  their  laws  and  he  was  nineteen,  he  hired  liiiiisell' as  a  slieplieid, 
govermnerit  to  those  of  Prussia.  He  is  now  !to  a  gentleman,  with  whum  he  lived  nine  years, 
clianfoilor  of  state,  inlnisier  of  war,  and  mem- jHfre  he  had  access  to  niriny  valuable  books, 
ber  of  the  cabinet  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  whojiand  aspired  to  be  an  author.  In  1793,  he  wrote 
gave  Jiim  the  rank  of  prince.  He  is  considered il"  An  Address  to  the  Puke  of  ISuccleugh  in 
one  of  the  ablest  staiesMien  of  Hiirope.  beha'f  o'  myseP  an'  ither  po  ir  ib'k."     His  tirst 

HASTINGS,  marquis  of,  born  17.54,  and  asl  printed  work  appeared  in  ISlH,  and  siion  after, 
lord  Kawdon,  is  well  known  in  this  coiinlry  asi  he  published  the  "Mountain  Hard,"  by  which, 
a  ccneral  in  the  British  service  during  tlie  revo- Hand  a  work  on  sheep,  he  became  master  of 
tion.-iry  war-  His  career  since  has  gained  liiin  nearly  three  hundred  pounds  ;  a  sum  which,  he 
nnich  popularitv.  In  l.-O-"),  lie  wassenl  as  coin-  isays,  made  him  "  perfectly  mad."  Kut  in  three 
manderin-chief,  into  ScotJand  ■  and  in  1*20,  he  years  he  was  pennyless,  and  in  1310,  in  utter  des- 
returned  to  Kngland  from  India,  where  he  had  peration,  he  took  his  plaid  about  his  shoulders, 
been  for  some  years  as  jjovernor-gencral.  raet  out  for  Ikhnbnrgh,  and  forcfd  himself  into  no- 

HAZLITT,  "William,  the  son  of  a  dissenting  Iticc  as  a  literary  character.  His  wi^rks,  among 
minister,  was  originally  an  artist,  but,  relin-  nwliich arc  the  "(iueen's  Wake,"  "The  Pil;;rim3 
qnishing  the  pencil  for  the  (len,  has  become  con-  of  the  Sun"  "  Madorof  the  Moor,"  "Tlic  Itrow- 
Kiderably  distinguished  as  an  author.    Besides  hue  of  BoJsbeck,"  and  "Winter  Evening  Tales," 


rably 
m.tny  other  works,  he  ha.s  written  "  Lectures 
on  tlie  Rnglisli  Poets,"  "  Piliiical  Kssays,  with 
Sketches  of  Public  riiaracters,"  "  Lectures  on 
tlie  Kiju'lish  Comic  Writers,"  and  "Characters 
of  Shakspi^are's  Plays." 

HivATH,  James,  an  eminent  engraver,  of 
England,  was  born  in  I7.'i~.  He  has  engraved 
several  beautiful  prints,  which  have  ^'ained  him 
great  reputation  ;  his  son,  Charles  Heath,  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  be.<t  engravers  of  his  time. 

IIKNRY,  Dr.  William,  born  in  Manchester, 
Fiig.,  his  acquired  much  celebrity  as  a  chyraist. 
Mis  works  have  all  been  well  received.  Among 
them,  are  "  Elements  of  Kxperiinciital  Chyinis- 
try,"  and  "  A  General  View  of  the  Nature  and 
Objects  of  Chymistry." 

HErfSE  C.ASSEL,  elector  of,  was  born  June, 
174.').     He  is  one  of  the  most  illiberal  monarchsjjmost  indefatigable  and   intelligent  f)f  midurn 
of  the  present  day.     After  the  baffle  of  Jena,  travellers,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in  17UU.     He  lias 
Buonapaite  took  from  him   his  electorate,  to  i 


have  nearly  all  been  publislieil  \n  the  U.  Slates. 

IIO.ME,  sir  Everard,  is  not  only  one  of  llie 
principal  operative  surgeons,  but  is  a  writer  of 
considerable  eminence,  in  London.  He  has 
written  on  the  •'  Properties  of  Pus,"  "  Practical 
Observations  on  the  treatment  of  Slrlciui«-s  in 
the   Urethra,"    "Observations   on    Cancers," 

Lectures  on  comparative  -Vnaiomy,"  tc. 

HUFELANU,  Dr.,  ilic  most  c«lebratcd  of 
German  physiti.ins,  is  professor  of  the  universiiy 
of  Jena,  and  phj-sician  to  the  king  of  Prusiiii. 
Ho  has  published  many  works  on  mciliciiic, 
'among  which,  tlie  most  curious  IS  tlie  "  Art  of 
prolonging  Human  Lite,"  by  int:ans  of  which, 
he  is  of  opinion  that  the  age  of  man  may  be  ex- 
tendfd  to  two  hundred  years. 

HUMr)OLI)T,  baron,  Frederick,  one  of  the 


which  he  did  not  return  till  after  the  coalition, 
ii;to  which  he  entered,  was  victorious;  -tv* 
France.  ■- 

HOBHOUSE,  John  Cam,  was  educatcrt  i 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  soon  after  irn- 
velled  into  Greece  and  some  provinces  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  in  company  with  lord  Byron. 
He  has  written  an  "Account  of  a  Journey  into 
Albaniaand  other  provinces  i*top  Turkish  Em 
pire,"  a  volume,  illustrative  tiT'lonl  Byron's 
"  Childe  Harold,"  and  some  other  work.-?.  In 
a  reply  to  lord  Erskinc,  he  offended  the  house  of 
commons,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  :  but 
lie  was  .soon  after  elected  a  member  of  the 
house  he  had  offended,  and  is  an  intimate  friend 
of  sirF.  Burdett. 

HOFLAND,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  the  former  a  land 
Ecape  painter,  and  the  latter  an  author,  each 
uniting  considerable  talents  in  their  profession. 
Among  the  works  of  Mrs.  Hofland  are  "  The 
Son  of  a  Genius,"  "  Says  she  to  her  neighbour, 
what?"  "Ellen  the  Teacher,"  "  The  Sisters 
and  the  "  Officer's,  Clergj-man's  and  Merchant's 
Widow."  Many  of  her  works  are  designed 
for  youth,  and  all  are  strictly  moral 

HOGG,  James,  the  Ettrick  shepherd,  is  the 
Bon  of  a  respectable  fanner  and  sheep  dealer  in 
Scotland,  who  was  ruined  when  the  subject  of 
this  article  was  a  child.  At  seven  years  of  ,ige 
ne  became  a  cowherd,  and  al'lerwards  a  shep- 
Iierd.  During  this  period  he  suffered  maoy 
hardships.  "  Time  after  time,"  says  he  "  I  had 
but  two  shirts,  which  often  grew  so  bad,  that 
when  I  put  them  on  they  hung  in  longxatters  as 
far  as  my  heels."  At  eighteen  years  of  age,  he 
could  hardly  read,  and  in  writing  a  letter  at  that 
time,  he  says,  "  I  had  srctuaily  forgot  how  to 


visited  Holland,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Cuba,  South 
America,  and  the  United  States;  lew  have 
encountered  toll  and  danger  more  readily,  in 
pursuit  of  a  favourite  object ;  or  looked  upon 
the  works  of  nature  with  a  more  observant  eye. 
Baron  Humboldt  lias  puhlishfd  several  volumes 
of  tr.ivels,  and  is  known  as  a  botanist  and 
mineralogist.  He  is  now  supposed  to  be  in  lli<.- 
East  Indiet^ 

HUNT,  ™*;n,  a  nephew  of  the  late  Beiij.i' 
mill  West,  was  born  in  England,  in  1784.  As 
a  poet  and  prose  writer,  he  has  exhibited  con- 
siderable talents;  among  his  works  are  "The 
Feast  of  the  Poets,"  "The  I  lescent  of  Liberty," 
"Foliage,". a  translation  of  the  "  Amiiita  of 
■^asso,"  "'Fhe  Round  Table,"  &c.  For  a 
time  he  was  editor  of  a  paper,  called  the  "  E.x- 
aminer,"  and  for  a  libel  published  in  it  on  the 
prince  regent,  he  was  once  sentenced  to  two 
years  imprisonment. 

HUTTON,  Or.  Charles,  born  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  in  1737.  Although  since  the  age  of 
eighteen,  he  has  always  been  a  schoolmaster, 
he  has  become  eminent  as  a  mathemailciaii. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Elements  of  Conic  Sec- 
tions," "  A  Mathematical  and  Philosophical 
Dictionary,"  and  "  .A  new  course  of  Mal)iemi»|i^ 
tics."    He  now  resides  at  Woolwich.  ^> 

HYDE  DE  NEUVILLE,  count,  the  smi  of 
an  Eoelishman,  a  resident  of  France.  Oc  Neu 
ville  was  a  principal  agent  of  the  exiled  Bour- 
bons after  the  establishment  of  the  consulship, 
and  had  the  boldness  to  propose  to  Buonaparte 
to  restore  the  exiled  family.  For  this,  and  some 
unsuccessful  intrigues,  an  order  was  issued  fur 
his  arrest ;  but  he  escaped,  and  fled,  finally,  lo 
this  country,  and  resided  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York,  for  several  years.  Aflcr  the  restoraliou 
431 


JA 


JE 


of  Louis  XVII  I.,  lie  returned  lo  franco,  and  for 
his  fidelity  to  the  Bourbons,  he  was  rewarded 
with  tlie  title  of  count,  and  ilie  place  of  anibas 
sador  to  the  United  States.  He  has  lately  re 
turned  to  Tarii:'. 


I 


IRVING,  Wasliington,  wag  bom  in  the  city. 
of  New-York,  about  the  year  1783,  was  educatcil 
at  Columbia Cdllegc,  and  while  tlirre  he  atuuscd 
the  town  occasionally  by  some  effusions  which 
appeared  in  one  of  the  papers  of  the  time.  He 
had  commenced  the  study  of  the  law,  when  in 
JiOo,  hin  studies  were  interrupted  by  decaying 
health  ;  he  immediately  sailed  fur  Europe,  and 
at  the  expiration  of  two  years,  iiaving  visited 
ninny  of  tJic  most  important  places  on  the  con-l 
liiiei'it,  he  returned  thiougli  England  to  his  iia-j 
tive  city.  Alter  completing  his  studies,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar ;  but  preferring  other  pursuit?' 
to  the  details  of  the  law,  he  devoted  himself  to' 
literature,  and  in  l*^?,  in  connexion  with  Mr. I 
Tauldiiig  and  Mr.  Verplanck,  the  most  amusing 
and  popular  periodical  publication  of  the  times. 
was  produced  under  the  title  of  "  Salmagundi." 
In  1810,  Mr.  Irving  published  '•  Knickerbocker's 
History  of  New- York,"  and  the  fame  of  it' 
established  the  reputation  of  its  author.  During! 
I  lie  late  war,  Mr.  Irving  was  military  secretary,! 
and  aid-de-camp  to  the  governor  of  the  staiej 
of  New -York  ;  and  in  ISIS,  he  went  to  Kng-. 
land,  and  has  since  resided  in  Europe.  Since 
liis  arrival  in  England,  he  has  added  much  to 
his  literary  reputation,  both  there,  and  in  his  na-j 
tive  country,  bv  several  volumes  under  the  titles 
of  "The  Sketcli  Book,"  "Bracebridge  Hall,"  andl 
"  Tales  of  a  Traveller."  Mr.  Irving  is  now  en- 
gaged at  Paris,  in  editing  an  extensive  collcc- 
:lon  of  Englis'i  aud  American  literature. 


JACKSON,  Andrew,  was  bom  in  the  (then) 
Wraxaw  settlement.  South  Carolina,  In  the  yeai^ 
i7G7,  and  is  of  Irish  parentage.  He  enlisted  in 
the  service  of  iiis  country  at  the  age  of  fourteen, 
and  after  fighting  bravely,  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  After  his  release,  he  studied 
at  a  flourishing  academy  in  the  settlement, 
prepared  lumself  for  the  bar  in  Salisbury,  in 
North  Carolina,  was  admitted  to  it,  and  settled 
himself  at  Nashville,  in  Tennessee,  where  he 
kvas  so  successful  in  his  practice,  that  he  was; 
joou  appointed  attorney-general  for  the  district 
At  a  state  convention  in  1736,  Mr.  Jackstm  was 
much  distinguished,  and  he  was  that  year 
elected  to  congress ,  after  being  a  member  of 
i^ach  house  one  year,  he  resigned  his  seat, 
esteemed  for  the  sountiness  of  his  undetstand-j 
ing,  and  the  moderatioo  of  his  demeanour.  He 
was  then  for  a  short  time  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Tennessee.  At  the  commence- 
nieut  of  the  late  war  he  was  a  major-general  of 
militia  in  Tennessee,  and  by  an  energetic  ad- 
dress to  the  militia  of  his  division,  he  drew  2.)00 
volunteers  to  his  standard.  These  were  dis 
ban'led  in  the  spring  of  1813.  General  Jackson's 
military  career  since,  is  well  known  ;  in  his  va- 
rious campaigns,  he  has  proved  himself  a  most 
skilful  commander,  a  vigilant  disciplinarian,  and 
a  dauntless  soldier.  He  was  sent  by  government 
to  receive  the  Floridas  from  Spain,  as  commis- 
sioner, and  afterwards  was  appointed  governor 
of  these  provinces.  General  Jackson  was  elect- 
ed a  senator  to  congrtji?  from  Tennessee,  where 
432 


he  has  since  held  a  seat,  and  be  was  a  promi- 
nent, although  unsuccessful  Candidate  for  the 
presidency,  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Adams. 

J  AMIESON,  Kobcrt,  an  eminent  mineralogist, 
and  a  resident  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  is  a  pro 
feysnr  of  natural  history,  president  of  the  W'or- 
nerian  Soriity,  and  h cturer  in  mineralogy^  His 
largest  work  is  a  "System  of  Mineralogy,"  il 
vols.  Svo.  Among  other  works  which  he  has 
published,  is  a  "Treatise  on  the  external,  chymi- 
cal,  and  physical  character  of  Minerals;"  and 
•'  Outlines  of  the  Mineralogy  of  the  Scottish 
Ides." 

J.\Y,  John,  was  bom  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  on  the  let  of  December,  old  style,  in  1745. 
lie  was  educitcdai  Columbia  College,  and  was 
afterwards  admitted  to  the  bar,  where  he  attain- 
ed groat  and  deserved  reputation  as  a  lawyer. 
He  was  elected  by  the  citizens  of  New- York,  to 
the  fiist  American  congress,  in  1774,  and  allcr 
Iiaving  been  re-elected  the  two  succeeding  years, 
lie  was  chosen  president  of  congress,  in  1770. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  a  member  of  the 
convention  of  New- York,  and  after  the  organ- 
ization of  that  government,  was  appointed 
cliief-justicc  of  the  state.  In  1778,  he  wa« 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  Spain, 
and  in  1782,  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  negotiate  a  peace  with  England, 
and  a  treaty  was  signed  in  Sep.  1784,  when  he 
returned  to  New- York.  After  this,  he  was  at 
the  head  of  foreign  affairs  until  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  government,  when  he  was  apiiointed 
chief-justice  of  the  United  States  ;  while  in 
this  occupation,  he  was  engaged  with  Mr.  Madi- 
son, and  colonel  Humilton  in  writing  the  Fede- 
ralist. As  envoy-extraordinary  to  Great  Britain, 
he  negotiated  and  signed  the  treaty  which  l)eari 
his  name,  and  on  his  return  in  179.5,  he  found 
himself  elected  governor  of  tlie  stale  of  New- 
York.  This  office  he  held  until  1807,  whe» 
declining  are-election,  and  also  the  situation  of 
chief-justice  of  the  United  States,  to  which  he 
had  been  appointed,  he  retired  from  public  life 
to  his  farm  at  Bedford,  N.  Y.,  still  the  friend  of 
his  country,  but  wholly  unambitious  of  further 
honours  or  distinctions.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
worthy  men  who  were  bred  in  the  school  of  the 
revolution ;  and  is  conspicuous  alike  for  the 
soundness  ofhis  judgment  and  his  legal  acquire- 
ments. His  piety  is  undoubted,  and  the  wanton 
malice,  and  rancorous  endeavours  to  injure  his 
name,  he  has  viewed  with  tlie  complacency  of 
a  Christian. 

JEFFERSON,  Thomas,  was  born  in  Chester- 
field county,  Virginia,  on  the  2d  of  October,  1743, 
and  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College. 
He  was  a  pupil  in  tlie  office  of  chancellor  Wythe, 
and  was  a  distinguished  member  of  the  Virginia 
legislature  in  17G9,  where  he  continued  three 
years,  and  afterwards  was  a  delegate,  and  took 
a  most  conspicuous  stand  in  the  congress  at 
Philadelphia.  Here  he  drew  up  that  gigantic 
and  spirited  article,  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence. After  this,  from  1779  to  1781,  he  was 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  at  the  conclusion  of 
peace,  was  appointed,  with  Dr.  Franklin  and 
Mr.  Adams,  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Europe 
He  returned  in  1789,  and  was  appointed  secre 
lary  of  state,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1790> 
and  retired  to  private  life.  Mr.  Jefferson  wa« 
elected  vice-president  in  1797,  and  for  the  eight 
years  succeeding  Mr.  Adams'  administration,  he 
was  president  of  the  United  States.  He  then 
withdrew  from  public  life,  and  retired  to  Mon- 
ticello.    nuTiBg  Mr.  Jefferson's  political  career. 


KE 


LA 


he  was  distinguished  as  a  sound  Ic uislator  and, 
statesman,  unyielding  in  his  determinatiun,  and 
a  firm  patriot.  In  private  life,  he  is  said  lo  be 
benevolent,  humane,  aiid  affable.  He  is  presi 
dent  of  the  .\mericaii  Philosophical  Society, 
and  is  a  member  of  several  literary  societies  in 
Europe  aud  America.  He  published  "  Notes  on 
Virfiinia"  in  1781,  which  has  lately  been  re- 
published :  it  was  also  translated  in  France, 
and  piiblisbed  in  1784. 

JEFPERY,  Francis,  a  celebrated  literary  a-id 
legal  character  of  Edinburgh,  where  he  waus 
born,  in  1773.  In  1814,  he  visited  the  United 
States,  and  married  a  Miss  Wilkes,  of  New- 
York.  Mr.  Jeffery  is  most  eonerallv  known  as 
•  literary  character,  and  this  rcpuuition  he  aas 
acquired  as  editor  of  the  Edinburgh  Review 
This  office,  however,  he  has  declined  the  present 
wear  (1825.) 

JOHN  VI.,  king  of  Portupal,  was  born  in  1767, 
and  in  17">3  became  regent  of  the  kinadom.  At 
the  outset  of  his  admuiistration  as  rcRent,  he  of 
fended  both  Buonaparte  and  Spain,  and  those 
coon  combined  to  manifest  their  disaffection 
Napoleon  made  demands  of  the  regent  which 
were  not  complied  with,  and  he  then  declared 
that  the  house  of  Bragan/.a  had  cea>iedto  reicn 
The  regent  immediately  .sailed  for  the  Brazils, 
and  reached  Rio  Janeiro  in  safety.  In  March, 
1810,  he  succeeded  his  mother,  as  king  of  Portu 
gal.  Though  he  hadsomewliat  ameliorated  tin 
situation  of  the  Brazilians,  the  government  con 
tinurd  despotic,  till,  in  Ir'^,  he  took  the  oalli  as 
constitutional  sovereign.  In  July,  1821,  he  re 
turned  to  Poriugal,  and  appears  to  be  on  the  best 
lerrns  with  the  cortes,  the  people,  and  the  new 
order  of  things. 

JOURDAN,  marshal  count,  an  eminent  mili 
tary  commander,  was  born  at  Limoges,  in  17(i2 
He  served  in  the  United  States  in  the  regiment 
of  Auxerrois,  from  the  age  of  10  to  the  close  of 
the  revolutionary  contest.  In  1793  he  command 
ed  the  army  of  the  North,  and  defeated  the 
prince  of  Sate  Cobourg,  and  compelled  him  to 
abaadon  the  blockade  of  Maubeuge.  At  the 
head  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle,  in  1794,  bede 
feated  the  allien,  under  Cobourg,  and  the  entire 
conquest  of  the  Netherlands  was  the  conse- 
quetice.  Asa  member  of  the  council  of  Five 
Hundred,  in  1797,  he  manifested  aflecidcdly  re- 
publican spirit,  and  was  soon  chosen  president 
of  the  council.  In  July,  ISUO,  he  was  sent  as 
administrator  to  Piedmont,  and  ny  his  judicious 
government  did  himself  much  honour.  In  1803, 
Se  was  at  tiic  head  of  the  army  of  Italy,  and,  in 
1804,  was  appointed  marshal  and  grand  oDicer 
of  the  legion  of  honour.  After  this  he  was  sent 
into  Spain  with  Joseph  Buonaparte,  as  his  ma- 
ior-general  and  military  counsellor.  He  .tssented 
to  the  return  of  the  Bourbons,  was  created  a 
knight  of  St.  Louis,  and  in  1819,  became  a  mem- 
tier  of  the  houae  of  peers. 

K 


KBAN,  Edmund,  an  actor,  born  in  London, 
In  1787.  As  an  actor,  Mr.  Keau's  talents  and 
powers  rank  him  among  the  first  of  his  profes- 
sion. But  a  late  trial  has  rendered  the  infamy 
of  bis  character  as  conspicuous  as  are  his  talents 
OS  a  performer.  It  is  said,  notwithstanding  the 
disgrace  in  which  he  !eft  the  .stage  in  this  coun- 
try, in  ism,  that  he  is  about  making  the  United 
States  another  visit. 

KEMBLE,  Charles,  an  actor  of  great  merit 
U  a  tragedian,  aud  one  of  the  first  comic  actors, 

37 
lii 


was:  born  in  Wales,  in  1775.  His  wife,  Mrs  M. 
r.  Kemble,  is  an  actress  of  considerable  abi  ity. 
I'iiey  are  Ijoth  engaged  at  the  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  and  both  have  written  .several  plays. 

KETT,  rev.  Henry,  was  educated  ai  Oxford, 
and  is  a  fellow  and  tutor  of  Triiiitv  College,  ami 
one  of  the  king's  preachers  at  Whiiehall.  He 
has  published  many  works,  among  which  are 
"Sermons  at  the  BainptonLeeture<;"'  "Klements 
of  General  K.nowled.;e  ;"  a  translation  of  Cha- 
teanbriaiid's  "  Beauties  of  Christianity;"  aod 
"  The  Flowers  of  Wit." 

KINO,  Rufus,  is  the  son  of  Richard  King,  a 
merchant,  of  Scarborough,  in  Maine,  and  was 
born  in  1755.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College, 
Cambridge,  and  completed  liis  studies  iiiihe  law 
in  the  olficc  of  the  late  rhief-ju.slice  Pai-sons. 
While  a  student,  he  volunteered  his  services  in 
the  cause  of  his  country  under  general  Sullivan, 
wlio  soon  appointed  him  his  aid,  and  served 
with  much  ardour  and  alacrity  in  the  enterpriiJe 
against  the  British  on  Long  Island.  In  1784, 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  coiii:ress  then  silting  at 
Trenton,  and  in  1787,  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  general  convention  at  Philadelphia.  In  1788, 
Mr.  King  removed  to  New  A'ork,  and  was  elect- 
ed to  the  legislature  in  178'J,  and  also  a  senator 
to  cotigtess.  He  represented  the  Uniliid  States 
at  the  Knglish  court  from  the  last  year  of  presi- 
dent Wa.-^hincton's  administrution  to  liie  year 
1803,  with  much  honour  to  himself  and  his  coun- 
try, when  he  returned  home.  In  1813,  he  was 
again  chosen  senator  to  congress,  which  ofHce 
he  coMtiiiiied  to  fill  with  undiminished  e.tleem 
and  aiiplause  Mr.  King  in  his  iiublic  lit'e,  has 
displayed  a  sound  mind,  and  discriminating 
judgment,  and  is  a  prol'ound  statesman,  civilian, 
and  or^ior.  He  ha.9  recently  been  appointed  by 
president  Adams,  minister  to  England. 

KNI.\7,IRWICZ,  general, a  native  of  Poland, 
who  first  distinguished  himself  in  the  guilant 
strugales  made  by  the  Poles,  in  1794,  to  ex- 
pel their  Russian  tyr.anls.  He  commanded,  un- 
dT  Zajonczuk,  at  the  combat  of  Gulkow  ;  and 
at  the  fatal  b.ittie  of  Micejorricc,  he  seconded 
Kosciusco  with  the  atmoti  intrepidity  and  intel- 
ligence. As  second  in  comnmnd  of  the  Polish 
legions  in  the  French  service,  he  repeate<ily  dis- 
tinguished himself,  and  afterwards,  .it  the  head 
of  the  Polish  legion  on  the  Rhine,  he  contributed 
his  services  to  the  gaiaing-of  the  victory  of  Ho- 
hcnliiidcn.  Napoleon,  in  1303,  sent  him  the 
decoration  of  a  commander  of  the  legion  of  ho- 
nour, and  he  has  since  been  a  lieutenant  general 
in  the  armv  of  Poland. 

KONOVNITZIN,  lieutenant  general  in  the 
Russian  service,  born  in  17G4.  He  was  employ- 
ed in  the  war  a-zain-t  Sweden,  and.  in  1812, 
fought  gallantly  at  Witepsk,  at  Smolensko,  at 
Borodino,  and  at  Krasnoi ,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  cross  of  several  orders. 


LABILLARDIERE,M.,anativeorAIencon, 
and  eminent  as  a  botani.st.  Mis  enthusiasm  has 
led  him  to  visit  many  parts  of  Europe,  .\sia,  and 
America  ;  and  on  returning  from  one  of  his  ex- 
peditions abroad,  he  found  himself  in  possessioo 
of  a  herbal  of  four  thousand  plants,  three  fourths 
of  which  were  new  discoveries.  He  has  pub- 
lished the  most  ample  collection  of  the  plants 
of  New  Holland,  that  has  appeared. 

LABR-IDOR,  Don  Pedro  Gomez,  formerly 
minister  of  Charles  IV  at  the  court  of  Floreuco. 
By  invitation  of  Ferdinand  VU.,  he  accompa- 
433 


LA 

nied  him  to  Bayoniie,  where  he  held  a  confer- 
ence wiih  Champagny  relative  to  the  proposals 
offered  by  Napoleon  for  the  accc;ilance  of  Fcr 
di-nand.  Don  Pctro  attended  Ferdinand  in  liiF 
exile,  and  on  )iis  return  to  Spain,  in  1814,  that 
prince  nominated  him  counsellor  of  state,  as 
well  as  ambassador  to  France,  and  his  repre- 
sentativcat  the  congress  of  Tienna  ;  in  all  which 
situations,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  diplo- 
matic talents. 

LACEPEDE,  count,  a  distinguished  natu- 
ralist, and  a  pupil  of  Daubenton  and  Bulfon.  He 
is  also  a  politirian.  In  1706,  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  National  Institute,  and  in  HTO, 
Napoleon  called  him  to  the  conservative  senate. 
of  which  he  became  president,  in  1801.  He 
afterwards  was  a  member  of  the  grand  council 
<:<f  administration,  and  wag  soon  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  senate.  He  accepted  the  dignity  of 
peer  of  France  offered  to  him  by  Napoleon, 
which  was  confirmed  by  Louis,  in  1819.  He 
has  published  many  works,  among  which  is  an 
edition  of  the  "  Works  of  Buffon,"  with  notes, 
a  Biography  of  the  .\uthor,  and  a  Discourse  on 
the  progress  of  the  Natural  Sciences,  by  himself. 
L.\  CH.'VTRE,  the  duke  de,  was  born  in 
Borry,  about  17.50.  He  accompanied  Louis 
XVIII.  in  his  exile  from  France,  and  was  his 
particular  confidant.  In  IgO.";,  Louis  nominated 
him  his  agent  at  the  court  of  Eiigland,  where  he 
remained  after  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons, 
with  the  title  of  French  ambassador.  The  duke 
returned  to  France  in  1816,  and  in  1S17,  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  chamber  of  peers. 

LACKOIX,  M.  Sylvester,  is  considered  in  all 
respects,  the  ablest  mathematician  in  Europe, 
and  his  publications  are  numerous  and  valuable. 
In  ITSi,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  inathe- 
rnatics  in  tlw;  naval  academy  of  Rochcfort,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  French  Institute,  and  of 
the  legion  of  honour,  in  1799. 

LAF.WETTE,  Gilbert  Mottier,  marquis  de, 
was  born  on  the  Gth  of  September,  1757,  at  the 
Ciiateau  de  Chavagnac,  in  the  department  of 
Haute  Loire,  and  was  the  inheritoi  of  a  piincely 
fortune,  and  descended  from  distinguished  ances- 
tors. At  seven  years  of  age,  he  entered  the 
college  of  Louis  le  Grande,  at  Paris,  and  com- 
menced his  literary  education.  Here  the  lovely 
but  ill-fated  .Antoinette,  the  late  queen  of  France,' 
took  him  under  tier  immediate  patronage,  and. 
at  a  very  early  age,  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  a 
commissioned  officer  in  the  king's  guards.  In 
1774,  he  married  the  countess  de  Noilles.  At 
nineteen  years  of  age,  he  sailed  for  America,! 
and  landed  on  the  shores  of  South  Carolina. 
This  illustrious  friend  had  become  an  advocate 
of  the  colonies,  and  felt  all  that  ardour  in  the 
cause  of  liberty,  which  has  not  deserted  him  in] 
maturer  years.  Lafayette  had  watched  atten- 
tively the  momentous  controversy  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  oppressed  subjects,  and 
resolved  to  make  any  sacrifice  in  their  cause. 
He  made  known  his  intention  to  Dr.  Fraoklin, 
then  our  commissioner  in  France,  who  laid  be- 
fore him  the  disastrous  stale  of  the  country. 
"The  more  hopeless  your  cause,"  said  be,  "  the 
more  occasion  is  there  for  my  assistance,  the 
more  honour  shall  I  acquire  by  bestowing  it." 
He  immediately  equipped  a  vessel  for  this  en- 
terprise at  his  own  exfiense,  and  severing  the 
ties  which  would  have  detained  him  in  his  na- 
tive country,  he  sailed  for  the  United  States. 
Arrived  at  Philadelphia,  be  presented  himself 
before  congress.  "I  am  come,"  said  he,  "to 
request  two  favours  of  tbis  assemblage  of  patri- 
434 


LA 

ots.  One  is  that  I  may  serve  in  your  army,  the 
other,  that  I  receive  no  pay."  He  was  imme- 
diately received  into  the  family  of  Washington, 
and  congress  in  July  following,  tendered  him  a 
commission  of  raajor-general.  Soon  after,  learn- 
ing the  embarrassments  of  the  army,  he  gave 
Washington  60,000  francs  (about  11000  dollars) 
to  procure  supplies ;  by  which  generous  act, 
Washington  was  so  affectid,  that  he  embraced 
Lafayette  with  tears  of  joy  and  atlection.  At 
the  battle  of  Brandywine,  the  marquis  exhibited 
full  evidence  of  his  bravery  and  military  char- 
acter, and  in  this  bloody  contest  was  wounded. 
After  his  recovery  he  joined  general  Green,  in 
New-Jersey,  and  was  at  the  head  of  2000  men, 
whom  he  had  formed,  clothed,  armed,  equipped 
and  disciplined  himself.  He  was  afterwards 
actively  employed  in  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, till  1779,  when  he  returned  to  France,  his 
object  to  obtain  assistance  for  his  adopted  coun- 
try. In  this  he  succeeded,  and  in  May,  1780,  he 
returned  with  the  joyful  intelligence,  that  a 
French  fleet  and  army  wo.ild  soon  arrive  on 
our  coast.  He  immediately  resumed  his  com- 
mand, and  in  the  campaigns  of  1780  and  1781, 
he  displayed  the  most  consummate  generMship 
in  preserving  his  little  army,  then  opposed  to 
loid  Gornwallis,  till  the  siege  of  that  general  at 
Yorktown,  where,  collected  and  undismayed, 
he  shared  largely  in  the  honours  of  the  day.  In 
November,  1781,  the  contest  in  which  he  had 
been  so  nobly  engaged,  drawing  near  a  com- 
pletion, Lafayette  signified  his  intention  of  re> 
turning  to  his  country.  After  the  conclusion  ot 
peace,  in  August,  1784,  general  Lafayette  again 
visited  the  United  States,  and  several  of  the 
larger  cities,  in  some  of  wliich  the  freedom  of 
the  city  was  presented  bim;  he  returned  to 
France,  in  December  following. 

General  Lafayette  was  a  member  of  the  As- 
sembly of  Notables  at  Versailles,  in  1787,  and 
in  1789  he  was  electe/1  a  member  of  the  States 
General,  made  president  of  that  assembly,  and 
commandant  of  the  national  guards.  In  this 
capacity,  his  influence  was  e.xerted  in  favour 
of  lenient  measures  ;  and  he  did  much  to  pre- 
vent the  mob  of  Paris  from  running  into  those 
horrid  excesses,  which  were  afterwards  com- 
mitted. Hj  acted  a  conspicuous  part  on  the 
day  the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  soon  after 
resigned  his  command.  In  1792,  he  was  called 
again  into  service  ;  but  on  that  memorable  day, 
the  10th  of  August,  when  the  royal  family  fled 
to  the  national  assembly  for  safety,  he  opposed 
the  fury  of  the  mob,  was  deprived  of  command, 
a  price  was  set  on  his  head,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  fly  his  country  for  safety.  He  was  thrown 
into  prison  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards chained  and  imprisoned  by  the  emperor 
of  Austria  in  the  citadel  at  Olmutz.  His  estate 
was  confiscated.  In  prison,  be  was  subjected 
to  the  most  barbarous  treatment,  and  frequently 
threatened  with  an  ignominious  death.  Great 
e.xertious  were  made  to  obtain  his  liberation 
without  effect,  until,  in  1797,  in  settling  terms  of 
peace  with  Austria,  Buonaparte  expressly  stipu- 
lated that  Lafayette  should  be  set  at  liberty,  and 
in  1799,  after  the  overthrow  of  the  French  direc- 
ory,  he  returned  to  France,  and  settled  at  La 
Grange,  about  40  miles  from  Paris.  Previous  to 
Buonaparte's  first  abdication,  he  was  elected  to 
the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  there  proposed  a 
vote  of  permanent  session,  which  was  passed,  and 
in  consequence,  the  emperor  found  himself  under 
the  necessity  of  abdicating  the  throne.  From 
that  period  to  tlie  time  of  his  embarkation  for 


LA 

»he  United  Slates,  with  the  exception  of  his 
having  been  once  again  elected  to  the  chamber 
of  deputes,  gpneral  Lafayette  spent  most  of  his 
time  in  the  pursuits  of  agriculture  at  La  Grange. 
Wliuu  lie  expressed  his  intention  of  again  visit- 
ing the  United  Stales,  every  heart  beat  hifjh 
with  joyful  anticipation.  He  declined  the  ofl'er 
of  a  national  ship  of  the  line  to  convey  him 
acro5ti  the  Atlantic,  which,  together  with  a  for 
mal  invitation  to  visit  the  United  Slates,  was 
voted  him  by  congress,  and  arrived  in  the  har- 
bour of  New-York  on  the  15lh  of  August,  lt^i!4, 
in  the  ship  Cadmus.  The  next  day  he  was  re- 
ceived ill  the  city  with  the  most  enthusiastic  de- 
monstrations of  joy  and  rewpcct,  hy  an  immense 
concourse  of  citizens.  .\!"ier  making  a  coniploto 
tour  through  the  United  States,  being  received 
every  where  with  the  highest  marks  of  gratiliule 
which  a  free  people  could  bestow,  he  sailed 
again  for  his  native  country,  on  the  7th  of  Sep 
tember,  18'25,  in  a  .ship  fitted  out  by  government 
for  that  purpose,  and  called  the  Brandywinc,  in 
honour  of  his  bravery  in  that  memorable  battle. 
In  gratitude  for  his  former  services,  with  a  be- 
con.  ng  niunilicenco,  congress  soon  after  his 
arrival  passed  a  vole  granting  general  La 
fayette  2UU,000  dollars  fioiii  the  treasury,  and 
a  lovviiship  of  land,  to  be  located  in  any  of  the 
lanil>  belonging  to  ihe  United  Stales. 

l.i.\H.VI{l'K,  general,  was,  in  the  early  part 
of  his  life,  a  barrister  in  his  native  province, 
the  I'ays  de  Vaud.  He  was  invited  to  Russia 
by  Paul  I.,  where  the  emperor  .Vlcxander  was 
his  pupil.  Afterwards,  while  a  resident  of 
France,  he  was  commissioned  by  tlie  executive 
directory  of  Switzerland  to  prepare  thai  country 
for  a  revolulion,  which  he  accomplished  by 
means  of  writings  and  proclamations,  with  so 
much  zeal  and  activity,  that  he  was  presented 
wilh  a  gold  medal  by  the  new  government,  to 
express  the  gratitude  of  t^e  Pays  de  Vaud.  Hap- 
pening to  be  at  Paris  during  the  eventful  year 
1814,  .Alexander  decorated  him  wilh  the  orders 
nf  Russia,  and  gave  him  iho  rank  of  general  in 
bis  army.  He  is  now  in  retirement  in  Switzer- 
land. 

LALLV  TOLLENDAL,  marquis,  was  born 
at  Paris,  175L  In  ITi^'J,  he  waa  one  of  tlie 
most  popular  inembors  of  the  consuiuciu  ai- 
tembly,  and  supported  the  famous  derlaiatioii 
of  the  rights  of  man,  that  was  proposed  by  La- 
fayette. In  ITDi,  lie  exerted  himself  with  ener- 
gy in  defence  of  Louis  XVL,  and  since  the  re- 
storiKion,  has  be:'n  a  member  of  the  privy 
council  of  Louis  XVIII. 

LAMARUUK,  count,  was  born  at  St.  Sever, 
in  1770.  .\t  the  head  of  two  hundred  grena- 
diers, he  niarciied  against  Foniarabia,  and  by  a 
masterly  cnup  de-inain,  he  took  the  place,  de- 
feuded  by  eighty  pieces  of  cannon,  and  made 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  men  prisoners.  In 
1301,  he  was  made  general  of  brigaije,  and  dis 
tiiiguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  (lohenlindi-n. 
After  this,  he  took  the  island  of  Caprra  from 
the  E'lgli.'^h,  was  at  the  battle  of  Wagram, 
where  he  had  four  horses  killed  under  him :  ho 
served  in  Russia,  and  in  Spain,  in  1812,  and  in 
1814,  was  created  a  kirtglit  of  St.  Louis.  -'Ujkpr 
the  return  of  Louis  XVIII.,  he  took  refijA^iii 
Brussels,  and  afterwards  passed  into  Austria. 

L.VMRTH,  count,  .Alexander  de,  a  knight  of 
Malta,  was  born  in  France,  in  17.^7,  and  as  aid- 
de  ca.up  to  general  Rochainbeau,  served  in  the 
revoUitionary  war  of  this  country,  with  great 
teal  and  energy.  In  1789,  he  was  a  deputy  to 
ike  Stales  iicui;;al  fioiu  Peruniie,  and  embraced 


LA 

the  popular  side  at  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution.  In  17i>i,  lie  joined  the  army 
of  I..afayctte,  fled  with  him  and  was  thrown 
into  prison  by  the  Aiistrians.  He  obtained  liber- 
ty to  return  to  France  in  1800,  aud  was  succes- 
sively nanird  prefect  of  the  Lower  Alps,  of  the 
Rhine  and  .Moselle^and  of  La  Somme,  and  was 
also  created  knighn)f  St.  Louis,  and  appointed 
lieutenanl-geiieral  in  the  army.  In  18)9,  he  was 
elected  to  the  cliambcr  of  deputies,  and  has  con- 
stantly proved  himself  a  zealous  friend  of  liberty. 
The  political  career  of  his  brother,  the  count 
Charles  de  Lameth,  much  resembles  his  own. 
He  served  in  .\merica  with  reputation ;  was  a 
deputy  to  the  Stales  General,  in  178'.>,  and  joined 
till!  army  of  Lafayette,  in  17Pi.  He  commanded 
in  Spain  in  181'i  and  1813,  and  on  his  return 
10  France  in  1814,  was  appointed  lieulenaiit- 
generHl.  In  1807,  as  aid-de-camp  to  general 
Mural,  he  was  distinguished  by  his  bravery  at 
the  tiaitle  of  Heilsbcrg,  where  he  was  wounded. 
LAiVCASTKR,.Iosepli,  famous  as  the  invent- 
or, and  successful  promulgator  of  a  new  system 
f  instruction.  He  was  born  in  England,  in 
771,  was  bred  and  still  inaintuiiis  the  liak-|M 
and  manners  of  a  quaker.  Dibapp'iiiited  in  nia 
expecialions  in  his  native  country,  he  left  Eng- 
land in  disgust,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
about  1817,  where  his  fame  procured  him  friends, 
and  his  industry  rendi-red  him  useful.  He  has 
recently  gone  to  South  .\merica,  where,  under 
the  liberal  patronage  of  Bolivar,  his  prospects 
of  success  are  most  tlaltering. 

LAPLACE,  marquis,  a  geometrician  of  high 
celebrity,  was  born  in  174(1.  He  was  president 
of  the  conservative  senate  in  1803,  and  in  1814, 
gave  his  vote  forthedcllironement  of  Napoleon, 
lor  which  the  king  gave  liim  the  title  of  a  peer. 
M.  Laplace,  holds  the  hrst  rank  among  French 
mathematicians,  and,  in  his  "  Exposition  of  the 
System  of  the  \Vorld,"  he  h.is  powerfully  con- 
tributed to  advance  ihi;  bounilaries  of  a  science 
that  has  so  often  employed  the  industry  of  the 
most  profound  geniuses  of  the  world. 

L.\SC.\S.^S,  ount  de,  is  descended  from  an 
ancient  Spanish  family,  and  is  distinguished  as 
the  faithful  and  spirited  friend  of  NajKilenn, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  St.  Helena,  and  wlio, 
during  his  reign,  loaded  Lascasas  with  favours. 
Lascasas  has  published  a  Narrative  of  his  Resi- 
dence at  St.  Helena,  and  also,  under  the  name 
>f  Lesage,  "A  Historical  and  Geographical 
Atlas." 

LAVALETTE,  count,  waa  born  in  17G9,  at 
Pans,  of  obscure  parents.  To  Baudelocque  he 
was  indebted  lor  a  superior  education.  He  was 
destined  for  the  church,  but,  having  finished  his 
education,  he  studied  the  law.  But  the  revolu- 
tion inlerrnpied  his  pursuits.  As  an  olflcer  in 
the  national  guards,  in  .\ugiist,  170-2,  be  ed.a- 
I'oured  to  defend  the  palace  of  the  Thuill'^ries  ; 
ifterwards  he  enrolled  himwlf  in  the  legion  of 
the  Alps,  and  served  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine, 
ind  that  of  Italy,  with  such  diatinclion,  that 
liuonaparle  made  him  his  aid-de-camp,  and  en- 
trusted him  with  his  secret  correspondence.  He 
,'ave  him  m.idamoiselle  Bcaiiharnois,  the  niecR 
>f  his  wife,  Josephine,  in  marri.ige,  to  draw  the 
ies  of  attachment  closer  between  them.  Lava- 
ette  accompanied  Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  and 
iftcr  the  establishment  of  the  consulship,  was 
appointed  postmaster-general  and  counsellor  of 
late;  he  was  snlisi^quently  made  a  count,  and 
a  commander  ol'  ihe  legion  of  honour.  For  the 
extraordinary  vigilance  and  activity  of  his  ni*".!- 
urcs  to  accelerate  the  progress  of  Napoleon, 
435 


*>. 


LU 

on  tiis  reiiirri  Iron)  Elba,  be  was  created  a  peer 
of  France.  Bui  on  the  return  of  the  king,  he 
vt'aA  brouph:  to  irial,  as  an  accomplice  of  Napo- 
leon, and  c'lideiniied  to  death.  He,  however, 
escapetC  '-'im  (jrisoii  in  disguise,  by  the  assis- 
tance of  his  M.'-.,  and  AimI  to  Municli,  where  he 
has,  swiZK  found  anas.<t>Mu  and  powerful  friends. 
Madame  Ijavaleite  wa^  cruelly  retained  some 
time  in  prison,  having  been  accewwv  to  the 
escape  of  her  husband  ;  a  treatment  which  dis- 
ordered her  senses,  and  she  has  since  been  a 
coiifirincd  lunatic. 

LAWRENCE,  sir  Thomas,  the  successor  of 
sir  Benjamin  West,  as  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy  at  London,  is  now  about  fifty  eight 
years  of  a^'f ,  and  wa.'^  born  at  Rath.  He  first  he 
came  distinguished  by  his  portrails  of  the  Kem- 
tXe  family,  and  in  a  iew  years  he  began  to  ob 
tain  ttic  highest  patronage,  and  no  exhibition 
was  consldeicd  complete  or  interesting,  without 
some  of  his  pictures.  Tiie  personal  character 
of  sir  Tlioma.'i  Lawrence  accords  with  his  pro- 
fessional talents,  and  he  possesses  much  native 
modesty,  and  suavity  of  niaiineis.  He  is  painter 
to«9'"orpe  IV. 

LEOPOLD,  prince  of  Saxe  Cobourg  Saalfeld, 
was  born  in  1790,  and  entered  into  the  Austrian 
army,  where  he  distinguished  himself  on  seve- 
ral occaMons,  and  attained  the  rank  of  lieute 
nant-colonel.  He  visited  England  in  1814,  in  the 
suite  of  the  sovereigns  of  Russia  and  Prussia. 
The  intended  marriage  between  the  prince  of 
Orange  and  the  princess  of  Wales  having  been 
broken  off,  priuc«  Leopold  was  the  protcslant 
selected  to  espouse  her,  and  they  were  married 
in  lbI7.  By  the  preliminaries  of  their  marriage, 
the  prince  was  cniitled  to  an  income  of  more 
than  25L'.000  dollars,  (beside  an  outfit  to  the  same 
amount.)  about  22-2,000  dollars  of  which  was  to 
remain  with  him  in  case  he  survived  her.  He 
Tva.s  naturalized  by  an  act  of  parliament  pie- 
vloiis  to  his  marriage,  and  was  appointed  a 
colonel  and  field-marshal.  The  death  of  the 
princess  Charlotte  has  reduced  him  to  the  liink 
of  a  commoner,  in  England. 

LESLIE,  professor  of  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, is  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  a  profound 
mathematician  and  chymist.  He  has  invented 
several  valuable  philosophical  instruments,  has 
published  several  scientific  works,  and  is  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Edinburgh  Review. 

LOCKHART,  John  G.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  born  about  the  year  1792 ;  he  is  a  lawyer, 
and  resides  at  Edinburgh.  He  is  a  popular  au- 
thor, and  is  supposed  to  have  written  Peter's 
Letters,  and  also  a  leading  writer  for  Black- 
wood's Magazine.  Among  his  best  perform- 
ances, is  Reginald  Dalton.  About  four  years 
since  he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of  sir 
Walter  Scott.  His  works,  which  are  numerous, 
are  distinguished  for  masculine  and  original 
talent ;  but  are  deficient  in  elegance  and  refine- 
ment. He  is,  however,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
writers  of  the  day. 

LUCCA,  the  dutchess  of,  formerly  Maria  Loui- 
sa, of  Bourbon,  infanta  of  Spain,  was  born  at 
Madrid,  in  1782.  She  married  Don  Louis  de 
Bourbon,  eldest  son  of  the  duke  of  Parma,  and 
in  1801.  by  political  events,  they  were  called  to 
reign  over  the  kingdom  of  Etruria.  In  1803, 
her  husband's  death  left  her  regent  of  thai  king- 
dom. Her  court  became  by  degrees  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  in  Europe.  But,  in  1807,  tlie  king 
of  Spain  having  ceded  her  kingdom  to  Napoleon, 
she  retired  to  the  court  of  her  father.  She  as- 
teited  before  the  congress  of  Vienna,  her  rights 
436 


MA 

to  the  estates  of  Parma,  Placentia,and  Guasialla, 
but  obtained  only  the  principality  of  Lucca,of 
|Which  she  took  possession  in  1817. 

M 

MACANZA.lyon  Pedro,  a  peculating  mini*^ 
ter,  descended  I'rom  an  ancient  Irish  family,  and 
was  born  about  17C0.  He  rose  rapidly  into  the 
favour  of  Ferdinand,  who  appointed  him  mi- 
niiier  of  grace  and  justice.  To  bim  is  attribu- 
ted iivi  crime  of  having  been  the  principal 
prompter  of  tft«  monarch  to  destroy  the  liberties 
of  Spain  He  issued  the  edict  prohibiting  the 
exiles  who  espoused  the  cause  of  Joseph  from 
entering  the  peninsula,  and  aftenvards  com 
menced  the  persecution  of  the  patriots.  But  he 
was  soon  discovered  to  have  been  guilty  of  the 
grossest  bribery  and  cerruption,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  from  which,  after  two  years, 
he  was  allowed  to  retire  to  an  estate  in  Castile, 
where  he  flow  lives,  despised  by  all  parties. 

MADALINSKI,  general,  the  patriotic  Polo, 
who  had  the  honour  of  being  the  first  to  raise 
the  standard  of  liberty  against  the  Russians,  in 
"94.  He  had  long  held  a  secret  correspondence 
with  Kosciusco,  and,  when  the  order  was  giv- 
en for  disbanding  the  Polish  army,  he  collect- 
ed his  regiment  of  seven  hundred  men,  de- 
feated the  scattered  Russian  detachments,  and 
succeeded  in  joining  Kosciusco,  (who  had  been 
appointed  generalissimo,)  at  Racow,  though  pur 
sued  by  seven  thousand  Russians.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  several  battles,  particularly 
In  the  defence  of  Warsaw.  He  still  resides  in 
Poland,  beloved  and  respected  by  his  country- 
men. 

MADISON,  James.  The  career  of  this  states- 
man  commenced  at  the  close  of  the  revolutiona 
ry  war.  When  the  public  mind  was  chiefly  oc- 
cupied with  the  formation  of  a  national  con- 
stitution, Mr.  Madison  vigorously  co-operated 
with  the  principal  men  of  the  country,  and  in 
the  meeting  at  Annapolis,  and  the  conventiou 
in  Philadelphia,  he  ranked  high  among  the  lumi- 
naries of  the  day.  He  participated  in  the  dis- 
cussions relative  to  the  constitution,  and  furnish- 
ed many  able  papers  for  the  "  Federalist."  Af- 
terwards, Mr.  Madison  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  Virginia,  and  subsequently  was 
elected  to  congress,  and  in  both  these  bodies  ha 
was  an  able  advocate  for  the  people.  He  was 
appointed  secretary  of  state  by  Mr.  Jefferson, 
and  in  this  capacity  displayed  much  talent  as  a 
statesman  and  logician.  Mr.  Madison  was  elect- 
ed president  in  1809,  and  was  re-elected  in  1813. 
In  affairs  of  state  his  reserve  was  habitual ;  he 
seldom  yielded  to  expediency,  and  his  hpneety 
as  a  statesman,  it  is  believed,  was  never  doubt- 
ed. Mr.  Madison  is  a  native  of  Virginia,  where 
he  now  resides,  and  is  about  seventy  years  of 
age. 

MAHMOUD  11.,  sultan  or  emperor  of  the 
Turks,  was  born  in  1784,  and  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther, Miistapha  IV.,  in  1808.  At  the  time  he  be- 
came emperor,  troubles  and  dangers  the  most 
appalUng,existed  in  the  interior  of  his  dominions, 
while  a  war  with  Ruseia  and  the  Servians, 
threatened  the  dissolution  of  his  empire.  He 
was  compelled  to  submit  to  a  burdensome  peace 
with  Russia,  but  by  his  prudence  and  energy, 
and  the  wisdom  of  his  policy,  he  successively 
reduced  to  obedience  the  pachas  of  Romeli^ 
Widdin,  Bagdad,  Damascus,  and  the  beys  of 
Egypt ;  released  the  city  of  Mecca  from  the  Wa 
liabees,  and  conquered  the  Servians.    But  his 


'^ 


MA 


MA 


present  contest  with  llie  Greeks,  and  the  barba- 
rous tuasisacrua  he  has  permitted,  exhibits  the 
bloody  lyraniiy  of  his  government ;  his  internal 
tdniinistraiioiiisexercisedwithexcessive  rigour. 

Rt\NCHKSTEU,  duke  01",  was  born  in  1768 
Allhougli  his  father  was  a  strong  oppositionist, 
he  joinr.d  the  ministry,  and  was  appointed  lieu 
tenant  governor,  and  atterwards  governor  of 
Jamaica,  where  he  now  resides. 

MANUEL,  M.,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and 
intrepid  of  the  defenders  of  French  liberty,  was 
born  in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Alps,  in 
1775.  In  1815,  he  wa.':  a  member  of  the  chamber 
of  deputies,  convoked  by  Napoleon,  and  after 
wardu,  stronglv  contended  for  the  ripht.s  of  the 
younger  Na|)olfou,  and  niove«l  a  -spirued  protest 
against  the  force  employed  by  the  allies  to  re- 
store the  Bourbons    In  1818,  he  was  re-elected  to 


Matarin,  where  he  was  enabled  to  procure  a 
supply  of  provisions  and  horses,  and  keep  up  a 
correspondence  with  the  revolted  colonies,  he 
sustained  the  place  against  Montaverde,  twic« 
routing  his  army  with  immense  loss,  and  at  a 
third  attack,  completely  defeating  him.  Marino 
soon  after  joined  Bolivar,  and  has  been  engaged 
in  many  of  the  battles  since  that  period. 

MARMONT,  duke  of  Ragusa,  who  has  im- 
mortalized his  name  by  liis  bravery  and  milita- 
ry talents,  and  stained  it  by  being  the  first  to  de- 
sert his  benefactor,  was  bom  at  Chatillon  upon 
the  Seine,  in  1774,  and  was  educated  for  the  ar- 
my. This  he  entered  in  1792,  and  was  present 
in  the  first  campaigns  of  the  armies  of  the  Alps, 
and  of  Italy.  He  then  became  aid-decamp  to 
Buonaparte,  and  displayed  much  courage  and 
talent  at  the  battles  of  Lodi,  Castiglinnc,  and 


the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  has  since  held  aj'St.  George-  In  1798,  he  was  made  a  brigadier- 
acat  there.  In  point  of  argument  and  elocution,  I'general  for  his  conduct  nt  Malta.  In  Dalmatia, 
»e  is  one  of  tiie  most  formidable  opponents  of  jlhe  routed,  with  a  handful  of  troops,  the  Russians 
the  ministry.  'and  Montenegrins,  and  for  this  he  was  rewarded 

MARET.  duke  of  Bassano,  enjoyed  the  confi  'with  a  dukedom.  He  compelled  Wellington  to 
denceandfieudsiiipof  Napoleon,  from  the  lime  raise  the  siege  of  Badajoz,  took  the  command 
he  W.1S  made  consul  to  his  abdication.  He  was  of  an  army  in  Germany,  and  contributed  at  the 
made  secretary  of  the  council  of  stale,  and  was  Ivictoriee  of  Lutzcn,  Bautzen,  Dresden,  and 
employed  in  negotiaiingihe  treaty  of  Presburgli  ;  others.  Me  was  made  a  marshal  on  the  field  of 
in  1811,  he  was  made  miiiisi.T  of  f)rf>ign  affairs.  Ziiaiin,  where  he  had  been  victorious,  and  in 
and  created  dike  of  Bassano:  in  1812,  he  negn  ISH.shand  in  the  laurels  gained  at  Brienne, 
tiated  treaties  Willi  Vustria,  and  Prussia  ;  and  in  Champ  .Hubert,  Vauchamp,  and  Montmirail. 
1811  and  lil4  wa"  enlruiied  with  various  impor  Here  ends  the  glory  of  his  career.  In  the  re- 
tain missions.  He  was  lia'iished  by  Louis,  and  is  treat,  on  Paris,  Marmont,  finding  himself  in  a  si- 
now  a  resident  at  G'atz,  in  Syria,  occupied  in  the  ^tuation  in  which  be  could  pursue  his  own  views 
education  oi  his  children.  He  was  born  at  Di-iwithout  accountability  to  Buonaparte,  negotia- 
jon,  in  1759.  ''ted  with  the  allies,  and  separated  his  division 

M.ARIA  LOinS.V,  late  empress  of  France,  is  from  the  rest  of  the  army.  Louis  rewardwl  so 
daughter  of  Francis  II.  of  .\ustria,  and  was  !  valuable  a  subject  with  a  peerage,  and  has  since 
born  in  1791.  The  younger  branches  of  the  , appointed  him  one  of  the  four  marshals  of  the 
imperial  family  had  be-Mi  taught  to  think  of  [j royal  guard  and  a  commander  of  St.  Louis. 
Napoleon  Willi' so  much  horror,  that  the  princess  MARSHALL,  John,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
fainuxl  at  the  first  suggestion  of  lier  marriage  to  jabout  the  year  1756,  and  went  through  the  usual 
Mm  ;  bu:  al  Icnelli  she  yielded  to  the  entrcatics:|Cour3e  of  classical  education  in  a  private  semi- 
of  her  father,  and  to  state  policy,  and  afterwards  .nary.  Heshared  in  the  dangers  and  fatigues  of 
became  sincerely  attached  to  him.  They  were  [the  army  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  was 
married  in  1810.  During  ilie  absence  of  Buona-  [under  the  immediate  command  of  Washington, 
parte  in  the  campaigns  of  1812.  and  1813,  she  was  .after  which  he  studied  the  law,  and  soon  after, 
placed  by  him  at  the  head  of  the  French  no- llhe  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  then  was 
vernment  as  empress-regent,  and  in  that  capa-  la  member  of  the  executive  council.  In  a  short 
city,  she  went  in  slate  to  the  senate,  and  de  ||time  he  was  at  the  head  of  his  profession ;  was 
manded  a  levy  of  190,000  men.  On  setting  out  [a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention,  in  1788, 
for  the  army  in  1814,  Buonaparte  took,  as  itijand  generally  represented  the  cityof  Richmond 
afterwards  proved  to  be,  his  final  farewell  of  her.  in  the  legislature  of  the  state,  until  in  1797,  he 
The  officers  of  the  national  guard  of  Paris,  800  was  prevailed  on  to  accept  the  appointment  of 


In  number,  were  summoned  to  the  great  saloon 
of  the  Thuilleries,  to  receive  the  solemn  deposit 
which  Napoleon  entrusted  to  their  honour,  in 
the  persons  of  his  wife  and  child.  "  I  confide," 
said  he,  and  he  spoke  it  in  a  tremulous  accent. 
"  my  wife  and  child  to  my  faithful  citizens  of 
Paris,  thus  giving  them  the  dearest  mark  of  con- 
fidence, which  I  have  in  my  power  to  bestow." 
On  the  29th  of  March,  the  day  before  the  battle 
of  Paris,  the  empress  fled  to  Blois,  and  in  May, 
went  to  Vienna.  The  principality  of  Pa. ma, 
had  in  the  mean  time  been  secured  to  her  by 
treaty,  and  in  1817,  she  took  possession  of  this 
as  princess  of  Parma,  but  her  court  is  neither 
numerous  nor  splendid.  Her  son  was  sepa- 
rated from  her  in  1813,  and  has  not  since  been 
under  her  care. 

MARINO,  Don  Santiago,  one  of  the  most 
intrepid  and  indefatigable  generals,  who  have 
fought  for  the  independence  of  South  America. 
He  is  of  a  rich  family,  and  was  born  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Cumana.  He  espoused  the  cause  of 
liberty  at  an  early  period,  and  at  the  town  of 
37* 


an  envoy  to  France,  with  Messrs.  Pinckney  and 
Gerry.  Mr.  Marshall  shared  largely  in  the  trans- 
actions and  honours  of  this  embassy.  After  his 
return,  he  had  been  a  short  time  a  distinguished 
member  of  congress,  when  he  was  appointed  se- 
cretary of  state  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  He  soon  after 
received  the  appointment  of  chief-justice  of  the 
United  States,  which  high  office  he  has  since 
continued  to  fill  with  dignity  and  reputation,  and 
is  alike  conspicuous  for  his  sound  judgment  and 
luminous  mind.  Judge  Marshall  has  published  a 
Life  of  Washington,  in  five  volumes,  8vo,  and  is 
now  employed  in  revising  it  for  a  second  edition. 
M.\TURIN,  rev.  C.  R.,  born  in  Ireland,  in 
1782,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  obtained  several  prizes  and  medals  as 
the  reward  of  his  acquirements, and  yet  was  there 
more  remarkable  for  his  indolence  and  mclan- 
chaly,  than  for  his  talents.  But,  by  the  misfor- 
tunes of  his  father,  he  was  compelled  to' provide 
for  himself,  and  he  sought  for  a  resource  In  lite- 
rary labour.  Under  the  assumed  name  of  Den 
nis  Jasper  MiiiBliy,  he  produced  "  The  Fatal 


MI 

Revenge,"  "The  Wild  Irish  Boy,"  and  "  The 
Wilceian  Chief."  "  Bertram,"  a  tragedy,  through 
the  interest  of  Lord  Byron,  was  brought  out  at 
Drury-lane,  and  its  success  established  the  fame 
of  its  author.  He  has  since  published  two  finely 
written  works :  "  Women,  or  Pour  et  Centre," 
and  "  Melmoth,  the  Wanderer." 

MAXIMILIAN  I.,  king  of  Bavaria,  was  born 
in  1756,  and  succeeded  his  uncle,  Charles  Theo- 
dore, as  elector  of  Bavaria,  in  1799.  He  early 
displayed  the  qualities  of  a  wise  and  good  prince ; 
he  introduced  various  popular  reforms  in  his 
states,  and  abolished  the  oppressive  privileges 
and  ininuinities  of  the  nobles  and  clergy.  In 
1806,  he  joined  Napoleon,  with  an  army  of  i!5,000 
Bavarians,  against  Francis  II.,  and  at  the  con- 
clusion of  peace,  was  elevated  by  his  potent 
ally,  to  the  dignity  of  king  of  Bavaria,  and  the 
Tyrol  and  other  provinces  were  added  to  his 
territory.  Maximilian  remained  faithful  to  his 
engagcmenls  with  Napoleon  till  the  disasli'  .a 
campaign  in  Russia  compelled  him  to  join  rhn 
subsequent  alliance  against  France.  After  the 
general  peace  of  1814,  he  purchased  for  himself 
new  titles  to  the  affections  of  his  people,  by 
giving  them  a  representative  government,  and 
placing  them  in  the  rank  of  free  nations. 

METTERNICH-WINEBOURG,  prince,  com- 
menced his  political  career  as  ambassador  to 
various  courts  of  the  highest  rank,  and  was  born 
inAustria,in  1775.  While  ambassador  to  France, 
he  ingratiated  himself  greatly  with  Napoleon, 
and  obtained  an  advantageous  peace  with  him, 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  which  commenced 
in  1809,  between  France  and  Austria.  On  his 
return,  Francis  made  him  minister  of  foreign 


MO 

Cadiz,  he  hurried  back  to  Navarre,  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  struggle.  After  the  king  had 
submitted  to  the  new  order  of  things,  Mina  waa 
appointed  captain-general  of  Navarre,  and  af- 
terwaxds,  taking  connnand  of  the  army  destined 
to  act  against  a  formidable  insurrection  in  Cata- 
lonia, he  completely  subdued  it.  He  is  regarded 
as  the  most  experienced  general  in  Spain,  and 
as  the  sheet-anchor  of  the  constitutional  cause. 

MONCEY,  marshal,  duke  Conegliano,  was 
bom  at  Besancon,  in  1754.  In  1793  he  command- 
ed a  corps  i«  the  anny  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  in 
1794  was  raised  to  general  of  brigade,  and  soon 
after  to  the  rank  of  general  of  division.  He 
served  with  distinction  during  tiie  war  with 
Spain  ;  in  1795  commanded  tlie  army  of  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  afterwards  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  campaign  af  Italy.  In 
1804  he  was  made  marshal  of  France,  and  grand 
officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He  served  in 
the  campaigns  of  1812  and  1813,  and,  as  second 
in  command  of  the  Parisian  national  guard  at 
the  attack  of  the  allies  on  Paris,  he  displayed 
much  presence  of  mind  and  firmness  of  purpose. 
After  the  return  of  Louis  he  was  made  minister 
of  state,  knight  of  St.  Louis,  and  peer  of  France. 
But,  as  he  accepted  a  peerage  of  Napoleon,  in 
1815,  he  has  since  only  been  restored  to  his  titles. 

MONROE,James,was  born  in  Virginia,i»  now 
(1825)  about  67  years  of  age,  and  resides  at 
Loudon,  in  his  native  state.  Ardently  devoted 
to  his  country,  he  took  part  in  the  revolution 
when  a  youth,  and  his  undaunted  courage  was 
evinced  on  more  than  one  occasion.  He  was 
devoted  to  Washington,  an  admirer  and  imita- 
tor of  Jefferson,  and  a  friend  and  companion  of 


affairs,  and  afterwards  prime  minister.  He  Madison.  Mr.  Monroe  was  a  member  of  the 
.iflerwards  followed  his  sovereign  to  Paris,  android  congress,  and  was  instrumental  in  the  for- 
signed  the  treaty  of  1814,  after  the  success  of  hmation  of  the  constitution.  He  was  a  success- 
the  allies,  tie  accompanied  the  king  of  Prussia,!  ful  lawyer,  and  in  the  legislature  of  Virginia, 
and  emperor  of  Russia  to  England,  and  receivedi'and  in  the  new  congress,  he  was  an  intelligent, 


the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  from  "he  university 
of  Oxford,  and  on  his  return  to  /ienna,  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  prince,  and  received 
the  lordship  and  estates  of  A  rnvar,  in  Hungary. 
He  assisted  at  the  congress  of  Vienna,  and  also 
at  that  of  Aix  la  Chappelle,  and  there  is  scarcely 
a  prince  in  Europe  from  whom  he  has  not  re- 
ceived some  token  of  distinction  and  esteem. 

MILORADOWITCH,  count,  one  of  the  best 
of  the  Russian  generals,  was  employed  in  the 
campaign  against  the  Turks,  in  1789,  and  against 
l^e  Poles  in  1794  and  1795.  He  possessed  the 
en'ire  confidence  of  Suwarrow,  and  was  at  the 
iiead  of  his  advanced  guard,  in  1799.  He  com- 
manded a  division  at  Ausierlitz,  and  in  1812, 
was  again  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Russian  advanced  guard,  and  greatly  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  action  near  Krasnoy,  and  Wi- 
azma.  At  the  battle  of  Leipsic  he  led  the  Rus- 
sian and  Prussian  reserves,  and  took  a  conspi- 
cuous part  in  the  campaign  of  1814. 

MINA,  Don  Francisco  Espoz  y,  was  bom  in 
Navarre,  in  1782.  He  is  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished Spanish  patriots :  brave,  active,  and  in- 
defatigable, at  the  head  of  Guerilla  corps  during 
the  war  against  the  French,  his  exploits  were  so' 
Eucccssful  that  he  was  often  denominated  kingi 
of  Navarre.  Mortified  to  find  that  he  had  only! 
been  labouring  to  re-establish  despotism,  and  the 
division  of  troops  of  which  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed general  having  been  diamiseed,  be  gain-j 
ed  over  the  garrison  of  Pampeluna,  and  was  on! 
the  point  of  proclaiming  the  constitution,  when' 
bis  plan  was  betrayed.    He  fled  to  France ;  butj 


active,  and  efficient  member.  France,  Spain, 
,and  Great  Britain  have  been  the  theatres  of  his 
idiplomatic  career.  He  was  successively  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  of  war,  and  his  constancy 
land  capacity  in  the  one,  and  vigour  and  firmness 
jin  the  other,  were  alike  conspicuous.  Mr.  Mon- 
[rr  was  elected  ''  rhe  presidency  in  1817,  and 
hi. .  a  most  diffii^u  .  rt  to  perform  ;  but  it  wi)I 
ibe  difiicult  to  find  a,'  al  blemish  in  his  adminis- 
Itration,  and  in  the.'<'  se  of  it,  he  has  proved 
■himself  a  benefactor  of  his  country,  and  a  wor- 
thy patriot.  He  was  re-elected  president  in  1821, 
I  and  in  1825  was  succeeded  by  !Slr.  Adams. 
I  MONTGOMERY,  James,  an  excellent  poet, 
jwas  born  in  Ayrshire,  in  1771,  and  is  the  son  of 
a  Moravian  minister.  He  was  early  devoted  to 
poetry,  and,  as  early  as  twelve  years  of  age, 
had  written  three  volumes.  His  education  waa 
limited,  but  he  acijuired  a  knowledge  of  the 
Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  German  languages, 
in  Yorkshire.  He  went  to  London,  and  for 
sometime  was  in  the  shop  of  a  bookseller  ;  af- 
terwards he  became  the  publisher  of  a  paper  iu 
Sheffield,  entitled  "  The  Iris."  For  some  pieces 
which  happened  in  this,  ne  was  twice  imprison- 
ed, and  while  incarceratedr published  "Prison 
Amusements."  In  1906,  he  published  "  The 
Wanderer  of  Switzerland,"  and  other  poems, 
which  rose  in  popularity,  and  established  his  re- 
putation. He  has  since  published  "  The  West 
Indies,"  "The  World  before  the  Flood,"  "  Songs 
of  Zion,**  &.C.  He  still  resides  at  Sheffield,  is  yet 
the  conductor  of  "  The  Iris,"  and  is  considered 
an  amiable  and  pious  man. 


when  the  standard  of  freedom  was  raised  at  J    MONTHOLON,  marquis,  celebrated  for  bis 
4S8 


MO 

unshaken  and  generous  adherence  to  tlie  fallen 
fortunes  of  his  illustrious  master,  entered  the 
French  army  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  serving  under 
Buonaparte,  from  whom  he  received  a  sword, 
for  his  services  on  the  memorable  18(h  Brumaire. 
He  was  aid-de-canip  to  marshal  Btrthinr  before 
he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  in  that  ca- 
pacity distinguished  himself  at  the  battles  of 
Austerlit/.,  Wagram,  Jena,  and  Fricdinnd.     He 

commanded  in  the  dopartn-ent  of  tlie  Loire, !]  France,  that  in  the  course  of  it  he  was  promoted 
when  he  received  the  news  of  the  emperor's  all- li  to  be  a  general.  In  1815,  he  was  placid  at  the 
dication:  with  his  wife  and. children,  he  vohin-ii head  of  an  expedition  against  South  America, 
tarily  partook  of  the  ex-emperor's  imprisonment  I  consisting  of  twelve  thousand  men.  He  wa« 
at  St.  Helena,  and  continued  lyith  him  till  hisijat  first  successful:  Carthagena  surrendered  to 
decease.  He  is  now  arranging  for  the  press,  I; him  after  a  siege,  during  which  he  confiscated 
memoirs  diclaltd  to  him  by  iiis  late  sovereign.  Ijthe  property  of  the  Venezuelans,  and  committed 
MOORK,  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  of  British  Imaiiy  cruellies.    New  Granada  was  afieivvards 


OP 

Transfiguration,  from  Raphael ;  a  Magdalen, 
from  Murillo  ;  a  Head  of  the  Saviour,  from  da 
Vinci  ;  the  Monument  of  Clement  XUI.,  from 
Canova ;  and  Theeeus  vanquishing  the  Mino- 
taur. 

MORILLO,  Don  Pablo,  a  man  of  courage  and 
talent,  was  originally  a  serjcant  of  artillery  in 
the  Spanish  marines,  but  distinguished  himself 
iso  much  during  the  war  between  Spain   and 


poets,  was  born  iu  Ireland,  and  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  went  to  Lon-| 
don,  with  a  view  of  making  the  law  his  pro- 
festiion,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  It  was  then 
that  he  translated  the  Odes  of  Anacreon ;  these 
met  with  so  favourable  a  reception,  that  hej 
abandoned  the  law,  and  devoted  himself  toj 
literature.  Under  the  name  of  Little,  he  pub-i 
lished  a  volume  of  poems,  which  were  justlyl 
censured  for  their  licentiousness.  He  visited; 
the  United  States  in  J805,  but  his  prejudices  did, 
not  allow  him  to  form  a  favourable  opinion  of! 
our  country.  Since  his  return,  in  1800,  he  has] 
published  "  The  Two-penny  Post-bag;"  "The, 
Fudge  family  in  Paris;"   "The  Loves  of  the 


reduced,  and  again  Morillo  h;id  recourse  to  the 
system  of  bloodshed  and  pillage.  These  events 
roused  the  spirits  of  Bolivar,  Paez,  and  Aris- 
1  ndi,  and  Morillo  was  several  times  defeated, 
tit  was  driven  from  Granada,  and  a  great  part 
of  Caraccas.  In  1820,  having  heard  of  the  revo- 
lution, he  retunied  to  Spain,  joined  the  patriots, 
and  for  a  time  was  the  political  chief  of  Madrid. 
But  he  has  been  removed,  and  appears  to  be 
viewed  with  suspicion  by  the  liberal  partv. 

MOSTON'SKI,  count  Tliaddeus,  an  Illustrious 
patriot  of  Poland,  was  bom  at  Warsaw,  in  17'JO. 
When  Stanislaus  was  compelled  to  accede  to 
tlie  confederation  of  Targowitz,  and  conseiinent- 
ly  to  the  overthrow  of  Polish  liberty,  Mosionski 
(led  to  Paris,  became  connected  with  the  (iiroii- 


Angels  ;"  and  "  Lalla  Rookh,"  an  oriental  ro 

niance,  which  unites  the   purest    and  softe-siidist  party,  and  obtained  a  promise  of  assistance 

tenderness  with  the  loftiest  dignity,  and  in  every   tor  the  Poles;  but  the  triumph  of  the  jacobin 


page,  glows  with  all  the  fervour  of  poetry 

SlORE,  Mrs.  Hannah,  was  born  near  Bristol, 
about  the  year  1750,  and  is  the  youngest  of  five 
Bisters.  At  Bristol,  her  taste  and  knowledge 
acquired  her  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Stonehousc, 
who  encouraged  her  to  write,  and  corrected  all 
her  early  effusions.  The  "  Search  after  Hap- 
piness," her  first  publication,  was  favourably 
received  ;  and  she  soon  after  published  several 
other  pieces.  In  1782,  she  published  her  "  Sa- 
cred Dramas."  She  retired  about  1798,  to 
Somersetshire,  with  her  sisters,  where  they 
established  charity  echoolsi  fnong  the  colli  vs, 
with  much  advantage  tai,.,  ,U7  She  has  ojn- 
tinued  since  to  give  he  uroductions  to  the 
world,  and  besides  ma-  hers,  has  published 
■'Thoughts  on  the  Manners  of  the  Great;" 
"  Strictures  on  the  Modern  System  of  Female, 
Education  ;"  and  being  con.'ulted  on  the  subject' 
of  the  education  of  the  princess  Charlotte,  pro-| 
duced  "  Hints  toward  forming  the  character  of] 
a  young  Princess,"  which  wa;;  hiffhiy  approvedj 
of,  and  received  with  royal  approbation.  This 
excellent  woman,  who  lias  constantly  been  la-j 
bouring  to  benefit  mankind,  has  been  many 
7ear8  confined  to  her  bed  by  an  excruciating! 
disease;  but  in  this  situation,  she  has  produced! 
some  of  her  best  works,  among  which  are, 
'  Coelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,"  "Practical 
Piety,"  "Christian  Morals,"  "Essay  on  the 
Character  and  Writings  of  St.  Paul,"  and; 
"Moral  Sketches  of  Prevailing  Opinions  andi 
Manners."  Amongst  her  most  intimate  friends, 
Mrs.  More  has  numbered  Dr.  Porteus,  Dr.  Beat-] 
tie,  Mrs.  Montague,  Dr.  Johnson,  Sir  Joshua^ 
Reynolds,  and  Mr.  Garrick. 

MORGHR.V,  Raphael,  an  eminent  professor! 
of  the  graphic  art,  and  one  of  the  first  European  | 
engravers,  was  born  at  Naples,  in  1756,  and  was, 
a  pupil  under  the  celebrated  Volpato.  Among' 
the  most  remarkable  of   his  works,  are  thel 


party  put  an  end  to  his  prospects ;  he  returned 
to  Poland,  took  an  active  part  with  his  coun- 
trjTnen  in  their  efforts  to  expel  their  oppressors, 
and  when  no  hope  was  left  ofsaving  his  country, 
he  refused  to  fly  from  Warsaw,  was  taken  pri- 
soner, and  was  some  time  confined  at  St.  Peters 
burgh.  He  I'.flerwards  resided  in  France,  till, 
in  1815,  he  H  .iS  recalled  to  Poland  by  Alexander, 
appointed  minister  of  tiie  home  dtpartment,  and 
of  police. 

N 

NESSELRODE,  count  Charles  Robert  dc,  se- 
cretary for  foreign  affairs,  and  privy  counsellor 
to  the  emperor  of  Russia,  was  born  in  Livonia, 
about  the  year  1770.  This  minister  stands  high 
in  the  confidence  of  his  sovereign,  and  has  of;en 
received  marks  of  his  esteem.  He  accompanied 
the  emperor  into  France  in  the  campaign  of 
1814,and  was  one  of  the  four  plenipotentiaries 
that  signed  the  treaty  of  quadruple  alliance,  at 
Chaumont,  in  March,  of  that  year.  All  the  notes 
and  addresses  of  the  emperor,  at  this  period, 
bear  his  signature,  and  were  mostly  drawn  up 
by  hira.  After  a  short  stay  in  Paris,  he  repaired 
to  Vienna,  to  assist  in  the  conference  relative  to 
the  future  constitution  of  Germany.  And  after- 
wards, in  1815,  he  was  one  of  tiie  committee 
that  signed  the  declaration  or  profession  of  faith 
of  the  several  powers  with  respect  to  Buona- 
parte. 


OPIE,  Mrs.,  was  bom  in  1771.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Alderson,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  Norwich.  This  lady  early  evinced  superior 
talents,  by  composing  poems  and  descriptive 
pieces,  at  an  age  when  young  ladies  have  not 
usually  finished  their  education.  In  1798  she 
439 


PA 

uiariicil  Mr.  Opie,  a  celebrated  painter,  and  soon 
alter  ills  dcalU,  in  JS08,  she  publi^iijed  a  iiienioir 
of  1ji£  life,  prefixed  to  the  lectures  he  bad  read 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  By  this  and  other  publi- 
cationb,  she  Iiaa  acquired  considerable  rcputa 
tioii,  both  as  a  protic  and  poetical  writer. 

ORANGE,  the  hereditary  prince  of,  is  the  son 
of  the  king  of  the  JVetlierlands.  He  was  born 
in  1792.  In  1811,  be  became  a  colonel  in  the 
British  army,  and  served  with  Wellington  in 
Spain.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  ol  general 
in  1814,  and  was  present  at  all  the  important 
battles  in  the  peninsula.  At  the  baitle  of  Wa- 
terloo, he  commanded  the  Dutch  troops  with  his 
accustomed  gallantry,  and  was  severely  wound 
ed.  In  1816,  he  married  a  sister  of  the  emperor 
Alexander  of  Russia. 

ORLEANS,  the  duke  of,  is  a  descendant  of 
Henry  IV.,  whose  virtues  he  imitates.  He  was 
born  in  October,  1773,  and  in  early  life  was  dis- 
tinpiiished  for  his  sedate  character,  and  for  hie 
prudence  and  moderation.  As  due  de  Chartres, 
iie  was  a  soldier  in  tlie  armies  of  the  republic 
for  a  short  time,  but  was  soon  proscribed.  He 
then  escaped,  travelled  in  disguise  through  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Europe,  and  at  one  time  filled  the 
professorship  of  mathematics  at  Reiirhman,  in 
the  Grisons  country,  under  a  borrowed  name. 
He  afterwards  visited  the  United  States,  with 
his  brothers,  and  returned  to  Europe  to  assist 
his  mother.  la  1800,  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
England.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Naples,  and  now  lives  in  Paris.  He  is  heir, 
in  Tw  very  remote  degree,  to  the  throne  of 
France. 

OWEN,  Robert,  esq.,  a  native  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, was  born  to  a  moderate  fortune,  and  edu- 
cated as  a  manufacturer.  With  a  benevolent 
disposition,  and  a  powerful  understanding,  he 
has  devoted  his  life  to  the  study  of  plans  for 
ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  poor.  With 
this  view,  he  has  formed  an  establishment  in 
Scotland,  called  New  Lanark,  In  which  his  plans 
have  been  crowned  with  success.  His  principle 
seems  to  have  been  taken  origioi^lly  from  the 
MoniviaD  settlements,  but  with  this  difference, 
that  among  them,  property  is  in  common,  but, 
on  Mr.  Owen's  plan,  only  such  things  are  in 
common,  as  tend  to  general  advantage.  Mr 
Owen  is  about  forming  a  similar  establishment 
in  this  country.  How  far  his  plan  will  succeed 
here,  or  as  a  public  system,  elsewhere,  remains 
to  be  seen.  By  his  mode  of  living,  he  anticipates 
a  saving  of  several  thousand  dollars  per  annum, 
to  every  association  formed  on  his  plan. 


PO 

them,  and  often,  after  fighting  with  them  during 
the  day,  amuses  himself  by  dancing  with  them 
ut  night. 

P.ARRY,  Edward  William,  a  captain  in  th« 
English  navy,  was  born  in  the  year  1790.  He 
was  placed  in  the  navy  when  quite  young,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant, 
with  a  high  reputation  as  an  officer.  Captain 
I'arry  has  distinguished  hlmselt',  as  commander 
uf  an  English  squadron  fitted  out  on  a  voyage 
of  discovery  to  the  north  iiole,  by  successfully 
penetrating  into  the  Polar  Sea  as  iar  a?  the  J  10th 
degree  of  west  longitude,  and  wintering  on  one 
of  the  newly  discovered  islands.  For  this,  he, 
and  the  men  under  his  command,  received  the 
parliamentary  reward  of  5,000/.  Captain  Parry 
is  now  absent  on  a  third  voyage  to  the  polar  re- 
gions. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  long  agitated 
question  of  a  northwest  passage,  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific,  will  be  put  to  rest  on  his 
return. 

PEPE,  general  William,  is  a  native  of  Cala- 
bria, and  was  born  in  the  year  1783,  of  one  of 
the  most  respectable  families  of  that  country. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  military  college 
of  the  province,  and  entered  into  the  army  of  hia 
country,  then  declared  a  republic  by  the  French. 
He  afterwards  joined  the  French,  and  was  ac- 
tively employed  in  all  the  campaigns  of  that  na- 
tion in  Italy.  He  subsequently  returned  to  Na- 
ples, and  was  appointed  aid-de-camp  to  king 
Joachim,  and  general  of  brigade.  He  continued 
in  the  service  of  that  sovereign  until  his  dnwn- 
fal,  and  remained  inactive  after  that  event  until 
1818.  He  was  then  employed  by  Ferdinand, 
with  a  high  military  rank,  in  suppressing  the 
dreadful  system  of  brigandism  and  robbery 
which  then  prevailed  in  that  country.  General 
Pepe  has  gained  his  principal  reputation  by  head- 
ing the  late  revolutionary  movements  in  Naples, 
and  by  procuring  a  constitutional  form  of  govern- 
ment for  that  country.  The  interposition  of  an 
Austrian  armed  force,  has  defeated  the  patriotic 
views  of  this  officer,  and  compelled  him  to  retire 
to  England,  where  he  now  resides. 

PERCIVAL,  James  G.,  a  poet  and  scholar, 
jlike  distinguished  for  genius  and  the  accuracy 
of  his  learning.  He  was  bnrn  in  Berlin,  Conn., 
about  the  year  1795.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1815,  and  commenced  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  1820.  He  pnbli.<:hed  his  first  work 
at  New-Haven,  in  1850,  and  two  numbers  of 
Clio  soon  after.  In  ]8'24,  he  published  a  hand- 
some edition  of  his  works,  which  was  repub- 
lished the  same  year  in  London.  He  was 
appointed  a  professor  at  West  Point  by  the 
government,  in  1824,  which  he  was  obliged  to 
relinquish  on  account  of  his  health,  and  was 
soon  after  employed  as  surgeon  in  connexion 
with  the  recruiting  service  at  Boston.  This 
situation  he  soon  left,  to  devote  his  attention 
more  exclusively  to  literary  pursuits.  He  is  a 
regular  writer  for  the  Boston  Literary  Gazette, 
and  his  poetry  in  that  is  received  with  general 
admiration.  He  resides  in  his  native  village, 
(1825,)  and  is  engaged  in  editing  some  works 
for  the  press.  His  disposition  is  melancholy  end 
retiring,  and  his  career  has  been  marked  with 
traits  of  great  ^Agatricity.  He  is,  however,  a 
man  of  sinp  '  .proration  and  purity  of  chat 
acter  in  private  iith, 

PORTER,  Jane,  And  Ann  Maria.  These  la 
dies  are  sisters,  and  daughters  of  sir  Robert  Por- 
ter. They  have  long  held  a  high  rank  amone 
the  female  novel  writers  of  the  day.  The  for 
as  his  eoidiers,  ajwavs  divides  his  booty  with jmerha«written"Thaddemof  Warsaw,"  "Th« 
440 


PAEZ,  general.  Is  a  native  of  Caraccas,  and 
was  born  in  1787,  of  poor,  but  respectable  pa- 
rents. In  early  life  he  was  employed  as  a  su 
perintendant  of  the  flocks  of  an  establishment 
in  Barinas.  When  the  first  struggle  for  liberty 
took  place  in  Caraccas,  he  joined  the  royalist 
party,  and  fought  on  their  side  until  the  cruel- 
tics  of  his  associates  filled  him  with  disgust. 
He  then  left  them  with  a  body  of  cavalry,  and 
joined  the  patriots  in  New  Grenada,  where  he 
performed  such  prodigies  of  valour,  in  opposing 
Morillo,  that  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general, 
and  afterwards  general  of  division.  The  libe 
ration  of  the  Colombian  republic,  by  the  victo 
ry  of  Carabobo,  crowned  his  glory.  Paez  is  of 
a  robust  constitution,  and  possesses  great  mus- 
cular activity  and  power.    He  Mves  as  frugally 


sc 


SI 


Scottish  Cliiefs,"  4nd  other  works,  which  have 
been  well  received  by  the  public,  and  very  ex- 
ftnsively  read.  The  yoiinf;er  sister  has  publlslt- 
ed  "  The  Hungarian  Brolliers,"  "  The  Recluse 
of  Norway,"  and  more  recently  tin.-  "  Faitof 
St.  Magdalen."  Until  the  appearance  of  that 
aplendid  series  of  works,  the  Wavcrly  novels, 
these  sisters  had  gained  a  great  degree  of  popu- 
larity. They  have,  however,  with  others,  been 
oblijied  to  yield  to  the  unrivalled  merits  of  the 
"  Great  Unluiown." 

a 

QUIROGA,  getteral  Antonio.  This  distin- 
guished Spaniard  is  indebted  for  his  reputation, 
to  his  recent  patriotic  efforts  in  favour  of  the 
liberty  of  hU  country.  When  he  commenced 
the  daring  task  of  limiting  the  powers  of  his 
•overeiijn,  and  assembling  the  constituted  but 
almost  obsolete  authorities  of  the  kinsdom,  he 
was  but  a  colonel  in  the  Spanish  army.  Ho  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  those  troops,  who,  at  Ca- 
diz, declared  in  favour  of  a  froo  constitution, 
and  he  issued  several  spirited  proclaniaiions,  and 
took  every  measure  in  his  iwwcr  to  enstirc  suc- 
cess to  the  cause  in  which  he  had  embarked. 
Q.uiroga.  with  his  associates,  had  the  happi- 
ness io  accomplish  their  glorious  purposes  ;  to 
Bee  a  cortes  assembled,  a  constitution  adopted, 
and  tlic  government  organized  under  that  con- 
stitution. Subsequent  events  have  destroyed 
the  prospects  of  the  liberal  party  in  Spain,  and 
compelled  Quiroga  to  take  up  his  residence  in 
England. 

R 

ROPCOE,  William,  esq.,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish writer,  was  born  of  humble  parents,  from 
whom  he  received  butacnnimnn  education,  and 
articled  to  an  attorney  in  Liverpool.  His  ardent 
mind  led  him  to  devote  all  his  leisure  time  to  the 
«tudyof  the  classics,  and  he  soon  made  himself 
acquainted  with  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guases.  Mr.  Rosc^^Abs  early  celebrated  both 
as  a  prose  and  a^^n'Of ''cal  writer ;  but  the 
work  which  cained  him  the  greatest  reputation, 
was  his  "  Life  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici ;"  a  work, 
which  for  purity  and  elejance  of  style,  and  ex- 
tensive researcii,  has  seldom  beeo  surpassed 
He  has  also  been  the  great  mover  and  supporter 
of  several  public  works  in  Liverpool  ;  so  much 
80,  that  his  name  is  idenlifled  with  the  prosperi- 
ty and  even  existence  of  that  city. 


SAN  M.\RTIN,  general  Don  Juan,  was  born 
In  the  midst  of  the  Andes,  and  sent  to  Madrid 
for  education.  He  entered  the  army  in  18(1.-?,  and 
displayed  great  valour  in  defending  the  indepen- 
dence of  his  country  under  the  banners  of  the 
cortes.  ,^fter  the  dissolution  of  that  body  he 
quitted  Spain  for  Buenos  .■Vyres,  and  immediate- 
ly joined  the  patriot  forces  of  that  country.  As 
an  otflcer  of  the  patriot  army  he  has  gained  se 
vcral  important  victories,  and  contributed  much 
*o  the  independence  of  the  South  American 
■tates.  He  is  now  ai  the  heat*  '  ''le  independ- 
ent uovernment  of  Peru. 

SroTT,  Sir  Walter,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
gviislied  and  prolific  writers  of  the  present  day, 
was  born  at  Kdinburgh,  in  the  year  1771,  and 
educated,  first  at  the  high  school  of  that  city, 
and  then  at  the  university,  under  professor 


Steivart.  The  reputation  of  this  gentleman  is 
well  known  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  ;  as  a 
puet,  he  may  justly  be  ranked  above  most  of  his 
cotemporaries.  His  first  literary  attempt,  was 
a  translation  of  two  ballads,  from  the  German, 
•'  The  Chase,"  and  another,  lu  1^2.  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Border  Minstrelsy,"  a  work  which 
opened  to  him  a  most  brilliant  literary  career. 
Mr.  Scott  has  since  published,  "  Tho  Lay  of  the 
Last  Min.-itrel,''  "Mariniiiu,or  Flodden  Field," 
"The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  "The  Vision  of 
Don  Roderick,"  "R'kcby,"  and  other  poems. 
He  has  also  been  employed  to  edit  the  works  of 
Swift,  Dryden,  and  other  distinguished  auiliora. 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  talents,  however,  are  not 
confined  to  poetry.  He  is  undei stood  to  be  the 
author  of  "  Paul's  Letters,"  and  of  the  histori- 
cal department  of  the  recent  volumes  of  the 
Edinburgh  Annual  Register ;  and  he  is  generally 
believed  to  be  the  author  of  the  popular  series 
of  novels,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Waverley 
novels.  These  alone  would  have  placed  the 
name  of  Scott  among  the  great  men  of  the  age. 
With  his  other  productions,  they  will  perpetuate 
his  reputation,  so  long  as  talents  arc  e?ternicd, 
or  fine  writing  admired.  Sir  Walter  is  clerk  of 
the  court  of  sessions  of  Scotland,  for  which  he 
receives  about  ],.^>00/.  sterling  per  annum.  IVo 
resides  at  Edinburgh  during  the  session  of  the 
court,  and  the  rest  of  his  time  at  his  splendid 
seat  at  Abbotsford,  40  miles  from  Ediuburgli 
He  has  been  from  infancy  quite  lame;  in  txis 
manners  he  is  perfectly  simple  and  unostenta- 
tious. He  has  four  children  ;  one  of  whom  is 
married  to  the  celebrated  professor  Lockharl. 

SEDGWICK,  Catharine,  author  of  two  very 
popular  novels,  the  "New-England  Tale"  and 

Redwood,"  is  the  daughter  of  judge  Sedgwick, 
and  was  born  at  Stockbridgc.  Mass.,  in  the  year 
1798.  She  is  deservedly  ranked  among  the  most 
elegant  prose  writer?  of  the  day  ;  and  is  under- 
stood to  be  now  (18'25)  engaged  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  series  of  Tales,  founded  on  scenes  in 
New-England. 

SENEFELDER,  Alois,  was  bom  at  Munich, 
and  placed  for  education  in  the  university  of 
Ingoldstadt,  as  a  student  of  jurisprudence.  To 
him  the  arts  are  indebted  for  the  invention  of 
lithography  ;  a  process,  by  means  of  which 
books  may  now  be  euibeilished  with  prints, 
without  incurring  such  an  expense  as  to  place 
them  beyond  the  reach  of  persons  of  small  for- 
tunes. An  accurate  account  of  the  inventor 
aiuLthe  invention,  may  be  found  in  the  5th 
vdwme  of  the  supplement  to  the  Enryclopoedia 
Britannica.  We  can  only  say,  that  he  received 
the  first  suggestions  of  this  useful  art,  from  an 
nccidentsd  discovery,  and  that  he  brought  it  to  • 
degree  of  perfection,  by  successive  experiments, 
which  will  make  it  of  great  service  to  mankind. 
Lithography  has  since  rapidly  extended,  and 
been  applied  to  a  variety  of  purposes,  connected 
with  the  arts,  in  different  parts  of  the  continent, 
and  in  Great  Britain. 

SIDDONS,  Mrs.,  is  the  daughter  of  Mr.  R. 

,  Kerable.    She  was  born  about  the  year  1749. 

This  lady  commenced  her  career  as  a  singer, 

ilbut  she  soon  relinquished  that  employment,  and 

attempted    tragedy.      On    her    appearance   at 

Drury-lane  theatre  in  1782,   her  success  was 

complete ;   the  public  were  astonished  at  het 

powers,  and  she  was  acknowledged  to  be  the 

first  tragic  actress  of  the  age.     For  more  than 

twenty  years  she  retained  her  high  rank  as  an 

actress,   and  continued  during  that  period,  to 

enciiant  tiie  lovers  of  tbe  drama.     She  a'so 

441 


K  k  k 


TA 

possesses  considerable  merit  as  a  sculpior.  Mrs. 
Siddons  has  accumulaied  a;i  ample  properly, 
with  which  hhe  has  retired  fiom  the  stage  to 
the  quieiof  domestic  life. 

SOUTHEY,  Robert,  esq.,  was  born  atUristol, 
in  the  year  1774.  He  was  educated  at  West 
minster  fcbool,  and  at  Oxford,  and  wasdfsigijf.ii 
for  the  minWUi^ut  his  partiality  fo-'.lie  French 
revolution  ipi-pifWkWin  with  othi  thoughts 
For  Eonie  office,  wliiWv  he  held  uiio^  liis  go 
vernnient  for  a  short  time,  he  receives  a  pension 
of  200/.  a  year ;  this  has  converted  lilm  from  an 
adn)irer  oi' French  republican  principles,  to  a 
•zealous  writer  in  the  Quarterly  Review.  From 
1795,  when  lie  first  appeared  before  the  public 
as  III  author,  this  gentleman  lias  been  devoted 
to  literarj'  pursuits.  H^  poeiiral  and  prose  writ- 
ings are  very  numerous.  Ke  is  the  author  of 
"Thalabatiie  Destroyer,"  "Madoc,"  a  poem 
'*  Espriel las  Letters,"  "The  Curse  of  Kehaiiia," 
'■Life  (if  Nelson,"  "  Life  of  Wesley,"  "Remains 
of  Heiiry  Kirk  White,"  "  lluderic,  the  last  of 
the  Goths,"  and  many  otiier  worics,  and  he  is 
still  emploved  as  a  writer. 

SPt'RZHEIM,  Dr.,  a  celebrated  physiologist, 
was  born  near  Treves,  in  1 4 16,  and  educate  '.  at 
Vienna,  where  he  studied  under  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Gall,  the  founder  of  the  science  of  craniolog}'- 
In  Great  Britain,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Gall, 
he  published  the  result  of  his  inquiries,  in  "Thj 
Anai'-imy  and  Pliysiology  of  the  Kervous  Sys-j 
lem,"  and  several  otij/ works. 

STEWART,  DujIm,  esq.,  a  distinguished! 
metaphysician,  and  piofessi.r  of  moral  philoso-j 
phy  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  was  born, 
in  that  city,  in  175.1.  His  wriliogs  have  gained! 
iiiin  a  fiigh  reputation  at  home  and  abroad  : 
among  tliem  are  his  "  Elements  of  the  Philoso- 
phy of  the  ilamaD  Mind,"  "  Outlines  of  Moral 
PhUosophv  for  the  use  of  Student.'!,''  &;c. 

SUSSEX,  the  duke  of,  is  the  fourth  son  of 
G«orge  III.,  and  was  bom  in  1773.  He  received 
the  latter  part  of  his  education  at  Goltiven, 
and  afterwards  travelled  in  Italy.  In  that  n- 
irylie  conlracted  a  iiiarriage  vviih  lady  An  '.a 
Murray,  according  to  the  Eoniish  church,  andl 
on  their  return  to  Enplrind,  they  were  inarried| 
in  Hanover  Square.  This  marriage  has  since 
teen  annulled,  es  violating  the  royal  marriage 
liCt  I'he  dufce  has  entered  much  into  public 
life,  particularly  by  accepting  the  office  olprcfii-| 
dent  of  various  societies.  He  is  grand-master 
of  the  society  of  freemasons  in  England.  His 
annual  iiKome  is  fixed  at  1'2,0002. 


TH 

a  marriage  which  he  had  cotltracled.  In  1801, 
he  was  ii.imcd  high  chamberlain,  and  in  li^i6, 
created  prince  of  fieiieventnni,  in  Naples.  On 
!ho  approacliAig  doviifal  of  Napoleon,  Talley- 
rand began  to  intrigue  against  him,  and  pio\ide 
for  himself.  He  was  ii:  consequence  reln^ldtcd 
a.~  mii'isier  for  foreign  all'airs,  by  I.ouis  Will., 


and  sent  as  his  plenipotentiary  to  Vienna.  He/ 
is  now  in  private  lite,  an  active  and  aUtiiUvj/V 
observer  of  the  political  afl'airs  of  Europe.   rtijfSr 


TALLEYRAND,  Perigord,  prince  de.  This 
celebrated  nobleman,  who  is  perhaps  the  most 
considerable  politician  in  Euroye,  was  born  in 
the  year  175-t,  of  one  of  the  most  ancient  fami- 
lies in  France.  He  was  educated  for  the  church, 
and  in  1788  was  made  bishop  of  Autun.  His! 
inclination  and  talents,  however,  led  him  to  en] 
gage  in  political  life ;  at  the  beginning  of  tlii: 
revolution  he  became  ;i  nieitiber  of  the  legisla- 
tive assembly,  trxjk  an  active  part  in  its  delibo- 
»atioi;p,  and  was  sent  as  the  agent  of  that  body, 
on  a  stcret  mission  to  England.  On  l.te  return 
iiis  influence   rapidly  increased,  and   he   was| 


bably  no  man  living  has  taken  a  more  act%'  part 
in  the  political  changes  wliic  h  liave  occurred 
in  Europe  during  the  last  thirty  years,  or  gained 
a  higher  reputation  for  talents,  inirigut-,  and 
political  ciinningv 

TALMA,  M.  This  distinguished  and  admi- 
mirable  actor,  was  born  at  Paiis,  in  1766.  He 
attended  for  some  time  the  classes  of  declama- 
tion in  the  royal  school  of  Paris,  and  soon  ol» 
tained  an  order  for  his  appearance  on  the  stage 
and  in  a  short  lime  took  the  lead  in  his  proie^ 
sion.  Madam  de  Stael  says  of  him,  " 'Ifilnia 
may  be  cited  as  a  model  of  power,  and  oi"  dis- 
cretion in  the  use  of  it,  of  simplicity  and  true 
grandeur.  His  attitudes  recall  to  mind  the  fine 
statues  of  antiquity ;  amdi  the  expression  of  bis 
face  and  cvety  look,  ought  to  be  the  study  of 
our^est  i«iiiiers.  There  is  in  the  voice  of  "this 
maiT^"*-"  .gic,  which  I  canijot  describe  ;  which, 
froi.  ,  moment  when  its  first  accent  is  heard, 
awakens  all  the  sympathies  of  the  heart ;  all 
the  charms  of  music,  of  painting,  of  sculpture, 
and  of  poetiy;  but,  above  all,  the  language  of 
the  soul."  Talma  has  succeeded  in  acquiring 
such  dignity  of  mien,  and  grandeur  of  deport-, 
rncnl,  that  the  emperor  N'apoleon  seriously  took 
Iffisons  of  him,  the  better  to  support  his  own 
dignity  on  all  great  occasions ;  it  may  be  added, 
that  these  great  cotemporarics  loved  each  other 
almost  to  idolatry.  The  wife  of  Talma  is  ul.so 
possessed  of  considerable  theatrical  reputation, 
both  in  tragic  and  comic  parts.  Her  health, 
however,  has  compelled  her  to  relinquish  lire 
stage  since  IHJO. 

TEIGNMOUTH,  lord,  was  born  in  Devon- 
shire, in  1754,  r  '  sent  eajf^o  India,  as  a  wri- 
ter in  the  servi.  of  thc^PR  India  Company 
While  in  that  u«uy,  he  was  intimate  with 
Mr.  Hastings,  a  der  his  government  filled 

several  important  nces.  In  1703,  he  succeeded 
to  be  governor  ol  /engal.  From  hi^  di.'  'rent 
employments  in  India,  he  realized  a  handtome 
fortune,  wiih  which  he  returned  to  England, 
where,  in  1797,  he  was  created  a  peer  by  the 
tille  of  baron  Teignmoiith.  He  was  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  .sir  W'illiam  Jones,  whose  life 
and  works  he  has  published.  LordTeignmouth 
is  distinguished  for  his  piety  and  benevolence; 
he  was  one  of  the  founders,  and  is  new  presi- 
dent o^the  Pirilish  and  Foreign  Bible  Socieiv. 

TUENARD,  M.  This  celebrated  French 
cliymist  was  born  in  1777.  He  early  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  cliymistry,  and  with  such 
success,  that  at  the  age  of  20,  he  w;is  a  chymical 
teacher  in  the  principal  public  laboratories  of 
Paris,  and  at  the  polytechnic  school.  When  he 
was  2fi,  he  was  made  professor  of  chymistry  in 
tiie  college  of  France,  and  he  soon  after  suc- 
ceeded the  celebrated  Fourcroy,  as  a  member 
of  the  Institute.     In  conjunction  with  Gay^ 


made  minister  for  foreign  afl'airs.  He  took  an!|  Lussac,  he  published  in  1810,  a  highly  interest- 
adive  part  in  t'lit  elevation  of  Buonaparte  lO|i  ii.-  work,  entitled  "  Physico  Chymical  Enqui- 
the  consulship,  and  under  the  consular  govern-  ri  ;."  He  lia.9  also  distinguished  himself  by 
:.acnt  was  employed  as  a  minister  and  diploma  |  several  other  scientific  publications, 
list.  In  1602,  the  pope  granted  a  brief,  wliichJ  TIiOKV.\LDSEN,  Albert,  wits  born  at  Co- 
;8tsored  him  to  a  gecular  lift,  and  legiiimalcd|!pealiageu  inl772.  He  is  the  son.of  an  Icelander 
442 


WE ^^ 

.vlio  lived  in  that  city.  From  his  infancy  he  tbe  passage  of  the  Bidassoa  and  entered  France, 
was  fond  of  the  comparatively  rude  carvings  The  resturation  of  the  Bourbons  following,  and 
of  his  father,  who  was  a  sloriecuttler,  and  who  ipeare  takinj;  place  soon  after,  he  returned  to 
tiad  the  sagacity  to  perceive  the  talents  of  hi*  iKnpland,  and  was  rewarded  for  his  service* 


fron.  He  accordingly  jilaced  lilra  in  the  free 
•Jra.ving-school  at  Copenhagen.  After  display 
inj;  irreat  talents  there,  particularly  in  modelling 
ill  clay,  and  receiving  several  prizes,  he  was  sent 
,.to  Komc,  where  he  resided  tor  some  time,  giv 
iiif!  the  most  assiduous  attention  to  his  favourite 
pur.-^uits.  His  first  production  there,  was  a  mo- 
dij  of  Jason,  which  was  considered  a  master 
jiiece.  He  was  afterwards  commissioned  to 
t  xecutc  the  Jason  in  marble,  and  from  that  time 
lias  hceii  constantly  employed.  He  has  produ- 
rrd  several  other  valuable  workx.  Since  the 
«leath  of  Canova,  Tliorvaldsen  and  Chantiey 
may  be  considered  as  being  at  the  head  of  modern 
sculptors. 

TRUMRULI-,  Jolin.  author  of  M'Fingal, 
was  born  in  1750,  in  Waiertown,  Conn.  His 
Ihiher  was  the  congregational  clergyman  of  that 
place.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  College,  in 
1707,  and  wasadinilted  to  the  UarinConnecticui, 
in  177.f,  but  soon  after  entered  into  the  otiice  of 
John  .\datns,  at  Roston,  as  a  student.     Here  h 


with  a  dukedom,  and  a  gift  from  parliament  o. 
400,000?.  In  July,  he  was  nominated  anibassa 
lor-extraordinary  to  France,  and  wa^  then  sen 
to  the  con-  ess  at  Vienna  He  w*S  there  on  tl.  ■ 
return  o*  (apoleon  from  Htba,  and  was  instant 
ly  noir  uted  by  the  aiU  ;d  sovereigns,  geiicralis- 
uimo  oi  the  European  troops.  In  this  capacity 
he  gained  the  muinoiable  victory  at  Waterloo^ 
which  crowned  his  lame  and  put  an  end  to  tlie 
wars  that  had  so  long  desolated  Europe.  He  is 
now  a  field  marshal  of  the  forces,  master  general 
of  the  ordinance,  &c.  A  part  of  the  money 
voted  hull  by  parliaraeiii,  ainounling  in  all  to 
more  than  800,000/.,  has  been  approprlati  d  to 
the  purchase  of  an  estate,  on  which  is  lo  be 
reeled  for  him,  aeplendid  mansion  at  the  public 
expense. 

WILBERFORCE,  William,  esq.,  a  member 
of  the  English  parliament,  was  born  in  York- 
hire,  in  the  year  1759,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  became  the  intimate  friend  of 
thiVlate  Englisli  prime  minister,  Mr.  Pilt.     Mr. 


took  a  lively  interest  in  the  passing  scenes  In  llWilberforee  is  particularly  distinguLshed  for  iha 


politics,  and  often  was  a  contrlbiitpr  tt»  th 
papers  with  great  effect.  He  has  ^'lyM  a 
Hartlbrd,  Conn.,  since  1781,  has  passed T.i,TnmIi 
a  career  of  high  success  at  the  bar,  and  from 
1801  to  1819,  wa.s  a  jiidsie  of  the  superior  court 
in  his  native  state.  In  ir20,  he  revised  hlsseve- 
ral  works,  and  an  edition  of  them  was  pub- 
lished, for  which  he  received  a  liberal  compen- 
saiion.  At  the  age  of  seventy  five,  his  convcr- 
53ilon  is  still  marked  with  all  that  wit  and 
vivacity  which  have  distinguished  him. 

W 

WELUNOTOM ,  the  duke  of,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  earl  of  Morningtoii,  was  born  in  In.'land, 
May,  17i')9.  He  was  first  placed  at  Eton  school, 
and  then  sent  to  the  military  ^hool  of  Angers, 
in  France.  He  entered  the  ;  . 'V  as  an  ensign, 
and  rose  by  interest  and  puri  'wsis  to  the  rank 
of  lieut'jnaiu  colonil.  in  Ij^-  The  next  year 
lie  connnaiided  a  brigade  «i  '  .«  continent  under 
the  'iiko  of  York.  In  17.  ,  lie  accompanied 
his  rother,  lord  Wellesley,  to  India,  where  lie 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  to  be 
governor  of  Seringapatain.  On  his  return  to 
England,  in  1805,  he  married  a  lady  of  the  fa 
mily  of  lord  Longford,  was  sent  to  Ireland,  as 
secretary  of  slate  under  the  diike  of  Kichmond 
and  subsequently  elcctnd  a  member  of  paiiia 
mem.  In  1809,  lord  Wellington,  then  sir  Artliui 
Wellesley,  was  ordered  to  the  Peninsula,  as 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces  ;  and 
it  is  to  his  2re.1t  talents,  and  brilliant  snccesses, 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  that  he  is  principally 
indebted  for  his  distinguished  military  reputa- 
tion During  the  time  he  commanded  in  \hnfc 
countries,  he  was  co'istantly  opposed  to  Masse- 
na,  Marmont,  and  Soult,  three  of  the  most  dis 
tinguislicd  French  generals;  and  011  all  occa- 
sions, he  proved  himself  their  equal  as  a  general 
and  as  a  commander.  For  his  services  then.',  Ik: 


active  part  he  has  taken  in  the  abolition  of  the 
.African  slave  trade.  His  unsiiaken  persever- 
ance, his  untiring  zeal,  and  his  unbounded 
philanthropy  on  this  important  subject,  as  well 
as  on  other'occasions,  <^|^le  liim  to  the  highest 
expre.ssions  of  applause^nd  gratitude  from  all 

xid  men. 

WlhKIE,  David,  C5q-  This  distinguished 
painter  is  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  was  born  in 
1785  Having  early  displayed  a  talent  for  draw- 
he  w.ts  fsaal  at  the  age  of  lil'ieen  to  the 
academy  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  continued 
several  vcars.  He  went  to  London  in  1805,  and 
was  olecind  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy,  in 
1812.  He  13  said  to  be  highly  successful  in  paint- 
ln£^«ceIles  of  domrstic  life,  in  the  manner  of 
H'  Irih,  and  li.,e  that  great  painter  seems  never 
nit  the  most  trifliiig  circumstance,  which 
can  tend  to  exhibit  tliO|pirit  of  the  scene  which 
lie  means  to  represent. 

WILLIAM  FRIDBRICK,  king  of  the  Nether- 
lands, is  the  son  of  the  siadtholder  of  the  United 
Pniviiices,  who  was  expelled  frcm  his  country 
by  the  French,  in  ji905.  He  was  born  at  the 
Hague,  in  1772,  and' married,  in  1791,  a  princess 
of  Prussia.  For  several  ye.-irs  he  commanded 
the  Dutch  troops  opposed  to  Franct'v  hut  was 
compelled  to  abandon  his  country,  and  retired 
lo  England.  In  1813,  he  was  invited  by  a  depu- 
tation from  Holland,  lo  assume  the  stadtliolder- 
sliip,  but  was  saluted  by  the  populace  as  sove- 
reign prince.  The  congress  of  Vienna  added 
ihe  Netherlands  and  Luxemburg  to  his  domi- 
nions, and  raised  hini  to  the  r.ink  of  king, 
.-^ince  the  restoration  of  peace,  he  has  civiM  hi^ 
sanction  to  a  new  constitution,  which  had  been 
approved  by  the  states  general,  and  has  since 
be''!!  employed  in  reducing  to  order  tlie  discor- 
dant materials  of  his  kingdom. 

WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  the  present  sove- 
reign of  Wiitembnrg,  was  born  in  1781.  He 
married,  in  1810,  the  princess  Charlotte  of  Ba- 


•A-as  created  duke  of  Rodrigo,  with  the  rank  of  a  varia,   against  his    inclin.ttion.   and  solely  in 


grandee  of  .S»)ain,  by  the  Spanish  regency,  and 
was  successively  made  an  carl  and  a  marq"is, 
by  his  own  government,  with  a  pension'  bf 
4.00^1.  per  annum,  and  a  prcfent  from  parlia- 


compliance  with  the  wishes  of  .Vanoleon.  Hia 
Marriage  has  since  been  dissolved  by  the  pope. 
While  prince  royal  of  Wirtembiirg,  he  coni- 


nianded  the  troops  of  his  oWB  country  in  the 
iiient  of  200,000/.     In   181:1,  after  tho  disastirs!  allied  army,  and  pave  proofs  orients  and  bra- 


ofBuonaparte  in  Russia,  lord  Wellington  forced [|very  on  several  occasions. 


He  succeeded  bis 
443 


YO 

father  iiTlSlO,  at  a  time  when  the  crown  wu 
enyag'd  in  disputes  with  the  representatives  of 
the  people.  He  has  since  given  his  [leople  a 
liberal  constitution  of  government. 

WORDSWORTH,  William,  esq.  This  di 
Uneuidlied  English  poet  was  born  in  the  year 
1770,  and  educated  at  Cambridfie.  He  was  in 
early  life  an  enthusiast  in  the  cause  of  liberty ; 
ajid,"  111  consequence  of  his  political  views,  lip 
at  one  time  contemplated  an  establishment  in 
the  United  States,  with  his  friend,  Mi .  Coleridge 
and  otliers.  Mr.  Wordsworth  is  considered  at 
at  the  head  of  what  is  termed  the  Lake  t^chool 
of  poetry ;  a  poetical  style  of  writing,  novel  and 
ainiple  in  the  extreme,  which  has  been  assailed 
by  the  weapons  of  ridicule,  satire,  and  argument ; 
butwiich  has  np-verclicless  found  many  admir- 
ers and  imitators.  Mr.  Wordsworth  has  pub- 
lished •'  The  White  Doe  of  Rylstonc,"  "  Peter 
Bell,"  "TlieWagoner,"  and  many  other  poems. 


YtIK,  the  duke  of,  is  the  second  eon  of  his 
444 


YO 

late  majesty,  George  III.  He  was  born  in  176.1 
and  educated  by  the  same  instructors  as  hia 
brother,  the  present  king  of  Rutland.  He  was, 
when  yount;,  presented  to  llie  lay  bishopric);  of 
Osnaburg,  and  made  trrand  master  of  llic  order 
of  the  Bath,  by  his  father.  Ceing  destined  for 
the  army,  he  wcs  sent  to  Germany,  where  he 
obtained  a  knowledge  of  the  language  and  tac- 
tics of  the  country.  He  was  snbsequintly  sent 
to  the  continent  as  commander  of  the  British 
forces,  and  was  for  some  time  employed  there 
in  the  military  movements  of  that  period.  Ne- 
ver, however,  much  to  his  credit  as  a  soldier  or 
officer.  On  one  occasion,  he  was  compelled  to 
capitulate  to  the  French.  On  the  investigation 
of  the  cliarges  against  him  for  malversations  in 
office,  by  the  house  of  commons,  he  resigned 
his  commission,  but  has  since  been  reinstated. 
He  was  created  duke  of  York  and  Albany  in 
1784.  In  1791  he  married  a  daughter  of  Frede- 
rick William,  king  of  Prussia.  The  duke  is 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  of  England  oa 
the  death  of  the  present  king. 


4'-^ 

♦.■»• 


itA 


M 


* 
•% 


920.  Ca  B181UA 


453886 


